Gothic architecture. Victorian Gothic Neo-Gothic England 18th century

As part of a review of historical British architecture and its influence on modern housing construction, we have already considered. The next historical style was Gothic and it settled in Europe for a single century.

Its ideological prerequisites were the rejection of massive forms Romanesque style and religious motives. In those days, architecture developed primarily within the framework of temple buildings, and the architects, together with the clergy, decided that the narrow, upward-looking forms of Gothic would personify the desire for the best - for God, that is.

The main features of the Gothic style

Elongated, upward-looking forms. Perhaps this is the most main feature Gothic - whatever its subspecies, era or country, it will always strive upward and somewhat resemble an ordered planting of narrow stone formations.

Lots of sharp items. This feature is related to the previous one. Gothic tends to be "prickly", to have angular and sharp both general forms and decor.

Various decor. The main difference between Gothic and Romanesque style was that Gothic actively uses decor. It is mainly realized in the form of statues, graceful patterns and rare bas-reliefs.

Of course, in addition to these, Gothic has many other features, such as lancet windows, an abundance of repeating elements, a frame system, and so on. But since we are interested in this style mainly from the point of view of its influence on modernity, it is worth considering general trends.

Types of Gothic

As we mentioned, the Gothic style existed on the territory of Europe in general and England in particular, not a single century and, of course, it changed over time. And in addition to the classic early Gothic, it makes sense to distinguish two subspecies:

Gothic in modern construction

IN modern world Gothic architecture in its pure form is practically not used. Some elements may be involved, more or less appropriate stylization is found in all sorts of entertainment venues, such as pubs and bars. But there, as you know, the atmosphere obliges.

Gothic in suburban housing construction

Gothic - the style of temples, castles, fortresses. And it is simply impossible to fully implement it. Yes, and it is not necessary - they expect comfort, convenience, a homely atmosphere from a country cottage, and not an angrily hanging statue of a gargoyle, which reminds of sins. Therefore, suburban housing construction takes only elements from the Gothic: vertical orientation, the shape of windows, neat turrets. But it adds a lot of its own: wood, light and pleasant colors, elements. Here are a few houses that transform the Gothic canons in a country way, but at the same time are kept within their framework:

Conclusion

Despite all the severity of the Gothic style, many find a certain charm in it, especially if you approach the issue of integration correctly. In our professional designers and architects they know a lot about such issues - and they can make for you an architectural project of a stylish, cozy and comfortable country house with elements of the Gothic style. And there, close to the direct implementation, which you can also order from us.

I bring to the attention of architecture lovers a small selection historical buildings educational institutions in style neogothic on the territory of Russia (dedicated tobeginning of the new school year).
Here are photographs of 20 buildings from various Russian cities, united by the fact that they were built in the late XIX - early XX centuries in the style eclecticism , which dominated Russia at that time, one of the manifestations of which is neo-Gothic.
The fact that Neo-Gothic was very popular among architects during this period is evidenced by the fact that buildings in the Neo-Gothic gothic style were built throughout the country, and not just in the region that became Russian only in 1945 (Kaliningrad region), from Karelia and Central Russia to the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia.

Here is just a list of cities from this photo selection:
1. Grayvoron (Belgorod region);
2. Simferopol;
3. Sortavala (Karelia);
4. Vyborg (Karelia);
5. Ozersk (Kaliningrad region);
6. Sovetsk (Kaliningrad region);
7. Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region);
8. Kaliningrad;
9. Ulyanovsk;
10. Astrakhan;
11. Saratov;
12. Pyatigorsk;
13. Buzuluk (Orenburg region);
14. Biysk ( Altai region);
15. Omsk;
16. Barnaul;
17. Plavsk (Tula region).

And note that only buildings intended for educational institutions are represented here. And how many others there were - various administrative buildings, warehouses, factory buildings, etc., not to mention the churches and churches. And, as you probably already noticed, Moscow and St. Petersburg are not represented in the list of cities.

All photos showing the address of the object, the year of construction and in most cases the name of the architect.

2. The building of the parish school at the German Lutheran church (now - the Department of Justice), 1900, architect. V.A. Gekker.
Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, st. Dolgorukovskaya, 16. Photo: Yandex panorama.

3. The building of the Sortavala women's gymnasium (now - a branch of Petrozavodsk University), 1909-1911, architect. Y.Ya. Arenberg.
Republic of Karelia, Sortavalsky district, Sortavala, st. Gagarin, 14. Photo: Artem Neuer.

4. The complex of buildings of a real school (now - a technical school for environmental management), 1892.
Kaliningrad region, Ozersk, st. Border, 23. Photo:otp39.rf

5. Uhland School, People's School (now the Center for Education), 1895-1896.
Kaliningrad, Moskovsky pr-t, 98. Photo:on-walking.com

6. Saratov State Conservatory, 1902 / goth. rec. 1912, arch. A.Yu. Yagn / S.A. Kallistratov.
Saratov, Kirov Ave., 1. Photo:promodj.com

7. Building folk school Tilsit (now - a boarding school), 1905-1906.
Kaliningrad region, Sovetsk, st. Turgenev, 6 B. Photo: Igor Vishnyakov

8. The building of the Land Surveying School of Simbirsk (now the educational building of UlSTU), 1913-1914.
Ulyanovsk, st. Engels, 3. Photo:fotokto.ru

9. Parish school at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the name of Jesus, 1908-1909, arch. S.I. Karyagin.
Astrakhan, st. Kazanskaya, 104. Photo:love-astrakhan.ru

10. Men's gymnasium (now - school named after M.Yu. Lermontov), ​​1896-1903, architect. Ya.G. Lukashev.
Stavropol Territory, Pyatigorsk, avenue 40 years of October, 99. Photo:news-kmv.ru

11. The building of the women's gymnasium (now the Pedagogical College), 1902, arch. Jan Adamson.
Orenburg region, Buzuluk, st. M. Gorky, 59. Photo:theme-travel.com

12. The building of the Sortaval Lyceum (now the Sortaval College), 1901, arch. Y.Ya. Arenberg.
Republic of Karelia, Sortavalsky district, Sortavala, st. Gagarin, 12. Photo: Artem Neuer.

13. Real school them. A.S. Pushkin (now - the building of the geographical faculty of the Belarusian State Pedagogical University), 1902.
Altai Territory, Biysk, st. Sovetskaya, 11. Photo: Leonid Demidov

14. The building of the School of Communications Management (now the School of Arts), 1894.
Omsk, st. Marchenko, 1. Photo: Artem Neuer

15. Vyborg school of joint education (now - the Palace of Creativity), 1903, architect. L. Iconen.

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Neogothic architecture. Church of Alexander Nevsky in Peterhof (1831-1834, architect K. F. Shinkel).

Neo-Gothic (new Gothic, pseudo-Gothic) is a trend in architecture that stylistically resembles. Neo-Gothic arose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England, where ancient cathedrals and castles built in were preserved, which were considered an element of national culture. Interest in Gothic in Britain did not fade for a long time, even despite the departure from Catholicism (Gothic architecture became a reflection of the ideology of Catholicism) and the formation of Protestantism. The writer Horace Wappole*, an admirer of the Gothic era, stylized in 1748 his dwelling in the Strawberry Hill estate near London as an ancient medieval castle.

Walpole Horace (1717 - 1797) Horace Walpole. English writer, politician, historian and antiquary. Real name - Horace (Horatio).

In 1747, Walpole bought an estate on the banks of the Thames, near the town of Twicknam, near London, and began to rebuild it, naming his estate Strawberry Hill ("Strawberry Hill"). The writer told his friends that he was going to build a Gothic castle in Strawberry Hill, and asked them to find old colored glass and antique weapons for him. Construction went on until 1770. In 1774 Walpole published a description of his castle, the second edition was in 1784, then it was published again in 1798 with illustrations and drawings in full assembly writings ("The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford", 1798, vol. 2). In the neo-Gothic architecture of the castle complex, the main structural element of the historical Gothic was used: the frame vault. The decor included stained-glass windows, sculptures, and stucco. Despite the fact that the "Gothic" castle was admired by contemporaries, who found in it "true" signs of the Gothic style, in fact, the neo-Gothic architecture of the house was distinguished by the variegation characteristic of the "Gothic revival" of the 18th century. It was a noticeable mixture of architectural styles and directions of different countries and eras, mixed techniques of temple architecture and castle building. For example, the doors resembled the portals of cathedrals, and the rooms looked like medieval tombs (in the gallery, the carvings on the ceiling repeated the designs created in the tomb chapels, and the tomb of Westminster Abbey served as the prototype of the fireplace). However, the writer himself, describing his dwelling, emphasized the conscious use of a variety of Gothic techniques and elements in facades and interiors, and at the same time not returning to the life of those times, leaving for himself the opportunity to live in a comfortable space.

Strawberry Hill by writer Walpole Horace. Architect John Chute and draftsman Richard Bentley 1747-1770

The writer's castle served as a model for the "Gothic revival" in the architecture of the 18th century in England, and then throughout Europe. It is believed that the return to Gothic was due to the disappointment experienced by the British in connection with the events in France in the 18th century, and the return of the national style. The Gothic style was perceived by the British as traditional, and therefore the return to it was perceived as a return to national culture. Another example of British neo gothic architecture Fonthill - ebi (Fonthill Abbey). In 1795, the son of the mayor of London, William Beford, began building Fonthill Abbey Manor in the manner of a Gothic abbey.

During the Reformation era, many monastic and religious buildings were given to noble families, and thus religious buildings became the homes of English families. The word "Abbey" was often present in the name of the noble estates of the British. The Reformation is a period of struggle against the dominance of the Catholic Church and the influence of the Pope in England. British Parliament in 1532-33 issued a verdict, according to which England was defined as an independent kingdom, while the king is the head of state in secular matters, and the English clergy are not subject to the dictates of Rome.

During the construction of Fonthill - eby, the builders tried to reproduce the external signs of the Gothic (90-meter octagonal tower was supposed to symbolize the vertical component characteristic of Gothic architecture), not being familiar with the design features of Gothic architecture. As a result, during the construction process, the tower collapsed several times and was restored again, but after another collapse (after the death of the owner), the estate was demolished.

Fonthill Abbey before destruction.

Gradually, architects developed a universal approach to the neo-Gothic style, in which they began to build churches, town halls, railway stations and other public buildings for various purposes. Neo-Gothic appeared in the architecture of the houses of English aristocrats. In the middle of the 19th century, neo-gothic was officially recognized by the government of England as a national style. Since the 1870s, theoretical works on the history of the Neo-Gothic have appeared in England. During the reign of Queen Victoria, the settlements of metropolises and colonies were built up in this style. Neo-Gothic universities in Britain and America were built. After the British Parliament burned down in a fire, the architects Augustus Pugin and Charles Barry built the Palace of Westminster in 1834 - a prime example neogothic architecture. The British school of architecture and construction took a leading position in Europe, offering to use new engineering achievements in the construction of buildings in the neo-Gothic style.

Neo-Gothic in the architecture of Europe and Russia

From England, neo-Gothic came to Europe. The spread of neo-Gothic architecture in architecture was largely facilitated by literary works. For example, Chateaubriand wrote that medieval Gothic most of all reflected the Christian idea. Victor Hugo wrote the novel The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris', which drew attention to gothic art. In Europe, the spread of neo-Gothic architecture in architecture began in Germany. Tired of the national uprisings of 1848-1849. the Germans wanted to return to the old days, seeing in it greater stability. In Germany, the Cologne Cathedral was being completed, the ruins of the Heidelberg Castle and the Rhine Fortress were being restored. Of the new Neo-Gothic buildings, the most famous are the royal castles in Schwangau. These structures were created by members of the Wittelsbach dynasty (Haus Wittelsbach). One of the castles - Hohenschwangau - was created by Maximilian II. (1832 -1837) The building was erected by the architect Domenico Quaglio II (Johann Dominicus Quaglio) on the site of the ruins of the old Schwanstein fortress (12th century) in the vicinity of the town of Füssen (Füssen) near Lake Alpsee (Alpsee). Until now, it belongs to the members of the royal house of Bavaria, the Wittelsbach family.

Hohenschwangau Castle near Füssen near Alpsee lake 1832-1837

Neuschwanstein Castle (Schloß Neuschwanstein) was built in honor of the legendary knight Lohengrin, the idol of King Ludwig II (1845-1886). The castle is located 1.5 km from Hohenschwangau Castle on the site of the ruined ancient watchtower. The first stone of the main building - the Palace - was laid in 1869. The plans and drawings of Neuschwanstein were developed by the architects Eduard Riedel and Georg Dolman with the participation of the Munich theater artist Christian Jank. Construction took 17 years.

Neuschwanstein Castle (Schloß Neuschwanstein) near Hohenschwangau Castle 1845-1886

In the second half of the 18th century, neo-Gothic architecture spread in Russia. Russian architects were greatly influenced by the work of English architects. And by the 19th century, two neo-Gothic trends emerged in Russian architecture. One of them was expressed in the construction of Catholic churches, and at the same time, the architects reproduced the forms of medieval architecture with great accuracy. Basically, this direction was developed in the western regions of Russia, where the majority of Catholics lived. The facades of buildings in the New Gothic style were very diverse: there were single-towered, double-towered facades and facades with pinnacles, as well as without towers or with spiers.

Pinnacle (pinacle) - a decorative turret with a pointed spire

A striking example of neo-Gothic architecture in Russia is the Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary in Moscow (1901-1917). The temple is a cruciform pseudo-basilica. It is believed that the facade of the cathedral in Westminster Abbey served as the prototype for the facade of the church, and the roof was created in the likeness of Milan cathedral. Lancet windows are decorated with stained-glass windows.

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Moscow. 1901-1917 Arch. F.I. Bogdanovich.

In the Neo-Gothic style, not only temple buildings for Catholics were erected, private and profitable houses became the second direction of architecture of this style. The reflection of the revived Gothic fashion was also noticeable in Russian estates: in Gatchina, Pavlovsk, Shuvalovo. Neo-Gothic in the architecture of apartment buildings was emphasized by luxurious front porches, lancet window openings, decorated gables, spiers and towers. An example is the "Castle of Richard the Lionheart" (1902-1904), created by order of the Kyiv industrialist Dmitry Orlov (during this period Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire).

"Castle of Richard the Lionheart" - a building designed to look like a Gothic English castle. According to the project of R.R. Marfeld (1902-1904)

Mansion Z.G. Morozova (1893-1898), architect. F.O. Shekhtel. The design of the mansion uses elements of Gothic and Moorish architecture, which is reminiscent of the Gothic buildings in Spain.

Each country developed its own Neo-Gothic direction in architecture. This style in different countries reflected the local culture, the historical experience of society. Neo-Gothic was expressed either in copying elements of famous Gothic structures or their elements, or in its eclectic manifestation, interpreting medieval forms, combined with other styles.

Neo-Gothic style in architecture (also known as pseudo-Gothic) is an architectural style that incorporates elements of Gothic and classical compositions. This style appeared in the 40s of the XVIII century. It was then that such famous buildings like the Palace of Westminster in London, Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany. What are the main features of neo-gothic?

What is the difference between gothic and neo-gothic?

Neo-Gothic appealed to the traditions of traditional medieval Gothic. Numerous Catholic cathedrals were built in the Neo-Gothic style in various cities - in New York, Melbourne, etc.

In my own way appearance Neo-Gothic is almost similar to traditional Gothic - the same pathetic columns, massive vaults, spiers. However, contemporaries decided to look at them in a new way, to modify them, as a result of which neo-Gothic appeared.

The revival of Gothic architecture was due to the English magnates and aristocrats. At that time in Britain there were many different cathedrals, castles built in the Gothic style, which belonged to cultural heritage countries. New buildings also often repeated the features of the Gothic style.

Such deliberate isolation from numerous European style innovations (for example, baroque) led to the fact that many prominent artists began to introduce Gothic forms even into the decoration of their estates. For the first time, the fashion for Gothic decor was set by Horace Walpole, who stylized his estate as a castle from the Middle Ages. This trend was supported by numerous aristocrats.

The main features of the neo-Gothic style:

• frame vault at the base,
• battlements,
• stained-glass windows in the windows, the glass in which is made in stained glass technique,
• carved moldings,
• openwork details (from iron fences to interior decoration),
• elongated structures,
• columns holding vaults and arches.

The English Gothic Revival reached its peak in 1795 when the mayor of London's son William Beckford decided to build his manor in Wiltshire called Fonthill Abbey. The "heart" of the Fonthill Abbey project is an octagonal tower 90 meters high. The appearance of the neo-Gothic castle resembled a real abbey, but the manor itself did not survive to this day: it collapsed three times in its thirty-year history.

After the death of William Backford, it was decided to finally raze the estate to the ground. However, the glory of this manor gave an additional impetus to the active development and introduction of the Neo-Gothic into various architectural forms. Neo-Gothic in the English architecture of the 18-19th century takes shape in a stable style, and in mid-nineteenth century, it becomes the officially recognized national style of Great Britain. Augustus Pugin, a famous architect, a fan of the neo-Gothic, is building together with Charles Barry the world-famous Westminster Palace, built in the neo-Gothic style and being a real icon of it.

In the neo-Gothic style of architecture, railway stations, town halls, bridges, as well as some government buildings in Britain were reconstructed. Under Queen Victoria, the new Parliament was also built along this line. This building immediately became calling card London. It has been marked on numerous images. Universities also began to be built in the New Gothic style, and this trend became popular not only in Britain, but also in the United States. Neo-Gothic was closely intertwined with classicism, borrowed from it various forms, styles, ideas, and brought them to perfection.

Neo-Gothic in the 20th century

The buildings in the Gothic style were quite high, had narrow windows and featured internal load-bearing columns. Steel frames, elevators and other technological elements, discovered in the 20th century, gradually led to the fact that the style lost its relevance. Buildings in the Neo-Gothic style began to use steel frames instead of arched vaults and buttresses, which made it possible to develop wide spaces in the interior without the use of numerous columns. Neo-Gothic in the architecture of the 19th century was replaced by a new understanding of the 20th century.

Neo-Gothic ornament was used by some architects even in iron frames. For example, certain neo-Gothic features can be found in the skyscrapers Tribune Tower and the Woolworth Building. In the first half of the 20th century, neo-Gothic was replaced by modernism. Modernists considered themselves heirs of the neo-Gothic tradition.

After the 1930s, the number of Neo-Gothic buildings dropped sharply, but construction did not stop completely. For example, in 2005 the St. Edmundsbury Cathedral (UK) has acquired a neo-Gothic tower that has been under construction since 2000.

Neo-Gothic in Russia

Russian Neo-Gothic differs from European. Houses in the neo-Gothic style belong to V. I. Bazhenov - Tsaritsyno buildings. Churches, cathedrals and temples used character traits style, but also mixed with Russian baroque.

In the two capitals, Moscow and St. Petersburg, neo-Gothic also appeared in a more classical, Western style. This, for example, is the mansion of G. I. Morozova.

Neo-Gothic in architecture If at the beginning of the 18th century fashionable architectural trends throughout Great Britain were based on the classical aesthetics of Palladianism, then towards the end of the century, the interest of the British turned towards Gothic motifs. At first, the buildings looked like medieval temples only externally, but later neogothic style strengthened so much that it gave rise to the construction of many objects throughout the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe empire.

A typical example of an English building of the Victorian era was the Palace of Westminster. His appearance is still one of national symbols London and the country as a whole. However, the popularity of the Neo-Gothic also affected engineering structures, as evidenced by the majestic Tower Bridge.

From the great past to progress

The construction of the Tower Bridge was initiated in 1886 in connection with the urgent need for an additional crossing over the Thames to the London Bridge. Its construction was completed in 8 years: in 1894 the bridge was presented to the public. Key figures in its history are:

• H. Jones - the ideologist of the building, the architect of many buildings in London;
• D. Barry - an engineer who also worked on other bridges across the Thames;
• D. Stevenson is a Victorian architect who was appointed project manager after the death of H. Jones.

The characteristic neo-Gothic appearance of the structure is given by two pylons - high towers with sharp spiers and a sculpture stylized as the Middle Ages that begin and close the passage. The very fact of their presence already indicates a relationship with the design features of the bridges of feudal times. If then the bridge towers were built to provide control and protection of the passage, now the pylons support the sidewalks at a high level from the river.

Possessing a frame system of the device, these elements of the Tower Bridge have rather thin walls with large window openings. This specificity clearly proves that gothic and neo-gothic genres related to each other. A good connection between the epochs is also shown by the presence of an exquisitely sublime decor on the walls, made in the facing of Portland limestone and Cornish granite - materials traditional for decorating medieval castles in England.

Interestingly, the bridge got its appearance not only due to fashion trends, but also due to its proximity to one of the oldest fortresses in Britain - the Tower. Against the background of the fact that even then its walls and towers had a sacred meaning for the British, the desire of the authorities and citizens to build new objects in a similar style becomes quite obvious.

There is no barrel of honey without an admixture of tar: in terms of its dimensions, the Tower Bridge significantly exceeds not only the Tower itself, but also more modern, albeit ancient buildings. Such features of it contributed to the opinion that the structure spoils historical appearance London. However, if the bridge were smaller, then it would hardly have effectively coped with its tasks.

Advanced engineering solutions

According to the principle of its operation, the Tower Bridge is a draw structure of a huge late XIX centuries of power: its spans with a total mass of over 11,000 tons are capable of rising 86 degrees. Hydraulic mechanisms were initially responsible for the process of opening the elements. The force for them was generated by four high-performance coal-fired steam engines.

In 1982, the breeding system was modernized and equipped with an electro-hydraulic gear drive, and in 2000 it was also automated. Outdated equipment is available to satisfy tourist interest. Museum platforms are laid out in the interiors of towers and former pedestrian galleries at a height.

The large bearing capacity of the spans is created through the use of a rod system, where the supporting elements were made of carbon steel. A multi-ton metal structure was installed on large piers, the manufacture of which required over 70,000 tons of concrete.

Sidewalks are provided for walking along the roadway. However, the main advantage of the Tower Bridge for pedestrians is the presence of special galleries, 44 meters away from the water surface of the river. In addition to the utilitarian function, these elements also had a decorative purpose.

For almost the entire duration of the 20th century, galleries became a haven for criminal elements, which forced them to be closed for use. They were opened only in 1982: due to the equipment of the glass roof, their appearance approached the high-tech style, but this does not spoil the appearance of the majestic architectural ensemble.

The current state of the bridge

The architectural refinements of the finish, the ingenious design and the well-thought-out traffic management system make tower bridge in uk one of the most amazing buildings in the world. As before, its height allows free passage various kinds ships on the Thames. However, due to the partial loss of the significance of the river communication, and partly because of the desire to preserve the structure, it is now bred no more than 5 times in one week.

Tower Bridge today helps citizens solve the transport issue: more than 40,000 people per different form transport and on foot daily cross the river along it. Given the high load, the board of the City of London Corporation introduced restrictions on the speed and weight of vehicles - no more than 32 km / h and no heavier than 18 tons. Such measures are intended to preserve the original appearance of the sights of the capital.

The Tower Bridge impresses with its architecture and delights with its working principles. Imitating medieval architecture, the building is an example of the use of progressive technologies.