Old Russian literature read children's stories. Genre "Old Russian literature"

Old Russian or Scandinavian roots? Historians and philologists discovered the folklore and literary roots of the chronicle of Olga's revenge as early as the first half of the 19th century, and the Normans, of course, hastened to attribute them to borrowings from the Scandinavian epic.

Old Russian princes

Old Russian princes The list of princes given below, compiled according to the texts of the Book of Veles and Russian chronicles, in connection with unconfirmed data on kinship and chronology, can only serve as references for this review. The mythological ancestors of the Aryans (according to the Book

Old Russian lands and Pskov in the IX-XIII centuries

Old Russian lands and Pskov in the 9th-13th centuries, the 13th century brought ancient Russian history significant changes. The dependence of most of the Russian lands on the Golden Horde, the growth of their fragmentation into autonomous destinies, the differences in the forms of statehood, fixing on the thrones

Tales of Old Russian

But otherwise opens secret... (A. Akhmatova) Who says we will die? - Leave these Judgments in themselves - Falsehood twists in them: We live for many centuries In this world, And for many centuries we still have to live. We did not come from the void, And in years We are not destined to go into the void One day. We are part of Nature, We are part of the Universe, part of the world - Specifically, everyone! Billions of years ago We already breathed, I don’t know what, I don’t know how, But it was the case. The universe arose, We didn’t interfere with it, We did who, what could In other limits. And billions of years will pass - In the corona of the Sun The weary Earth will burn In its greatness, We will not burn! We will return to another life, We will return to ourselves In a different guise! I tell you: a person does not disappear! I tell you: a person is invested in immortality! But we still don’t know the evidence, And we can’t confirm immortality yet. But after a few years Oblivion weights We will throw off our memory And boldly remember: Why did we end up here - In the sublunar world? Why immortality is given to us And what to do with it? Everything that we will do in an hour, In a week and even a year, All this is not far from us In its own world lives. many floors, In one - we are going to Mars, In the other - we have already flown. Awards, praise and more ranks are waiting for us, lining up, And with them - our slaps in the neighboring worlds are burning. We think: life in hundreds of years This is God knows him: where? And it's nearby - invisible light Those years are scattered everywhere. Try to pierce the moon with your finger! It won’t work - the hand is short, It’s even more difficult to touch the country, Abandoned for centuries. But it’s so arranged: every moment From the streets, offices and apartments We move with the whole world To the real neighboring world. Wandering through space with the Earth With ideas fresh and old, We are new time - layer by layer - We rent from the world. And we are not in a hurry to live on loan, We do not speed up the year, We know with a distant memory That we have come to life forever. That our borders are not in milkiness, That our era is not an hour, In stock We have infinity, and Eternity is in store for us. And as on an excursion - only forward, Encrypting and theorem days, The Universe leads us by the hand Along the corridor of time. Turn on the light in the past and future! And you will see with a new vision how the city, which does not yet exist, is already appearing in time. In the future time, where so far only clouds of our hopes and our dreams float almost without color and outlines. the pulp of blue life smiled at warmth and light, turning on the lighting, you will meet a hedge that no longer exists. when eccentrics in a good mood turn on the sound in the past and future, turn on the light in the future and the past. And life, as if circles on water, knits links for millennia, and there are no dead people anywhere, there are only those who fell asleep for a moment. Peace is only temporary silt .People are eternal! Look at their faces on each page - in the past and in the future - the same faces. There are no other people in nature, and the same people walk in circles of past and future squares, grinding stones with elastic steps. Turn on the light in the past and future, and you will see doubts instead, that in the future, where you are not yet, a place has already been prepared for you. https://www.stihi.ru/avtor/literlik&;book=1#1

Archaeological excavations indicate that the writing of the ancient Slavs existed even in the pre-Christian period.. Most of the preserved written monuments have come down to our days after the Mongol period.

Agree that in the numerous fires and invasions, after which there was no stone left unturned, it is difficult to save anything. With the advent of the alphabet in the 9th century, created by the monks Cyril and Methodius, the first books began to be written. Mostly they were on church topics.

The worship went on national languages, so writing also developed in people's native languages. Literate in Rus' were different segments of the population . The found birch bark letters. They recorded not only civil and legal cases, but also everyday letters.

What is ancient Russian literature?

Ancient Russian literature includes handwritten or printed works written in the 11th-17th centuries. At this time, historical and business chronicles were kept, travelers described their adventures, but special attention was paid to Christian teachings.

The life of people ranked among the saints by the church was studied in school educational institutions and read by ordinary literate people. All creativity reflected the characteristic way of life of that time. Old Russian literature is characterized by the anonymity of writers.

How did literature develop in ancient Rus'?

Initially, handwritten texts were rewritten, exactly copying the original. Over time, the narrative became somewhat distorted due to changes in literary tastes and the preferences of translators. By comparing edits and multiple versions of texts, it is still possible to find the text closest to the original source.

You can read original books that have come down from the depths of centuries only in large libraries. . For example, "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh, written in the XII century by the great prince of Kyiv. This work is considered the first secular revelation.

Characteristic features of Old Russian literature

The works of this period are characterized by the repetition of certain situations and comparative characteristics in various writings. Characters always behave in accordance with the concepts of that time. So, the battles were depicted in a solemn language, majestically, in accordance with traditions.

Over seven hundred years of development, ancient Russian literature has made a huge breakthrough. Over time, new genres appeared, and writers increasingly rejected literary canons and showed writer's individuality. Nevertheless, patriotism and unity of the Russian people are visible in the texts.

At the beginning of the XIII century, Rus' was threatened by external enemies of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy, there was an internecine struggle between the principalities. The literature of that period called for an end to civil strife and fight with real enemies. The study of the events of those years is of great historical value.

From the written monuments you can learn about the events that took place in our homeland, life and moral values the whole people. Russian authors have always been concerned about the fate of the Russian heritage, and this is clearly seen from their sincere works.

Tell Old Russian news, literary works (11th-17th centuries), covering various types of narration. Translated stories with moralizing tendencies and developed plots were widespread in the literature (the story of Akira the Wise; the story "About Barlaam and Joasaph"; the military narrative "History of the Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius; "Alexandria"; "Deed of Devgen," etc.). The original Russian stories were originally of a legendary-historical nature and were included in the annals (about Oleg Veshchem, about Olga's revenge, about the baptism of Vladimir, etc.). In the future, P. d. developed in two main directions - historical-epic and historical-biographical. The first cultivated the principles of narration about events, mainly military ones (tales about internecine wars of princes; about wars with the Polovtsians of the 11th-12th centuries; about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of the 13th-14th centuries; "The Tale of the Mamaev Battle", 15th century). Military tales often turned into extensive fictionalized “stories” (“The Tale of Tsar-Grad”, 15th century; “The History of the Kazan Kingdom”, 16th century, etc.), in some cases acquired a folklore-epic coloring (“The Tale of about the ruin of Ryazan by Batu”, 14th century; “The Tale of the Azov Seat”, 17th century, etc.). The stories of this type include retinue-epic (12th century) and (14th century). Military stories are characterized by patriotic ideals, colorful battle descriptions. Among the narratives about events, there are also stories dedicated to the problems of statehood. Legendary and historical narratives of the period of formation of the Russian centralized state were devoted to the succession of world monarchies and the origin of the Rurik dynasty (the stories “On the Kingdom of Babylon”, “On the Princes of Vladimir”, etc., 15-16 centuries). Then the main theme of the stories becomes a historical and journalistic description of the crisis of Moscow statehood in the "Time of Troubles" and the change of reigning dynasties ("The Tale of 1606", "The Tale" by Avraamy Palitsyn, "Chronicle Book" by I. Katyrev-Rostovsky, etc.)..

Another direction of P. d. developed the principles of narrative about heroes, originally based on a Christian providential, solemnly rhetorical description of the deeds of prominent princes in the struggle against external enemies (the lives of Alexander Nevsky, Dovmont of Pskov, 13th century; Dmitry Donskoy, 15th century) ; these works occupied an intermediate position between traditional military stories and the lives of saints. Gradually, the historical and biographical narrative began to move its heroes into everyday situations: the story of Peter and Fevronia of Murom (15-16 centuries), imbued with fairy-tale symbols; the story of the noblewoman Juliana Lazarevskaya (17th century), etc. Interest in the exploits of the heroes is supplanted by attention to the relationships of people, to the behavior of the individual in everyday life, which, however, was still determined by church ethical norms. The stories of the biographical type branched into instructive autobiographical lives (the lives of Avvakum, Epiphanius) and narratives of a semi-secular, and then secular nature, imbued with medieval-traditional morality (the folklore-lyrical "The Tale of Grief-Misfortune", the book-fictional "The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn ", 17th century). The narrative increasingly breaks away from the historical canvas and masters the art of plotting. At the end of the 17th century there are satirical stories with an element of literary parody ("The Tale of Yersh Ershovich", "Shemyakin Court", etc.). Acute difficult everyday situations are equipped with naturalistic details characteristic of the early short story (the stories about the merchant Karp Sutulov and his wife, 17th century; The Tale of Frol Skobeev, early 18th century). Translated stories are again in vogue, the characters of which are Russified in a fairy-tale spirit (“About Bova-Korolevich”, “About Yeruslan Lazarevich”, etc.), collections of Western European short stories (“Great Mirror”, “Facetia”, etc.). P. d. make a natural evolution from the medieval historical narrative to the fictional story of the new time.

Lit .: Pypin A. N., Essay on the literary history of old Russian stories and fairy tales, St. Petersburg, 1857; Orlov A. S., Translated stories of feudal Rus' and the Moscow state of the XII-XVII centuries, [L.], 1934; Old Russian story. Articles and research. Ed. N. K. Gudziya, M. - L., 1941; The origins of Russian fiction. [Resp. ed. Ya. S. Lurie], L., 1970; History of Russian literature, vol. 1, M. - L., 1958 ..