Romanesque and Gothic styles in architecture. Open lesson Architecture of the Middle Ages.Romanesque and Gothic style

Roman style- an artistic style that dominated Western Europe (and also affected some countries of Eastern Europe) in the XI-XII centuries (in a number of places - in the XIII century), one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. Most fully expressed in architecture.

Romanesque period

Brown, red, green, white;

Lines: barrel, semicircular, straight, horizontal and vertical;

Form: rectangular, cylindrical;

Semicircular frieze, a repeating geometric or floral design; halls with open ceiling beams and supports in the center;

Designs: stone, massive, thick-walled; wooden plastered with a visible skeleton;

Window: rectangular, small, in stone houses - arched;

Doors: plank, rectangular with massive hinges, a lock and a deadbolt

emergence

This name appeared only around 1820, but it quite accurately determines that until the middle of the 13th century. elements of Roman - antique architecture were strongly felt.

The main role in the Romanesque style was given to severe fortress architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress, located on elevated places, dominating the area.

The term "Romanesque style" was introduced in early XIX century Arsiss de Caumon, who established a connection between the architecture of the XI-XII centuries and ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semicircular arches, vaults). In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main, side of art. However, it has come into common use. The main type of art of the Romanesque style is architecture, mainly church (stone temple, monastic complexes).

Romanesque art is the name of a period in the history of European art from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 13th century; depending on the region, the Romanesque period in art could come or end earlier or later. The previous period is sometimes referred to as pre-Romanesque.

The term "Romanesque art" was introduced in the 19th century by art historians, primarily for Romanesque architecture, which retained many of the main features of the Roman architectural style - round arches, as well as barrel vaults, apses and acanthus, leaf-shaped ornaments - but also created many new and very different details. In southern France, Spain and Italy there was an architectural continuity from late antiquity, but the Romanesque was the first style to spread throughout Catholic Europe, from Denmark to Sicily. Romanesque art was also heavily influenced by Byzantine art, especially in painting, and also influenced by the "non-classical" decoration of "island art" from the British Isles; the combination of these two elements created a new and consistent style.

The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

Features of the architecture of the Romanesque cathedral:

The plan is based on an early Christian basilica, that is, a longitudinal organization of space

Enlargement of the choir or the eastern altar of the temple

Increasing the height of the temple

Replacing the coffered (cassette) ceiling with stone vaults in the largest cathedrals. The vaults were of several types: box, cross, often cylindrical, flat along the beams (typical of Italian Romanesque architecture).

Heavy vaults required powerful walls and columns

The main motive of the interior - semicircular arches

Gothic architecture- the period of development of Western and Central European architecture, corresponding to the mature and late Middle Ages (from the end of the 12th to the beginning of the 16th century). Gothic architecture replaced the architecture of the Romanesque era and in turn gave way to the architecture of the Renaissance period.

Gothic

Prevailing and trendy colors: yellow, red, blue;

Gothic style lines: lancet, forming a vault of two intersecting arcs, ribbed repeating lines;

Form: rectangular buildings; lancet arches turning into pillars;

Characteristic elements of the interior: Fan vault with supports or coffered ceiling and wooden wall panels; leafy complex ornament; halls are high, narrow and long, or wide with supports in the center;

Gothic Style Designs: frame, openwork, stone; elongated upward, lancet arches; underlined skeleton structures;

Window: elongated upwards often with multi-colored stained-glass windows; on the top of the building there are sometimes round decorative windows;

Doors: lancet ribbed arches of doorways; oak paneled doors

The emergence of the Gothic style

In the XI and XII centuries. as a result of the development of methods of cultivating the land in Central Europe, crops increased. In this regard, part of the rural population began to specialize in handicraft production and trade, freeing itself from the influence of feudal lords and creating independent communes. So within the feudal society arose new class- the urban bourgeoisie, whose power was based on movable property, primarily on money. This class became the engine of economic and cultural progress.

The term "Gothic" itself arose in modern times as a contemptuous designation of everything introduced into European art by the barbarian Goths. The term emphasized the radical difference between medieval architecture and the style of ancient Rome.

Characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, the lancet beam, the complex frame system of supports and the ribbed vault. The advantage of using ribs is that the vault can be larger, thereby reducing the loads arising from it.

Types of Gothic buildings The development of cities has led to the emergence of new types of structures. Buildings of the town hall, workshops and guilds appeared on the market square, buildings for the meat trade and manufactory, warehouses and trading houses were required. Arsenals, construction yards, schools and hospitals were erected. But above all, the townspeople defended themselves and their property from competing neighbors and attacks by feudal lords by building walls and towers around the city.

/ Romanesque and Gothic styles

Romanesque

emergence

This name appeared only around 1820, but it quite accurately determines that until the middle of the 13th century. elements of Roman - antique architecture were strongly felt.

Historical characteristic

The Romanesque period in Europe falls on the time of the domination of the feudal system, the basis of which was Agriculture. Initially, all the lands belonged to the king, he distributed them among his vassals, and they, in turn, distributed it to the peasants for processing. For the use of land, everyone was obliged to pay taxes and bear military service. Tied to the land, the peasants kept the masters, who in turn served in the king's troops. Thus a complex interdependent relationship arose between masters and peasants, with the peasants at the bottom rung of the social ladder.

Since each feudal lord sought to expand his possessions, conflicts and wars were fought almost constantly. As a result, the central royal power was losing its positions, which led to the fragmentation of states. Expansionist aspirations were especially clearly expressed in the crusades and in the enslavement of the Slavic East.

Building features

Romanesque architecture uses a variety of building materials. IN early period not only residential buildings, but monasteries and churches are built of wood, but stone still becomes the main building material in the Middle Ages. At first, it was used only in the construction of temples and fortresses, and later for secular buildings. Easily worked limestone, which was found in the areas along the Loire, made it possible, due to its relative lightness, to cover small spans with vaults without the construction of bulky scaffolding. It was also used for ornamental masonry on exterior walls.

In Italy, there was a lot of marble, which was especially often used for wall cladding. Multi-colored marble of light and dark tones, used in various spectacular combinations, becomes feature Italian Romanesque architecture.

The stone was either hewn in the form of blocks, from which the so-called hewn masonry was made, or rubble, suitable for laying walls, when it was necessary to strengthen structures, lined with slabs and blocks of hewn stone from the outside. Unlike antiquity, in the Middle Ages, smaller stones were used, which were easier to get in the quarry and deliver to the construction site.

Where stone was lacking, brick was used, which was somewhat thicker and shorter than that used today. The brick of that time was usually very hard, badly burnt. Brick buildings of the Romanesque period have been preserved primarily in Italy, France, Germany and England.

Character traits

An important task of the Romanesque building art was the transformation of the basilica with a flat wooden floor vaulted. At first, small spans of the side aisles and apses were covered with a vault, later the main aisles were also covered with a vault. The thickness of the vault was sometimes quite significant, so the walls and pylons were designed thick with a large margin of safety. In connection with the need for large covered spaces and the development of technical building ideas, the design of the initially heavy vaults and walls began to be gradually lightened.

The vault makes it possible to cover larger spaces than wooden beams. The simplest in form and design is a cylindrical vault, which, without pushing the walls apart, presses on them from above with a huge weight, and therefore requires especially massive walls. This vault is most suitable for covering rooms with a small span, but it was also often used in the main nave - in France in the Provence and Auvergne regions (Notre Dame du Port Cathedral in Clermont). Later, the semicircular shape of the vault arch was replaced by a lancet one. So, the nave of the cathedral in Autun ( beginning of XII c.) is covered with a lancet vault with the so-called edge arches.

The basis for new types of vaults was the old Roman straight cross vault over a square room, obtained by crossing two half-cylinders. The loads arising from this arch are distributed along the diagonal ribs, and from them are transferred to four supports at the corners of the overlapped space. Initially, the ribs that appeared at the intersection of the half-cylinders played the role of arches - they circled, which made it possible to lighten the entire structure (St. Stephen's Cathedral in Caen, 1064 - 1077; the monastery church in Lorsch - the first basilica completely covered with vaults)

If you increase the height of the vault so that the diagonal intersection curve from elliptical to semicircular, you can get the so-called elevated groin vault.

The vaults most often had solid masonry, which, as we said, required the construction of massive pylons. Therefore, the Romanesque composite pylon became a big step forward: semi-columns were added to the main pylon, on which the edge arches rested, and as a result, the expansion of the vault decreased. A significant constructive achievement was the distribution of the load from the vault to several specific points due to the rigid connection of transverse edge arches, ribs and pylons. The rib and edge arch become the frame of the vault, and the pylon becomes the frame of the wall.

At a later time, end (cheek) arches and ribs were laid out first. This design was called the ribbed cross vault. During the heyday of the Romanesque style, this vault became elevated, and its diagonal arch acquired a pointed shape (Church of the Holy Trinity in Cana, 1062 - 1066).

To cover the side aisles, instead of the cross vault, semi-cylindrical vaults were sometimes used, which are very often used in civil engineering. Romanesque structures are, first of all, an elevated rib vault, a pointed arch and the offset of oblique lateral braces from the vaults by a system of supports. They form the basis for the subsequent Gothic style in architecture.

Structure types

A significant role in the emergence, and especially in the spread of Romanesque art, was played by monastic orders, which arose in large numbers at that time, especially the Benedictine order, founded in the 6th century. in Monte Cassino, and the Cistercian order, which arose 100 years later. For these orders, building artels erected one building after another throughout Europe, accumulating more and more experience.

Monasteries, together with Romanesque churches, monastic or cathedral, parish or fortress churches, were an important part of public life during the Romanesque period. They were a powerful political and economic organization that influenced the development of all areas of culture. An example is the Cluniy monastery. At the end of the XI century. in Cluny was modeled after the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, a new monastery church was built, which was a huge five-nave basilica 130 m long. Its central nave was boldly covered with a 28-meter vault, which, however, collapsed after construction was completed.

The planning solution of the monasteries was based on universal schemes, but adapted to local conditions and the specific requirements of various monastic orders, which undoubtedly led to the enrichment of the palette of builders.

In Romanesque architecture, there were two main compositional types of church buildings. These are buildings that are longitudinal in plan, sometimes very simple, rectangular in shape with an apse attached to the east side, or basilicas; more rare are centric, round buildings with regularly placed apses.

The development of Romanesque architecture is characterized by changes in the organization of internal space and volume in general, especially in the most significant buildings of that time - basilicas. Along with the basilica organization of space, a new Romanesque type of space with the same naves or hall space is used, especially popular in Germany, Spain and the French regions between the Loire and Garonne rivers.

In the most mature buildings of that period, the internal space is complicated by the apses of the transverse aisles, and the choir has a gallery with a system of radial chapels, for example in France and southern England ( Cathedral at Norwich, 1096 - 1150).

The inner space of the temples is formed by the connection of separate, in most cases square in terms of spatial blocks. Such a system is an important sign of a new understanding of the organization of internal space.

The degree of impact of basilica spaces on the visitor largely depended on the nature of the design of the walls and the method of overlapping. They used either a flat ceiling, usually beamed, or cylindrical vaults, sometimes transverse, as well as domes on sails. However, most of all, the then understanding of the organization of the internal space corresponded to the cross vault without ribs, which enriched the interior and streamlined it without violating the longitudinal character of the building.

The Roman plan is based on simple geometric relationships. The side nave is half the width of the main nave, and therefore for each square of the main nave plan there are two elements of the side naves. Between the two pylons, loaded with the vault of the main nave and the vaults of the side nave, there should be a pylon that perceives the load of the vaults of the side nave only. Naturally, he can be more slender. The alternation of massive and thinner pylons could create a rich rhythm, but the desire to eliminate the difference in the size of the pylons turned out to be stronger: when using a six-part vault, when all the pylons were loaded evenly, they were made of the same thickness. An increase in the number of identical supports creates the impression of a greater length of the internal space.

The apse has a rich decor, often decorated with "blind" arches, sometimes arranged in several tiers. The horizontal articulation of the main nave is formed by an arch and a belt of narrow high windows. The interior is decorated with paintings and enriched with overlays on the walls, "vanes", profiled ledges, architecturally processed columns and pylons.

The column retains the classical division into three parts. The surface of the column trunk is not always made smooth, very often the trunk is covered with an ornament. The capital is initially very simple in form (in the form of an inverted pyramid or cube) and is gradually enriched with various plant motifs, images of animals and figures.

Pylons, as well as columns, have a three-part division into a base, stem and capital. In the early period they are still very massive, and in the future they are lightened by changing the proportions and dissected surface treatment. Columns are used where the vault has a small span or low height in underground crypts or in windows where several narrow openings have been combined into a group.

The appearance of the Romanesque church corresponds to its internal solution. This architecture is simple but in the form of blocks, sometimes of considerable size with small windows. The windows were made narrow not only for constructive reasons, but because they began to be glazed only in the Gothic period.

As a result of a simple combination of volumes, various compositions arose. The dominant position is occupied by the volume of the main nave with a semicircular apse, with one or more transverse naves. Different types of towers are placed in different ways. Usually the bottom of them is installed on the facade, and the third, four - or octagonal - above the intersection of the main and transverse naves. The greatest attention is paid to the western facade, which is decorated with architectural details, and often with a portal with a sculptural relief. Just like the windows, the portal is formed by ledges due to the large thickness of the walls, in the corners of which columns and sometimes complex sculptures are installed. The part of the wall above the door lintel and under the arch of the portal is called the tympanum and is often decorated with rich relief. The upper part of the façade is dissected by an arched frieze, vanes and blind arcades. Side facades were given less attention. The height of Romanesque churches increases in the process of style development so that the height of the main nave from the floor to the heel of the vault usually reaches twice the width of the nave.

Development of urban settlements. The first cities in southern and western Europe appear on the site of former Roman military camps, which were military strongholds and administrative centers. They had a regular planning basis. Some of them existed in early middle ages, but at that time they turned into shopping centers, which was predetermined by their placement at the intersection of the main roads.

For European early feudal cities, which had a naturally developed planning scheme (Paris, Nuremberg, Frankfurt - on the Main, Prague), heavily fortified residential buildings are characteristic. In the middle of the city, residential houses of feudal lords were erected in the form of fortresses or fortress towers.

Gothic

The emergence of the Gothic style

In the XI and XII centuries. as a result of the development of methods of cultivating the land in Central Europe, crops increased. In this regard, part of the rural population began to specialize in handicraft production and trade, freeing itself from the influence of feudal lords and creating independent communes. Thus, a new class arose within feudal society - the urban bourgeoisie, whose power was based on movable property, primarily on money. This class became the engine of economic and cultural progress.

Historical characteristics of the Gothic style

In the cities unfolded, having arisen in Northern France, extensive construction. The new architectural style was called Gothic. This name was proposed in the 15th century. Italian art theorists, who thus expressed their attitude towards the barbarian architecture of Western and Central Europe that seemed to them.

Although Gothic arose during the development of Romanesque architecture, in contrast to it and the subsequent architecture of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism, it is the only style that created a completely original system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. The name "Gothic" does not correctly reflect the essence of this style. During the Renaissance, it was a derisive name invented by the Italian art criticism for a creative style that originated north of the Alps. In France, this style was more accurately called "Style ogivat" (lancet style).

Building features of the Gothic style

The Gothic style used a variety of building materials. residential and outbuildings usually built of wood. Many significant secular and ecclesiastical buildings were built from the same material.

In areas with a lack of stone, brick construction developed (Lombardy, northern Germany, Poland). It produced shaped bricks for laying profiled pylons, windows and roses (round windows). But the main, most characteristic material for the Gothic, was stone - hewn and rubble. Rubble stone masonry, as a rule, especially in interiors, was plastered. stone in gothic architecture It was used both to create a structure and for decorative decoration. Simultaneously with the construction of the building, work was carried out to decorate it with a complex and rich decor.

Gothic builders worked with stone differently from ancient craftsmen, who painstakingly worked huge stone blocks to erect often colossal structures. Medieval masons, with their extraordinary imagination and static flair, boldly construct large buildings in terms of area and height, which, in the process of Gothic development, become as light as possible, turning essentially into frame structures. In this case, relatively small processed stones are used. This frame system and its extremely important component- Ribbed vaults constitute the essence of Gothic building art.

Ribbed vaults, built by local craftsmen from fine-grained limestone, were light and durable. The ribs were made of wedge-shaped stones. At the intersection of the ribs at the top point there was a four-sided "castle". When using light materials, such as chalk and limestone, in the masonry of the vault, the thickness of the vault and with large spans was relatively small - 30 - 40 cm.

The Gothic vault is much more perfect than the massive and heavy Romanesque. In the arch system, there is a clear division of efforts into ribs and canvas - stripping. In the development of the cross vault, the oldest element is stripping. The rib at the intersection of the surfaces of the vaults appeared later, which, as a result, completely changed the essence of the vaulted ceiling.

Characteristic features of the Gothic style

The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, the lancet beam, the complex frame system of supports and the ribbed vault. The advantage of using ribs is that the vault can be larger, thereby reducing the loads arising from it.

The repayment of these loads by a system of buttresses made it possible to make the walls thinner. The desire to minimize the massiveness of the structure led to the fact that, as a result of the introduction of the frame, the wall ceased to be a load-bearing element and became just a filling between the load-bearing pylons. As a result of its variability, the lancet vault was structurally superior to the semicircular vault in many positions. The massive masonry of the vault in the early Middle Ages was replaced by openwork stone structures, whose emphatically vertical supports and columns carry the static loads collected in a bundle to the foundations.

With the development of the Gothic style, the Gothic space changes significantly. If the Romanesque architecture of individual regions of Europe, diverse in its manifestations, developed in different ways, the new possibilities of the Gothic style are determined by one school, from where new creative ideas, with the help of the monastic orders of the Cistercians and Dominicans and the building artels working for them, spread to all accessible areas.

Already in the late Romanesque period, in the first half of the 12th century, elements of the new Gothic style appeared in the Île de France region. From this northern French region, where the Romanesque school lagged behind in development and where the influence of ancient traditions did not directly affect, a new powerful impulse emanates, opening the way for rich Gothic art. From France, Gothic spread to neighboring countries; back in the twelfth century. it appears in England, and in the next century in Germany, Italy and Spain.

Until the beginning of the XIV century. the basilica form prevailed. Over time, especially in cities, the hall form became the most common, the equal-sized naves of which merged inside into a single space. Along with the church mysteries, folk festivities, city meetings, theatrical performances were held in huge places of worship, and trade was carried out in them.

Roman style - style direction in medieval Western art 10th-12th centuries - primarily in architecture (powerful construction, thick walls, narrow windows, the dominance of arched forms and rounded vaulted ceilings, hipped roofs, which makes temple architecture figuratively close to the fortification castle buildings of this era); as well as in sculpture and monumental painting. Romanesque style bears little resemblance to antique art Rome, but there is a direct influence of the Byzantine architectural and artistic style, in connection with which a number of researchers begin to review samples of the Romanesque style from Byzantine architecture of the 6th-10th centuries, among the masterpieces of which, for example, the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople (second half of the 6th century). This style has a distant resemblance to the ancient Russian church art of the 11th-12th centuries, especially in a number of characteristic architectural details (arched entrance, arcade belt), in the style of decorative sculpture.

Gothic (Gothic style), - style direction in medieval Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries. the original meaning - Gothic, barbarian - as opposed to Romanesque - erected to the Roman tradition. This style originated in northern France. It is distinguished by high stylistic unity, gravitation towards the temple synthesis of arts, including architecture, sculpture, monumental painting, decorative images (stained glass). The architectural buildings are based on an innovative constructive and technological invention - lancet arches and vaults, which make it possible to transfer the weight of structures from walls to pillars and columns and form specifically pronounced lines of force - ribs and flying buttresses that bend upwards. This style tends to scale, vertical aspiration of lines and forms, to the presence of biomorphic - plant motifs in all forms, to the transfer of highly expressive dynamics, to symbolic semantic loading. Sculpture is conceived as an inseparable part of the architectural whole and incorporates stylistic unity with its motifs. In painting, the characteristic subtlety of the figures, the dynamic aspiration of the lines and the exaltedly expressive tension of the forms predominate; human figures somewhat reminiscent of organically curved plant structures. The decor is dominated by openwork forms, fine articulation, the same plant motifs (a rose as the shape of the main window of the temple, glazed with stained glass). Later, the dynamism of curved lines is added to them, as if with fiery arrows directed upwards - “flaming gothic”. The cathedral is conceived as an image of the world in its symbolic fullness, which is personified by numerous allegorical figures. The concept of Gothic extends to the style of writing ( Gothic), book miniature, clothing style of the era and a specific polyphonic warehouse of organ and choral music late Middle Ages.

Romantic and Gothic styles in the art of the Middle Ages.

Romanesque style is a stylistic trend in Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries (in a number of countries, also the 13th century). It is characterized by an organic fusion of the rational structure of buildings and their powerful structures - stone, massive, devoid of excessive decoration.

In general, drawing a certain line of stylistic development artistic culture period, we can talk about the continuity of successively replacing each other styles - Romanesque and Gothic, which left their mark on all types of art. Most clearly, these styles are manifested through the characteristic medieval architecture. Using these artistic styles can be applied to the art of the Middle Ages in general, but in architecture they expressed themselves most vividly and fully.

The Romanesque style (from Latin romanus - Roman) was dominant in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries (in a number of countries until the 111th century). He expressed the desire of the royal power and the church to rely on the authority of the Roman Empire. IN Western Europe an ethical and aesthetic ideal arose, opposite to ancient art.

The superiority of the spiritual over the bodily was expressed in the contrast of the violent spiritual expression in the sermons of the church. The idea of ​​the sinfulness of the world, full of evil, temptations, subject to the influence of terrible and mysterious forces, lived in the minds of the people.

Among the architectural characteristics of the temple-fortress (namely, the temple, perceived as an unshakable stronghold of Christianity and the "ship of faith", was the main type of architectural construction of this period) include the following:

vaulted ceilings;

dominant of the longitudinal body;

likening the temple to a ship, due to the fact that the side aisles were built below the central one;

a massive tower above the middle cross;

semicircular asps projecting forward from the east;

the presence of 4 narrow towers (2 each from the east and west.)

The clearest example of such architecture can serve as 3 temples on the Rhine: Worms, Speyer and Mainez, a five-nave monastery church in Cluny.

Having replaced the Romanesque style, Gothic art, developing within the framework of a feudal-religious ideology, still remained predominantly cult: it was distinguished by high artistic and stylistic unity, dominance of lines, vertical compositions, virtuoso detailing, subordination to the logic of the whole. For their lightness and openwork, the works of the Gothic style were called frozen or silent music - "a symphony in stone."

The city cathedral became the leading type of Gothic architecture, which is associated with the struggle of cities for independence and displacement cultural centers from monasteries to cities. Gothic in architecture develops a complex frame structure (lancet arches resting on pillars, etc.), which required mathematical sophistication of the architect's work and made it possible to create cathedrals directed upwards with vast interiors and huge slotted windows. The specificity of the Gothic style was fully reflected in the architecture of the cathedral. Notre Dame of Paris, Reims, Cologne.

Interior decoration Gothic cathedral deserves special mention. The Gothic cathedral is a whole world that can be called an "Encyclopedia medieval life”(For example, the cathedral in Chartres, decorated with symbolic pictures of the earthly and heavenly worlds, embodied, as it were, a prototype of the universe; Reims Cathedral, which served for the coronation of kings, in its decoration more reflected the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe entire French statehood - significant place here allotted to portraits of French kings.)

The first architectural style in the Middle Ages was the Romanesque style. This is a monumental architecture, the main purpose of which was initially protection from the enemy and attacks from the outside. The main features of the architecture are massive thick walls, the thickness of which reached several meters. Small narrow windows were arranged in the walls, which did not allow, in the event of an attack, to get inside the building or hit them with arrows. Loopholes were erected on the walls, behind which people could hide, reflecting the attack of the structure. The Romanesque style is represented mainly by castle architecture. Because of the poor lighting, the interior of the castles was dark and lit only artificially. The walls were decorated with frescoes from the inside. Castles were erected on impregnable ledges, rocks and hills. Outside the castle lived ordinary people who, in case of danger, hid behind the walls of the castle. Often a moat with a swing bridge was dug around the castle. The moat was filled with water and the bridge rose in case of danger, closing the entrance to the castle. Whole appearance Romanesque architecture looks squat, massive and solid. Fulfilling its main purpose, the architecture does not have any decorative decoration on the outside.

The Romanesque style is being replaced by the Gothic. It appears as a result of the reconstruction of one of the Romanesque castles. The young abbot had a vision of a city in heaven in a dream. Having told about his vision, the abbot offers a radically new solution in the construction of temples. Massive load-bearing walls disappear and in their place completely new elements appear in the structures. Gothic is distinguished by very high, pointed spiers directed high up. It was possible to achieve the construction of such tall structures thanks to the appearance of flying buttresses and buttresses in architecture. These elements helped to significantly reduce the load on the load-bearing walls. Flying buttresses extending from the walls in the form of semicircular arches connected the wall and the buttress. These elements were also included in the decoration of the cathedral. Gothic became widespread throughout Europe. Gothic cathedrals struck a person with their size and showed the full power of divine power and beauty. Masters skillfully working with stone turned it into works of art and created light and seemingly floating compositions from it. New technologies made it possible to make huge window openings in the walls of the cathedrals, which were covered with stained-glass windows. Pieces of colored glass were used to compose compositions mainly of a religious theme, and the light penetrating through them was scattered throughout the room with soft blue, red, yellow shadows, which created a mystical and solemn atmosphere.

Sections: History and social studies

Architecture is music frozen in stone

Architecture is also a chronicle of the world...
She speaks when legends are silent

Lesson Objectives:

1) To acquaint students with the features of medieval culture using the example of two styles in architecture

2) Continue the formation of skills to work with a document, illustration (photo), read schematic information and draw conclusions

3) Show the close relationship between the development of material culture and the formation of phenomena of the spiritual sphere

Interdisciplinary links with courses -

• art
• social science

Updating of intra-subject knowledge -

• historical source
• material culture
• middle Ages

Equipment:

• on the desks - illustrations of two cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic styles and the scheme of their structure
• on the board - a table filled with the help of tablets with inscriptions or images of the details of cathedrals - schematic representation 6 famous cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic style without signatures (for the assignment)

Basic concepts: Romanesque and Gothic styles, lancet arch, stained glass window

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Characteristics of the topic

Architecture is a very important, visible part of the culture of the history of peoples, civilization. When I say “Egypt”, one of the first things people remember is pyramids, “China” is pagodas, “Russia” is the domes of Orthodox churches.

Medieval history cannot be imagined without Romanesque and Gothic churches. They still delight the audience, although they are half a millennium old.

No wonder the saying “Architecture is music frozen in stone” comes to mind.

But not only beauty attracts us to these architectural structures. Some periods of the Middle Ages are called the Dark Ages by historians. Due to ignorance, wars, epidemics, people have forgotten a lot of knowledge about their history, many historical sources have been lost.

3. Working with the class to update knowledge

What is a historical source? (from dictionary)

What are they? (material, oral, written, etc.)

Let's turn to the statement on the board (Architecture is the chronicle of the world ...)

What can a temple tell about as a material, material source?

(about wealth or poverty, ideas about beauty, the level of science and technology)

4-5. Stages practical work when children extract information from illustrations in the textbook or illustrations prepared on the desk by the teacher

Analysis of illustrations of two temples

Let's compare two temples built in different historical periods of the Middle Ages in different architectural styles and enter the information in a table.

Recall the rules for filling the table

• The table is a way of selecting the most important and at the same time very brief information
• All information in the table should be distributed vertically (in columns) and horizontally (in rows)
• This distribution of information allows you to quickly use it to answer any question on a given topic.
• Only features of the same type can be compared (low - high, graceful - powerful, etc.)
• Any table must end with an output. The comparative table should show common and special features in the compared phenomena.

Romanesque	Gothic
squat	soaring
powerful monolithic stone walls	transparent walls - windows
narrow windows like loopholes	huge stained glass windows
little light	a lot of light
semicircular arches	lancet arches
powerful heavy columns	narrow decorative columns
heavy low ceiling vaults	incredibly high ceilings
-	there is a round window - a rose
The temple is the fortress of god	Temple - God's Palace
Why did this type of temple develop? How did these temples reflect their time?
The era of conquests, invasions of Arabs and Normans	The era of development of rich cities, the formation of strong states

Circuit Analysis

Consider the structure of two temples

(remember the symbols on the diagram - by the width of the line you can judge which walls were the main ones in this building, supporting, bearing, holding the entire weight of the dome)

5.Generalization in the dialogue between teacher and students

So what can the temple tell us as a historical source?

In order for Gothic temples with such a structure to appear, serious discoveries in the field of technology, mathematics, and materials were needed. The Gothic temple is living evidence of the development of engineering in medieval Europe. And for their construction, huge funds were needed, which appeared in rich cities.

However, it is not only the technical or economic development of Europe that is changing. The spiritual world of a man of the Middle Ages is changing. From the temple, where a stern demanding God reigned, a man came to a temple-palace full of light and vertical lines. Here the soul itself ascended to the new God - merciful, forgiving. Thus ends the period of the late Middle Ages and prepares the transition to new era in the history of Europe.

6. Consolidation of knowledge

On the board is a schematic representation of 6 famous cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Determine which of them belongs to the Romanesque, and which to the Gothic style. Justify the answer.

7. Summarizing.

Grading

Homework: using a paragraph of the textbook, make 5 statements - traps for classmates, answering which they must agree or refute this statement with the help of evidence

For example: “A Gothic cathedral could serve as a defensive function” is an incorrect statement, which is suitable for a Romanesque cathedral, and a Gothic cathedral had many large windows, which would make its defense extremely difficult.