Far East where it is located. Where is the Far East
The territory of the Russian Far East is a geographical area that includes areas in the river basins that flow into the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril, Shantar and Commander Islands, Sakhalin and Wrangel Islands. Further, this part of the Russian Federation will be described in detail, as well as some cities of the Russian Far East (a list of the largest will be given in the text).
Population
The territory of the Russian Far East is considered the most depopulating in the country. About 6.3 million people live here. This is approximately 5% of the total population of the Russian Federation. During 1991-2010, the population decreased by 1.8 million people. As for the population growth rate in the Far East, it is -3.9 in the Primorsky Territory, 1.8 in the Republic of Sakha, 0.7 in the JAO, 1.3 in the Khabarovsk Territory, 7.8 in Sakhalin, 17.3 in the Magadan Region, and 17.3 in the Amur Region. - 6, Kamchatka Territory - 6.2, Chukotka - 14.9. If the current trends continue, Chukotka will be left without a population in 66 years, and Magadan in 57.
Subjects
The Far East of Russia covers an area of 6169.3 thousand kilometers. This is about 36% of the entire country. Transbaikalia is often referred to as the Far East. This is due to its geographical location, as well as the activity of migration. The following regions of the Far East are administratively distinguished: Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin, Jewish Autonomous Regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territories. The Far Eastern Federal District also includes Primorsky Krai,
History of the Russian Far East
In the 1-2 millennium BC, the Amur region was inhabited by various tribes. The peoples of the Russian Far East today are not as diverse as they were in those days. The population then consisted of Daurs, Udeges, Nivkhs, Evenks, Nanais, Orochs, etc. The main occupations of the population were fishing and hunting. The most ancient settlements of Primorye, which date back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered near the Nakhodka region. In the Stone Age, Itelmens, Ainu and Koryaks settled on the territory of Kamchatka. By the middle of the 19th century, Evenks began to appear here. In the 17th century, the Russian government began to expand Siberia and the Far East. 1632 became the year of foundation of Yakutsk. Under the leadership of the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, a winter hut was organized on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in 1647. Today, this place is the Russian port - Okhotsk.
The development of the Russian Far East continued. So, by the middle of the 17th century, the explorers Khabarov and Poyarkov went south from the Yakut prison. Na and Zeya, they encountered tribes that paid tribute to the Chinese Qing Empire. As a result of the first conflict between the countries, the Nerchinsk Treaty was signed. In accordance with it, the Cossacks had to transfer to the Qing Empire the regions formed on the lands of the Albazinsky Voivodeship. In accordance with the agreement, diplomatic and trade relations were determined. The border under the agreement passed in the north along the river. Gorbitsa and mountain ranges of the Amur basin. Uncertainty remained in the area of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The territories between the Taikansky and Kivun ranges were undelimited. By the end of the 17th century, the Russian Cossacks Kozyrevsky and Atlasov began exploring the Kamchatka peninsula. In the first half of the 18th century, it was included in Russia.
XVIII century
In 1724, Peter I sent the first expedition to the Kamchatka Peninsula. He headed it Thanks to the work of researchers, Russian science received valuable information about the eastern part of Siberia. We are talking, in particular, about the modern Magadan and Kamchatka regions. New maps appeared, the coordinates of the Far Eastern coast and the strait, which was later called the Bering Strait, were accurately determined. In 1730 a second expedition was created. It was led by Chirikov and Bering. The task of the expedition was to reach the coast of America. Interest, in particular, was represented by Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Chichagov, Steller, Krasheninnikov began to explore Kamchatka in the 18th century.
19th century
During this period, the active development of the Russian Far East began. This was largely facilitated by the weakening of the Qing Empire. She was involved in the Opium War in 1840. Military operations against the combined army of France and England in the areas of Guangzhou and Macau required large material and human resources. In the north, China was left virtually without any cover, and Russia took advantage of this. She, along with other European powers, participated in the division of the weakening Qing Empire. In 1850 Lieutenant Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur. There he established a military post. Convinced that the Qing government had not recovered from the consequences of the opium war and was inflamed in its actions and, accordingly, could not give an adequate response to Russia's claims, Nevelskoy decided to declare the coast of the Tatar Prospect and the mouth of the Amur to be domestic possessions.
In 1854, on May 14, Count Muraviev, who had information received from Nevelsky about the absence of Chinese military units, organized rafting on the river. The expedition included the Argun steamer, 29 rafts, 48 boats and about 800 people. During the rafting, ammunition, troops and food were delivered. Part of the military went to Kamchatka by sea to strengthen the Peter and Paul garrison. The rest remained for the implementation of the plan for the study of the Amur region on the former Chinese territory. A year later, a second rafting was organized. It was attended by about 2.5 thousand people. By the end of 1855, several settlements were organized in the lower reaches of the Amur: Sergeevskoye, Novo-Mikhailovskoye, Bogorodskoye, Irkutsk. In 1858, the right bank was officially annexed to Russia in accordance with the Aigun Treaty. On the whole, it should be said that Russia's policy in the Far East was not of an aggressive nature. Agreements were signed with other states without the use of military force.
Physical location
The Far East of Russia in the extreme south borders on the DPRK, in the southeast on Japan. In the extreme northeast in the Bering Strait - from the USA. Another state with which the Far East (Russia) borders is China. In addition to the administrative, there is another division of the Far Eastern Federal District. So, the so-called regions of the Far East of Russia are distinguished. These are fairly large areas. Northeastern Siberia, the first of these, roughly corresponds to the eastern part of Yakutia (mountainous regions east of Aldan and Lena). The North Pacific country is the second zone. It includes the eastern parts of the Magadan Region, the Chukotka Autonomous Region, and the northern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. The Amur-Sakhalin country includes the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, the Amur Region, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes the island of Sakhalin and Primorsky Krai. Yakutia is included in Central and Southern Siberia, except for its eastern part.
Climate
Here it should be said that the Far East of Russia has a rather large extent. This explains the special contrast of the climate. Throughout Yakutia and in the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region, for example, sharply continental prevails. And in the southeast - monsoon type of climate. This difference is determined by the interaction of maritime and continental air masses in temperate latitudes. The south is characterized by a sharply monsoon climate, and maritime and monsoon-like for the north. This is the result of the interaction of land and the Pacific Ocean. The Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the Primorsky cold current along the coast of the Sea of Japan, has a special influence on the state of the climate. Mountainous relief is also of no small importance in this zone. In the continental part of the Far Eastern Federal District, winters are not snowy and frosty.
weather features
Summer here is quite hot, but relatively short. As for the coastal regions, here winters are snowy and mild, springs are cold and long, autumns are warm and long, and summers are relatively cool. On the coast, cyclones, fogs, typhoons and torrential rains are frequent. The height of the fallen snow in Kamchatka can reach six meters. The closer to the southern regions, the higher the humidity becomes. So, in the south of Primorye, it is quite often set at around 90%. Almost throughout the Far East in the summer there are prolonged rains. This, in turn, causes systematic river floods, flooding of agricultural land and residential buildings. In the Far East, there are long periods of sunny and clear weather. At the same time, continuous rains for several days are considered quite common. This kind of diversity of the Far East of Russia differs from the "gray" European part of the Russian Federation. There are also dust storms in the central part of the Far Eastern Federal District. They come from the deserts of Northern China and Mongolia. A significant part of the Far East is equated or is the Far North (except for the Jewish Autonomous Region, the south of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories).
Natural resources
In the Far East, the reserves of raw materials are quite large. This allows him to be in the leading positions in the Russian economy in a number of positions. Thus, the Far East in the total Russian production accounts for 98% of diamonds, 80% of tin, 90% of boron raw materials, 14% of tungsten, 50% of gold, more than 40% of seafood and fish, 80% of soybeans, cellulose 7%, wood 13%. Among the main industries of the Far Eastern Federal District, it should be noted the mining and processing of non-ferrous metal, pulp and paper, fishing, timber industry, ship repair and shipbuilding.
Industries
In the Far East, the main income is brought by the forestry, fishing industry, mining, and non-ferrous metal mining. These industries account for more than half of all marketable products. Manufacturing industries are considered underdeveloped. When exporting raw materials, the region incurs losses in the form of value added. The remoteness of the Far Eastern Federal District causes significant transport margins. They are reflected in the cost indicators of many economic sectors.
Mineral resources
In terms of their reserves, the Far East occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation. In terms of volume, tin, boron, and antimony available here account for about 95% of the total amount of these resources in the country. Fluorspar and mercury account for about 60%, tungsten - 24%, iron ore, apatite, native sulfur and lead - 10%. In the Republic of Sakha, in its northwestern part, there is a diamond-bearing province, the largest in the world. The Aikhal, Mir, and Udachnoye deposits account for more than 80% of the total diamond reserves in Russia. The proven reserves of iron ore in the south of Yakutia amount to more than 4 billion tons. This is about 80% of the regional volume. These reserves are also significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region. There are large coal deposits in the South Yakutsk and Lena basins. Its deposits are also present in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territories, and the Amur Region. Placer and ore gold deposits have been discovered and are being developed in the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. Similar deposits were found in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. In the same territories, deposits of tungsten and tin ores are being developed. Lead and zinc reserves are mostly concentrated in Primorsky Krai. A titanium ore province has been identified in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. In addition to the above, there are also deposits of non-metallic raw materials. These are, in particular, reserves of limestones, refractory clays, graphite, sulfur, and quartz sands.
Geostrategic position
The Far Eastern Federal District has the most important geopolitical significance for the Russian Federation. There is access to two oceans: the Arctic and the Pacific. Taking into account the high rates of development of the Asia-Pacific Region, integration into the Far Eastern Federal District is very promising for the fatherland. With a reasonable conduct of activities, the Far East can become a "bridge" in the Asia-Pacific region.
Cities of the Far East of Russia: list
These cities of the Russian Far East are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the Russian Federation. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk are considered very promising. Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. At the same time, it should be noted that there are also dying settlements. Most of them are located in Chukotka. This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of areas and severe weather conditions.
- Okhotsk is the first Russian city in the Far East
- Cities of the Khabarovsk Territory
- Cities of the Amur Region
- Cities of Primorsky Krai
- The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
- Cities of the North-East of Russia
Okhotsk is the first Russian city in the Far East
The first city in the Far East was Okhotsk, located on the northern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk near the mouth of the Kukhtuya and Okhota rivers. Its history begins in 1647, when the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, descending into the Sea of Okhotsk along the Amur, sailed along the seashore to the Okhota River, conquered the local Tungus and set up a winter hut 3 versts from the mouth. In 1649, after the death of Shelkovnikov, his comrades set up Kosoy Ostrozhsk on the site of their winter quarters. Bering's first Kamchatka expedition in 1837 built a room for the team and shops at the very mouth of the Okhota. At the suggestion of the same Bering, it was decided to arrange a port and a separate administration on this site, independent of the Yakut office. The Okhotsk government was opened in 1732, and the port and the city were finally ready in 1741. In 1812, Okhotsk was moved to the opposite side of the common mouth of the Okhota and Kukhtuya rivers, 200 sazhens from the original place. In 1849, the Okhotsk Territory, in the form of a special district, was annexed to the Yakutsk Region, and 9 years later, Okhotsk with its district became part of the Primorsky Region.
In the middle of the XIX century. hard times came for Okhotsk. The Russian-American company moved its port to Ayan, as a result of which the importance of Okhotsk as a port began to decline sharply. All employees of the company, merchants left for Ayan. The population was decreasing. In 1850 the main Pacific port was transferred from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. People move there, all services, vehicles, ships. The former major port and city turned into a remote outskirts.
The extinction and desolation of the Okhotsk district lasted 60 years, after which the economic life of the district began to rise. Gold deposits were discovered in Okhotsk. His feverish extraction began. Americans and British, French and Germans, Japanese and Swedes and, of course, Russian gold miners rushed to Okhotsk in droves. The Okhotsk "gold rush" began, turning the heads of everyone: merchants, hunters - everyone became gold diggers. So, in Okhotsk, having a meager capital, an American engineer V.A. Fogelman. Soon he becomes a gold miner and the owner of many mines. By 1914, there were five large and up to ten small mines in the Okhotsk tundra.
Okhotsk gold, furs, fish were exported overseas. Instead, they supplied steam boilers from America, telegraph machines from Germany, furniture from Japan, and wines from France. In 1912, a powerful radiotelegraph station was built, which had connections with many cities of the Far East.
By the middle of 1918, Soviet power was established in the Okhotsk district, and in 1919, with the beginning of navigation, the Okhotsk people were drawn into a civil war. In the summer of 1923, power in Okhotsk passed into the hands of the county revolutionary committee chaired by E.S. Nagorny. Volost revolutionary committees were created in the villages, which had to deal with the violation of the boundaries of territorial waters by foreign ships, to stop the actions of smugglers who bought up gold and furs. The delivery of basic goods for the opened store was organized.
Only by the end of the twenties did peaceful life begin to improve in the county. Elections were held for local councils. Previously existing schools have resumed their work, new ones have been opened. A hospital with 15 beds was built. However, in general, Okhotsk continued to be poorly settled.
The basis of the industry of the Okhotsk region was still traditional industries: fishing, gold mining, hunting. Since 1935, with the organization of the state fishing industry, a new economic period has begun for the village of Okhotsk. During the 20 post-war years, the Okhotsk coast was covered with a dense network of fish processing plants (32 enterprises and 13 collective farms), equipped with machinery and equipment; a construction trust was organized; a sea fishing port and a shipyard were built.
The development of industry contributed to the growth of Okhotsk. By the end of the 30s, 13 schools, a hospital, first-aid posts, canteens, red corners were opened here. In 1947, a training center was established to train qualified personnel for the fleet.
The current Okhotsk is a large urban-type settlement, the center of the northernmost district of the Khabarovsk Territory. Two, three - storey houses in the center of the village, and almost throughout the entire Tunguska Spit there are houses of the "private sector".
Cities of the Khabarovsk Territory
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the Far East. In addition to the mainland, it includes the Shantar and other islands. Most of the territory is occupied by mountain ranges: Sikhote-Alin, Coastal, Dzhugdzhur - in the east; Turan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin - in the southwest; Yudomsky, Suntar-Khayata (altitude up to 2933 m) - in the north. In the northwest - the Yudomo-Maya Highlands. The most extensive lowlands are the Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugur - in the south and in the central part, Okhotsk - in the north. On the territory of the region, gold, tin, aluminum, iron, hard and brown coal, graphite, building materials are being developed.
It is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The main river arteries of the region are the Amur River and its tributaries, the largest of which are Bureya, Tunguska, Goryun, Amgun, Ussuri, Anyui. The rivers of the northwestern part of the region are the Maya and the Uchur (the Lena basin). The rivers of the Sea of Japan basin are Koppi and Tumnin, the Sea of Okhotsk rivers are Tugur, Uda, Ulya, Urak, Okhota, Inya. Many shallow lakes: Bolon, Chukchagirskoe, Bolshoye Kizi and others
The climate is moderately monsoonal, with cold winters with little snow and warm, humid summers.
The mountainous regions of the Khabarovsk Territory are located in the taiga zone (mountain larch and spruce-fir forests). On the Amur lowland - larch and oak-larch forests of the subtaiga type.
Soddy-podzolic soils predominate; meadow-marsh and marsh soils are widespread in the river valleys. Brown-taiga soils are formed in the southern regions.
Half of the region's territory is occupied by forests dominated by Dahurian larch, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, white, yellow, stone birch and other types of trees. Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are occupied by swamps and swamps. The fauna of the Khabarovsk Territory is also diverse. In the taiga there are musk deer, elk, reindeer, brown bear, lynx, wolf, otter, sable, fox, ermine, weasel, weasel, wolverine, squirrel. Red deer, roe deer, East Asian wild boar, Manchurian hare and other animals live in mixed forests. There are over 100 species of fish in lakes and rivers, including Amur pike, grass carp, sturgeon, chebak, silver carp, grayling, catfish, taimen, lenok, bream, carp, burbot, etc. In coastal sea waters - Pacific herring, flounder , smelt, halibut, cod, pollock, navaga, mackerel; from the passage - chum salmon, pink salmon; from marine animals - seal, sea lion, white whale.
The economy of the region is formed by enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking, mining, chemical-pharmaceutical and fishing industries. In the southern part of the region there are the Trans-Siberian, in the central part - the Baikal-Amur railway. Developed maritime transport. The main ports are Vanino (there is a ferry service Vanino - Kholmsk), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk.
The largest city is the capital of the Far East region - the city of Khabarovsk, located on the Middle Amur lowland on the right bank of the river. Amur, 8533 km east of Moscow.
The history of Khabarovsk began on May 31, 1858, when the soldiers of the 13th line Siberian battalion under the command of Captain Yakov Vasilyevich Dyachenko laid the foundation for the military post of Khabarovka. After 6 years, the land surveyor Mikhail Lyubensky developed the first plan for the development of the village. First of all, streets along the tops of the mountains - Khabarovsk, Ussuriyskaya and Amurskaya (now Muravyov-Amursky, Lenin and Seryshev streets) were settled along it. Beregovaya (now Shevchenko Street) was considered the central street. In 1865, the military post of Khabarovka had 1 church, 59 state-owned houses and 140 private, not counting sheds and other non-residential buildings, 14 shops, 1294 people lived. Further development The city was predetermined by the construction of a river port here in 1872.
In 1893, Khabarovka, on the proposal of the Governor-General S.M. Dukhovsky, was renamed Khabarovsk. By this time, there were already 3 churches in the city, among which the Grado-Uspensky Cathedral stood out, 120 government houses and 672 private buildings, the population reached 10 thousand people.
On August 31, 1897, a railway connection was opened between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldiesel) was founded. In 1908, the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In 1929, the first Farman-13 aircraft appeared in Khabarovsk, the pilot of which was Mikhail Vodopyanov, the flight mechanic was Boris Anikin. One of the first flying organizations in the Far East, Dobrolet, was created in the city. On January 9, 1930, M. Vodopyanov laid the Khabarovsk-Sakhalin air route, which meant the creation of the Far Eastern Civil Air Fleet.
In the same year, the Dalkrai Committee of the party decided to strengthen Khabarovsk as a regional center, obliging it to start developing a new city development plan, as a result of which its borders expanded significantly. The city limits included the base of the Amur flotilla (the current territory of the Krsnoflotsky district), the village of Osipovka, the Amur junction and the Telegino farm. At the same time, by decision of the city executive committee, it was forbidden to build non-permanent houses in the center and below four floors. In the future, it was built up and reconstructed in strict accordance with the approved plan.
In 1940 Khabarovsk was connected by railway with the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur through Volochaevka station.
Gradually, Khabarovsk became not only the administrative, but also the cultural center of the Far East. In 1926, the Khabarovsk Theater of Musical Comedy was opened. A year later, the first issue of the Far Eastern Chronicle "Sovkino" was published, from which the history of the Far Eastern newsreel studio began. In 1931, the Far Eastern Art Museum was established in the city. By the decision of the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee, the library of the local history museum was reorganized into the Far Eastern Regional Scientific Library. In 1933, the first issue of the almanac "On the Line" was published (now the journal "Far East"). In August 1930, the Khabarovsk State Medical Institute was opened, in September 1938 classes began at the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, and in 1939 the Institute of Railway Transport Engineers began to work. In October 1935, the Dynamo stadium was opened - the first sports complex in Khabarovsk.
After the Great Patriotic War, which temporarily suspended the violent development of the city, the Khabarovsk Regional Drama Theater was founded, and the Amur Branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography was organized. In 1947, the through traffic of trains Khabarovsk - Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan was opened.
From May 1948, regular high-speed flights began along the Moscow-Vladivostok air route with a stop in Khabarovsk. In 1956, the first city tram passed through the streets of Khabarovsk. In September 1957, the largest stadium in the Far East named after V. I. Lenin was opened in the city (the author of the project is the architect M. Sorokin). This year the population of Khabarovsk totaled 300 thousand people.
In 1958, Khabarovsk solemnly celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding. On the station square, a monument to E.P., so well-known now to everyone, was opened. Khabarov (author - sculptor A. Milchin). At the same time, classes began at the Automobile and Road Institute (now the Khabarovsk State Technical University, renamed in 2005 into the Pacific State University, has grown on its basis). In the late 1960s - early 1970s, the list of Khabarovsk universities was again significantly replenished: in 1967, classes began at the Khabarovsk Institute physical education, and in September next year at the Khabarovsk State Institute of Culture. Three years later, the Khabarovsk Institute of National Economy was opened.
In 1960, the Khabarovsk television studio began to work. Five years later, she began to carry out regular TV shows Moscow - the Far East. In March 1961, the Far Eastern Symphony Orchestra was created (since 1945, it existed as the State Symphony Orchestra of the Khabarovsk Radio Committee).
In 1971, an aircraft of the Japanese airline Nippon Koku (Jal) landed at the Khabarovsk airport. This flight marked the beginning of regular flights of passenger liners on the Khabarovsk-Tokyo international airline (the current Khabarovsk-Niigata line).
In May 1975, on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, the Square of Glory was opened (architects A.N. Matveev, N.T. Rudenko).
In 1990, Khabarovsk already had 600.7 thousand inhabitants, and the total area of the city was 365.91 square meters. km.
Modern Khabarovsk is a large industrial, scientific and cultural center, which since May 2000 has been the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District. The city is divided into 5 districts - Central, Industrial, Kirovsky, Krasnoflotsky and Zheleznodorozhny. According to the 2002 census, the population of Khabarovsk is about 700 thousand people.
The economy of the city is made up of such industries as mechanical engineering and metalworking (JSC Dalenergomash, Daldiesel, Machine Tool Plant), oil refining (JSC Khabarovsk Oil Refinery), fuel industry (Khabarovskkraigas, Oil Company Alliance), woodworking, light and food industries, production of building materials and agricultural products. In addition, such large enterprises as Amurcable, Artel of Prospectors Amur, Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, Dalkhimfarm can be singled out.
There are more than 15 universities, 3 theaters, a philharmonic society, a circus, museums and libraries in the city.
The city has many attractions. Many interesting historical places attract tourists and ordinary citizens. These places, of course, include city squares. The main square is the square. IN AND. Lenin. It is impressive in size and original in design. Today the square is a place where holidays, fairs and festivals are held annually. In summer, the square looks like a huge flowering carpet. Fountains are the traditional decoration of the square. Although more than a hundred years ago, the taiga was noisy in this place. Then they cleared the wasteland and adapted it as a parade ground for parades, calling it Nicholas Square. In 1917, the square received a new name - Freedom Square. On the anniversary of the death of V.I. Lenin, a monument to the founder of the Soviet state was laid on it, and since 1957 it has been named after him. In 1998, the square was reconstructed and appeared renovated, front and beautiful.
A wide straight highway - Muravyov-Amursky Street - is connected to the square named after V.I. Lenin's second central square of the city - Komsomolskaya. It extends over the Amur embankment. At first, this square was called the Cathedral Square - there was a large cathedral on it. Solemn ceremonies were held here on the occasion of the arrival of distinguished guests and all religious festivities. In the thirties of the last century, the cathedral was demolished and landscaping was carried out, and the square was renamed from Cathedral to Red. On October 25, 1956, a twenty-two-meter granite monument "To the Heroes of the Civil War in the Far East of 1918-1922" was opened on the square. In 2002, on the site of the cathedral destroyed in the 30s, a memorial temple, the Grado-Khabarovsk Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God, was built, now two squares - Komsomolskaya and Sobornaya form a single architectural complex.
On the high bank of the Amur is the youngest square in the city - Glory Square, opened on the 30th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. In the center of the square there was a 30-meter obelisk of three pylons, on which were located the names of Khabarovsk residents - Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor and full holders of the Order of Glory. However, the reconstruction of the square and the construction of the cathedral required its removal.
By the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory, the construction of the second stage of the square was completed. The central structure of the memorial complex is the Memorial Wall, enclosing in a semicircle a platform - a podium, in the center of which the Eternal Flame was lit. Over time, pylons appeared here, where the names of 32 thousand 662 inhabitants of the region who did not return from the war were carved. During the reconstruction of the square, a monument was added to the soldiers-internationalists - residents of the city who died in hostilities.
In Khabarovsk, the railway lines converge, stretching from the west and east, from the north and south. Here is the largest railway station in the Far East. Vokzalnaya Square - the railway gate of Khabarovsk. In the center of Vokzalnaya Square stands a monument to Yerofey Pavlovich Khabarov, whose expedition played a big role in joining the Far East to Russia.
The red line of the city is Muravyov-Amursky Street, where most of the well-preserved, ancient stone buildings built in the late XIX - early XX centuries are located; many regional, municipal organizations, shops, central restaurants, cafes, theaters, the Far Eastern State Scientific Library. Here you can also buy Far Eastern souvenirs: jewelry, paintings, products of masters of arts and crafts.
There are also many architectural sights in Khabarovsk - old houses, churches and other buildings.
In 1868, the first wooden church was built in Khabarovsk, and two years later the first wooden church was consecrated, named Innokentievskaya in honor of St. After 30 years, instead of it, a new, stone one was built, which has survived to the present day, having undergone significant changes.
The stone church was erected with funds donated by the merchants Plyusnin and Slugin, as well as with modest contributions from parishioners. The authors of the project of the temple were engineer-colonel V.G. Mooro and engineer-captain N.G. Bykov.
One of the most beautiful architectural sights of Khabarovsk is considered to be the city self-government house, well known to all of us as the Palace of Pioneers. For 90 years this house has been decorating the main street of the city.
The idea of building his own City House appeared in 1897, but it took more than ten years for it to be embodied in stone. After lengthy discussions, consideration of many projects in 1907, of the three most successful projects under the chairmanship of General D. A. Yazykov, the most experienced architects B. A. Malinovsky, Yu. Z. Kolmachevsky, V. G. Mooro, M. E. Redko , A. N. Aristov, N. V. Zuev and others (11 people in total) determined the best project by closed voting on a 10-point system. It was a project of civil engineer P. V. Bartoshevich. It was he who received the most points in all three indicators.
The reconstruction of the facades of the building carried out several years ago made it possible to present the decorative details in their full glory. The former City House has now found a new life and is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful buildings in Khabarovsk.
Another favorite place for citizens to relax and walk tourists is the embankment of the Amur River. The central place of the embankment and the park is the Amur cliff. From the viewpoint of the cliff you can admire the beauty of the Amur. Near the cliff there is a monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. Opening of the monument by sculptor A.M. Opekushina in May 1891 was timed to coincide with the visit of the city by the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. In 1925, the monument was destroyed and restored to the 101st anniversary according to the surviving model by the Leningrad sculptor L. Aristov.
There is a park on the terraces of the steep bank. On the upper terrace of the park in 1951, a monument to G.I. Nevelsky - the famous navigator and explorer of the Russian Far East, an associate of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. The author of the sculpture is L.M. Bobrovnikov. Until recently, attractions were located in the park, but during the reconstruction they were removed.
At the foot of the cliff, upstream of the Amur, there is a city beach, moorings and landing stages of the river station. From here, along the Amur, communication is carried out with settlements located down the river and suburban communications. You can also take a short walk along the Amur. A majestic panorama of the city opens up from the ship, stretching along the right bank of the Amur for more than 50 km.
On the embankment is the stadium. IN AND. Lenin is the only major sports complex in the Far East, which includes a large sports arena, a sports palace with artificial ice, athletics arena, shooting sports palace, outdoor swimming pool.
In addition to the central park of culture and recreation in Khabarovsk, there are Dynamo Park with the stadium of the same name, the Gaidar Children's Park, Gagarin Park, on the territory of which the regional circus is located.
Among the archaeological sites that struck the imagination of the first explorers of the Far East were ancient drawings near the national Nanai village of Sikachi-Alyan, which is located 75 km from Khabarovsk downstream of the Amur.
The first information about the Sikachi-Alyan rock paintings appeared in the 70s of the XIX century. Many well-known scientists studied petroglyphs, but they gained world fame in 1935 after the studies of A.P. Okladnikov. Drawings of masks, animals, anthropomorphic images, birds (about 300 images in total) were made on basalt blocks by the method of deep groove knockout with the help of stone tools. The most ancient drawings date back to the early Neolithic era (7-6 millennium BC). These boulders, piled up along the rocky shore of the Amur - witnesses of the childhood of our planet - bear the stamp of a creative idea, open up the world of ancient art. Millennia have smoothed the sharp edges of the basalt blocks, polished their surface, but failed to erase the deep stripes carved by the hand of an unknown artist of ancient times. The ancient images on the boulders and rocks of Sikachi-Alyan reflect the long and difficult history of the region. The study of these mysterious drawings on the banks of the Amur is still ongoing, and will be continued by generations of archaeologists, art critics, and historians.
And of course, one cannot ignore the natural attractions that are so popular in the tourist routes of Khabarovsk travel agencies. These include karst caves, the Wellcome eco-tourist complex, a wildlife rehabilitation center and a zoo.
To the northeast of the city of Khabarovsk, in the middle reaches of the Kur River, there are a number of karst caves that are interesting to visit: "Chipmunk", "Guarding Spear", "Giprolestrans", "Pipe", "Square". All of them are specially protected natural areas of local importance.
When visiting these caves, tourists will be able to admire the valley of the Kur River, the vast expanses of mari on the left bank of this river, the valley and mountain-taiga vegetation, almost untouched by man.
The second largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory is Komsomolsk-on-Amur, located on a lowland in the lower reaches of the Amur, on its left bank, 356 km north of Khabarovsk. The city arose on the site of the village of Perm, founded in 1860 by peasant settlers from the Perm province. In February 1932, a decision was made to build heavy industry enterprises here; in December 1932, the village of Permskoye was transformed into the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. This name was supposed to testify to the construction of the city by the Komsomol, although in reality the main labor force(about 70% of the builders) were prisoners.
Today's Komsomolsk is 500 avenues and streets. It is stretched along the Amur for 20 km. The city is dominated by 4-9 - storey buildings. the population at the time of the All-Russian population census was 290 thousand people.
The basis of the city's economy is primarily shipbuilding, aircraft building, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, oil refining, woodworking, furniture, clothing and food industries, production of building materials. The largest enterprises are PO “Plant im. Lenin Komsomol, KNAAPO named after. Gagarin, plant "Amurstal", "Amurlitmash", "Amurmetal", "Komsomolsk Refinery - Rosneft", "Amur Shipbuilding Plant".
An important role is played by Komsomolsk in the training of personnel for the industrial development of the Khabarovsk Territory. There are two higher educational institutions in the city - state technical and pedagogical universities; six secondary schools; polytechnic, construction and mining technical schools, medical and pedagogical schools, evening technical school of light industry; eleven vocational schools. There are 49 general education schools and lyceums, a palace and a house of creativity, a biological and environmental center for the children of Komsomol members.
The city has a drama theater, local history and art museums.
Among the sights of the city, one can single out the zoological center "Pyton". It was founded in 1990 and the first year the exposition belonged to a private person, and then was transferred to the municipal property. The center currently contains 166 specimens from 61 animal species. Among them: mammals (bear, raccoons, foxes, reindeer, sable, weasels, monkeys and many others); birds (karellas, parrots, chickens, white-tailed eagles, golden eagles, etc.); reptiles (iguanas, pythons, king snakes, crocodile caimans, monitor lizards, etc.); amphibians, fish, insects.
Komsomolsk is one of the most important transport hubs of the Far East, it is the intersection point of automobile, water, railway and air routes. The connection with BAM and the commissioning of the Amur Bridge significantly increased the transport capabilities of the city.
Currently, foreign economic activity is successfully developing in the city. Main export items: engineering products, fuel and energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood and wood products.
The territorial proximity of China and the possibility of organizing trips on a visa-free basis predetermine the nature of international outbound tourism. Import of tourist services exceeds export by 8.8 times - in terms of value, and almost 20 times - in terms of numbers.
Despite the youth of the city, there are many places associated with the history of the city, with the life of its glorious countrymen and famous guests. Their names are preserved in street names, imprinted with monuments and memorial plaques.
The city of Amursk, located in the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory in the valley of the river. Amur is the center of the Amur region. The permanent population of the city in 2004 was 47.3 thousand people.
The construction of the city began in the spring of 1958 near the Nanai village of Padali-Vostochnye. In 1962, the urban-type settlement of Amursk became a district center, an industrial satellite of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In 1973, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Amursk was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
The city's economy is made up of pulp and paper and woodworking industries. The largest enterprises production associations Amurmash, Vympel, the Polymer plant and others.
Among the sights of Amursk, one can single out the Botanical Garden, the Amur City Museum of Local Lore, the Bolognsky State Natural Reserve.
The botanical garden was founded in 1989. It includes a stock greenhouse with an area of 470.6 m2, in which 100 species of tropical plants and 30 species of cacti are concentrated, and a forest nursery with an area of 106 hectares. The garden is a center of culture and leisure, aesthetic and environmental education of the population, scientific work on acclimatization of plants from other regions of the country.
The Amur City Museum of Local Lore was organized in 1972. The expositions of the museum are located in the halls of Nanai and Slavic ethnography, the hall of the first builders and the exhibition hall.
Bologna State Natural Reserve is a reserve of international importance. It has an ornithological orientation. More than 150 species of birds live on the territory of the reserve, of which 33 rare species are listed in the Red Book of various ranks. The wetland complex of the reserve is unique.
The priority is the development of national folklore culture small peoples North and traditional Slavic creativity.
The southernmost city of the Khabarovsk Territory, Bikin, is located at km 231 of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok highway on the right bank of the river of the same name.
The settlement of Bikin arose in 1895 during the construction of the northern section of the railway as a Cossack settlement of the Bikin stanitsa district. The construction was carried out under the guidance of a railway engineer N.N. Bocharov. Already ten years after the founding of the village, in 1905, the Vladivostok industrialist, entrepreneur L.Sh. Skidelsky, with the help of the Chinese and Russian Cossack settlers, began the construction of a small sawmill, which produced its first products two years later. At the factory, there was a carpentry department, where a variety of products were produced: doors, frames, cabinets, chests of drawers, tables, etc.
By 1915, 1126 people lived in the city of Bikin, there was a church, a parish school, a medical assistant's station, and a tavern. In 1933, hundreds of lumberjacks, masons, carpenters, craftsmen arrived in Bikin. In the northern part of the city, in the place of taiga and swamps, they begin the construction of a railway junction. A military camp, a hospital, a canteen, houses of culture, a secondary school, a kindergarten are being built.
The city's economy is represented by forestry, woodworking, textile and food industries. Potatoes, vegetables, oats, soybeans, corn are grown in the Bikinsky district, meat and dairy cattle breeding and beekeeping are being developed.
At 36 km from the city, on the river bank, there is the only customs automobile crossing "Pokrovka - Zhaohe" in the Khabarovsk Territory.
Sights of the city: the memorial "Military Glory" to the Bikins - participants in the Great Patriotic War; local history museum; district house of culture.
The regional center of the Vyazemsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory - the city of Vyazemsky, was founded in 1951. It is located 130 kilometers south of Khabarovsk and spreads out on the terraces of two small rivers - the First and Second Seventh near their confluence with the Ussuri. The city got its name in honor of the Russian engineer O.P. Vyazemsky - head of the construction of the Ussuri railroad.
The city's economy is made up of railway transport enterprises, a woodworking plant, a timber industry enterprise, a vegetable cannery, mechanical repair, brick factories, etc.
There are no special attractions in the city itself, but 50 km from the city there is wonderful place- Flower Lake. The area of the lake is about five hectares. In late July - early August, the lake is almost completely covered with blooming lotus. Lotus Komarov - a relic representative of the oldest flowering. Listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
In the north-east of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Nikolaevsky District is located, the center of which is the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The city stands on a flat, calm plateau with a slight slope towards the Amur River.
The city was founded on August 1, 1850 by G.I. Nevelsky as a military post Nikolaevsky. The number of its first inhabitants was 6 people, and the first building was the Yakut hut-uras. In 1852, the post was renamed a trading post, and by 1854 it was a small settlement consisting of 5 residential buildings, a warehouse, a barnyard, and a chapel. A pier was built for arriving ships.
On November 14, 1856, the Nikolaevsky post was transformed into the city of Nikolaevsk. The Primorsky Region of the East Siberian Governor General was formed with the center in the city of Nikolaevsk. Nikolaevsk also became the main port of the Russian Far East, remaining in this capacity until 1870, when the main port of the Russian Far East was transferred to Vladivostok.
On February 24, 1858, Nikolaevsk was raised to the level of a regional city. The number of buildings in the city increased to 200, the population - up to 1757 people. A mechanical plant for the assembly and repair of ships was built. open maritime school, museum of local lore, library. The first commercial voyages along the Amur of private and state-owned steamships began. Foreign merchant ships began to come to the city. However, on April 28, 1880, it again became a district city after the center of the Primorsky Region was transferred to Khabarovka.
In the 80s. 19th century the discovery and development of gold placers began. Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the gold mining industry in the Russian Far East. There were offices of the Amur-Orel and Okhotsk gold mining companies, a gold alloy laboratory.
1896-1899 the fishing industry in Nikolaevsk is formed as a branch of the economy. A huge number of fishing and fish-salting areas were created in a short time. Shipbuilding was revived in the city, enterprises were created for the repair of ships, mechanical processing, timber processing, and the manufacture of barrel containers.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur became the second river and sea port of the Russian Far East after Vladivostok, and on February 26, 1914, Nikolaevsk was elevated to the status of a regional city - the center of the Sakhalin Region. Since that time, the reconstruction of the seaport began.
On March 15, 1926, the name of the city was approved according to the new territorial directory of the USSR - "Nikolaevsk-on-Amur", and it was declared the center of the Nikolaevsky district of the Primorsky province of the Far Eastern Territory.
1934 Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the newly created Nizhne-Amur region, and after its abolition in 1956, it becomes the regional center of the Khabarovsk Territory. The city became the center of the Nikolaevsky district in 1965.
Today's Nikolaevsk is the industrial and cultural center of the Northern Amur region with a population of 31 thousand people at the time of the census. The leading sectors of the economy are servicing the fishing industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and ship repair.
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is rich in historical and architectural sights. Among them, one can single out the obelisk of G.I. Nevelsky, a monument-bust to O.K. Kanter, the first chairman of the Nizhneamursky Regional Executive Committee, the Memorial Complex "In Memory of the Fighters Who Died for the Victory of Soviet Power on the Lower Amur in 1918-1922", the Military Engineering and Historical and Revolutionary Monument "Chnyrrakh Fortress" (Nikolaev Fortress), the monument to G.I. Nevelsky, the founder of the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, opened on August 13, 1950.
Nikolaev-on-Amur Municipal Museum of Local Lore. Rozova, thanks to its unique collections and research work, has become a center of international research. The museum has established scientific relations with the University of Tsukuba (Tokyo, Japan) and the national ethnographic museum(Osaka, Japan), received preliminary invitations to join the association of museums northern territories(O. Hokkaido) and participation in the international ethnographic exhibition in 2001 (Osaka).
And last but not least, the city on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory is Sovetskaya Gavan, located on the shores of the Sovetskaya Gavan Bay (Tatar Strait), 866 km east of Khabarovsk.
The history of the founding of this city is as follows. May 23, 1853. N.K. Boshnyak discovered the Khadzhi Bay on the coast of the Tatar Strait, which turned out to be one of the best natural harbors in the world. On one of the capes of the bay, a cross was erected with the inscription: "The harbor of Emperor Nicholas, was discovered and visually described by Lieutenant Boshnyak on May 23, 1853, on a native boat, with Cossack companions Semyon Parfentiev, Kir Belokhvostov, Amga peasant Tvan Mseev."
August 4, 1853. G.I. Nevelskoy founded "the military post of His Imperial Highness General-Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin". It was the first Russian settlement in Imperial Harbour.
In 1922, the bay was renamed Sovetskaya Gavan, and in 1941 the same name was given to the settlement, which was given the status of a city. long time the port of Sovetskaya Gavan was one of the bases of the Pacific Navy, and since the 90s of the 20th century, due to the military conversion that had begun, the port became available for the entry of foreign ships.
At present, Sovetskaya Gavan is a sea fishing and trading port with a population of about 32 thousand inhabitants. The city has a high potential for the repair and re-equipment of sea vessels (JSC Yakor and Severny Shipyard). Also significant place occupied by the fish (JSC "Sea Resources"), food (Gavankhleb, dairy, sausage factory, food processing plant) and woodworking industry.
Access to the Pacific Ocean allows you to develop and maintain economic ties with Asia-Pacific countries. Sovetskaya Gavan is a fairly developed transport hub: a railway line has access to the BAM, a motorway connects the city with the regional center, and the airport has the ability to receive aircraft of any class.
About 132 people from among the indigenous peoples of the North live on the territory of the city of Sovetskaya Gavan, but there are no places of compact residence of small peoples in the area. There are 4 national enterprises registered in the city in the form of National communities and a family and tribal community, also in 2001 the Sovetsko-Gavan branch of the Regional Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North was registered. Only one enterprise NO LLC "Oroch" is engaged in production activities, the main activities of which are fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants. The total number of people employed in the national economy from among the indigenous peoples of the North is 11 people.
The main attraction of the city is its lighthouse. One of the oldest lighthouses on the coast of the Tatar Strait is Red Partizan. Relic. A historical monument that is over 110 years old. On it is an old bell, weighing 42 pounds 14 pounds, with the inscription: “God’s glory to the earth, I command the heavens to keep the joy,” which was cast in 1895 at the factory of the partnership of P. I. Olovyannikov and sons in Yaroslavl. About five meters from the bell, a special booth was installed, from the window of which a rope stretched to the tongue of the bell. In bad weather, day and night, the watchman rang the bell - 3 strokes every 2 minutes. In addition to this, they fired from a signal cannon, which was later removed as unnecessary. In the 80s they wanted to take away the bell, but the lighthouses defended their relic. The name also changed - until 1931, the Nikolaevsky lighthouse was called. The era of the Soviets left here another imprint of its stormy activity. There is a monument on the Red Partisan to the lighthouse workers who died in 1919 from the White Guard punishers.
Cities of the Amur Region
In 1948, the Amur Region was withdrawn from the Khabarovsk Territory. Since that time, it has become an independent subject of the Russian Federation. The surface of the Amur Region is predominantly mountainous, located between the Stanovoy Ridge (height up to 2313 m) in the north and the river. Cupid in the south. A chain of ridges runs parallel to the Stanovoy Range: Yankan, Tukuringra, Soktakhan, Dzhagdy. Ranges stretch along the eastern border: Selemdzhinsky, Yam-Alin, Turana. In the north - the Upper Zeya Plain, in the south of the central part - the Amur-Zeya Plain, in the south - the Zeya-Bureinskaya Plain. Deposits of gold, brown and hard coal, iron ore, quartz sands, kaolins, limestones, refractory clays, tuffs, and quartzites are being developed on the territory of the region. Mineral springs.
Most of the territory of the Amur Region is drained by the left tributaries of the river. Cupid, the largest - Zeya (with Selemdzha), Bureya. In the northwest - the rivers of the Lena basin (Olyokma with a tributary of the Nyukzha), in the northeast - the Uda basin (Maya River).
The climate is monsoonal, characterized by cold, dry, little snow, cloudless winters and hot, rainy summers.
The Amur region is located in the zones of taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests. Brown forest soils, incl. podzolized and eluvial-gley, mountain brown-taiga and mountain-taiga permafrost. In the south of the region, meadow-chernozem-like, rich in humus. About 60% of the territory is occupied by forests, the main species of which is larch. Significant areas of the Amur-Zeya and Verkhnezeya plains are occupied by maryas. Brown and black bears, elk, wild boar, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, hares (hare and Far Eastern), sable, fox, squirrel are still preserved in the forests. Of the birds - white partridge, capercaillie, woodpeckers, black grouse, cuckoo, blue magpie, etc. The rivers are rich in fish: Amur sturgeon, kaluga, lenok, taimen, grayling, grass carp, silver carp, burbot.
The economy of the region is made up of the mining industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the production of building materials. Agriculture is widely developed, in view of which the Amur Region is the main agricultural region of the Far East. Soybeans, potatoes, fodder and vegetable crops are grown here, meat and dairy animal husbandry, poultry farming, beekeeping are developed, in the north - reindeer breeding, fur farming.
The Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railway lines pass through the territory of the Amur Region. Navigation is carried out along the Amur, Zeya, Bureya and other rivers.
The center of the Amur Region is the city of Blagoveshchensk, located in the southwest of the Zeya-Bureya plain, on the banks of the Amur, at the confluence of the Zeya, 7985 km east of Moscow. This is one of the oldest cities in the Far East. In 2002, at the time of the All-Russian census, the population of the city was 222 thousand people.
Its birth is associated with the emergence of the Ust-Zeya military post in 1856, and already in 1858, in connection with the laying of the church in the name of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was renamed the village of Blagoveshchenskaya, becoming in the same year the city of Blagoveshchensk, the center of the Amur Region.
At the beginning of the 20th century Blagoveshchensk became the center of metalworking and trade. The economy of the modern city is made up of mechanical engineering - shipbuilding and ship repair, equipment for the mining and gold mining industries (JSC Amur Metallist, LLP Shipyard, Amurelectropribor, Elevatormelmash); woodworking and pulp and paper industry - the oldest (since 1899) and the only match factory in the Far East "Iskra", JSC "Amurmebel", "Furniture Combine"; light industry, represented by a garment and cotton-spinning factory, production associations Progress, Amurchanka, Belka; The main enterprises of the food industry are the Amurskaya poultry farm, JSC Myasokombinat, Confectioner, Kristall, etc. There are also enterprises for the production of building materials in the city.
There are also many scientific, educational and educational institutions in Blagoveshchensk. Among them are the Amur Integrated Research Institute of the Far East, the All-Russian Soybean Institute, the Far Eastern Zonal Veterinary Research Institute, the Far Eastern Research Institute of Design and Technological Mechanization and Electrification Agriculture, physiology and pathology of respiration of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. Amur Regional Hydrometeorological Center. Higher education in the city is represented by the Medical Academy, Pedagogical, Far Eastern State Agrarian and Amur State Universities. Secondary specialized educational institutions: Polytechnic College, Municipal Construction College, Agricultural College, Amur Construction College, Technological College, Physical Education (Technical School), Trade and Economics College, 3 Pedagogical Colleges, Amur Medical College, the oldest river school in the Far East (1899 ).
The city also has a Drama Theater and a Museum of Local Lore. In 2002, the first film festival “Echo of Kinoshock on the Amur” was held.
Of the architectural sights, one can single out the building of the former Catholic church. Wooden houses of the late 19th century have been preserved, brick buildings of the early 20th century.
On the Amur embankment, from which you can admire the Chinese coast, there are various monuments: a military boat on a pedestal, menacingly looking towards the neighboring state (it was erected here in 1989); bronze monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky (1998); an old concrete pillbox with a real tree on the roof; a stone - a memorial sign in honor of the formation of Blagoveshchensk (1984; next to it, on the square, numerous ice figures appear in winter); in the same place - a monument in honor of the landing of the first explorers and the conclusion of the Aigun Treaty (restored in 1973); attention is drawn to the large brick triumphal arch, built in the early 20th century, then demolished and now rebuilt; on a long one-story pseudo-Gothic house, next to the Arch, there is a plaque in memory of A.P. Chekhov. A memorial complex was built on Victory Square in 1967. In 1998, a monument to Saint Innocent appeared in the city, after whom one of the alleys is named (there is also a memorial plaque on the house associated with this saint).
Another attraction of Blagoveshchensk worth mentioning is the Amur Zoo.
The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos on Relochny, built in 1997 - 2003, is the main temple of the Annunciation diocese. Its rector is the ruling bishop himself, Archbishop of Annunciation and Tyndinsky Gabriel. The temple was erected on a historical, sacred place for the Amur people, where until 1980 the first building of the city of Blagoveshchensk stood - St. Nicholas Church.
Around the cathedral there is a concrete path 3.5 meters wide for religious processions. In the church fence, next to the Nikolsky altar, the burial places of the first priest of Blagoveshchensk, Archpriest Alexander Sizoy, the first settler doctor Mikhail Davydov, and two unknown persons, whose remains were found in 1998 during archaeological work at the construction site, were restored.
In 1999, the events in the life of the city of Blagoveshchensk were first the transportation by barge along the Amur of tented tops, the main one of which was 11.5 meters high and weighed 9 tons, and with a police escort, the transportation of domes through the streets of the city. On June 21, an experienced master V.I. Markov started gilding the domes. In total, he had to cover the total area of 266.2 square meters with gold leaf. It took 318 booklets of the finest gold and 2 years of work.
In the same year, 1999, the first two bells cast in Voronezh arrived. The weight of a large bell of 1280 kg with a diameter of 1.2 meters required special conditions for raising it to the bell tower. Due to its size, the bell was raised even before the tent was installed on the bell tower, lowering it through the ceiling hole. The second bell weighs 250 kg.
The temple has long been a landmark of the city.
Another city of the Amur Region, Zeya, is located 532 km from Blagoveshchensk. The history of the appearance of the city is inextricably linked with the advancement of Russia to the east. The first Russian people appeared on Zeya land as early as the 17th century, during the time of Vasily Poyarkov and Yerofei Khabarov. They came from the north, from Yakutia. Academician A. Middendorf, who visited the Upper Zeya basin in 1844, mentioned that he found traces of yasak huts built at that time at the mouth of the Bryanta River and on Gilyui. At the end of the 17th century, the Manchus began to attack Russian Cossack posts along the Amur and Zeya. Soon, as a result of the Nerchinsk Treaty, the left bank of the Amur went to China, ruled by the Manchu Qing dynasty. It was possible to return the Amur lands only in the middle of the 19th century thanks to the work of the Adjutant General Count Muravyov-Amursky and his associates. The village of Zeya Sklad was founded in 1879 in connection with the discovery of gold deposits in the Zeya basin as the base of the Upper Amur gold mining company. In 1906 it was transformed into the city of Zeya-Pristan, and in 1913 - into the city of Zeya. Starting from 1909, part of the population began to engage in agriculture, which quickly took one of the leading places in the economy, despite the fact that every piece of land had to be conquered from the harsh taiga with great difficulty. For many residents, handicrafts became the main source of livelihood. If earlier they were engaged in it only in their free time, then later blacksmith, carpentry, shoemaking and other workshops gradually began to appear.
At present, the population is about 30 thousand people.
The city's economy is made up of the Zeya hydroelectric power station, a timber transshipment plant, a timber industry enterprise, a bakery, a dairy plant, etc. Potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown in the Zeya district. Cattle are bred, in the Evenk village of Bomnak - deer. Deposits of gold, iron and polymetallic ores, apatite, zeolite, copper ore, brown coal, building stone, brick and refractory clays are being developed.
The old part of the city has a colorful architecture, along with modern buildings, wooden houses from the beginning of the century have been preserved. More than 70% of the city's population lives in the microdistrict of the village of Svetly, located on the southern foothills of the Tukuringra ridge, which is well landscaped and harmoniously fits into the natural landscape.
On the territory of the Zeya region, on the eastern tip of the Tukuringra ridge on the banks of the Zeya reservoir, there is the Zeya state natural reserve, the purpose of which is to protect and study the reference section of the mountain landscapes of the northwestern Amur region, as well as to study the impact of the Zeya reservoir on natural complexes.
In 1917, another city of the Amur Region was mentioned for the first time, located on permafrost, in the valley of the Tynda and Getkan rivers (Zeya basin), 839 km northwest of Blagoveshchensk - Tynda. Since 1928, the inhabitants of the village of Tyndsky served the Amur-Yakutsk highway, and during the construction of BAM it became the administrative center for the construction and operation of the road. Since 1975 it has become a city.
The city's economy still depends on the operation of the BAM, because The activities of most enterprises are aimed specifically at servicing the highway. In addition, a bakery, a meat and dairy plant, and the Tyndales timber processing complex operate in the city.
The main attraction of the city is the main gate of the city - a very beautiful red and white station with a high control tower.
The main city of the Jewish Autonomous Region - Birobidzhan
Not far from the Amur region is the only autonomous region in the country - Jewish. Its center is the city of Birobidzhan, which arose as a settlement at the Tikhonkaya station (opened in 1915) and transformed in 1928 into the working settlement of Tikhonkaya-Station. In 1932, according to the name of the space between the rivers Bira and Bidzhan, the village was renamed Birobidzhan, since 1934 it became the center of the JAO. After 3 years in 1937 the village received the status of a city.
The economy of Birobidzhan is made up of: light industry, formed back in the pre-war years (knitting factories "Victoria", "Dynamite", shoe, pimokatnaya factory, from the end of 1960 a hosiery and knitwear factory was put into operation); mechanical engineering, which began with the construction in 1960 of a wagon train plant, on the basis of which the Dalselkhozmash plant was subsequently created; JSC "Birobidzhan Plant of Power Transformers", a car repair plant, a woodworking plant, a furniture factory and food industry enterprises.
The cultural life of the city is represented by the Jewish Musical Theatre, the Regional Philharmonic, since 1991 the traditional annual festival Jewish song and music, the theater-studio "Kochelet", local history, art museums and a museum contemporary art. Among the educational institutions of the city, the Birobidzhan State Pedagogical Institute stands out.
The population by 2002 was almost 80 thousand people.
Cities of Primorsky Krai
On October 20, 1938, Primorsky Krai was formed in the extreme southeast of Russia, with 7 cities - Arseniev, Artem, Bolshoy Kamen, Vladivostok, Lesozavodsk, Nakhodka, Partizansk.
The territory of Primorsky Krai is washed by the Sea of Japan; a large bay - Peter the Great, divided into a number of small bays - Posyet, Slavic, Amur, Ussuri, Vostok, Nakhodka. The central and eastern parts of the region are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (height up to 1855 m), in the west - the Ussuri and Khanka lowlands. On the territory of the region, deposits of brown and hard coal, polymetallic ores, gold, tin, graphite, and building materials have been explored.
The climate is moderately monsoonal. Typhoons are not uncommon in late summer and autumn.
90% of the region's territory is occupied by broad-leaved forests - fir-spruce and larch forests in the north, Manchurian-type forests with vines (Amur grapes, magnolia vine, actinidia) in the south. Main species: Ayan spruce, Korean cedar, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut. Swamps are widely developed on the Khanka lowland.
There are goral, spotted deer, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, elk, raccoon dog, Ussuri cat, wolverine, sable, weasel, fox, otter, etc. Over 100 species of fish: salmon, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, greenling, walleye pollock, tuna, saury, mackerel, sardine, etc. Fishing for trepang, molluscs, mussels, scallops, sea urchins, and algae is carried out in coastal waters.
The region's economy is made up of the fishing, timber and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, non-ferrous metallurgy, and the building materials industry.
The largest city in Primorsky Krai is its capital, Vladivostok. It is located like an amphitheater on the hills of the southern tip of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, around the Golden Horn Bay, along the eastern coast of the Amur Bay of the Sea of Japan, 9302 km east of Moscow.
The area of Vladivostok was explored by Russian navigators in the 1850s. In 1860, on the shores of the Golden Horn Bay, the crew of the Russian sailing ship Manchurian founded a military post, which received the name Vladivostok. In 1871, the main base of the Siberian military flotilla was transferred to Vladivostok from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of shipbuilding.
Since 1879, a permanent steamship line was established between Vladivostok and Odessa, and in the 80s the port was allocated to a special “military governorate” and recognized as a city, becoming in 1888 the center of the Primorsky region.
In 1903, after the construction of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway (1897), a direct railway connection with Moscow was opened.
Gradually, Vladivostok turned into a place of concentration of Russian culture in the Far East, an organizational center for expeditions of Russian travelers and scientists N.M. Przhevalsky, S.O. Makarova, V.K. Arseniev, V.L. Komarova and others.
In 1920-22. Vladivostok was the center of the Far Eastern Republic, and from the age of 38 it again became the center of the Primorsky Territory.
Today's Vladivostok is an important industrial center. Its economy is formed by enterprises of the machine-building, shipbuilding industries, the production of building materials (Varyag, Izumrud, Dalzavod, Dalpribor, Radiopribor, Metallist, Vladivostok Ship Repair Plant); coal is being mined (JSC Primorskugol). The clothing and furniture industry is also developed (JSC Vladmebel, Zarya, Vladi Expo). Due to the geographical location of Vladivostok (a seaside city), an active fishery and other seafood is fished, in connection with which the food industry is developed in the city, based on their extraction and processing (CJSC Intraros, OJSC Vladivostok Fish Processing Plant, Dalryba, Primorrybprom ”, RK “Russian East”, etc.). In addition, the coastal location explains the development of ports and enterprises for their service - JSC "Vladivostok Commercial Sea Port", "Far Eastern Shipping Company".
The city also has many scientific and educational institutions. Thus, the Primorsky branch of the Russian Geographical Society, the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries (TINRO) and Oceanography, and the Pacific Institute of Geography are located in Vladivostok. The most significant higher educational institutions are the Far Eastern State Technical University, Vladivostok State Medical University, institutes of technological consumer services, technical fishing industry, commercial, arts, medical, etc. Marine specialists are trained at the Pacific Higher Naval School named after S.O. Makarov and the G.I. Nevelskoy.
Among cultural institutions, one can single out drama, puppet theater, theater young viewer, philharmonic, art gallery; museums of the Far Eastern Shipping Company, the Pacific Fleet, TINRO, local history, mineralogical, the Arsenyev United Museum (including the house-museums of Arsenyev, K.A. Sukhanov, etc.).
The city is just full of sights. Among them, one can single out a unique monument of military-defensive architecture, the Vladivostok fortress, the station building (which can be considered as the terminus of the longest Trans-Siberian railway in the world), a memorial column with a model of the Manchurian sailing ship, from which a team of soldiers and sailors landed, which founded the post Vladivostok and much, much more.
Museum "Vladivostok Fortress" is a unique feature of the capital of Primorsky Krai. The expositions tell not only about the history of fortification and artillery, but also about the history of the city of Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai. It is located in the city center, next to the Sports Embankment, on the Nameless Hill. The museum offers a wonderful view of the Amur Bay and the central part of the city of Vladivostok.
On the territory of the museum, citywide and regional events with elements of military rituals are held: the solemn raising of the Kaiser flag, the changing of the guard of honor, the daily midday shot, and twice a year the solemn oath taking by Pacific soldiers takes place in the museum.
Being an educational center on the history of fortification in Vladivostok, the museum pays great attention to popularizing work on organizing exhibitions and exhibitions-sales of amateur artists from Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai.
It is impossible not to mention another unique place in Vladivostok - the oceanarium. It is located in the city center and is part of the oldest fishery organization in the Far East - the Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-center).
The oceanarium was built in 1990 according to the project of the Primorgrazhdanproekt Institute. It received its first visitors on July 12, 1991.
The Oceanarium is a maritime museum, in two exposition halls of which with a total area of 1500 m2 there are dry and living expositions dedicated to the nature of the Pacific Ocean.
The central place in the museum exposition is occupied by the diorama "Rookery of fur seals and the bird market". Another part of it is made up of biogroups with penguins, albatrosses, coelacanths and sea otters, in which marine animals are shown in natural conditions. The showcases display collections of sea shells, corals, sponges, fish and other marine animals. The unique exhibits include: dummies of a Steller's cow and coelacanth, an albino sea otter embryo, fish and birds of the tropics, and much more. The museum collection includes more than 1 thousand exhibits. In a large round hall in 13 aquariums there are inhabitants of freshwater reservoirs of the Far East, Peter the Great Bay, and tropical seas. The inhabitants of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk are housed in 4 cold-water aquariums in the central hall. Part of the exposition is devoted to decorative aquarium fish, which are placed in stand-alone aquariums. In total, the Oceanarium contains about 120 species (more than 2 thousand specimens).
The second interesting building is the Dolphinarium, which also belongs to the TINRO Center and is located next to the Oceanarium. The Dolphinarium was built in 1987 as an experimental base for the institute. In 1988, a demonstration program was prepared and the Dolphinarium opened to visitors. By its design, the Dolphinarium is a floating pontoon installed at the pier on Battery Embankment. Three cages are suspended inside the pontoon, in which animals are kept. The Dolphinarium, despite the existence of permanent or temporary exhibitions and other entertainment events in the city, enjoys the constant attention of residents and guests of the city.
On the Ship embankment of Vladivostok there is an amazing monument - the S-56 submarine. There are no such memorials in the world - S-56 is the only submarine on Earth that is washed ashore and stands on a pedestal as a museum and a monument at the same time.
Not far from the city is one of the first state reserves in Russia (founded in 1916) - Kedrovaya Pad. Here, in the upper reaches of the river. Cedar is the most well-preserved subtropical forest, where the legendary ginseng grows. The animal world is also richly represented: including the Himalayan bear, Bengal cat, wild boar, roe deer, mandarin duck.
The city of the same name, Nakhodka, is located 169 km east of Vladivostok on the shore of Nakhodka Bay in the Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of Japan. This is one of the largest transport and fishing centers of the Far East.
The history of this city dates back to 1931, when expeditions from Leningrad and Vladivostok arrived on the coast of Nakhodka Bay to conduct research and survey work. In 1939, Andrey Zhdanov, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, after examining Nakhodka Bay, summed up: “There will be a wonderful port at this place. But a port without a city is impossible.” Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1646-399 "On the transfer of the Vladivostok commercial and fishing ports to Nakhodka Bay" was signed.
In 1940, by the Decree of July 16, the settlement of Nakhodka was classified as a workers' settlement, and seven years later, the port of Nakhodka was transformed into a sea trading port of the second category.
On May 18, 1950, the working settlement of Nakhodka received the status of a city of regional subordination. This date is considered the birthday of modern Nakhodka.
Since December 6, 2004, the city of Nakhodka has been given the status of an urban district.
There is a free economic zone in Nakhodka. The geopolitical location of the city also determines the specifics of the economy. Coastal trade is widely developed here, timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood are exported. Among the most significant and large enterprises, one can distinguish such as OJSC Primorskoye Shipping Company, Primorskoye Ship Repair PO, Marine Fishing Base, Gaydamak Ship Repair Plant, Nakhodka Active Marine Fishing Base, Far East Fish Company, Nakhodka Oil Commercial Port . Also in the city there is a tin-can factory, separate enterprises represent the production of reinforced concrete products and large-panel housing construction.
In the city of Nakhodka, there are six universities. Secondary vocational education is represented by the Far East Nautical School and the Industrial Pedagogical College.
300 km north of Vladivostok in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin on the right bank of the river. Arsenievka (a tributary of the Ussuri) is the 5th largest city in Primorsky Krai - Arseniev (according to the results of the last census, the number of inhabitants was 65.5 thousand people).
Arsenyev was founded in 1902 as the village of Semyonovka. After 50 years, the Russian resettlement village was transformed into the city of Arseniev, named after the explorer of the Far East, ethnographer and writer V.K. Arseniev, whose routes along the edge included the territory where Semenovka was located.
Currently, Arsenyev is the largest aircraft manufacturing company in the region, Progress named after A.I. N.I. Sazykin, where MI-34S helicopters, Yak-55M aircraft are manufactured, agricultural machinery, equipment for oil workers, small boats and yachts, motoblocks, and rocketry are manufactured. Another large enterprise of the city is the machine-building plant JSC "Askold", which produces ship and pipeline fittings, line-coupling equipment for aircraft. There are also woodworking and furniture factories, food industry enterprises and building materials production enterprises.
Arseniev is rightfully considered a city of young students: here every fifth student studies at a higher educational institution or receives a secondary specialized education. Prestigious are the Arseniev Institute of Technology, a branch of the Far Eastern Academy of Economics and Management, the Primorsky Aviation College, and technical schools.
Attention is also paid to the aesthetic education of young Arsenievites, in the city there are children's music and art schools, a school of circus art. Sports institutions are in great demand: the sports complex "Yunost", "Vostok", "Flight" with an indoor pool, the camp site "Bodrost".
Arsenyev's surroundings are full of sights. There are about 40 different archaeological sites here: settlements, settlements, parking lots, as well as caves, which are enthusiastically explored by speleologists. Tourists are fascinated by the unique beauty of the Far Eastern land with yew groves, junipers, lotuses that grow on Orekhovoe and Kaznoe lakes.
In the south-eastern part of the Razdolno-Khanka lowland, at the confluence of the rivers Razdolnaya, Rakovka, Komarovka, 112 km north of Vladivostok, the city of Ussuriysk is located.
It was founded in 1866 by settlers from the Astrakhan and Voronezh provinces as the village of Nikolskoe. The village got its name from the name of the church, consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 1898, at the confluence of the village of Nikolskoye with the village of Ketritsevo, the city of Nikolsk was formed, which in 1926 was renamed Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. The definition of Ussuri was given to distinguish it from the city of Nikolsk in the Vologda region, although it is only indirectly related to the name of the river. Ussuri (the right tributary of the Amur), since the city is located about 150 km from it. The immediate reason for its appearance was the unofficial name of the area adjacent to this river, the Ussuri Territory.
From 1935 to 1957 the city was called Voroshilov by the name of the Soviet party and military leader K.E. Voroshilov (1881-1969), and in 1957 it was renamed Ussuriysk.
The region's economy is made up of the Oil and Fat Plant, which combines oil extraction, margarine and soap factories; JSC "Primorsky Sugar", which includes sugar, sugar refinery and yeast plants. Production of alcoholic beverages with extracts from the herbs of the Ussuri taiga (JSC Ussuri Balsam). There are also the Far Eastern "Rodina", which produces woodworking machines, household refrigerators "Ocean"), combine repair and locomotive repair plants, the Grado leather and footwear association, the Rabotnitsa garment factory, an oxygen plant, a furniture factory. In the region I grow soybeans, potatoes, buckwheat, wheat, barley, dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, cage fur farming (mink), reindeer breeding are developed.
Of the minerals in the Ussuriysk region, tuffs are mined - the Borisovskoye and Pushkinskoye deposits, brown coal (Banevurovskoye), the Aleksey-Nikolskoye coal deposit, brick clay, the Rakovskoye mineral water deposit.
Among the institutions of culture and education, one can distinguish agricultural and pedagogical institutes, two drama theaters, a branch of the Primorsky State Museum.
Of the sights of the city, the most notable is a medieval monument - a stone statue of a turtle, personifying longevity (installed on the graves of persons of the imperial family of the Chzhurdzhen state, 12th century).
The Ussuriysk Museum of History and Local Lore is another interesting place in Ussuriysk, located in the oldest building in the city of Ussuriysk - an architectural monument of the 19th century, the first educational institution in the village of Nikolsky, a parochial school. The museum opened its doors to visitors in 1999 and became the center of culture and historical pride of the Ussuri people. More than 1.5 thousand exhibits tell about the history of the city, its people, crafts, culture and way of life. One of the halls is dedicated to the history of the city. Here you can trace all periods of the development of the city, starting from the Bohai and Jurchen eras, which are represented by archaeological finds (fragments of dishes, ceramics, catapult balls, etc.); the resettlement period from the time of land development (household items, tools, clothing). There is also a Hall of Military Glory in the museum.
On the outskirts of Ussuriysk, on the spurs of the Southern Sikhote-Alin, on the territory of the Ussuriysk and Shkotovsky districts of Primorsky Krai, there is the Ussuri Nature Reserve. Academician V.L. Komarov, in which the museum of the Ussuri taiga was created. The purpose of the creation is to protect the intact mountain-forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin, their flora and fauna, largely related to the Manchurian complex, with a high level of endemism.
The easternmost astronomical station in Russia is located near the reserve.
Another city in the Primorsky Territory, Spask-Dalniy, has 56,000 inhabitants. It is located on the Khanka lowland, 20 km from Lake Khanka, 243 km northeast of Vladivostok.
Founded by settlers around 1886 as the village of Spasskoye, near which the Evgenievka station of the Ussuri railroad was built in 1906, the future city received its name from the name of the church, consecrated in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord or, as it is called by the people, the Transfiguration of the Savior.
The village was transformed into a city in 1917, and almost 10 years later, the village of Evgenievka became part of it. The city received its current name - Spassk-Dalniy - in 1929.
In the years civil war in the Spassk-Dalny area, the Spassk operation was carried out to liberate Primorye from the White Guards and interventionists.
In 1908, on the basis of high-quality limestone and clay deposits near Evgenievka, the first was built, in 1932-34. the second, in 1976, Novospassky Cement Plant. In this regard, the production of building materials is developed in the city: JSC - Spasskcement, Spassktsemremont, Elefent, Keramik. There are also enterprises in the field of mechanical engineering and metalworking: plants - experimental mechanical, auto repair, Primorsky experimental, the Spasskvodmashremont enterprise. The city's light industry is made up of the Vostok garment factory, the Tayozhnaya dry-cured shoe factory, and the art ceramics factory. Food enterprises of the city are a meat-packing plant, a sausage factory, a dairy plant, a vegetable and fruit canning factory. Rice, soybeans, wheat, oats, buckwheat, vegetables are grown in the Spassky district, beekeeping, reindeer husbandry are developed, and cattle are bred.
Of the architectural sights, the buildings of the railway station and the male gymnasium stand out. On the territory of Spassk-Dalny there is a protected natural monument (since 1981) - Spasskaya Cave, as well as the Khankaisky Nature Reserve - a unique natural complex in the Primorsky Territory. In the western part of the region there is Lake Khanka, one of the most beautiful natural reservoirs in Primorye. Not far from Lake Khanka, in a beautiful place in the village of Gaivoron, there is a zoological station of the Biological and Soil Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Here, Amur tigers live in an enclosure with an area of 10,000 m2.
The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
The Kamchatka Region is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, which is part of the Far Eastern Federal District. As an independent subject of the Russian Federation, it was formed on October 20, 1932, but the history of the cities included in it begins much earlier.
The Kamchatka region is washed by the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Pacific Ocean. The eastern coast of Kamchatka is strongly indented (large bays: Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Korfa, etc.), the western one is weakly.
The Kamchatka region is a large fishing region in Russia. The main commercial fish: salmon, herring, flounder, cod, sea bass, halibut, pollock. Off the western shores - crab farming.
In addition, enterprises of the forest and woodworking, shipbuilding and ship repair industries are developing in the region, and coal is being mined. Dairy and beef cattle breeding and poultry farming predominate in agriculture. In the north - reindeer breeding, fur trade, fur farming. In the valleys in the valleys of the Kamchatka and Avacha rivers, potatoes and vegetables are grown.
The oldest city of the Kamchatka region - Klyuchi, was founded in 1731, and 9 years later (in 1740) a city was founded, which became the center of the Kamchatka region 216 years later - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It is located on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the shores of the Avacha Bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the slopes of Mishennaya, Petrovskaya and Nikolskaya hills.
Ostrog Petropavlovsky was founded on the site of the Kamchadal village of Aushin, where at that time the 2nd Kamchatka expedition of V.I. Bering and A.I. Chirikov (1733-1743). Ostrogo got its name from the names of the ships belonging to this expedition - "The Holy Apostle Peter" and "The Holy Apostle Paul". TO early XIX century, Petropavlovsk became not only the administrative and economic center of Kamchatka, but also the main port in the Far East, and in 1822 it was transformed into the district city of Peter and Paul Port. During the Crimean War of 1853-1856. the city took a direct part in the hostilities, heroically repulsing the attack of the Anglo-French squadron.
The city received its real name in 1924, when the definition of Kamchatsky was added to the already established name - Petropavlovsk - to distinguish it from the name of the city of Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan.
In the 1930s the boundaries of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky expanded significantly, including new areas of industrial and residential development: the settlement of the joint-stock company of Kamchatka, the settlements of workers and builders of the Petropavlovsk shipyard and the tin can factory, the base of the fishing fleet Mokhovaya, and in the 1940s. - residential area builders of the marine merchant fleet.
The economy of the city, as well as the entire region, is made up of enterprises directly or indirectly related to the sea and the extraction of seafood: "Trawl and Refrigerated Fleet Administration", "Peter and Paul Ship Repair and Mechanical Plant", "Peter and Paul Shipyard", "Okeanrybflot", " Kamchatrybprom", tin can factory, "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky commercial seaport", "Kamchatka shipping company".
The city also has its own higher educational institutions, including the Far Eastern Academy of Management, Business and Law, the Kamchatka State Academy of the Fishing Fleet, the Kamchatka State Pedagogical Institute, the Branch of the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade, the Higher Marine Engineering School. In addition, the Institute of Volcanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences operates in the city, as well as the Kamchatka branch of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Among the cultural institutions of the city, one can single out the Drama Theater and the Museum of Local Lore.
The Museum of Local Lore is located in the historical center of the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The exhibits of the museum are dedicated to the history of the region, its flora and fauna, native peoples of Kamchatka and their ancient culture. There are interesting exhibitions on the nature of Kamchatka: the Kronotsky Reserve, the volcanoes of Kamchatka, its wildlife and natural resources. You will see a collection of paintings by local artists.
There are many monuments in the city. Most old monument in the Far East - a monument to Vitus Bering, built, it is believed, between 1823 and 1826. Initially, the monument was placed near the residence of the Governor, then it was moved several times, and now it stands on Sovetskaya Street, not far from the harbor from which the famous navigator began his expedition to America.
The Charles Clark Monument is the only monument in Russia that reminds of the Third World Expedition of the famous British explorer and Navigator James Cook. After the death of Captain Cook, Captain Charles Clark became the head of his expedition. On June 12, 1779, his ships left Avacha Bay and headed towards the Bering Strait, but could not pass because of the ice. On the way back to Petropavlovsk, Charles Clark died and was buried at the site where in 1913 the British erected a monument in honor of his memory.
The history of the monument to La Perouse is as tragic as the story of Jean Francois La Perouse himself, in whose honor the monument was erected.
The famous French explorer went to Circumnavigation in 1775, within four years, his ships were expected to visit North America, Japan, China, Australia and return back to France. In September 1787, after a short visit to Petropavlovsk, the expedition headed to Japan, the expedition consisted of 242 participants, most of whom were talented scientists, artists and navigators, and only one of them was an experienced navigator, hardened in severe storms of the Pacific Ocean. The remains of the ships were found in 1959. In 1843, at the request of the French government, a monument was erected in honor of the brave explorers, but in August 1854 it was completely destroyed by the cannonball of a French frigate. It was restored in 1882, and since 1930 it has been standing on Lenin Street, in the city center. Memorial Complex on Nikolskaya Sopka.
The Monument of Glory was erected in 1882 in honor of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, and in 1954, on the 100th anniversary of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, a new monument was erected dedicated to the legendary 3rd Battery under the command of Lieutenant A. Maksutov.
I would like to mention a sacred place in Petropavlovsk - a small cemetery with a chapel built of stone. 35 Russian defenders are buried on the right side of the Chapel and 38 French and English sailors on the left. This monument symbolizes that all people are equal before God. The fact that those who fought against each other are now buried in one place shows the spiritual generosity of the people of Kamchatka, who honor the dead and do not want such a tragedy to happen again.
On the outskirts of the city there is a sports and tourist base "Kamchadal". On the territory of the base there is a kennel of Kamchatka sled dogs "Siberian Klyk", a large guest house, a souvenir kiosk, a buffet, cross-country ski and equipment rental, snowmobiles, parking. At the base you can ride sled dogs and feel like a real musher.
From STB "Kamchadal" there are several routes on sled dogs. There are weekend itineraries and multi-day trips.
In the extreme east of Russia is the Sakhalin Region, formed on September 20, 1932. It is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. The main industry is fishing, in addition, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, light industry, food industry, ship repair enterprises, production of building materials are developing, and coal is being mined.
The center of the Sakhalin region is the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Located in the southeastern part of Sakhalin Island on the river. Susuya, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was founded in 1882 as the village of Vladimirovka. The village got its name by the name of the local superintendent of hard labor. From 1905 to 1945, being part of Japan, the village became a city, the administrative center of South Sakhalin, receiving the name Toyohara (Toyohara). The Russian city became after the end of World War II in 1945, and a year later it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk according to its location in the south of the island.
Sakhalin is an island rich in minerals, in particular, coal, oil, and gas. Coal mining is also carried out in the area of the city, as a result of which such enterprises as Sakhalinpodzemugol, Sakhalin Coal Company, Concern Sakhalinuglerrazrez operate in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. In addition, oil wells are being developed on the Sakhalin shelf, which leads to the development of the oil and gas industry (ZAO ANK Shelf, Petrosakh, Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf, Sakhalin Energy).
Extensive timber resources provide favorable conditions for the development of the forestry, wood processing, pulp and paper and furniture industries.
However, the main branch of the city's industry is fishing: the extraction and processing of fish and seafood (Pilenga, Sakhalin Island, the Sakhalinpromryba association, Tunaycha LLP).
The close proximity and great importance of the sea suggest the presence of scientific institutions dealing with "water" problems. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, such institutions are represented by the Sakhalin Institute of Marine Biology, the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Sakhalin Branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography.
There are also universities in the city, among which the Far Eastern Academic Law University at the Institute of State and Law can be distinguished Russian Academy Sciences, Sakhalin State University, branch of the Moscow State University of Commerce, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Institute of Commerce and Entrepreneurship, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Institute of Economics, Law and Informatics.
Cultural institutions of the city are represented by Drama Theatre. A.P. Chekhov, puppet theatre. There are also local history and art museums.
The central square of the city is named after V.I. Lenin, whose monument was erected there in 1970. A slab with the inscription was embedded in the base of the monument: "The monument was erected in the year of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin by decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU."
On September 3, 1975, in honor of the 30th anniversary of the defeat of militaristic Japan, a memorial complex was opened on Victory Square. Its central part is a five-meter pedestal with a T-34 tank mounted on it. In the lower part of the complex, closer to the square, artillery pieces were installed: a 76-mm anti-tank gun and a 122-mm howitzer.
Five years later, another war memorial was erected in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in memory of Soviet soldiers who fell in the battles for South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. His Grand opening took place on September 3, 1980 on Glory Square, at the intersection of Communist Avenue and Gorky Street. The memorial complex includes a figure of a soldier made in bronze on a high square pedestal and a sculptural group of figures of two sailors-paratroopers located just below.
Among the sights of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk that have appeared in recent years, a small two-story house with a mezzanine on Kurilskaya Street stands out, where the municipal literary and art museum of A.P. Chekhov's book "Sakhalin Island" is located. The museum, designed to study and popularize the work of the great writer, is unique in its profile. Here, scientific and collecting work is carried out to complete the collection, which includes: household items from the period of hard labor, works by A.P. Chekhov of different years of publication, including in foreign languages, materials telling about the creation of the book "Sakhalin Island", as well as its fate Russia and abroad.
The recreational and tourist sphere is also developed in the city and its region. The most famous is the resort of Sinegorsk mineral waters.
Cities of the North-East of Russia
On December 3, 1953, the Magadan Region was formed in the extreme northeast of Russia. The territory of the region is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk. The dense river network of the Magadan Region belongs to the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The largest river is the Kolyma. There are small lakes. Of the minerals, deposits of gold, tin, tungsten, coal and brown coal have been explored.
The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain-forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species is larch.
The climate here is sharply continental, harsh. Winter is long (up to 8 months), summer is cool. The average temperature in January is from -19C to -23C on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and -38C in the inner parts of the region. The growing season is not more than 100 days. Everywhere (except for the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) permafrost rocks are widespread.
The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain-forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species is larch. Squirrels, white hare, arctic fox, fox, bears (brown and white), wolverine, weasel, reindeer, elk, etc. have survived. Birds are numerous: partridges, ducks, geese. The Sea of Okhotsk is rich in fish (salmon, herring, navaga, cod, etc.) and marine animals (fur seals, seals, whales), in rivers and lakes - nelma, grayling, char, burbot, perch.
The region's economy is made up of mining and fishing industries; reindeer breeding, dairy and meat cattle breeding, fur farming, fur trade, and poultry farming predominate in agriculture. They grow potatoes, cabbage, carrots, fodder crops.
Since 1953, the center of the Magadan Territory has been the city of Magadan, located on the coast of the Nagaev Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk on permafrost, in a zone of increased seismicity, 7110 km from Moscow.
The construction of Magadan began in the early 1930s. in connection with the development of natural resources (mainly gold) of the North-East of the USSR. The city got its name from the Even mongodan - “sea sediments; fin”, - this was the name of one of the rivers flowing near the place where the city was founded. A less convincing version connects the name of the city with the name of the Even Magda, on the site of whose camp the city eventually grew.
In the 1930-1950s. Magadan was the control center of the North-Eastern forced labor camps of the NKVD of the USSR.
At present, Magadan is the largest seaport in the north-east of Russia. The city has developed mechanical engineering, represented by enterprises for the production and repair of mining equipment, the production of fuel equipment, ship repair; metalworking enterprises, production of building materials; light industry - a garment factory, a leather and footwear factory. The coastal location of Magadan determines the development of the fishing industry.
Among the scientific institutions of the city, one can distinguish the North-Eastern Integrated Research Institute and the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Research Institute of Gold and Rare Metals, the Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East and the department of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Personnel of the highest qualification are trained by the Northern International University, a branch of the Moscow State Academy of Law. The cultural institutions of the city are musical drama and puppet theatres, the local history museum.
In the north of Eastern Siberia, including the New Siberian Islands, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is located, formed on April 27, 1922 as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and with the collapse of the USSR in 1991, it adopted its current name, formed from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha - self-name and Yakut is a Russian name borrowed in the 17th century. the Evens.
More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of the territory of the republic is occupied by vast mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west - the Central Siberian plateau, bounded from the east by the Central Yakut lowland. In the east - the Verkhoyansky, Chersky ridges (height up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakon highlands located between them. In the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part - the North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands. In the northeast - the Yukaghir Plateau. Mineral resources are also diverse - deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, natural gas, etc. are known and are being developed.
The territory of the republic is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers - Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyuy), Anbar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nedzheli and others.
The climate is sharply continental. Winter is long, harsh and with little snow. Summer is short and warm. Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which is replaced by forest-tundra and tundra zones to the north. Soils are predominantly permafrost-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest, and tundra-gley.
Forests (Dahurian larch, pine, elfin cedar, spruce, fir, birch, etc.) occupy about 4/5 of the territory. Meadows are common in river valleys and alasses. On the coast and mountain tops - shrubs, herbaceous vegetation and lichens.
Arctic fox, sable, white hare, ermine, fox, muskrat, reindeer, etc. have survived. Of the birds - pink gull, white crane, etc. Red deer are found in the Olekma basin, and musk deer in the mountain taiga in the south and east; in the mountains of Eastern Yakutia - bighorn sheep. In the seas - omul, muksun, nelma, broad whitefish, vendace. In the rivers - whitefish, pike, perch, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, lenok.
The economy of the republic is made up of mining and light industry, fuel and energy complex. Agriculture specializes in animal husbandry (meat and dairy cattle breeding, meat and herd horse breeding), in the north - reindeer breeding. Fur farming, hunting and fishing are developed.
Navigation along the Northern Sea Route, the Lena and its tributaries, along other major rivers. Seaports - Tiksi, Green Cape (Chersky). The Bamovskaya railway passes through the territory of Yakutia. line (Tynda - Berkakit - Neryungri) and Amur-Yakutskaya motorway (Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk).
The capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the city of Yakutsk. It is located on the left bank of the Lena on permafrost, 8468 km east of Moscow.
Yakutsk was founded in 1632 as the Yakutsk (or Lena) prison by a detachment of the Yenisei Cossacks under the leadership of Pyotr Beketov, about 70 km below the present city. After 10 years, the prison was moved to a modern place.
In the 17th - 18th centuries, Yakutsk (later Yakutsk) was the military-administrative and commercial center of North-Eastern Siberia. In 1922-90. Yakutsk was the capital of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and then the Republic of Sakha.
Large deposits of minerals have been explored in the area of the city. These are mainly deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, oil and natural gas, etc. In this regard, fuel and gas industry enterprises, non-ferrous metallurgy are developed in the city. The abundance of forests gave rise to the development of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, the production of building materials.
Among the scientific institutions of the city, the Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences stands out, which unites about 30 scientific institutes: history, language and literature, biology, mining of the North, etc.; the only research institute of permafrost in Russia. It is also worth mentioning the design institutes Yakutgrazhdanproekt, Zolotoproekt, Agropromproekt.
The status of the capital of the republic determines a large number of higher and secondary educational institutions, including the Higher School of Music of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Higher Humanitarian College, the Medical Institute of the Yakut State University, the Branch of the Novosibirsk State Academy of Water Transport, the Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy, the Yakutsk State University.
There are many cultural institutions in the city - the Yakut Drama Theater. P.A. Oyunsky, Russian Drama Theatre, Opera and Ballet Theatre, Philharmonic; museums: local history, visual arts, literary name P.A. Oyunsky, archeology and ethnography, music and folklore, the International Museum of the Vargan, the house-museums of E.M. Yaroslavsky, M.K. Ammosov.
The city also has many architectural and historical sights. Among them are the wooden hipped tower of the Yakut prison (1685), the stone buildings of the Spassky Monastery (1664), the St. Nicholas Church (1852), the former Bishop's chambers, the public library (1911), the Treasury house (1909).
In the extreme northeast of Russia, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located, occupying part of the mainland, the Chukotka Peninsula and a number of islands (Wrangel, Ayon, Ratmanov, etc.). A significant part of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The coast is heavily dissected. In the northeast - the Chukchi Highlands (height up to 1843 m), in the central part - the Anadyr Plateau, in the southeast - the Anadyr Lowland. The subsoil is rich in tin and mercury ores, hard and brown coal, gas and other minerals.
The territory of the Okrug is washed by the East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering Seas. Large rivers - Anadyr (with tributaries Main, Belaya, Tanyurer), Velikaya, Amguema, Omolon, Big and Small Anyui. There are many lakes, the largest are Krasnoye, Elgygytgyn.
The climate is severe, on the coasts it is maritime, in the interior it is sharply continental. The duration of winter is up to 10 months. The Chukotka District is located in the zone of forest-tundra, tundra and arctic deserts. Soils are predominantly mountain-tundra and peat-gley, peat-podzolic and alluvial soils are found. Tundra vegetation predominates (mountain dry tundra with shrubs, tussocky cotton grass and shrub tundra). On the upper slopes of the mountains and on Wrangel Island there are arctic deserts. In the river basin Anadyr and other large rivers - island forests (larch, poplar, Korean willow, birch, alder, etc.). of animals there are arctic fox, fox, wolf, wolverine, chipmunk, squirrel, lemming, white hare, brown and polar bears. There are many birds: white and tundra partridges, ducks, geese, swans, etc. On the coast - guillemots, eiders, gulls, forming "bird colonies". The seas are rich in fish (chum salmon, pink salmon, char) and marine animals (walrus, seal, etc.); in rivers and lakes - chir, nelma, grayling.
The main sectors of the economy are mining, production of building materials, reindeer herding, fishing, hunting for fur and sea animals. Dairy farming, poultry farming, pig farming, cage fur farming and greenhouse-hothouse farming are developing.
Center of Chukotka autonomous region– Anadr, located on the shores of the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea in the zone of permafrost. Its history begins in 1889, when, near the Chukchi settlement of Vien, the head of the Anadyr district, L.F. Grinevitsky founded the Novo-Mariinsk border post. He received his name in honor of the wife of Alexander III, Empress Maria Feodorovna, and the definition Novo- was included to distinguish him from the already existing city Mariinsk in Western Siberia. In 1923, the village of Novomariinsk was renamed Anadr. and in 1965 it received the status of a city.
The local Chukchi population still calls the city V'en - zev, or Kagyrlyn - entrance, mouth, which reflects its location at a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr estuary.
The economy of modern Anadyr is made up of enterprises of the fishing, reindeer-breeding industry, as well as enterprises for the extraction of gold and coal.
The territory of the republic in terms of diversity and size of mineral deposits is unique not only in Russia, but also on a global scale. There are known deposits of oil, gas, coal, ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare and noble metals, diamonds, various mining and chemical raw materials and building materials. To date, about 1500 deposits of various types of mineral raw materials have been discovered, including 150 kimberlite pipes.
Yakutia remains one of the main gold-mining regions of Russia, and also provides more than 90% of Russia's diamond production. Deposits of non-metallic minerals are also widespread in Yakutia.
The republic is the only supplier of antimony in the country; complex deposits and ore occurrences of rare metals have been identified.
Deposits of building materials (raw cement, gypsum, zeolites, building stone, brick clay, sand, pebbles, etc.), ornamental stones (charoite) are found in many regions of the republic and, if necessary, are used for local needs.
The total area of forest fund lands - 255610.8 thousand hectares; forest cover - 46.7%; total stock of standing wood - 8934.1 million m3.
The forests are extremely unevenly distributed in terms of area, stock and predominant species, the forest cover ranges from 93% in the southern uluses to 25% in the northern ones. More than 98% of the forests are valuable coniferous forests. The main forest-forming species is Dahurian larch.
Nature
The territory of Yakutia is a reserve of genetic and landscape diversity of global importance. In its flora, 1850 species of higher plants are known, 575 - bryophytes (444 - leafy, 131 - liver mosses), 550 - lichens, 2678 - algae and 600 fungi.
In the flora of higher plants, 230 species are forage plants of agricultural animals. Medicinal plants: 88 species of herbs, 26 shrubs and dwarf shrubs, 7 trees. Plants of Yakutia are characterized by a high content of nitrogenous substances, proteins, soluble carbohydrates and polysaccharides, as well as a high content of vitamins.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental, characterized by long winters and short summers. The maximum amplitude of the average temperatures of the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 C. According to the absolute value of the minimum temperature (in the eastern mountain systems - basins, depressions and other depressions up to - 70 ° C) and according to the total duration of the period with negative temperature (from 6.5 to 9 months a year), the republic has no analogues in the Northern Hemisphere.
The absolute minimum temperature almost everywhere in the country is below −50 degrees.
The average annual precipitation ranges from 150-200 mm (Central Yakutia, intermountain basins and river valleys of northeastern Yakutia) to 500-700 mm (mountain slopes of eastern Yakutia).
Permafrost is widespread throughout the territory.
Animal world
The basis of the fauna of the region is the Arctic and Siberian types of fauna, to a lesser extent - the Chinese, American, Central Asian, Mongolian and Indo-Malay faunistic complexes.
Typical animals of the tundra and forest-tundra are the lemming, arctic fox, tundra reindeer, large polar wolf, tundra partridge and snowy owl.
Typical inhabitants of the northern open forest and middle taiga from predatory are: brown bear, forest wolf, lynx, fox; from ungulates: elk, red deer, forest reindeer, roe deer, musk deer; from mustelids: wolverine, sable, ermine, weasel, weasel; Of the birds, pine forests are characteristic: partridge, hazel grouse, capercaillie, black grouse, as well as black crow and raven. The black-capped marmot, pika haystack, bighorn sheep - "chubuku", musk deer, golden eagle, peregrine falcon live in the mountains. Of the steppe animals, the long-tailed ground squirrel, black kite, field lark are characteristic.
Of the rare and endangered terrestrial vertebrates, 15 species of birds and 4 species of mammals inhabiting the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
The ichthyofauna of the reservoirs is extremely valuable and includes 50 species of fish from 18 families: lamprey, sturgeon, herring, salmon, whitefish, grayling, smelt, pike, chukuchan, loach, carp, cod, perch, eelpout, stickleback, slingshot, linden, flatfish.
Resources
The mineral resource potential of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the highest in the Far East. Deposits of gold, tin, silver, copper, tungsten, mercury, platinum group metals, coal, oil, gas and other minerals lie in the bowels of the district.
The resources of marine fur hunting are very significant. Fin whales, minke whales, killer whales, beluga whales and other cetacean mammals live in huge numbers in the seas surrounding the Chukchi Peninsula; walruses, bearded seals, seals, striped seals and other pinnipeds.
The most valuable in commercial terms are such animals as elk, wild reindeer, sable, arctic fox, red fox. Wolverines, wolves, brown bears, American minks, muskrats, ermines, white hares also live.
Nature
The territory of the district is located in several natural zones, so its vegetation cover is very diverse. More than 900 species of higher plants and 400 species of mosses and lichens are found here, and many species are represented only here. About half of the area of Chukotka is occupied by high-mountain tundras and rocky semi-deserts and deserts, no more than a third of their area is covered with vegetation. Permafrost does not allow plant roots to penetrate to the depth, so the flora growing here has a small height with a poorly developed root system. Most plants creep along the ground, above which flower-bearing stems rise only for a short time. The tundra is dominated by dwarf willows and birches, dwarf pine, sedge and cottongrass. In the river valleys, there are occasionally light coniferous forests consisting of Daurian larches, and even more rarely relict Chozenia-poplar forests.
Climate
Most of the territory of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle.
The climate is harsh, subarctic, on the coasts - maritime, in the interior - continental. The duration of winter is up to 10 months.
The average temperature in January is from -15 °C to -39 °C, in July from +5 °C to +10 °C. The absolute minimum was recorded at -61 °С, the absolute maximum is +34 °С. Precipitation is 200-500 mm per year.
The growing season in the southern part of the district is 80-100 days. Permafrost is ubiquitous.
Animal world
The fauna of Chukotka is also diverse, its peculiarity lies in the fact that many species of the Arctic fauna do not spread further to the west.
Polar bear, brown bear, reindeer, bighorn sheep, sable, lynx, wolf, arctic fox, wolverine, ermine, chipmunk, white hare, fox, muskrat, mink, evrazhka. Musk oxen were bred on Wrangel Island.
Large mammals live in the Chukchi seas: whale, walrus, seal, spotted seal, bearded seal. There are about 402 species of fish in the sea area, 50 of them are commercial species. There are 4 types of crabs, 4 types of shrimps, 2 types of cephalopods. About 30 species of fish live in the rivers - mainly salmon, as well as whitefish, grayling, whitefish, burbot.
There are about 220 species of birds - guillemots, guillemots, auklets, kittiwakes, geese, swans, ducks, loons, partridges, waders, owls, etc.
Resources
The Kamchatka waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean are among the most productive fishing zones of the World Ocean; over 2 million tons of biological resources of the seas are naturally reproduced here.
The marine resources of the region are of world importance (fish, including salmon coming to spawn in the rivers of the peninsula; seafood, including crab).
In the Kamchatka Territory, 12 deposits of thermal and thermal power waters have been explored, 10 deposits and 22 promising sites of native gold have been identified and studied to varying degrees. There are residual reserves of placer platinum. The largest reserves of nickel-bearing provinces, in terms of the scale of mineralization, occupy 3-4 place in the world in a number of ore deposits of this class.
The predicted land resources of the Kamchatka Peninsula in terms of hydrocarbon potential are estimated at 150 million tons of oil and about 800 billion cubic meters of gas.
Nature
Kamchatka belongs to the zone of active volcanic activity, there are about 300 large and medium volcanoes, 29 of them are active.
Most of the peninsula is covered with forests of stone birch, in the upper parts of the slopes of the mountains, alder and cedar elfin forests are common. In the central part, especially in the valley of the Kamchatka River, forests of Kuril larch and Ayan spruce are widespread. In floodplains, forests grow with the participation of fragrant poplar, hairy alder, chosenia, and Sakhalin willow. In the second tier and undergrowth, green-fleshed hawthorn, Asiatic bird cherry, Kamchatka mountain ash, shrubs - Kamchatka elder, blunt-eared rosehip, elderberry, Kamchatka honeysuckle, meadowsweet, shrub willows and many other species are common. Tall grasses are typical for Kamchatka, especially coastal territories - such species as Kamchatka angelica, bear angelica, sweet hogweed reach a height of 3-4 meters.
Climate
The climate in the northern part of the region is subarctic, on the coasts it is temperate maritime with a monsoonal character, in the interior regions it is continental. Winter is long, snowy, average temperatures in January-February are from -7 ... -8 ° C in the south and southeast, -10 ... -12 ° C in the west, to -19 ... -24 ° C in the center and north. Summer is short, usually cool and rainy, average temperatures in July and August are from +10…+12 °C in the west, +12…+14 °C in the southeast and up to +16 °C in the central part. The amount of precipitation varies greatly: from 300 mm per year in the extreme northwest of the region to 2500 mm per year in the southeast.
Animal world
The animal world is represented by many species, among the largest land mammals - brown bear, bighorn sheep, reindeer, elk, wolverine. Also common are fox, sable, squirrel, mink, ermine, weasel, muskrat, arctic ground squirrel, black-capped marmot, pika, voles and shrews. The wolf is quite rare and more typical for the northern part of the peninsula. Among relatively rare species in Kamchatka there are also bats, or bats - Brandt's bat, northern kozhanok, eastern brown eared bat (presumably found in the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River). Sea otters, sea lions, fur seals, spotted seals, anturs, cetaceans - killer whales, gray whales, porpoises and others live on the coasts and in coastal waters.
About 240 species of birds are found in Kamchatka, among which marine colonial and wetland species are especially noticeable. Passerines are also numerous, there are birds of prey (steller's eagle, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, goshawk, osprey, etc.)
There are no land reptiles on the peninsula, there are only two species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander and the lake frog.
Resources
The Khabarovsk Territory has large and diverse natural resources - land, water, forest and other biological resources, numerous minerals.
The land fund of the region is more than 78,763 thousand hectares, of which 639 thousand hectares are agricultural land.
More than 120 thousand large and small rivers with a total length of 541 thousand km flow through the territory of the region. Most of them belong to the Amur system - one of the most long rivers Russia. Its total length is 4440 km, its length over the territory of the region is more than 1000 km. There are more than 55 thousand large and small lakes in the region. More than 100 species of fish live in rivers and lakes - carp, taimen, Amur sturgeon and kaluga, silver carp, yellow-cheeked, skygazer, snakehead, etc. Along the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, primarily along the Amur and its channels, fish of the salmon family spawn in the upper reaches of the taiga rivers.
Significant biological resources are concentrated in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan and especially the Sea of Okhotsk. Navaga, flounder and some other species of fish, mollusks, algae, as well as marine animals are of commercial importance.
The sea coast of the region is primarily ports: Vanino and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, De-Kastri and Cape Lazarev, Okhotsk and Mago. Through these ports, the Khabarovsk Territory and Russia are connected with almost all countries of the world.
The most extensive land use in the region is forestry. Coniferous species predominate in the vast majority of forests, but broad-leaved trees also grow along with them. Valuable hardwood species such as elm, oak, ash, maple, etc. grow. Woody vegetation is represented in the region by 200 species. Among the non-timber resources of the Khabarovsk Territory, unique Far Eastern medicinal plants - ginseng, eleutherococcus, magnolia vine, aralia - are of particular value. Significant food resources - pine and other nuts, wild berries, mushrooms, ferns. Many honey and herbaceous plants grow.
The bowels of the region store large reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy resources. More than a hundred types of minerals have been explored and discovered: gold, silver, tin, coal, iron ore, peat, copper, lead, tungsten, platinum, raw materials for building materials, etc. Resources of alunites, mercury, copper, rare earth elements have been identified.
Nature
Permafrost rocks are widespread in the north. The mountainous regions of the Khabarovsk Territory are located in the taiga zone (mountain larch and spruce-fir forests). On the Amur lowland - larch and oak-larch forests of the subtaiga type. Soddy-podzolic soils, meadow-marsh and bog soils predominate. Forests (the main species are larch, spruce, oak) occupy 1/2 of the territory. Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are also occupied by swamps.
Climate
Climatic conditions change when moving from north to south, they also depend on proximity to the sea and on the shape and nature of the relief.
Winter in the region is long, snowy and severe. The cold period of the year lasts an average of six months (from late October to late April). The average January temperature is from -22 °C in the south to -40 °C in the north, on the coast from -18 °C to -24 °C. The absolute minimum temperature even in the south of the region reaches -50 °C. Summers are hot and humid. The average July temperature in the south is +20 °C, in the north it is about +15 °C.
The annual amount of precipitation varies from 400-600 mm in the north to 600-800 mm on the plains and eastern slopes of the ridges. In the south of the region, up to 90% of precipitation falls from April to October, especially in July and August.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, two districts: Ayano-Maisky and Okhotsky (as well as the Shantar Islands) are districts Far North.
Territories equated to the regions of the Far North: Vaninsky, Verkhnebureinsky, Komsomolsky, Nikolaevsky, named after Polina Osipenko, Sovetsko-Gavansky, Solnechny, Tuguro-Chumikansky and Ulchsky regions; cities: Amursk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Sovetskaya Gavan; the urban-type settlement of Elban, Amur District; the villages of Achan, Dzhuen, Voznesenskoe, Ommi, Padali of the Amur region.
Animal world
The forests are inhabited by ungulates (elk, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, wild boar), fur (sable, Siberian weasel, squirrel, muskrat, otter, fox, wolf, bear), there are Ussuri tiger, black (Himalayan) bear, lynx. Reindeer, ermine, wolverine live in the regions of the Far North.
On the seashore there are rookeries of sea lions, bearded seals, spotted seals, and ringed seals.
Rare representatives of the fauna live in the forests: bustard, ruddy shelduck, white-naped crane, Far Eastern stork, Japanese crane.
Resources
About 200 large deposits of 30 types of mineral raw materials have been discovered on the territory of the region, including tin, tungsten, bismuth, rare metals, boron and cement raw materials, porcelain stone. Brown and hard coal, various building materials are mined in the region: sand, crushed stone, gravel, clay, granite, marble. Deposits of alluvial gold, zeolites, collectible garnets, therapeutic mud, fresh and mineral underground waters are being developed.
The mountain rivers of the region have a significant and absolutely unused hydropower potential.
Up to 80% of the region's territory is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, ginseng). The forested area is 12.3 million hectares, the total timber reserves are 1.75 billion m³. Forests of the third group occupy about 60% of the forested area, and forests where logging is possible - about 75%. For Primorsky Krai, the cutting rate is about 10 million m³ per year. The forests of Primorsky Krai are also rich in pine nuts, medicinal plants (lemongrass, ginseng, eleutherococcus).
Nature
The nature of Primorsky Krai combines northern and southern elements: here you can find northern fir, spruce, pine, mighty cedars, and next to them are subtropical Amur velvet trees, which are also called cork trees. Next to birch and mountain ash - Manchurian walnut, aralia. In the dense coastal taiga, real subtropical creepers are not uncommon - Amur grapes, lemongrass. And, of course, the legendary ginseng is the root of life. Ginseng is one of the representatives of the most ancient family of Araliaceae flowering plants that grew on the earth in the Tertiary period. The presence in the seaside flora of relic plants that survived the Quaternary, Ice Age, healing for humans, makes this region unique.
Climate
The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Winter is short but frosty: the average January temperature ranges from minus 12°C to minus 14°C on the coast and from -20°C to -27°C in mainland areas. Summer is overcast, with rains, often with cyclones. Average temperatures in July are from +14°С to +21°С. Precipitation falls 600-900 mm per year. Most precipitation falls during the summer months, especially during the passage of typhoons. A cold current runs along the coast, which is associated with prolonged fogs. The growing season lasts from 120-130 days in the north to 160-200 days in the south of the region. The radiation balance is characterized by a smaller number sunny days than at the corresponding latitudes of the European part of Russia, although the duration of clear weather in the region is significant and sufficient for the ripening of many agricultural crops.
Animal world
The distribution of wild animals over the territory of Primorye is determined by the climate, terrain, vertical zonality and biodiversity of the plant world. It is thanks to the presence mountain country Sikhote-Alin, the foothills and flat expanses of the Ussuri taiga, the abundance of rivers and lakes, the unique sea coast, we observe a special variety of animals in Primorsky Krai.
Primorye is home to 82 species of mammals, including: tiger, leopard, spotted deer, goral, red deer, musk deer, roe deer, raccoon dog, sable, Ussuri cat, fox, otter, Siberian weasel, wolverine, squirrel, chipmunk, hare and many others.
The feathered world of Primorye is exceptionally diverse. 458 species of birds are registered here, many of which are listed in the Red Books of various ranks. For example, of all the rare birds listed in the Red Book of Russia, more than half live in forests, on the sea coast, lakes and rivers of Primorye.
The fauna of the Sea of Japan is rich and diverse. In terms of species diversity of fish, the Sea of Japan has no equal among all the seas of Russia. There are 179 species of commercial fish here alone, including: herring, flounder, pollock, navaga, salmon, greenling, smelt, etc. Of invertebrate animals: crabs, shrimps, mollusks (mussels, scallops, oysters), octopus, trepang, squid, sea urchin, trumpeter, etc. In the lakes and rivers of Primorye, there are up to 100 species of freshwater fish.
Resources
The Magadan region is one of the largest regions of Russia in terms of potential mineral resources. The region is traditionally associated with a high level of extraction of precious and non-ferrous metals: more than 11% of explored alluvial gold, 15% of ore gold and about 50% of silver from the total explored reserves of these metals in Russia are concentrated on its territory.
Oil and gas. The total recoverable reserves of the North Okhotsk shelf are 1.4-2.5 billion tons of oil and 2.7-4.5 trillion cubic meters of gas condensate.
The region has significant reserves of other minerals - deposits of hard and brown coal, non-ferrous and precious metals: silver, tin, tungsten, lead, zinc, copper.
The region is located in the zones of tundra, forest-tundra and northern taiga, taiga forests are sparse. The total area of forest fund lands is 45,728.1 thousand hectares, forest cover is 38.4%, the total stock of standing timber is 486.4 million cubic meters.
There are various types of valuable game animals. The most important are traditionally considered commercial species of ungulates (elk, reindeer, bighorn sheep), fur-bearing animals (sable, mink, fox, otter, etc.), as well as brown bear. In addition, the objects of hunting are waterfowl and upland game. The area of hunting grounds is equal to 46140 thousand hectares. Reindeer breeding is developed.
The water area of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, adjacent to the territory of the region, has an area of about 600 sq. km. km and belongs to the most highly productive areas of the World Ocean. The main aquatic biological resources of the region are fish stocks - primarily commercial ones: herring, pollock, Far Eastern salmon, as well as several types of crabs.
Nature
In the relief of the Magadan region, the main place is occupied by mountain ranges, and only on the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk, in the lower reaches of the rivers, there are small plains.
The region lies within the Chersky and Okhotsk-Anadyr seismic belts. The strength of earthquakes can reach up to 8 points on the Chersky Ridge, and up to 7 points along the coast.
The leading place in the relief of the region belongs to the medium-altitude highlands. Most of the region is located within the Yano-Kolyma fold system. In the west of the region, the chains of the Chersky ridge stretch for more than 1500 km.
The Magadan region (except for the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) is located in the permafrost zone. Three quarters of the region's territory is occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. Mountain-forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species is larch.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental, severe. Winter is long (up to 8 months), severe, summer is cool. The average temperature in January is from -19°С to -23°С on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and -38°С in the inner parts of the region, in July, respectively, +12°С and +16°С. Precipitation 300 - 700 mm per year.
Animal world
Squirrel, white hare, fox, bears (brown and white), reindeer, elk, etc. live in the forests of the region, as well as valuable game animals: ermine, otter, weasel, wolverine, lynx, arctic fox. Birds are numerous: partridges, ducks, geese.
The Sea of Okhotsk is rich in fish (salmon, herring, navaga, cod, etc.), as well as marine mammals (fur seal, seal, whales), rivers and lakes are inhabited by nelma, grayling, char, burbot, perch.
Resources
The region initially has a high natural resource potential, according to which it ranks 39th in Russia. In addition to the biological resources of the sea, for which Sakhalin is in first place in Russia, the main resource is hydrocarbon fuel. In terms of explored reserves of gas condensate, the Sakhalin Region ranks 4th in Russia, gas - 7th, coal - 12th and oil - 13th. In terms of wood reserves, the region ranks 26th in Russia.
In addition, there are placers of titanomagnetite, manifestations of ore gold, mercury, manganese, tungsten, silver, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, titanium, strontium, talc, asbestos. On the Kuril Islands, deposits of sulfur pyrite and native sulfur, polymetallic ores, deposits of brown iron ore, placers of ilmenite-magnetite sands, as well as ore occurrences of gold, silver, mercury, copper, tin, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, selenium, molybdenum and other metals. There are practically unlimited resources of building materials and thermal waters.
The region is rich in forests. The total area of forest fund lands is 7077.5 thousand ha, the forest cover is 64.8%, the total stock of standing timber is 629.0 million cubic meters. Sparse larch taiga dominates in the north of Sakhalin; south of 52 deg. NL forests of Ayan spruce and Sakhalin fir predominate; in the southwest, the role of broad-leaved trees (maple, velvet, Manchurian ash, Mongolian oak, etc.) is increasing.
The seas washing the shores of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are inhabited by many valuable species of commercial fish (salmon, cod, flounder, herring, greenling, ivasi, saury, etc.), invertebrates (crabs, shrimps, squids, gastropods, scallops, sea urchins , cucumaria) and marine mammals (fur seals, sea lions, seals). Algae (kelp, anfeltia) are of great commercial importance.
Nature
The flora of the islands has 1,400 plant species. Sakhalin belongs to the zone of coniferous forests. Deciduous forests (poplar, willow, alder) grow in the river valleys. Birch, elm, maple, ash, yew predominate in the central and southern parts. Valuable medicinal plants grow on the island: aralia, eleutherococcus. Berry and wild rosemary are widespread. Under the conditions of the island, the gigantism of some herbaceous plants, such as Sakhalin buckwheat, butterbur, and angelica, is manifested. By the end of summer, many grasses rise to a height of 3 meters, and the bear's pipe grows up to 4 meters.
Climate
The climate in the region is moderate, monsoonal. Characterized by cold, more humid than on the mainland, winters and cool, rainy summers. Winter lasts from 5 to 7 months, summer - from 2 to 3 months.
The average January temperature ranges from -6ºС in the south to -24ºС in the north of the island. The absolute recorded minimum is -54ºС. In August, the average temperature in the south is +19ºС, in the north +10ºС. The absolute maximum is +38ºС. The annual amount of precipitation is 600-1200 millimeters.
The territory of the North of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are assigned to the regions of the Far North, the rest of the territory of Sakhalin - to areas equated to the regions of the Far North
Animal world
The area is characterized by the diversity of the animal world. In total, about 487 species of vertebrates have been recorded on the territory, including: mammals - 67 species, birds - 370, reptiles - 7, amphibians - 5, cyclostomes - 2 species. Of the diversity of the animal world of the region, 4 species of mammals, 21 species of birds and 2 species of reptiles are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
Of the game animals in the Sakhalin region live: brown bear, wolverine, fox, sable, hare, reindeer, squirrel, chipmunk, ermine, otter. There are red deer and musk deer. Forest birds are also numerous: capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodcock, ptarmigan, titmouse, woodpecker, mallard, teal, guillemots, cormorants. In the last 20 years, sika deer, Ussuri raccoon, muskrat, Barguzin sable have been acclimatized on the islands.
Bird colonies are common in the Kuriles.
The Sakhalin rivers and lakes, the sea around the island are rich in fish. Great variety of salmon; there are Sakhalin sturgeon, pike, crucian carp, carp, the largest freshwater fish - kaluga.
Tyuleniy Island, located to the east of Sakhalin, is a unique nature reserve with a rookery for fur seals. Sea lions, the largest pinnipeds, also live in the Sakhalin-Kuril basin. They are called maritime symbols of the only region in Russia on the islands.
Resources
The mineral resources of the Amur Region occupy a prominent place in its economy.
The leading mineral of the Amur Region is gold: alluvial and hydrothermalite. There are 13 gold-bearing regions on the territory of the region, the total area of which is 155 thousand km2.
Reserves and predicted resources of coal in the region, suitable for open mining, are at least 8.0 billion tons. The total resource potential of coal in the region is almost 70 billion tons.
The explored reserves of iron ore in the Amur region amount to 388.8 million tons. Deposits and occurrences of titanium, lead, zinc, copper, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, mercury, silver, platinoids, aluminum, rare and trace elements, and beryllium have been identified. A significant number of deposits of various types of non-metallic minerals have also been discovered. In addition, there are deposits and manifestations of flux, cement and construction limestones, graphite, quartz-kaolin-feldspar sands. In recent years, a number of zeolite deposits have been discovered and explored in the region.
29 thousand rivers with a length of more than 10 km flow through the territory of the Amur Region, including such rivers as the Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, Gilyui, Bureya. The total length of large rivers in the region exceeds 77,000 km. The region has significant hydropower potential. The main source of hydropower resources is the Amur River with its tributaries, the Zeya and Bureya. The geomorphological and hydrographic characteristics of these rivers make it possible to use individual sections of the rivers for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.
Nature
Distinctive feature The nature of the Amur region lies in its contrast: in the north - a harsh and cold climate, fast mountain rivers, predominantly mountainous terrain with taiga flora and fauna; in the south - plains and a milder climate, full-flowing rivers of the Amur region with a smooth flow, fertile "Amur black soil", the predominance of flora and fauna, characteristic of forest-steppe spaces.
In the Amur region, animals and plants of the north and south mix in an amazing and even exotic way. For example, the plants of the Amur region are thousands of species of shrubs, trees and herbs representing the East Siberian, Manchurian, Okhotsk and Daurian floras. The nature of the Amur region does not leave indifferent any tourist. Coppices of white birch and oak are mesmerizing; beautiful valleys, adorned with a carpet of irises, lilies, peonies, orchids.
Climate
The climate of the Amur Region is transitional from sharply continental in the northwest to monsoonal in the southeast.
Zeya, Selemdzhinsky and Tyndinsky districts, as well as the cities of Zeya and Tynda of the Amur Region, are equated with the regions of the Far North.
In the north of the region, the average January temperature drops to -31°С. In the intermountain depressions below. To the south, temperatures rise from -26 C to -22 ° C. The average January temperature in Blagoveshchensk is -21.5°C, the absolute minimum is -45.4°C.
Summer in the south of the region is warm with sufficient or excessive moisture (from 20 C to 22 ° C), in the intermountain valleys of the north, July temperatures rise to 16-19 ° C. In mountainous areas, the temperature reaches 12 °C with height. The average absolute maximum temperature in the north of the region can reach 38°C, and in the south up to 40°C.
The annual amount of precipitation in the region is high: in the northeastern mountainous and eastern regions, their value ranges from 900 to 1000 mm. In areas gravitating towards the Amur and the lower reaches of the Zeya River, precipitation is less.
The entire region is characterized by a summer maximum of precipitation, which is due to the monsoon climate.
Animal world
In the animal world, as well as in the vegetable world, there was a mixture of various faunas - East Siberian, Amur, Okhotsk, Mongolian-Daurian, high-mountain.
The region is home to 64 species of mammals, more than 320 species of birds, 9 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians; in rivers and lakes - more than 70 species of fish.
Ungulates (elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boar), fur-bearing animals (sable, Siberian weasel, squirrel, muskrat, otter, fox) live in the forests.
The brown bear lives everywhere in the forests.
The lynx is a typical inhabitant of the northern taiga, and the wolverine is common in large forests.
Reindeer, ermine, wolverine live in the regions of the Far North. In the mountainous regions of the region, rare animals live - bighorn sheep and musk deer.
The world of birds of the region is diverse. In the taiga there are typical inhabitants - capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, wild grouse.
In rivers and lakes there are many different types of fish, among which you can simultaneously meet the inhabitants of the north and south. Northern species include grayling, taimen, lenok, burbot, which prefer to live in cold, fast-flowing rivers. Among the southern ones are skygazer, white carp, white bream, silver carp, redfin, yellow-cheeked, Chinese perch (auha), Amur false gudgeon, kaluga.
Due to special climatic conditions, the absence of continental glaciation, representatives of the ancient pre-glacial ichthyofauna - Amur pike, Amur chebak, silver carp, grayling, taimen - have been preserved.
Resources
The region is located in the zones of subtaiga and deciduous forests. The total area of the forest fund lands is 2294.5 thousand hectares, the forest cover is 36%, the total stock of standing timber is 175.3 million cubic meters. The main species are Mongolian oak, Korean cedar, Ayan spruce, larch, birch. Forests are located mainly in the mountainous part of the region. On the Middle Amur lowland - woodlands of oak, birch, larch.
On the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region, gold, tin, coal, peat, building materials are mined. 15 alluvial gold deposits were taken into account. The total reserves of clays, loams are estimated at over 20 million cubic meters, sands - 25 cubic meters. From non-metallic minerals, mainly cement raw materials and associated components used in metallurgy are mined; the deposits are located along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Two brucite deposits have been identified - Savkinskoe and Kuldurskoe. The latter is the only operating deposit in Russia, the raw material of which is used to produce electrotechnical periclase.
Commercial fishing of 17 species of fish is carried out in the largest rivers of the region. The greatest commercial value are sturgeon and chum salmon, which come to spawn in most rivers of the region in autumn.
Nature
The flora of the region includes 1392 species of plants, including more than 200 honey plants, about 300 medicinal species, the forests are rich in berries, mushrooms and nuts. Of the 1.7 million hectares of forest land, 165 thousand hectares are occupied by cedar-broad-leaved forests, 250 thousand hectares by spruce-fir forests, 165 thousand hectares by larch forests, and 347 thousand hectares by oak forests.
Climate
The climate is temperate, monsoonal. Winters are cold and snowless (average January temperature is from -19°C in the extreme south, in Amurzet to -25°C in the mountains), summers are warm and humid. The terrain has a significant influence on the climate. During the year, 600-700 mm of precipitation falls, with about 75 percent of the precipitation falling between May and September.
Favorable soil and climatic conditions, a significant length of the growing season, a high annual sum of positive temperatures and an abundance of precipitation during the warm season make it possible to grow many agricultural crops - cereals and legumes (including soybeans and corn), vegetables, potatoes, melons.
Animal world
The animal world is diverse: brown and Himalayan bears, Amur tiger, Nepalese marten, fox, Siberian weasel, sable, wild boar, elk, deer, pheasant, various breeds of ducks are found here. The mammalian fauna includes 59 species.
73 species of fish live in the reservoirs of the region, including white and black carp, skygazer, yellow-cheek, kaluga, chum salmon, lenok, Amur bream, sturgeon, carp, burbot, taimen, silver carp, grayling, pike and others. Seven species in need of special protection are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
It occupies the easternmost part of Russia, including the Novosibirsk, Kuril, and Sakhalin islands. This is the largest region of Russia, the area is 6.2 million km2.
Composition: 10 subjects of the federation - Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), the European Autonomous Region, Chukotka and Koryak Autonomous Regions.
EGP is unique. The Far East is very remote from the main economic regions of the country, communication with them is difficult due to poor transport security. On the other hand, the region has a wide outlet to and , a sea border with and , a land border with and , that is, an advantageous foreign trade position, being a link between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
The population is multinational, small, the average density is slightly more than 1 person/km2. As in other eastern regions, the population is concentrated in the favorable southern part along. The level is 76%, one of the highest in Russia.
The national composition of the population is very diverse, but Russians predominate everywhere. Their share reaches 88%, about 7% are. Koreans also live here. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of Chinese. Indigenous peoples are represented (380 thousand people), live in the north, and Evens, occupy the northeast, in - Aleuts, in Kamchatka - and Itelmens, in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanais, Ulchis, Orochis, periods, Udege, Nivkhs. The number of each nation does not exceed 10 thousand people. (Evenks - 24 thousand people). Difficult living conditions determined the predominance of the urban population over the rural population, on average in the region - 76%.
Branches of specialization:
Mining. There are more than 70 types of minerals in the region, including 90% of Russia's tungsten, 80% of tin, 98% of diamonds, 70% of gold, as well as polymetallic ores. There are rich deposits of oil and gas. Higher quality coal is mined from the South Yakutsk and Lena basins.
developed in Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. Combines for the smelting of tin, lead, zinc are located in Dalnegorsk, Khrustalninsk.
The timber and pulp and paper industry is concentrated in the south of the region, there are rich resources, including valuable broad-leaved trees (Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk).
Fish industry. More than 60% of fish and seafood products (salmon fish, crabs, shrimp, squid, etc.) fall on the Far Eastern seas. Centers: Sakhalin, Primorye, Kamchatka.
The hydro potential of the rivers - Lena, Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri - is huge. A large role in the economy of the region belongs to the ports - Nakhodka, Vanino, etc.
A large South Yakutsk TPK is being created (ore, apatite, coal, timber, non-ferrous metallurgy, energy). At present, only the most valuable products - non-ferrous metals and seafood - are supplied to the European part from the Far East, the rest is exported to Japan and other countries.
Far Eastern federal district- the most remote region of the Russian Federation. It includes ten territorial units, including Sakhalin, Yakutia, the Kamchatka Territory and the Amur Region. The region borders on Korea, Japan, the USA and China.
Active settlement of the lands began in the 19th century, although it is known about many peoples who have lived in the territory of the modern region since the Stone Age. Today, an impressive industrial complex has been created on the territory of the Far Eastern District. The demographic diversity is no less significant.
Population of the Far East
The Far East is characterized by low population. On an area of 6169.3 thousand square meters. km (39% of the country's area) is home to about 7.6 million people (slightly more than 5% of the population of Russia). That is, the average population density is 1.2 people per square kilometer. For comparison, the population density in Central Russia is 46 people per sq. km. km. However, the distribution of the population across regions is extremely uneven. For example, Primorsky Krai and southern Sakhalin have a density of 12 people. per sq. km, the same indicator in the Kamchatka or Magadan region fluctuates between 0.2 and 0.3.
The demographic situation in the region is characterized by negative dynamics, however, the rapid development of the agro-industrial complex provokes a mechanical increase in the population, and with it a natural one. The bulk of the population of the Far East are Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and Jews.
But a galaxy of indigenous peoples deserves special attention: Nanai, Aleuts, Evenks, Chukchi, Eskimos and many others. The rapid development of industry mentioned earlier has a negative impact on the number of indigenous peoples. Habitat and traditions are gradually collapsing under the influence of the industry and culture of Russians.
Industry of the Far East
The lands of the Far East are a rich storehouse of natural and fossil resources. The leading positions in the agro-industrial complex of the region are occupied by three industries: mining, forestry and fishing. The mining industry is focused on the extraction, enrichment and, in part, processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Tin, mercury, lead, zinc, and tungsten are supplied from the Far East to European Russia and for export. Particularly noteworthy are the volumes of extraction of gold, silver and diamonds. There are currently 827 mineral deposits in active development throughout the region. In the Magadan region and Yakutia, mining accounts for 60% of the entire industry.
The vast expanses of the region are a place where about a quarter of all Russian timber reserves, or 20 billion cubic meters, are stored. Many industrial enterprises producing paper, furniture, plywood work on these materials. The main export of timber products falls on the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur Region, Sakhalin and Yakutia.
The Far East is the leader among other regions of the country in terms of fishing and seafood production. Canned Far Eastern products are well known in Russia and far beyond its borders. Among the main species of commercial fish, herring, pollock, tuna, and salmon are especially actively hunted. In addition, crabs, scallops, mussels, squids are actively caught, caviar and seaweed are processed.
Agriculture of the Far East
The climate of the Far East region is diverse, but neither the arctic, nor the subarctic, nor the maritime climate is suitable for the full development of agriculture. However, in the south of the region, in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, about 2% of Russian arable land is located. Grain crops (rice, wheat, oats), fruit and vegetable crops are actively grown here. Of particular note is the cultivation of soybeans.
The livestock sector of agriculture is represented by meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. Reindeer breeding and fur farming are actively developing in the northern regions of the region.
