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Camera aperture, what, where, how? Simple and accessible language! What is aperture or aperture in a smartphone camera.

Diaphragm

The aperture of a lens is the opening through which light passes to the sensor and is indicated by the numerical value F (for example, f/2.0 or F/2.8). The smaller the f-number, the larger the aperture and the more light passes through the lens, and the better the camera's performance when shooting in low light conditions. The f-number you see on datasheets is the maximum possible aperture for a given focal length (more on focal length below).

For example, if a camera shoots at F/5.6, then it receives less light than at F/2.0. An F/1.8 lens can be called "fast", which means you can shoot at more high speed shutter. The higher the aperture of the lens (the smaller the f-number), the better it is suited for shooting low-light scenes. Therefore, choose a camera that has the smallest aperture value (F / 1.8 is better than F / 2.8).

On cameras with a zoom lens like 18-55mm you will most often get two pairs of numbers like f/3.5-5.6. This is called variable aperture. The first aperture value indicates the maximum aperture when shooting at the maximum wide angle, the minimum focal length is 18 mm, and the second value indicates the maximum aperture, when shooting at the maximum focal length of 55 mm. When zooming, changing the focal length, the aperture also changes.

It is also important to note that in cameras with a large sensor, the aperture value affects the depth of field. So at a large aperture, you can get a shallow depth of field, thus making a beautiful blurred background, the so-called "bokeh". Unfortunately, with a small sensor, such an effect is almost impossible to obtain.

Photo by: Lothar Adamczyk / 500px.com

Excerpt

The time during which the camera shutter is open and the light hits the sensor (photosensitive element) is called shutter speed. For example, 1/60 of a second (slow shutter speed) is longer than 1/2000 (short shutter speed). The longer the shutter speed, the more light will hit the sensor.

Aperture and shutter speed are closely related to each other and are called "expopara". Pictures taken with a short shutter speed may be underexposed (dark), while those taken with a slow shutter speed may be overexposed (too bright) or blurry due to camera shake when handheld.

Author of the photo: Ario Wibisono / 1x.com

Photo Credit: Leonardo Fava / 500px.com

Light sensitivity (ISO)

This is a measure of how sensitive a camera's sensor is to light, the higher the number, the more sensitive the sensor. For example, a camera sensor at ISO3200 is more sensitive to light than at ISO200, which allows you to take a picture in low light conditions, but at the same time, the pixels warm up more and as a result, we see such a phenomenon as "noise" in the photographs, which manifests itself in the form of multi-colored dots .

exposition

Shutter speed, aperture and ISO are the three main elements to consider when setting exposure. This is the so-called "exposure triangle". The exposure is obtained by the interaction of these three elements, and is in the middle of the triangle.

The most important thing is that all these elements are in close interaction with each other, and you can never single out only one, the main element.
Many people use metaphors to describe the relationship between ISO, shutter speed and aperture, so understanding exposure becomes less difficult. We will share two metaphors with you for better understanding.

Window

Imagine that your cell is a window in which the blinds open and close. Aperture is the size of the window. The more the window is open, the more light enters the window and the brighter it becomes.
Shutter speed is the amount of time the blinds are up for light to enter the room and illuminate the room.
Now imagine that you are in a room wearing sunglasses (I hope you can imagine). Your eyes are not sensitive to light (same thing happens at low ISO).
There are several ways to increase the amount of light in a room. First, you can increase the amount of time the shutters are open (i.e. increase shutter speed), you can open the window wider (increase aperture), or take off your glasses (make ISO higher). Maybe it's not the most best comparisons, but at least you got a good idea and understood the principle.

Tan

Photo by: Sanchez

There are people who burn very quickly in the sun, and there are those who cannot tan in any way. Figuratively speaking, your skin type and its sensitivity can be compared with the ISO value.
The shutter speed (shutter speed), in this example, means the length of time you spent in the sun. Man with more sensitive skin, should spend less time in the sun, or sunbathe in the morning when the sun is not as active, that is, close the aperture, you can increase the shutter speed or ISO value).

Understanding the interaction between shutter speed, aperture and ISO takes constant practice. In many ways, it is based on intuition and luck, and even the most experienced photographers can set their camera at random, not always considering all the options. Keep in mind that changing each element not only affects the exposure of the image, but also other things in the photo. For example, changing the aperture will change the depth of field - the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field; high ISO will add noise to the picture, and too slow a shutter speed, when shooting handheld, will lead to a blurry picture.

In addition to light, the camera's diaphragm, or, as it is sometimes called "aperture", also performs the function of adjusting the depth of the sharply depicted space - the depth of field.

Consider two more parameters that are affected by the aperture in the camera.

The first is the brightness of the image. Perhaps this is an obvious fact, but with a large f-number, less light passes through the optics and the picture is dimmer.

Second is the image quality. As for the quality of photos, the aperture is probably the most insidious of all parts of the camera. Fully open, it can pass edge rays through the lens, which appear as aberrations. Also, a lot of cheap and budget lenses with a fully open aperture begin to smear. The second side - too closed aperture leads to the appearance of light diffraction.

Both of these undesirable effects lower the contrast of the image.

To avoid such an unpleasant effect, it is worth choosing a certain average range. Try not to shoot at the maximum open aperture, cover it by one or two steps. Also try not to shoot at an aperture value greater than f/11. This rule should be followed only with standard shooting, but if your artistic task requires a different aperture value, then you should use it.

In order to better understand what aperture is in a camera, as well as to understand its relationship with depth of field, see the table below (1 foot = 0.3 m).

The lens, and in particular the aperture, has another characteristic - the relative aperture of the lens. To be honest, at first you don’t really need this parameter. If you do not understand the ratio of the diameter of the front pupil of the optical system or lens to the rear focal length, then nothing bad will happen. The maximum that can happen is a slight misunderstanding in dealing with a connoisseur.

However, you need to know that thanks to the aperture value, you can calculate the illumination of the matrix or film of your camera. Again, extremely plain language, if your camera has a standard step switching scale (f / 1.4; f / 1.8 ... f / 16; f / 22; f / 32), then when you close the aperture by one value, the light will pass exactly two times less .

It is also worth remembering and understanding that a larger aperture value means a smaller aperture. Example: f / 32 corresponds to the smallest hole and the light on the matrix gets the least.

Table with a scale of integer and fractional f-values

Aperture on the camera and its setting for shooting

The aperture during shooting can be selected in several modes. These include a fully automatic mode, two semi-automatic modes (aperture and shutter priority) and a manual mode.

Each of the settings is suitable for a specific genre. But it should be remembered that in manual mode, the aperture is set in the (Av) aperture priority mode and in the (M) manual setting. Using these modes, the photographer has complete control over the depth of field and lens pattern, which also includes the beloved bokeh.

The bokeh itself is not something special, it is light spots that are not in sharpness, some distortion, twisting, sometimes vignetting. That is, all this is mostly interference, but they have a beautiful view and even complement the photo.

Bokeh refers to an element of lens design. You should also be aware that bokeh and “pattern” depend on the type of lens, the structure of its optical system, and other technical factors. And it so happened that what prettier drawing lens, the more expensive it costs. However, do not be upset, a similar situation is almost everywhere.

However, we digress a little, let's get back to our topic.

The structure of the diaphragm

The aperture of the camera is six or nine iris petals that move with the help of a special ring located on the lens barrel or by an electric drive that is controlled by the camera. Accordingly, with an open diaphragm, we have a round hole, and with a partially closed one, an isosceles polygon. The shape of this polygon is affected by the number of aperture blades. If there are more petals, then the figure is more rounded. The same indicator also affects the shape of the bokeh.

The structure of the lens can also be equipped with a "jumping aperture" mechanism. This device abruptly closes the aperture to the aperture value set on the camera while pressing the shutter button. Thus, in the viewfinder or on the screen, we see images at the maximum aperture, which allows us to more easily and accurately frame the frame, and in the case of a lens with manual focus, it is easier to focus.

I think there is enough theory already, let's sum it up briefly:

Aperture is one of the exposure settings that affects depth of field and photo quality;
to get maximum bokeh, you need to open the aperture as much as possible;
best values f / 1.4 - f / 2.8 apertures for portrait photography;
the best f/stops for landscapes are f/11 – f/16;
respectively for the studio f / 8 - f / 9, occasionally f / 11.

Experiment with aperture, try different lenses, see how they differ, this will give the most best result. Understanding comes with practice!

There are fundamentals in photography, without knowing which, it is impossible to learn how to make high-quality and beautiful pictures. One of those things is understanding the exposure of a frame. In our article we will talk about shutter speed, aperture and sensitivity. It is these things that form the exposure and an understanding of their work is necessary to get good shots. We will explain what shutter speed, aperture and sensitivity are and how to work with them effectively.

Introduction.

Before writing what shutter speed and aperture are, a small digression. Each frame requires a certain amount of light (exposure). The camera has three options to dose the light output: aperture, shutter speed and sensitivity. Sensitivity is used only when the situation does not allow changing the shutter speed and aperture. In addition to controlling the amount of light entering the sensor, shutter speed and aperture are effective artistic tools. First you need to understand them, and with time and experience, ease of use will come. An experienced photographer uses these tools on a subconscious level.

Diaphragm.

(diaphragma - partition, Greek), in English "aperture" (aperture, English)

Diaphragm- a structural element of the lens, which is responsible for the diameter of the hole that transmits light to a light-sensitive surface (film or matrix).

For a simple understanding of the aperture, I will give an analogy with a window. The wider the window shutters are open, the more light comes through the window.

Aperture is designated as f / 2.8 or f: 2.8, defined as the ratio of the diameter of the lens inlet to the focal length. Very often, the concepts of an open, large aperture (f / 2.8) and a large f / 16 aperture are confused. The smaller the number in the designation of the aperture, the more it is open.

By changing F by one value, the amount of light entering the camera changes by 2 times. This is called the exposure stage. Any changes (according to the scales of the camera) exposure occur in 1 step increments. For accuracy, the step is divided into thirds, if necessary.

Aperture is a very powerful visual tool. The maximum open aperture gives a very small depth of field (depth of field of the imaged space). Small depth of field visually highlights the object against a blurred background.

To obtain a large depth of field, the most closed aperture is used. To get a greater depth of field in your frame, use f-number 8 or larger. However, when playing with the aperture value, remember that there are the following dangers when approaching extreme aperture values. When open - the worst sharpness readings, and when closed, all the dust on the matrix will be visible on the frame (for digital cameras).

A large depth of field is more suitable for landscape photography, when it will be interesting for the viewer to see all the details of the photo.

Excerpt.

Excerpt- the time interval for which the shutter opens to transmit light to the photosensitive element.

Again, the analogy with open window. The longer the shutters are open, the more light will pass through.

Shutter speed is always measured in seconds and milliseconds. Indicated as: 1/200, only the denominator is displayed in the camera: 200. If the shutter speed is a second or longer, it is indicated as 2″ i.e. 2 seconds.

The minimum shutter speed when shooting handheld (to get a sharp shot) is not constant and depends on the focal length. The dependence is inverse, i.e. for 300 mm it is better to use shutter speeds shorter than 1/300.

Long exposure emphasizes the movement of objects. For example, panning - at slow shutter speeds, 1/60 and longer, the camera follows the subject, so the background is blurred and the subject remains sharp.

The flowing water at a slow shutter speed turns into frozen figures.

Very fast shutter speeds, I use to stop a moment, such as a spray of a fallen drop or a car flying by.

ISO sensitivity.

Sensitivity- this is a purely technical concept, denoting the sensitivity of the matrix (or film) to light. Imagine sunbathing people on the beach. Those with more sensitive skin will tan faster; he needs less light for that. The other, on the contrary, needs more light to tan, because he has low sensitivity.

Sensitivity is directly related to the amount of noise. The higher the ISO, the more noise, and the grain size of the film. Why? Purely technically, in general, this is the topic of an extended article.

At ISO 100, the signal is taken from the matrix without amplification, at 200 it is amplified by 2 times, and so on. With any amplification, interference and distortion appear, and than more gain, the more side effects. They are called noise.

The intensity of noise is different on different cameras. At minimum ISO, noise is not visible and is also less apparent when processing a photo. Starting with ISO 600, almost all cameras are quite noisy, and to get a high-quality frame, you need to use noise reduction programs.

Outcome

Together, the shutter speed and aperture values form an exposure pair (the optimal combination of shutter speed and aperture for the given lighting conditions). Expopara determines the exposure of the frame. Previously, exposure meters were used to determine the exposure, which determined the shutter speed based on the amount of light and aperture. Previously, the exposure meter was used as a separate device, today it is built into almost every camera.

Every DSLR has shutter and aperture priority modes. In aperture priority mode, the aperture is selected, and the camera, analyzing the level of light, selects the shutter speed. The opposite is true in shutter priority mode. Almost always I use aperture priority, it gives the opportunity to work with depth of field. If there is a need to shoot movement, I use the shutter priority mode.

In our next articles, we will continue to talk about the basics of photography. After all, it is in these things that the understanding of the art of photography lies. Knowing them, you will be able to create the shots that you want.

Everyone loves to take pictures with their cell phone, but the built-in camera is different in everyone, so it's important to understand what each specification means. Then you choose a smartphone with a camera that suits your needs.

In this article, we will delve into the meanings of many features so that you can judge the capabilities of the camera by reading a description or an overview of the specifications.

Diaphragm

For example, if a camera shoots at F/5.6, then it captures less light than at F/2.0. The 29mm f/2.2 lens on the iPhone 6 can be described as "fast", which means you can shoot at faster shutter speeds with it. The higher the aperture of the lens (the smaller the f-number), the better it is suited for shooting low-light scenes. Therefore, choose a camera that has the smallest aperture value (F / 2.2 is better than F / 2.8).

In zoom cameras like the Galaxy K Zoom and Galaxy S4 Zoom smartphones, most often you get two pairs of numbers with a focal length. At the same time, sometimes they indicate a constant aperture, but this is more typical for ordinary digital cameras, and not for smartphones.

The camera in the Samsung Galaxy K Zoom is equipped with a 24-240mm f/3.1-6.4 lens. This is called variable aperture. The first aperture value (F/3.1) means the maximum aperture when shooting at the widest angle (24mm), and the second F value (F/6.4) indicates the maximum aperture opening when shooting at the tele-end (240mm). When zooming, changing the focal length, the aperture also changes.

Aperture F/2.8.

As the f-stop increases to F/11, the aperture decreases and the depth of field increases, as in the example below.

Focal length

The focal length is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the image plane, in telephone cameras it means to the image sensor.

When zooming, the optical center of the zoom lens changes, so the focal length value also changes. FR also tells us about the angle of view, which is especially important. For simplicity, look at the equivalent focal length of the lens, which takes into account the size of the sensor and gives you a 35mm equivalent focal length. This figure can be compared among different cameras.

The equivalent focal length tells you how wide the lens is. You can use this converter to understand what angle of view we are talking about at a certain FR in 35mm equivalent. The shorter the focal length, the wider the field of view.
For example:

iPhone 6 / iPhone 6 Plus: 29mm (35mm equivalent)
Galaxy S5: 31 mm ( in 35 mm equivalent)

We can say that with the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, the field of view is wider, as 29mm translates to 73.4 degrees, and 31mm translates to 69.8 degrees.

At a shorter focal length, the camera can cover a wider area of the scene (vertically and horizontally). This is very convenient for shooting group shots, interiors, architecture, selfies, etc. That's why smartphone manufacturers endow the front camera lens with a shorter focal length - to make it more suitable for self-portraits.

Lenses with a fixed focal length are called "fixes". This means that there is no zoom in the camera.

Galaxy Zoom smartphones have a variable focal length. For example, the Galaxy S4 Zoom is equipped with a 24-240mm f/3.1-6.4 lens. So 24mm is the focal length at the wide end, and 240mm is the focal length at the tele-end. Of course, the aperture, as we mentioned above, is maximally open at wide-angle and minimally at the tele-end.

Video by Mike Brown.

By the way, optical zoom is calculated by dividing the maximum focal length by the shortest one. For example, in the case of the S4 Zoom, we divide 240 by 24 and get 10. In other words, the S4 Zoom has a 10x optical zoom.

Sensor size

Sensor size plays a key role in camera performance. It is generally accepted that the larger the sensor, the higher the image quality. It almost always is. For a large sensor, manufacturers can apply more technological advances that are impossible or expensive to implement in small sensors. However, among the extremely important specifications of the sensor is the size of the pixels.

Pixels are measured in micrometers (μm) or microns (μ). Some smartphone manufacturers are providing this figure as more people realize the impact of pixel size on image quality and low light performance.

The larger the pixel size (photodiode, pixel aperture), the higher its ability to collect light.

You can find two cameras that have the same size sensors but different resolutions. Here you need to decide whether you are choosing a low resolution with large pixels (such as the HTC One UltraPixel) or more a high resolution, but with smaller pixels. Different cameras will have different sensor sizes and resolutions.

You may find a camera with large pixels that is inferior in low-light performance to another camera, due to the importance of sensor technology and image processing.

For example, sensors with BSI (Back Side Illuminated) technology use a unique design that greatly improves light sensitivity. In the BSI sensor, the wiring responsible for data transmission is located behind the light sensitive area, which allows manufacturers to create small sensors with a large number of pixels. On FSI (Front illuminated) sensors, the wiring is in the front, taking up space that could accommodate large photodiodes.

The new generation sensors demonstrate their superiority over the earlier ones, and the sensor technology continues to improve. The HTC One UltraPixel smartphone with 2.0 micron pixels does not always result in better performance in low light compared to sensors whose pixels are smaller. The iPhone 6 Plus, with its 8MP sensor and 1.5µm pixels, is currently in first place on DxOMark. TheHTC One M8 is in 18th place, well behind even the camera in the Samsung Galaxy S5 (3rd), which has a 16-megapixel sensor with 1.12 micron pixels.

The size of the sensor, in conjunction with the characteristics of the lens, affects the depth of field. With the same aperture, a larger sensor will allow you to achieve a shallower depth of field, i.e. more pronounced bokeh. The out-of-focus background effect helps to separate the subject from the background elements.

To get a blurrier background, you need a smartphone with a large sensor and large aperture.

The size of the sensor is indicated in the specification list, it can be 1/2.3", 1/2.5", 2/3", etc. This means that this is its diagonal, but it is not easy for everyone to compare sensor sizes in this way. You can contact to the online sensor size comparison tool cameraimagesensor.com or open the Wikipedia article which lists the most popular sensor types with their equivalent width and height in millimeters.

You can see that the Nokia Lumia 1020 has a relatively very large sensor (2/3 inch = 8.80x6.60mm); Nokia Lumia 720 (1/3.6 inch = 4.00×3.00 mm).

The next time you're looking to buy a smartphone, when looking through camera specs, don't forget to look at pixel size and sensor dimensions. Most modern camera phones are equipped with BSI sensors. Some have more advanced technology than others.

Image stabilization

Image stabilization is one of the most important aspects of many modern phone cameras. There is digital image stabilization and optical. With an optical stabilization system, the camera compensates for hand movement and shaking by shifting the lens elements in the opposite direction of movement, resulting in sharper images.

Images from Apple's patent application, which describes a method for integrating optical stabilization in miniature cameras.

When shooting handheld, small movements are inevitable, which can lead to a blurry picture. If you place your phone on a stable surface, this worry will disappear. Nose mobile phone most of the time you shoot handheld. In order to get a clear image, stick to the shutter speed rule of thumb, which states that the shutter speed denominator should not be less than number, indicating the focal length in 35mm equivalent. That is, to get a sharp image when shooting with a 30mm lens (equiv.), you need to set the shutter speed to 1/30 sec.

Greetings, dear readers my blog. I'm in touch with you, Timur Mustaev. Yesterday I stumbled upon a series of photographs by a so-called "professional" photographer, and it seems that many simply do not understand the aperture of the camera.

Therefore, I decided to write a detailed article about this factor so that people at least understand the main points and how to use it. Do you know that aperture affects the quality of photos? Are you wondering how? We will talk about this in this article.

Before continuing to read the article, first read and. The quality of your photo depends on these parameters.

After reading the material, you will understand the basic principle of the aperture, as well as learn how to set various parameters for shooting your scenes. Well, is it time to get started?

When buying a camera, many immediately begin to practice, without affecting the theoretical part. After some time, the ardor and mood of photographers becomes weaker and weaker, many leave their “cars” to gather dust on the shelves, because, after digging a little in the settings, they get pictures that do not satisfy their ambitions.

To prevent this from happening to you, you must first understand the theory in order to get better work, to please yourself and your loved ones, and in the future, partners!

What is a diaphragm?

What is the aperture in the camera, a similar question is often asked by beginners in photography, and after a little acquaintance with the aperture device, they immediately start shooting without understanding the essence and nuances of using the “hole”, thereby obtaining very typical photos without plot and highlights.

You are probably wondering "hole"? And what about her? In the vocabulary of photographers, the diaphragm is also called a hole, a hole. So, this is a special mechanism in the form of a ring, consisting of petals, regulating the passage of a given amount of light to the camera matrix.

The more open the petals, the more light enters the matrix, and vice versa, the less open the petals, the less light.

For beginners, this designation of the term may seem very complicated, and in order to enlighten what it is and how the hole mechanism works, you can simply imagine the eye, namely, the wider the pupil is ajar, the more light falls on the retina and vice versa. The light determines the level of exposure.

Principle of operation

After getting acquainted with the mechanism of action, it is necessary to understand how it works, is defined and changed. Everyone who has worked with a camera has come across the value of f and a number of numbers, this is the definition of aperture, which can be changed and adjusted to different scenes.

The aperture row is a certain number of numbers with a value of f, namely: f / 1.4; f/2; f/2.8, etc. Basically, the aperture line ends at f/22. These numbers indicate how open the petals are in the lens, thereby determining depth of field and exposure.

The main feature is that, than less value, which, by the way, is expressed in numbers, at the aperture, the wider the aperture. Therefore, it will be maximally open at f/1.4, and at f/22 the "hole" will be minimally open. This mechanism of operation applies to all cameras, Nikon, Senon and others.

How Aperture Affects Exposure

Now we come to the question of the effect of the width of the opening of the petals on the exposure. The bottom line is that the wider the open, the lighter the photo will be. Working with light is very important when shooting any scenes. If we talk about practice, then, for example, when shooting in a dark room, it is better to open the aperture wider (up to f / 5.6), and when shooting on a clear day outside, the aperture should be covered (from f / 8 to f / 16 ), so that there is no so-called "overexposure".

Here you also need to consider what effect you want to achieve. If you want to blur the background, then the hole should be as open as possible, 2.8 or 3.5.

Effect of Aperture Values on Depth of Field

Aperture settings change the depth of field, and this is perhaps one of the main things in photography. This designation is understood as a certain zone in the image, which is sharp, or rather, not an easy zone, but, one might say, a range of distances.

Aperture and depth of field are related. This connection is based on the aperture parameters, namely, if the ring is fully open, f / 1.8, then there can be no talk of great sharpness.

With a wide aperture, the depth of field is very shallow, and the specific subject you are focusing on will be in focus, while the background will be “blurred”, but this method is also “popular”, for example, when shooting portraits, where attention is focused on the eyes of the model and the background is blurry.

For portrait shots, it is desirable to use a width from f / 4 to f / 8, with such a width of the “hole”, the model will be visible in the picture, and at the same time the background from behind will be slightly pleasantly blurred, which will give a beautiful photo effect.

Aperture value settings

How to choose the right size for shooting? It's pretty easy, the main thing you need to know is how to set it up. required values for shooting. So, aperture (f / 1.8) is suitable for shooting in poorly lit rooms. Such photos should be taken when photographing various miniature objects or if you want to highlight a particular detail, for example, an eye or a button on a shirt.

A width of f/4 is good for portraits, with an average amount of light in the room. The main thing when shooting with such values is not to "miss", thereby highlighting, for example, the shoulder, and not the desired face of the model.

With a width of f / 5.6, you can safely “click” the model in full height, and at f/8 it's worth shooting a group of people.

In sunlight, f/16 and f/22 should be used as they will blend in beautifully with landscapes.

Today, the market for types and manufacturers of cameras is crowded, these are the well-known Canon and Nikon, and other lesser-known brands, such as Fujifilm, Pentax and others. It doesn't matter what kind of camera you have, as long as you know the basics of photography, choose the right light, and understand things like shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.

After reading this article, you clearly need to understand what aperture is, how to use it and how to control it for shooting your own scenes. It remains only to pick up a camera and start such a wonderful art as photography!

mine to you great advice. Take as many pictures as possible, practice. Take your camera everywhere with you. And never stop there!

And yet, I would like to recommend you, just a super video course " Digital SLR for beginners 2.0". In great detail, with the help of video, all the subtleties of obtaining high-quality photographs are described. Why this particular course? It's simple, I got acquainted with many courses on the Internet, and not one of them surpassed the course recommended by me in terms of quality and volume of information. Some of them even mislead me.

Good luck in creativity! See you soon on my blog.

All the best to you, Timur Mustaev.

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