Proverbs about bread in the Mari language. Mari proverbs and sayings

Mari(previously they were called Cheremis) - the Finno-Ugric people in Russia, one of the peoples of the Volga region. The total number of Mari is about 700 thousand people. Half of this number live in the Republic of Mari El. A large number of Maris (more than 100 thousand people) live in Bashkiria. There are three groups of Mari: mountain, meadow and eastern. The Mari language belongs to the Finno-Volga group of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic languages. Previously, the Mari professed paganism. Related peoples of the Mari: Merya, Moksha, Muroma, Erzya.
Even in ancient times, the Mari folklore was born, the main genres of which are legends, traditions, fairy tales,, songs, as well as signs and riddles.

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M at scolds loving.

Dreams are tastier than puff pancakes.

Silent pig tears bags.

Wife and husband are one blood.

Warmer with mother.

The brothers even defeat the bear. ( about friendship)

The body of a woman has three drops of snake blood.

A widow is a garden without a hedge.

The widow is the lost goose.

Each child is precious.

She got married - be patient, the hare skin also endures three years.

The child is the parent's blood.

Apples do not grow on alder.

If a child does not honor his parents, then he is stupid.

If the boy follows in the footsteps of his father, he will be a real person.

If the father is a pot of soot and the mother is a barrel of tar, their children will not become raspberries.

If you come to your son - sit down at the table, to your daughter - closer to the door.

If the mother teaches the child, he will be smart in work, if the father, he will be quick on the mind.

If a child could not be taught when he was lying across the bench, then you cannot teach him when he is lying along the bench.

If mother reproaches , reproaches for good.

A wife can make both rich and poor.

Marriage, marriage - do not eat porridge.

A woman is a house goblin. ( about a woman from the negative side)

A girl's life is honey, a woman's life is dog.

distant family - butter, close - bitter radish.

There are no children - one grief, there are - three griefs.

For stone palaces, stones are in price, for wooden palaces - wood, for parents - children.

The kindness of a brother with his daughter-in-law is at the top of a bare pine.

When children are small - one grief, when they grow up - a lot of grief. ( letters. "hundred" in translation from Mari)

When a son marries, you have to drink and slop. ( proverb about son with negative connotation)

Those who do not obey their parents often get into trouble.

A false word for three days, a true word for centuries.

The horse is the wings of a man.

The horse is the backbone of the economy.

The meadows are beautiful with flowers, the native land - with its people.

Mother's milk is always on our tongue.

A mother's heart is with children, children are with a stone. ( about ungrateful children)

Husband and wife are a pair of bells.

A husband and wife should be like two stakes for a spinner, if one starts to fall, you can lean on the other.

A man without a wife is like a goose looking for water.

We are relatives, we collide. ( about relatives)

In words, oil is a stone in the heart.

It's warm in the sun, but even warmer with your mother.

There is no road for an untrained stallion.

One match is not a match, one son is not a son.

From spruce spruce is born, from oak - oak.

While the foal suckles, the mother will eat, licking the ice. ( those. for the sake of the child, the mother will endure everything)

While the little ones are hard on the legs, they grow up - it's hard on the heart. ( about children)

By planting burdock, you will not grow cabbage.

I feed my parents - I return the debts, I bring up my son - I give it in debt, I raise my daughter - I throw it into the water.

Native land is the mother of all. ( about Motherland)

The bear is strong, but they catch him too.

The words of the elders will not fall into the ground. ( those. will not disappear, come true)

Alder arcs can also be bent with words.

The advice of a distant relative is more valuable than gold.

Elder's advice is silver coins.

The quarrel between the brothers is only until the calico towel dries. ( those. quarrels between relatives do not last long)

A quarrel between husband and wife only until the silk towel dries.

The son will be born to keep the household, the daughter - to wind the household.

The son is brought up so that the hands rest, the daughter - so that the heart calms down.

The path from walking is being laid.

Without walking there is no path, without mutual visitation there is no relatives.

A tree with a strong core and branches should be good.

The son-in-law and daughter have viburnum pies, the son and daughter-in-law have salt pies.

You can't teach a horse by hitting the shaft.

The Mari mind goes three days later, three days ahead, and exactly the same.

The vaunted lamb (child) is arrogant. ( it is unreasonable from the point of view of education to praise children)

A farm without a horse is like a man without a head.

Although the crow has an ugly mouth, for a mother it is very beautiful.

References:

1) "Mari kalyk oypogo: kalykmut-vlak - Code of Mari folklore: proverbs" / comp. A.E. Kitikov. - Yoshkar-Ola: MarNIYALI, 2004. - 208 p.

2) Ibatov S. "Proverbs and sayings of the Mari people" - Yoshkar-Ola: Mari book publishing house, 1953. - 88 p. Marisky RIYaLII. Ed. K.A. Chetkareva.

2 kuzhu

G. kuzhy

1. long; having great length. Kuzhu dech kuzhu is very long, long-long; kuzhu tuvyr long shirt; kuju kechyyol long ray of sun; kuzhu sola dene with a long whip; meter dech kuzhu is longer than a meter.

□ Aҥysyr, kuzhu corridor muchko sentry semyn mӧҥgesh-onysh koshtam. G. Chemekov. Like a sentry, I walk back and forth along a narrow, long corridor. Kuzhu ӱmylka shinchaorak shuynymyla koesh. P. Koriilov. The long shadow seems to be clearly stretched.

2. high; large in length from bottom to top. Kuzhu shulyshan kem boots with high tops; kuju shudo tall grass; cap dene kuzhurak is quite tall, taller.

□ Kuzhu, kuzhgӧ tumo erkyn lұҥgaltesh. K. Vasin. A tall, thick oak sways slowly. Wed kuksha.

3. long; lengthy, lengthy. Kuzhu ӱmyr for a long time; kuju stories long story; kuzhu kezhezh keche a long summer day.

□ Kuzhu shyzhe - Kuzhu telylan. Pale. Long autumn - to a long winter. Kechyval change kuzhu. B. Danilov. The lunch break is long.

4. oblong, elongated shape. Kuzhu shurgyvylyshan with an oblong face.

□ Kuzhu gyna kuryk vuyyshtyzho Ik saltak imnyzhym ӧrtnerla. Muro. On top of an oblong mountain, a soldier saddles his horse. Kӱryshtӧ kuzhu cage-vlak Ulyt. "Botany". In the cortex there are cells of an oblong shape.

5. long, significant in volume or requiring long reading, writing etc. Kuzhu novel is a long novel; kuzhu yomakym koltash tell long story; Kuzhu pochelamuty Tunemash to learn a long poem.

□ Grayish, uzhamat, kuzhu liesh. V. Yuksern. My letter will obviously be long.

6. lingering, stretched, slowly or long stretching. Kuzhu this lingering melody.

□ Kuzhu kudyrche yoҥgaltaren ertysh. A. Filippov. A lingering thunder rumbled. Maxi button accordion dene kuzhu murim shokta. A. Volkov. Maxi plays a drawn-out song melody on the button accordion.

7. wide, sweeping, long (about a step, steps). (Komelinin) kuzhu oshkylzhylan ver walked gynat, koshtesh, ala-mom vucha. N. Lekain. Although there is little room for Komelin's wide steps, he paces, waiting for something.

8. in combination with adjectives denoting the possession of some kind of sign, corresponds to Russian. long, long, high. Kuzhu kapan is tall, tall; kuzhu ӱpan long-haired; kuzhu urvaltan is long-sleeved, long-sexed.

9. in meaning noun (large) length or extent; smth. long; length; slow flow (of time). Kornyn kuzhuzho (large) length of the road; Uto kuzhu dech utlash to get rid of unnecessary lengths.

□ Kavashte kuzhuzhat kuchykla koesh. P. Kornilov. In the sky, even long seems short. Zhapyn kuzhuzhim Veruk shizhesh. M. Shketan. Veruk feels how slowly time drags on (lit. the longitude of time).

◊ Kuju Yilman is chatty, with long tongue. Kuju yilman it li! Don't be talkative! Kuju kidan

1. unclean hand, thievish, greedy for someone else's. Aram it oilo, tukymnashte Kuju kidan uke iktat. M. Kazakov. Do not speak in vain, there is no one in our family who is unclean; 2) having long arms, i.e. able to influence everyone. Kugyzha kuzhu kidan. The king has long arms. Kuzhu mut dene is verbose, lengthy, with abundant wording. Tidym (aktivyn yshtylmyzhym) Ivanov pogynymashte kuzhu mut dene sӱretlen puysh. D. Orai. At the meeting, Ivanov verbosely described the activities of the asset. Kuzhu mutan verbose

1. suffering from verbosity (about a person). Utyzhdene kuzhu mutan eҥdech yyrnet. You feel dislike for a person who is too verbose. 2) long, not concise, long (about speech or written text). Kalyk-mut kuzhu mutan ok liy. A proverb is never verbose. Kuju tege unfold long ruble, easy and big earnings. (Acham) kuzhu teggem kychal kaen. V. Ivanov. My father went for a long ruble.

3 proverb

proverb (kalykmut). (Zverev:) Olga Pavlovna, rush to the proverb tyge kalasa: "Shushpyklan fable ogyt puksh." S. Chavine. (Zverev:) Olga Pavlovna, the Russian proverb says: “The nightingale, they don’t feed on fables.”

4 toshto

G. toshty

1. adj. old, dilapidated, dilapidated; used for a long time, spoiled by time. Toshto newspapers old newspaper; toshto yolchiem old shoes; toshto pӧ rt dilapidated house.

□ Uzhga toshto, tumyshtyl pyaryme. K. Vasin. The fur coat is old, all patched up. Rail kӱrtnӧ scrap dene nӧ ltalyn, yymachynzhe toshtolym shӱ dyren luktyt, olmeshyzhe at sleepers chyken shyndat. A. Erykan. Having lifted the rail with iron crowbars, they pull out the old sleepers, and put new sleepers in their place.

2. adj. old, former, ancient; taking place in the past. Toshto jo n the former method; toshto kysha old trace; toshto pasha's former work; just steam old debt.

□ Puffy y, but shinchatsche toshtak. M. Shketan. Your gun is new, but your eyes are the same. Osyp den Eman toshto palyme ulyt. M.-Azmekey. Osyp and Eman are old acquaintances.

3. adj. old; old, ancient. Toshto yӱ la is an ancient custom; toshto kushtymash ancient dance; toshto this old melody.

□ Oksa toshto, kugyzhan godso. V. Boyarinova. Old money, tsarist time. Kumalyt, --- chyla toshto mariy yumymat kalasat. MEE. They pray, mention all the ancient Mari gods.

4. adj. old; obsolete, obsolete, obsolete. Toshto zhap old times; toshto koyysh out-of-date behavior, a relic; toshto modo is an outdated fashion.

□ And the play-vlak sadak toshtak is ulyt. M. Shketan. And the plays are still outdated. Proclamationyyshte --- toshto construction with ұmyral shuash ұzhmӧ. N. Lekain. The proclamation contains a call to overthrow the old system.

5. adj. old; long-term, experienced, seasoned. Toshto Kolyzo is an experienced fisherman; toshto pashaeҥan old (experienced) worker.

□ Toshto the frame was walking. N. Lekain. Few old shots. Memnan rotyshto Pavlovsky toshto saltak yle. M. Shketan. In our company, Pavlovsky was an old soldier.

6. adj. old; having a great age; long stored. Toshto piste old linden; toshto the garden is old garden.

□ Toshto Pusheҥgym Vosho heap. Kalykmut. The roots of the old tree. Toshto kavanetym stinger, aram pӱ knen shincha vet. V. Yuksern. Sell ​​your old stack, it's worth it in vain, it's moldy.

7. noun old, former; something of the past, the past, former, old. Toshty pudiratash to stir up the past; toshtym ushshtarash to recall the past; toshto godso ilysh past life.

□ Chylazhat toshtesh kodesh. M.-Azmekey. Everything remains in the past. Ajazhyn palymyzhe-vlak tolyt. Kutyrat, toshtym sharnaltat. G. Chemekov. Father's friends come. They talk, reminisce about the past. Wed ertyshe.

8. noun old; something that has survived. Yal kalyk ilyshishte toshto den at vuya-vuya shogysht. M. Shketan. In the life of the village people, the old and the new fought each other. Wash with a puffy doll, mind chogem. K. Korshunov. I uproot the old, build the new.

◊ Toshto Mariy

1. ancient Mari. Toshto mariy dech tӱrlӧ archeological monument kodyn. Onchyko. From the ancient Mari remained various archaeological sites. 2) ancestors, great-grandfathers. Kum kechylan kayat gyn, arnyalan sityshe kindym cash, toshto mary chynym oilen. V. Sapaev. The ancestors said correctly: if you go for three days, take bread with you for a week. 3) dead, deceased. Omesht toshto mariyim is uzhat - nochkylan. Pale. In a dream you will see a dead man - to bad weather. Toshto is a proverb, a saying. Toshto muddy shinchet? Korak korak shincham nigunam ok chұgal. N. Lekain. Do you know the proverb? A crow will never peck out a crow's eye. Toshto tylze flawed, waning moon. U lum toshto tylzyn koesh - tele leve liesh. Pale. The first snow will appear with a flawed moon - the winter will be mild.

5 Shay

G.

1. story; a short verbal message about someone; what is being told; speech. Shayam tӹ ngӓ lӓsh to begin the story; shayam pakyla vidœsh to continue (lit. continue to lead) the story; popyshyn shayazhym kolyshtash listen to the story of the speaker.

□ Savikӹn shayazhym loeshtӓ rӓsh tsatsat gӹ nyat, tӹ dӹ so priest. N. Ignatiev. Despite the fact that they are trying to interrupt Savik's story, he says everything. The teachers are popymym yazhon kolysht, shayazhym yngylash swells. K. Belyaev. Listen carefully (lit. well) to what the teacher says, try to understand her speech.

2. speech; conversation, conversation, words; verbal exchange of information and opinions. Shayam tӓrӓ tӓsh to start a conversation; shayash(ky) ushnash join the conversation; loeshtӓ ltshӹ shaya interrupted conversation.

□ - Uzham, shaya nigytseӓ t ak kӹ ldӓ lt. V. Susa. I see the conversation is not going well. Shaya root kushtylta. A. Kanyushkov. Conversation makes the journey easier. Wed oylymo, oylymash, mut, mutlanymash.

3. word, words, statement, phrase, expression, sentence. Pury shayam kelesӓ sh to say a kind word; the remainder of the shay last words; bad shaya dono vyrsash to scold with abusive (lit. bad) words.

. N. Ignatiev. Whoever has a girlfriend wants to see his desired girlfriend and say three or four words. Chairman ti shaayaesh zhӹ Lida yakshargen kesh. A. Kanyushkov. From these words of the chairman, Lida blushed. Wed Mut, oh, shomak.

4. word, words; opinion, thought. Tӧr shaya is the correct word; ik shayam kelesӓ sh to say one word; popyshyn shayam yaryktash to approve the speaker's opinion.

□ Kelesӹ shӓshlyk shayaetӹm monden shuetӓt, pins of tymanala anzhyltash tӹ ngӓ lӓt. N. Ilyakov. You forget the word that you have to say, and you start looking into the hall like an owl. Shayaet lachok: aunt shӱ m empty. A. Kanyushkov. Your words are true: without a child, the heart is empty.

5. word, opinion, decision, order; instruction, advice. Kogorakyn shayazhym kolyshtash listen to the words of the elders.

□ Partiy yukym, tӧ shayazhym yshysh pishten, m ӹ shtғsh tsilғn mishtӹ. N. Ignatiev. Taking into account the voice of the party, its correct word, let everyone come to work. – Mӹn tӹn gӹ tset ik pury shayam yadnem ylnezhӹ. N. Ignatiev. “I want to ask you for some good advice. Wed Mut, oh, shomak.

6. word, phrase, saying; expression, turn of speech containing a deep thought. Yshan shai is a wise saying.

□ “Mahan pop, tehen parish” manmy shayam coldelda ma? N. Ignatiev. Haven't you heard the saying: "What is the priest, such is the arrival"? Shaya tid even toshty, duyuzhnamzhy kӹ zӹ tӓt kynesh tolesh. N. Ilyakov. The word is old, but sometimes it fits now. Wed mutt, shamak.

7. talk, rumor, gossip, rumours, gossip; news, message. Shayam shӓrӓsh to spread rumors; shyngi-shangi shaya rumors.

□ Iktü pashtek vesӹ shay Halyk loshty kӹ nӹ lӹn. A. Kanyushkov. Conversations arose (literally rose) among the people one after another. Ӓ nyat, shaya vele tidӹ, Ӓ nyat, ӹ lӓkӹ zӹ tӓt. G. Matyukovsky. Perhaps it's just a rumor, perhaps it still lives on. Wed Mut, oh, shomak.

8. word, permission to speak publicly; speech, public speaking. Shayam kashartash finish the speech.

□ Anzhyshashlyk question m yaryktat, dӓIzikin tғng shayam nölesh. K. Belyaev. The questions submitted for consideration are approved, and Comrade Izikin takes the floor. Wed mut.

9. word; unit of speech. Rushlaat kydy-tidi shayavl m mӹn pӓlӹ kӓlem. V. Patrash. And in Russian some words I (a little) know. Wed mutt, shamak.

10. speech; pronunciation, pronunciation, manner of speaking. (Kolyan) shayazhy, kid-yalzhy, vӹtskӹ shӹ rҹ vӹ lӹ shӹ zhӹ - cylӓ Vaslinok. A. Apateev. Speech, Kolya's figure, delicate facial features - everything is like Vasly's.

11. in pos. def. speech, conversation, phrases, words; pertaining to speech, conversation, phrase, word. Shaya sӓrӓ ltӹsh figure of speech; shay yuk conversation (lit. the sound of conversation).

□ Pasna shaya kӹ rӹ kvlӓ Ozolin yakteӓ t shaktash tӹ ngӓ lӹt. N. Ilyakov. Separate fragments of phrases begin to reach Ozolin.

◊ Vashtaltdymy (Vashtaltash lidӹ mӹ) lingu. phraseological unit; fixed expression in the language. Vashtaltdymy shaya sӓrӓ ltӹ shvlӓ explanatory dictionarylӓ shtӓ t anzhyktaltyt. "Mar. yӹ lmӹ". Phraseological units are also indicated in explanatory dictionaries. Vio sh shaya gram. direct speech; someone else's speech, transmitted without change on behalf of the speaker. See viyash. Yӓ l (ӹ n) shaya rumors, gossip, rumor, gossip (literally, other people's words, someone else's conversation). Yӓ lӹn shim shayashty veldҹk Ӧrdyzh vӓresh yamynat. G. Matyukovsky. Because of black gossip, you disappeared in a foreign land. Takesh shai empty, meaningless conversation; empty words. See takesh. Tuan shay native speech. Plows rokym sғrғ “Tuan shaya” book listі lӓ. I. Gorny. The plow turns the earth like the pages of the book "Native speech". Uty shaya extra words (conversations); idle talk. Ӹ rvezu shotan ylesh, uty shayam popash ak yaraty. A. Apateev. The guy is intelligent, does not like to say unnecessary words. Halyk shay proverb, saying (lit. folk saying). Nature m try candenna. "Zher". As an example, we gave proverbs about the protection of nature. Shaya gӹts shaya word for word; gradually, little by little (to talk). Shaya gots shaya, dӓIvan Petrovich mӹ lӓnem priest. V. Susa. Word for word, and Ivan Petrovich speaks to me. Shaya dorts(yn) (gӹ c(ӹ n), semn, don) introductory sl. the words; based on someone oral statement, utterance, communication. Shayazhi Dortsyn, pӹ tӓri Stulov and elementary school tymden. I. Gorny. According to him, at first Stulov taught in one primary school. Shaya losh (ky) pyrash

1. interfere (intervene) in smb. speech; to interrupt (interrupt) someone Galyaat ӓ tyazhӹn shaya losh pyren-pyren keӓ. G. Matyukovsky. And Galya (now and then) interrupts her father. 2) intervene (intervene) in the conversation; interrupt (interrupt), interrupt (interrupt) a conversation. (Kuguz bones:) Soredӓ lmӓ shӹm tsӓrӓsh manyn, mӹ nyat shay loshki with frizzy. K. Belyaev. (Grandfather Bones:) To stop the quarrel, I intervened in the conversation. Shaya mastar is a talkative, talkative person; talker, talker, good storyteller. Yly tyotyam osh pandashan, shay mastar litӹ mӓsh. K. Belyaev. My grandfather had a white beard, a very good storyteller. Shaya thick (tholshesh) introductory sl. by the way); in addition to what has been said (literally, the word is coming). Kӹ zӹt, shaya tolshy, mӓmnӓn tymdymy pӓshӓ pish kogon pyzhlen shӹ nzӹn. N. Ignatiev. Now, by the way, our education (literally, learning is a matter) has been greatly shaken. Shaya uke gӹts from nothing to say (to speak); to keep up the conversation; just to say something. Vaslin kelesӹ mӹ zhӹ weaklings, sha uke gӹts puffed up vele shaktysh. A. Kanyushkov. What Vasli said sounded weak, as if there was nothing to say. Shaya part lingu. Part of speech; the main lexical and grammatical category of words (names, verbs, adverbs, etc.). Morphological part of the m, shamak forms m dӓnӹ nӹn grammatical meaning tymenӹt. "Mar. yӹ lmӹ". In morphology, parts of speech, word forms and their grammatical meanings are studied. Shayaat lin akerd and there can be no conversation (speech); completely out of the question smth. Sursky mynastirӹ shkӹ mӹ ngesh sӓrnӓ lmӹ gishӓn nimakhan shayat lin akkerd. N. Ilyakov. There can be no talk of returning to the Sura Monastery. Shayam vashtaltash (vashtalten koltash), shayam (weight root) sӓrӓsh (sӓ rӓlӓsh) to translate (translate) the conversation (to another topic) (lit. road). Roza shayanam quiteok weight kornysh sӓrӓ l koltysh. K. Medyakov. Rosa turned our conversation to a completely different topic.

See also other dictionaries:

Proverb- A proverb is a small form of folk poetry, dressed in a short, rhythmic saying, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias. Contents 1 Poetics 2 From the history of proverbs 3 Examples ... Wikipedia

Proverb- (Latin proverbium, adagium, French proverbe, German Sprichwort, English proverb. Scientific terminology comes from the Greek name P. paroimia: paremiology is a branch of literary criticism that deals with the history and theory of P., paremiography is a record of P., ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

proverb- See the saying ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. proverb saying, saying; aphorism Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary

PROVERB- PROVERB, aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning, usually in a rhythmically organized form (What you sow, so you reap) ... Modern Encyclopedia

PROVERB- a genre of folklore, an aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form (What you sow, you will reap) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PROVERB- PROVERB, proverbs, wives. A short figurative finished saying, usually rhythmic in form, with an instructive meaning. "Russian proverbs are the best and most expressive of all proverbs in the world." Dostoevsky. ❖ Enter the proverb to become well-known, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PROVERB- PROVERB, s, wives. A short folk saying with instructive content, folk aphorism. Russian proverbs and sayings. P. does not say past (last). Enter the proverb 1) become well-known due to its specificity. Donkey stubbornness ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Proverb- a genre of folklore, an aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning, in a rhythmically organized form (“What you sow, you will reap”). Big explanatory dictionary of cultural studies .. Kononenko B.I .. ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

PROVERB- (Greek paroima, lat. adagium) one of the ancient didactic genres of folklore, namely a short and easy to remember saying: a) existing in in native language, b) expressing worldly wisdom (moral or technical prescriptions, value ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

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Introduction

Proverbs and sayings of any people reflect the spirit, experience and wisdom of the people. Therefore, knowledge of proverbs and sayings helps in learning not only the language, but also helps to understand the traditions, character, way of thinking, habits and worldview of the people.

Relevance This study consists, firstly, in the fact that this study is within the framework of the most demanded and actively developing area of ​​linguistics - linguoculturology, which studies the relationship between language and culture. Secondly, knowledge of the peculiarities of the national mentality of the native speakers of the studied language, their differences from their own national mentality, as well as knowledge of all the values ​​of the system of representatives of the studied linguistic cultures, plays an important role in the process of intercultural communication.

The purpose of this work- Comparative and comparative study of proverbial and proverbial expressions of the studied languages ​​and, on the basis of this, identification of their common and national-specific features.

Object of study- common and distinctive features of English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings.

Subject of research- English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings.

Research hypothesis: between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings there is a semantic connection, thematic similarity, instructive nature, which is based on moral foundations.

To achieve the set goal and test the proposed hypothesis, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Identify the sources of the formation of proverbs and sayings;

Define the concepts of "proverb" and "saying";

Consider the main tasks of proverbs and sayings;

To identify the difficulties of translating English proverbs and sayings into Russian.

3) conduct a survey among the inhabitants of the village of Bekmurzino, students of grade 7, to find out the role of proverbs and sayings in their lives.

Plan actions: study theoretical material; collect and analyze factual material: vocabulary base, proverbs, sayings; conduct a survey of the population; write a research paper based on the work done.

Degree of knowledge: The study of proverbs and sayings of the English, Russian and Mari languages ​​is the subject of many scientific works in certain areas. But we have not identified specific material on our topic.

Sourcebase: survey results.

Research methods Keywords: theoretical, search, comparison, analysis.

Used in the work literature: Anikin V.P. "Russian oral folk art”, Kunin A.V. "Course of Phraseology of Modern English".

Chapter I. English, Russian, Mari proverbs and sayings as a genre of oral folk art

1.1 Sources of proverbs and sayings

Proverbs and sayings are the pearls of folk art, where centuries-old experience is stored, passed down from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. It has long been noted that the wisdom and spirit of the people are manifested in their proverbs and sayings, and knowledge of proverbs and sayings of a particular people contributes not only to a better knowledge of the language, but also to a better understanding of the mindset and character of the people. Comparison of proverbs and sayings of different peoples shows how much these peoples have in common, which, in turn, contributes to their better mutual understanding and rapprochement. Proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical experience of the people, ideas related to work, life and culture of people. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique originality and special expressiveness.

If in the last century the main goal of studying proverbs and sayings was to know the “spirit of the people”, now many are interested in purely language features of these units, their use in artistic speech, interaction with the folklore fund of other peoples, problems of translation into other languages.

The sources of proverbs and sayings are very diverse, but first of all, the observations of the people over life should be attributed. And at the same time, folklore itself and literature are the source of proverbs and sayings.

In the Russian bookstore and literary tradition proverbs are fanned with special authority. They are also referred to by the legendary Nestor, who compiled the Primary Russian Chronicle, and the author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, and numerous writers of secular and religious works. Ancient Rus'. Often a reference to a proverb sums up the meaning of what was said, gives it a special probative force, makes you remember especially important thought. Repeatedly in the annals there is a saying "willy-nilly". “Gleb same St҃goslavich. don't want to go. but willingly and unwillingly. ѣha to nemou ".

In Russian, proverbs are obliged to fables, fairy tales. For example, one can attribute "And Vaska listens and eats", "All ages are submissive to love." Some sayings owe their origin to proverbs. For example, the proverb “It is easy to rake the heat with the wrong hands” is used as the saying “To rake the heat with the wrong hands”, that is, a lover of someone else's work is depicted.

The Mari language is also not inferior to Russian in its culture, the richness of the language. Even in ancient times, the Mari folklore was born, the main genres of which are legends, traditions, fairy tales, proverbs and sayings, songs, as well as signs and riddles. Mayorov Shketan, a well-known Mari writer and poet, widely used all the linguistic richness of Mari folklore, which is confirmed by frequent reference to proverbs, aphorisms, folk expressions: chicken muchko ilen, chicken muchko tunems (Live and learn); native onchykten, and kornylan kinde shultishym puen ogyl (He showed the way, but did not give bread for the journey); kiyishe ku yimak wood yogen ok puro (Water does not flow under a lying stone).

The English language has a thousand-year history. During this time, it has accumulated a large number of expressions that people found successful, accurate and beautiful. This is how proverbs and sayings arose. Some proverbs were borrowed from other languages. As early as the 10th century, proverbs were used in England as one of the means of learning Latin. The most common proverbs are still part of the general education of every person who speaks English.

Dum spiro, spero. (Cicero) - While I live, I hope. (Cicero). - As long as I breathe, I hope.

Dura lex, sed lex. - The law is strong, but it's law. - The law is hard, but it is law.

Proverbs and sayings are timeless genres oral folk art. They arose in ancient times, actively live and are created today. The necessity of linguistic creativity, the ability of the people to it are a true guarantee of their immortality.

1.2 What is a proverb and saying

Proverbs are understood as "aphoristically condensed sayings with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form".

A proverb is a small form of folk poetry, dressed in a short, rhythmic saying, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.

The definition given to a proverb, taking into account all its structural and semantic types, is as follows: a proverb is a short, stable in speech, rhythmically organized saying either with a common direct or with a figurative, ambiguous meaning based on analogy. To the signs that are named, it is necessary to add the most important - the functional purpose of proverbs as an affirmation or negation, reinforcing the speaker's speech with a reference to the general order of things and phenomena.

Proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom, and they are characterized by a higher degree of abstraction than sayings. A proverb is a "communicative phraseological unit of a non-proverbial nature." Most of the sayings are colloquial. IN English language sayings are many times less than proverbs.

For the most part, sayings are evaluative turns, expressing as positive (May your shadow never grow less - I wish you well long years!; more power to your elbow! - I wish you good luck/success) and a negative assessment (woe betide you - damn you!).

Proverbs and sayings carry the experience accumulated by generations, and also decorate our speech and make it more expressive.

1.3 Tasks of proverbs and sayings

After analyzing 60 proverbs and sayings of the English, Russian and Mari languages, we came to the following conclusion: each proverb and saying has its own function (Appendix 1).

Warn:

Hurry up and make people laugh. - Haste makes waste. - Sodor yshtet - enym will stab.

Summarize the experience:

What is the mother, such is the daughter. The apple never falls far from the tree. - As is the mother, so is the daughter. Like mother, like child. - Ava mogai - yochazhat tugai.

To live life is not a field to cross. - Life is not a bed of roses. - Ilysh yyzhynan, tight Savyrtashan.

Make fun of:

Everyone calls his own geese swans. - Every sandpiper praises his swamp - Every kayyklan shke pyzhashyzhe sherge (Uzhavanat shke muryzho ulo).

Commenting on the look:

They are greeted by clothes - they are escorted by the mind. - Judge not of men and things at first sight. - Vurgemim onchen vashliyit, ushyzh semyn uzhatat.

Advise:

Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today. - Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do today. - Tachyse pasham erlalan kodyman ogyl.

Teaching Wisdom:

Knowledge-Power - Tunemmashte - Viy - Knowlge is power. - Score twice before you cut once. - Shym gana vise - ik gana puch.

The similarity of proverbs is obvious, therefore, the peoples of the English, Russian, Mari languages ​​have the same moral values, concepts of culture, traditions. All examples reflect folk wisdom accumulated over the years.

1.4 Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings into Russian. Features of a foreign language culture.

When communicating with a native speaker of another language, it is necessary to know not only the language, but also the culture of this people, linguistic and cultural features, as well as possession of the phraseological richness of the language. And we, students who study three languages, English, Russian and Mari, sometimes, in order to fully understand the statement, it is necessary to analyze in our mind the meaning of the text at three levels.

English has its own word order, while Russian has a different one, and the Mari language also has a slightly different word order. In an English phrase there can never be two negatives, but in Russian we have just used two of them: "never", "not". English phrase literally would sound like this: "There can never be two negatives in an English phrase." The Russian language is flexible, and it allows you to keep the English word order in a phrase, but not always. The English phrase "He was not happy" literally translates as "he was not happy." This word order hurts the ear, and we change it to "He was not happy." Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings always arise and have always arisen. And, given all the features of a particular language, it is very difficult to translate what is considered part of the culture of one people into another language.

For example, the English proverb: The pot calls the kettle black. The literal translation of this proverb is as follows: The pot calls this teapot black. If for the English the meaning of the proverb is clear, then for the Russian people this proverb seems to be something new, so the meaning is not always fully revealed. So, in order for the Russian to understand what the British wanted to say with the proverb, one must look for the Russian equivalent: Whose cow would moo, but yours would be silent. This option is more understandable and closer to the Russian people. But if you translate it into English, you get the following: Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite. As you can see, the original version is far from the final one.

For example, the proverb Curiosity killed the cat. The literal translation of this proverb is: Curiosity killed the cat. But in Russian there is no such proverb, but there is another proverb: Curious Barbara's nose was torn off in the market. Translated into English, it sounds like this: Curious Varvara's nose is teared off at the marketbazar. In principle, these two proverbs are equivalent in meaning. But the literal translation of the Russian proverb will sound like this: Life is better, where we are not present.

Let's take Russian expression“They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their charter,” which is used in the sense of behaving in a foreign place as it is customary there. The English equivalent of this proverb is the expression: When in Rome do as the Romans do. When translated into Russian, this proverb sounds like "When you're in Rome, act like the Romans."

Thus, it is obvious that there are proverbs in the English language, the meaning of which is incomprehensible to a native speaker of the Russian language, or vice versa. This is due to linguistic, stylistic, cultural characteristics one language or another.

Chapter II. Practical part

2.1 national culture through the prism of proverbs

The English language is very rich in idiomatic expressions, proverbs and sayings that are constantly found in literature, in newspapers, in films, in radio and television programs, as well as in every day communication of the British, Americans, Canadians, Australians. English idioms, very varied, are quite difficult for English learners. From known to science there are no languages ​​in which there would be no idioms, phraseological turns, proverbs and sayings at all. But English bypassed everyone.

Proverbs and sayings, being an integral attribute of folklore, and in turn, an attribute of the culture of a given people, carry a reflection of the life of the nation to which they belong. This is the mindset and character of the people.

Proverbs and sayings are diverse, they are, as it were, outside the temporal space. Indeed, no matter what time we live, proverbs and sayings will always remain relevant, always falling into place. Proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical experience of the people, ideas related to work, life and culture of people. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique originality and special expressiveness.

Comparison of proverbs and sayings of different peoples shows how much these peoples have in common, which, in turn, contributes to their better mutual understanding and rapprochement. Living in a multinational country, learning a foreign language, it would be appropriate to draw an analogy between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings. Revealing Features national history and life, made by different peoples and imprinted in the language in the form of proverbs and sayings, is successful for forming students' horizons, understanding the unity and integrity of world development.

We have studied 60 most frequently used proverbs and sayings in English, Russian and Mari languages ​​(Appendix 1).

Money

In English, much attention is paid to proverbs on the topic "money". A penny saved is a penny earned and All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Money is a good servant but a bad master. Money is a good servant, but a bad master. The meaning of proverbs is that a person should manage money, not money. To identify analogies and differences, let us cite Russian proverbs as an example: without money, sleep is stronger; to trade without money, how to sip without salt; without a penny, the ruble is chipped; to trade without mind - only to lose money; without an owner, money is shards. We find an analogy in Russian and English proverbs, where it is stated that a person must skillfully manage money. Russian proverbs also say that money does not bring good, life is easier without money.

Honesty

The theme of honesty plays an important role in the life of any nation. In English, honesty and trust are traits of a decent person: Honor and profit lie not in one sack. - Honesty and profit do not lie in one bag; Honesty is the best policy. - Honesty - best policy; Fair play is a jewel - Honesty is a treasure. The Russian floorboard also says that "honesty is the most precious thing." Mari proverbs have the same relation to honesty. For example, the Mari proverb “Shke say liyat gyn, en’at tylat poro liesh” has the same meaning as Golden Rule morality - general ethical rule, which can be formulated as "Treat people the way you want to be treated." However, other statements can be found in Russian proverbs. For example: you will not be rich by honest labor; don't really dress up.

Family

As the analysis shows collected material, understanding of marriage, a successful family life is increasingly becoming more mundane and is largely associated with the material aspect. Marriages of convenience, the growing number of divorces - all this is reflected in modern Russian and English proverbs:

Russian proverb says "Get married - look at both." English analogy - Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards. (Look at both before marriage and half-closed eyes after).

Russian proverb - Marriage, that the lot - who will pull out what. English analogy - Marriage is a lottery. (Marriage is a lottery.)

However, there is no such tendency in Mari proverbs:

Mari - Ava kumyl keche dechat shoksho (Mom's heart is warmer than the sun);

Avasurtyn en'ertyshyzhe. The Russian analogy is a woman-keeper of the hearth.

Thus, we see that in the Mari proverbs there is no two-faced connotation in relation to marriage, as in Russian and English proverbs. This can be explained by the fact that English and Russian are more productive. This attitude did not have time to be reflected in the Mari language. However, this can also be explained by the stereotypes that have developed among these peoples.

Time

Time is money these days. This applies to all nations. Time is money (Russian) - Time is money (English).

You can also always find proverbs that say that time is the best healer. Time cures all things (time heals everything). Time is the great healer. The Russian analogy is the proverb “time is the best healer”. Time tames the strongest grief (time softens the strongest grief).

Good

Proverbs and sayings about good and evil teach to do good deeds and be kind. Doing a good deed, a person is joyful and happy, but evil always brings disappointment, evil people are lonely, they are tormented by envy, evil destroys them.

Do good, and you will be good - Do well and have well (do good - and you will get good) - Mar. Poro pasha sometimes konda (literally, a good deed brings good). Thus, we see the analogy of proverbs in Russian, English, Mari languages, which proves their commonality of views, the same attitude towards kindness.

Labor, work

Many proverbs and sayings are devoted to the theme of labor. The concept of labor has long been inseparable from the Russian people, it is no coincidence that this proverb is folk wisdom. In ancient times, work is the only thing that helped ordinary people survive. And today it is not easy for an unemployed person to live. The proverb “you can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty” symbolically reflects a very important morality, or rather folk wisdom. Of course, this is not about fishing, but that if you want to get the desired result, you will have to work hard. In Russian, there are other proverbs with the same morality: if you like to ride, love to carry sleds; patience and work will grind everything; no pain - no victories; who does not work shall not eat.

Also in English, many proverbs and sayings are devoted to the topic of labor. The British believe that work always requires some kind of effort.

Nothing to be got without pains (You won't get anything without diligence).

No sweet without sweat (He sweat, you won’t get sweet).

The Mari people are known for their diligence, respectful attitude to any work, patience and diligence. Historically, it so happened that the Mari people had to go through difficult trials, where, of course, labor was a means of survival. All Mari writers sang the theme of love for work, which is reflected in Mari works.

Ko: pasham ok yshte, tudo ok koch (who does not work does not eat). Yogyn chilazhat korshta (everything hurts for a lazy person). Ilysh poro pashalan pualtyn, the Russian analogy of which is “life is given for good deeds”. Pasha yu: kta, pasha puksha, pasha memnam ilash tunykta (Work gives water, work feeds, work teaches us about life).

Thus, comparing proverbs and sayings on different languages, it is obvious that these peoples have a lot in common: attitude to kindness, life, family, money, time. But there are also differences that depend on the mentality of the people, traditions and customs that have developed historical conditions.

2.2 Survey results

To identify the current state of the language, we conducted a survey. (Appendix 2). The respondents were 30 people from 8 to 75 years old. Questionnaires were offered to students, teachers, parents, pensioners. Results:

26 people were able to explain the meaning of the proverb, 4 people found it difficult to answer.

Everyone was able to give an example of a Russian proverb - 30.

All students (grades 7-9) were able to give an example of an English proverb.

Among the respondents, all native speakers of the Mari language were able to give an example of a Mari proverb.

To the question "Do you use proverbs in your speech?" we received the following answers: 15 - "mandatory", 14 - "rarely", 1 - "no".

To the question "Would you like to use proverbs and sayings more often?" not all answered positively: 19 - yes, 11 - no.

Thus, popular Russian proverbs became: “Measure seven times, cut once”, “Live for a century, learn for a century”, “What you sow, you will reap”. Most students noted the English proverb “Better late than never” (Better late than never), “East or west home is best” (Away is good, but home is better). Most native speakers of the Mari language called the proverb "Prepare the sleigh in the summer, and the cart in the winter" (Terzhy kenezhy, orvazhy body yamdyl).

Based on the results of the study, we conclude that proverbs and sayings have not lost their vital value, they take place in our speech. Many of them have passed from century to century and will no doubt still be useful. They decorate our language. Their study is important for the knowledge of the language itself.

Conclusion

As a result of our work, the sources of the formation of proverbs and sayings in the English, Russian and Mari languages ​​are revealed. We have revealed the concepts of proverbs and sayings, based on several sources. We also analyzed 60 proverbs and sayings, with the help of which we identified the tasks of proverbs and sayings, gave relevant examples. We described the difficulties of translating English proverbs and sayings into Russian, possible difficulties in finding similar examples in the native Russian and Mari languages.

In the practical part of our work, English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings are grouped according to various subjects: money, family, kindness, work, honesty, time. It is obvious that a lot connects these languages ​​and cultures. There are also distinctive features of these peoples, which depend on the mentality of the people, the level of development, the prevailing historical conditions, traditions and customs. The survey showed that proverbs and sayings have not lost their vital value, they have a place in our speech.

novelty our study is to compare English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings, as well as to identify common and distinctive features studied languages.

We have tried to confirm our working hypothesis: between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings there is a semantic connection, thematic similarity, instructive nature, which is based on moral foundations.

I would like to complete the work with the words of K.D. Ushinsky: “The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever again blooming color of its entire spiritual life.”

This research work can be printed in a newspaper, can be used in the lessons of the Mari, English languages ​​in order to learn the language and educate the younger generation in love and respect for the native and foreign languages ​​being studied.

Literature

Anikin V.P. Russian oral folk art - M .: Higher School, 2001. - S. 367

Kunin A.V. Phraseology course of modern English - M.: Higher school; Dubna: Phoenix, 1996. - S. 378

Mari Literature: Vizymshe klasslan textbook-readers. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mariy book savyktysh, 2005. - p.61

Mariy Kalykmut Muter. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mariy book publishing house, 1991. - 336 p.

1st ed. Hypatian Chronicle. St. Petersburg, 1843, 388 p. - Inventory A, No. 1397.

https://ru.wikipedia.org (Date of visit: 01.12.2017)

http://www.homeenglish.ru/ (date of visit: 02.12.2017)

http://www.sixthsense.ru/proverbs/ (date of visit: 03.12.2017)

https://www.native-english.ru/proverbs (date of visit: 03.12.2017)

Annex 1

The most commonly used English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings

Hurry up and make people laugh.

What is the mother, such is the daughter.

The apple never falls far from the tree.

To live life is not a field to cross.

They are greeted by clothes - they are escorted by the mind.

Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

Knowledge is power.

Whose cow would moo, but yours would be silent.

Curious Varvara had her nose torn off at the market.

They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their own charter.

Seven times measure cut once.

Money is a good servant, but a bad master.

Curiosity killed the cat.

Without money, sleep is stronger.

Trading without money is like eating without salt.

Without a penny, the ruble is chipped.

Crazy trading - only money to lose.

Without an owner, money is shards.

Get married - look at both.

Mom's heart is warmer than the sun.

Honesty and profit do not lie in the same bag.

Marriage, that lot - who will pull out what.

Time is money.

Seven times measure cut once.

You live, you learn.

What you sow, you will reap.

You will not be rich by honest work;

You don't dress right.

Honesty is the best policy;

Honesty is a treasure

Look in both before marriage and half-closed eyes after.

Marriage is a lottery.

Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.

Better late than never.

Time is the best healer.

Do good and you will receive good.

Who does not work shall not eat.

Everything hurts the lazy.

Time heals everything.

If you don't sweat, you won't get sweets.

You won't get anything without diligence.

As is the mother, so is the daughter.

Like mother, like child.

Life is not a bed of roses

Judge not of men and things at first sight.

Everyone calls his own geese swans.

Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Score twice before you cut once.

The pot calls the kettle black.

Curiosity killed the cat.

When in Rome do as the Romans do.

A penny saved is a penny earned.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Haste makes waste.

Money is a good servant but a bad master.

Honor and profit lie not in one sack.

Honesty is the best policy.

Knowlge is power.

Fair play is a jewel.

Marriage is a lottery.

Better late than never.

East or west home is best.

Time cures all things.

Time is the great healer.

Time tames the strongest grief.

Do well and have well.

Nothing to be got without pain.

No sweet without sweat.

Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards.

Ilysh yyzhynan, tight Savyrtashan.

There is nothing like leather.

Every kayiklan shke pyzhashyzhe sherge.

Uzhavanat shke muryzho ulo.

Poro pasha sometimes conda.

Vurgemim onchen vashliyit, ushyzh semyon uzhatat.

Tachyse pasham erlalan kodyman ogyl.

Ava mogai - yochazhat tugai.

Tunemmashte - viy.

Shym gana vise - ik gana puch.

“Shke sai liyat gyn, en’at tylat poro liesh.

Ava kumyl keche dechat shoksho.

Avasurtyn en'ertyshyzhe.

Ko: pasham ok yshte, tudo ok koch.

Yogyn chilhat korshta.

Ilysh poro pashalan pualtyn,

Pasha yu: kta, pasha puksha, pasha memnam ilash tunykta.

Sodor yshtet - enym will stab.

Appendix 2

Questions for the survey

What are proverbs?

Give an example of a proverb in Russian. How do you understand it?

Give an example of a proverb in English. How do you understand it?

What Mari proverbs and sayings do you know?

Do you use proverbs and sayings in speech?

Would you like to use them more often? Why?