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Summary: Problems of preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations. Globalization and Preservation of National Identity Cultural Heritage Advocacy Program

If you mentally imagine the development of mankind, then the following picture is observed: there is a gradual convergence of peoples, states, cultures. Previously, individual countries and peoples of the world were isolated from each other. Now they have entered into close deep ties - they all found themselves in conditions of mutual contacts, relationships of interdependence. There are various kinds of international and regional organizations and institutions that regulate political, cultural, economic and other relations between states and peoples.

The emerging global system is very complex and diverse. It involves peoples and states at different levels of development, having their own national cultures and traditions, their own religious ideas and beliefs. All this poses many new problems that mankind has not yet realized and has not learned how to solve in accordance with the new realities.

Researchers of globalization, both domestic and foreign, are too fond of studying integration issues. They forget that integrative processes are complex and contradictory. For example, the European Union, in addition to coordinating common actions on certain issues, does not yet testify to the true integration of the European peoples. Suffice it to say that the European constitution has not yet been adopted, which was rejected by the French, the Dutch and some other members of the European Union. Will it be a confederation or something else? The problem of political citizenship of the European Union has not been resolved. Will the Germans, French, Italians disappear, and will new Europeans appear in their place? What will be the ideals, values, norms of this new community? Will they drop everything in common? In general, the European Union is not a union of peoples, but a union of states.

If some Europeans appear instead of the French, Germans and other peoples of Europe, then the French, German, Spanish and other cultures of the European peoples must disappear. But won't Europe become poorer? I think the question is right. This question also applies to Russia, which is going through a difficult period in its history. In Russia, for example, it is no longer customary to talk about historical memory, without which there is no continuity of generations. And without the continuity of generations there is no history of the people. It is impossible to deny everything that was created by previous generations. It is appropriate to recall Pushkin in this regard: “Savagery, meanness and ignorance does not respect the past, groveling before the present alone.” Past and present are a single whole. There is no past without the present and no present without the past. The memory of the past helps nations to know better their traditions, their culture, their national values and, starting from them, move further along the path of social progress. The memory of the past helps to preserve one's national identity.

Patriotism is associated with historical memory. If national borders disappear in the era of globalization, nation states, then do we need patriotism, that is, love for the Motherland, for our traditions, customs, for our culture? Some researchers reject patriotism, others, on the contrary, defend it. In my opinion, the supporters of patriotism are right. To keep your ethnic identity, we must protect and increase our culture. Patriotism is unthinkable without national identity. Modern American researcher S. Huntington in the book "Who are we?" writes that identity, that is, self-consciousness, is inherent not only in the individual, but also social groups and peoples. Without identity there is no individual, no group, no nation.

Patriotism does not exclude internationalism, respect for other peoples, for their cultural values. But patriotism rejects cosmopolitanism. By the way, the most ardent supporters of globalization - the United States - have not abandoned patriotism at all. They do not indiscriminately criticize their historical past. Moreover, they try not to cover many facts of their history that could interfere with the patriotic education of citizens. In today's world, Americans want to dominate. It is no coincidence that Z. Brzezinski openly declares that the goal of US policy should, without any justification, consist of two parts: it is necessary to fully consolidate its own dominant position for at least one generation, but preferably for an even longer period of time; and it is also necessary to create a geopolitical structure that will be able to cushion the inevitable upheavals, the inevitable survival. Thus, a goal is indicated with which other countries and peoples cannot agree. Such an undisguised, brazen imposition of their ideals and goals caused a backlash. This reaction, aimed at protecting the uniqueness of their culture, their national identity, at creating the most favorable climate for their own development, to ensure the progress of their society, was reflected in patriotism.

It must be said that although the most active measures have been taken in recent years to discredit patriotism, accusations of chauvinism and nationalism, patriotism has been preserved thanks to the strong conservatism of our society. And in this regard, we should talk about healthy conservatism, which was aimed at the survival of the nation, at preserving the best ideals, at solving the most pressing issues not only for our country, but also for the international community. There are different kinds of conservatism. There is conservatism, which is reactionary in nature. In Russia, there has always been and is conservatism, which preserved and protected the best Russian traditions. In every society there are problems of tradition. You can choose traditions that will only give negative results, or you can choose traditions that selected the best, most adapted, most socially oriented ways for the survival of the people.

One can, of course, blame patriotism for all sorts of sins. However, Russian patriotism did not give the final opportunity to sell our country, did not give the opportunity for the triumph of separatism in its open spaces. He did not allow the upper strata of the population to turn into an octopus for the entire Russian people. It gave impetus to a true understanding of the real interests of our country. He did not allow the comprador bourgeoisie to suck all the juice out of our state.

It should be noted that not only the layman, but also people with academic degrees and academic titles, do not always understand and represent the processes that are actually taking place in the modern world. Thus, in recent years, so-called "economic killers" have appeared in the West, who deliberately offer other countries and peoples a deliberately false path of development, leading them to a dead end, not ensuring their stability. Ultimately, they are under the control of developed countries. It should also be noted that the so-called liberal path of development has not led a single backward state to economic success. Only those countries have achieved a high level of development that have not abandoned their cultural values, their national identity and their way of life. It's about primarily about India, China, South Korea and others. Therefore, the preservation of a kind of backbone in each state is the key to its success. Patriotism is central to this backbone.

To understand the essence of patriotism or national identity, one can comparative analysis Russian and American patriotism. American patriotism is based on the idea of a so-called large space under US control. The well-known German political scientist K. Schmidt wrote that all US foreign policy intentions are based on progressive initiatives. Initially, the Monroe Doctrine put forward sounded like an American doctrine for Americans, and then it turned into the formula "the whole world for the USA."

The Americans have fixed the principles of unlimited hegemony in the system of international law. Even President Roosevelt put forward a provision on the existence of a special international law, the main subject of which is the United States. They began to proceed from the fact that their will is the law for the whole world. Moreover, they use all means, including military ones, to implement their will. The American researcher G. Vidal writes that the United States is waging an eternal war in the name of eternal peace. "... Every month we are presented with a new disgusting enemy, which we must strike before it destroys us." The United States has declared the whole world a zone of its vital interests. They are imposing the American model of globalization. American transnational corporations around the world have their own branches and work for the US economy. American pop music, American values are being imposed on the rest of the world.

The American authorities proclaimed the "right" and even the "duty" of the United States to impose its political system throughout the world. Historian J. Fiske wrote that in the near future the American system of government will spread from pole to pole, and both hemispheres will be dominated by the United States with its political institutions and institutions. American ideologists have called this US desire for world domination a "space trend."

As early as the end of the 19th century, many American researchers and the military put forward the theory of moving borders, which later embodied in the policy of open doors on a global scale. It has been stated that the US has no fixed borders and that its borders are flexible. At the present time, one can trace the vivid embodiment of this doctrine in life. Of course, the United States understands that the situation has changed significantly and that direct military occupation, the seizure of other countries, is associated with great costs. Since it is only natural that the population of the occupied countries will put up strong resistance, the United States does not seek to openly seize territories. They seize control over the strategy of state behavior. Establish control over its economic, political and cultural institutions. Inside the country, they find a fifth column that works under their dictation.

The United States aims to weaken Russian influence in Eastern Europe, in the CIS countries and the transformation of this region into its sphere of influence. The US intends to create permanent channels of influence in order to prevent the revival of the former Soviet Union. Obviously, all this presupposes and authoritatively requires certain protective measures, and the development of Russian patriotism is such a natural measure.

American culture is based on the principles of piety, racism, individualism, the cult of power, consumerism, competition, selfishness, etc.

Russian patriotism has fundamentally different roots. It has never been aimed at destroying another civilization, another culture, another state, other ideals. Russia, unlike the United States, has never destroyed other peoples, even the Russian colonization, which they like to refer to, was of a different nature. On the one hand, it was a story when many peoples were part of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kalmykia, etc., and on the other hand, the so-called people's colonization became widespread in Russia, when the people were resettled, when the people joined and passed on joint experience . Thanks to the patriotic education of all Soviet people, victory was won over German fascism.

Inculcate high humanitarian values and life ideals, and not the ideals of destruction, annihilation and coercion of other peoples - this is what the modern world needs.

Russian culture is very different from American culture. American culture, as already noted, is inherent in the cult of power, the cult of personal success and money-grubbing. Unlike American culture, Russian culture is built on fundamentally different foundations. Sobornost and collectivism dominate in Russia. In Russia, we have always empathized with each other, provided gratuitous assistance to each other. Profit, wealth, acquisitiveness, consumerism and other liberal values have never been put in the first place in Russia. Russian culture is a culture of high ideals and aspirations, a culture of high values. Such a culture makes it possible to put oneself in the position of another and act in accordance with this position. Only such a culture could save the whole world from the fascist plague, bringing numerous victims. Americans still remember the events in Pearl Harbor, where about three thousand people died. At the same time, in the West, many people forget about those monstrous losses that in the name of the triumph of justice and freedom all over the world suffered Soviet Union. The daily losses of the USSR in the first months of the war amounted to 50-60 thousand people, that is, they were 20 times more than the one-time losses of American troops at Pearl Harbor.

The cultural space of Russia in the late 80s of the XX century turned out to be severely destroyed and flawed. Until now, it has not been restored and is not filled with the values it needs. Russian people. During these years, the theory and practice of education were deprived of specific value and significant guidelines and a long-term sound strategy. Spiritual colonialism dominated in Russia, the complete predominance of the values of the so-called democracy, and it was believed that only the perception of Western values, the values of liberal democracy, could solve all the problems of reforming and developing Russia. The country followed an imitative path of development, which did not give much success to anyone. For example, the experience of China, India, the countries of South Africa and others shows that only an independently, rationally chosen path of development can bring real success.

However, it is clear that blind copying of Western experience cannot produce significant results. Naturally, no one raises the question of denying Western values. Of course, it is possible and necessary to borrow positive foreign experience. But first of all, we must rely on our own traditions and cultural values. Only in this case can you preserve your national identity.

Thus, the globalization taking place in the modern world, which has covered all spheres of public life - economic, political, cultural and others - is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, it is objective, since as humanity develops, the integration processes of cultures, civilizations, peoples and states deepen. But, on the other hand, globalization leads to the loss national mentality, national identity, national values and cultures. The world is becoming cosmopolitan and monotonous. But there is every reason to correct the negative consequences of globalization. After all, people make their own history. Therefore, they can and should eliminate the negative aspects of globalization. It is possible and necessary to preserve national identity and national culture.

Pushkin, A. S. Works: in 3 vols. - M., 1986. - T. 3. - P. 484.

Brzezinski, Z. Grand chessboard. - M., 1998. - S. 254.

Vidal, G. Why do they hate us? Eternal war in the name of eternal peace. - M., 2003. - S. 24.

Keywords

CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE/ GLOBALIZATION / PRESERVATION / PARTICULAR OBJECTS/ WORLD / INTERNATIONAL / TRADITIONS

annotation scientific article on other social sciences, author of scientific work - Nabiyeva U.N.

Target. The problems of conservation in the period of globalization, which has been gaining special intensity in recent decades and penetrating into various spheres of human life, are becoming especially relevant. Dagestan is a pronounced multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and has gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of this heritage can be classified as a social disaster comparable in its consequences to natural disasters on the planet. In this regard, the main goal is to develop proposals for the conservation and use cultural and natural heritage The Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization is a problem that sounds very relevant today. Methods. We used the analytical method of studying the problem, based on the study scientific literature dedicated to the topic of heritage preservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we were guided by the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute cultural and natural heritage them. D.S. Likhachev. Results. In the article, the author presents proposals, the adoption of which will contribute to the conservation and use cultural and natural heritage The Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is the development of: 1) a long-term strategic policy document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use cultural and natural heritage; 2) a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) priority list especially valuable objects cultural, historical and natural heritage under threat (by analogy with the Red Books). Conclusions. It is necessary to develop at the state level a concept of preserving the natural and historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of a sociocultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the indigenous population, studying its languages, culture, traditions, organizing a system of protected areas of various types, use of unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Some aspects of the problem of preserving the cultural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization"

ECOLOGICAL TOURISM AND RECREATION

2015, Volume 10, N 2, p. 192-200 2015, Vol. 10, no. 2, rr. 192-200

UDC 572/930/85

DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2015-2-192-200

SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

Nabieva U.N.

FSBEI HPE "Dagestan State University", Faculty of Ecology and Geography, st. Dakhadaeva, 21, Makhachkala, 367001 Russia

Summary. Target. The problems of preserving cultural and natural heritage in the period of globalization, which has become especially intense in recent decades and penetrates into various spheres of human life, are becoming especially relevant. Dagestan is a pronounced multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and has gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of this heritage can be classified as a social disaster comparable in its consequences to natural disasters on the planet. In this regard, the main goal is to develop proposals for the preservation and use of the cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization - a problem that sounds very relevant today. Methods. We used the analytical method of studying the problem, based on the study of scientific literature on the topic of heritage conservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we were guided by the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. D.S. Likhachev. Results. In the article, the author presents proposals, the adoption of which will contribute to the preservation and use of the cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is the development of: 1) a long-term strategic program document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage; 2) a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) a priority list of especially valuable objects of cultural, historical and natural heritage under threat (by analogy with the Red Books). Conclusions. It is necessary to develop at the state level a concept of preserving the natural historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of a sociocultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the autochthonous population, studying its languages, culture, traditions, organizing a system of protected areas of various types, using unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes.

Key words: cultural and natural heritage, globalization, preservation, especially valuable objects, world, international, traditions.

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SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF DAGESTAN REPUBLIC UNDER GLOBALIZATION

FSBEIHPE Dagestan State University

Department of Ecology and Geography 21 Dahadaeva st., Makhachkala, 367001 Russia

abstract. aim. Problems of preservation of cultural and natural heritage in the era of globalization, acquiring intensity and penetration in various spheres of human activity in recent decades, are particularly relevant. The Republic of Dagestan is a multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and passed a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of the heritage can be attributed to one of social disasters, and in its consequences can be compared to the natural disasters on the planet. In this connection, the main aim is to develop proposals for the preservation and use of cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan under globalization, a problem that sounds very relevant today. methods. We used an analytical method to study the problem, based on the study of the scientific sources on heritage conservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we followed the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage. results. In the article we make suggestions that will contribute to the conservation and utilization of cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is to develop the following: 1) long-term strategic policy document for justification of national policies in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage; 2) draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) the priority list of the most endangered and valuable objects of cultural, historical and natural heritage. Conclusions. At the state level, a concept should be developed of preservation of the natural and historical environment of ethnic groups, ways of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of socio-cultural programs aimed at improving the living conditions of the indigenous population, the study of its language, culture, traditions, organization of the system of protected areas of different types, use of unique natural and cultural facilities for recreational purposes.

Keywords: cultural and natural heritage, globalization, preservation, particularly valuable objects, world, international, traditions.

INTRODUCTION

A characteristic feature of the current stage of social development is the contradictory, at first glance, the process of coexistence of two interrelated and interdependent tendencies. On the one hand, this is the trend of globalization and universalization of life: the development of global communication systems, transnational media, mass migrations and other processes of modern society. On the other hand, there is a tendency to preserve cultural individuality.

IN modern society, as experts note, the interdependence of culture and politics is increasing, actualizing the issues of cultural policy and social identity in the context of a rapidly changing world.

From the point of view of the American philosopher F.D. Jameson, globalization means not only the unprecedented interpenetration of national cultures, but also the merging of business and culture and the formation of a new world culture. The Russian philosopher V.M. Mezh-uev: “Such a “globalization” in the sphere of culture, caused by the subordination of culture to the laws of the market, leads to the suppression of original ethnic and national cultures, dooms them to oblivion and dying” .

On the other hand, globalization creates opportunities for mutual enrichment of cultures. The growth of the prestige of folk culture and the need of members of society for knowledge of the historical past, the social and cultural experience of previous generations is not just a tribute to the political situation, but an urgent task that arises in the conditions of universalization. It is explained by the widespread desire of peoples to preserve their identity, to emphasize the uniqueness of their customs and way of life. In the Declaration and Program of Action of the Millennium Forum "We the peoples: strengthening the UN in the 21st century", adopted

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peoples are deeply concerned that the current process of globalization. in many cases leads to the denial of indigenous peoples' rights to their culture." .

As Russian culturologists note, modern culture is characterized by two complementary trends - integration, which leads, on the one hand, to the formation of a global mass culture, uniting people regardless of gender, age, religion, and on the other hand - diversification, increasing the diversity of cultural communities.

Having an increasing impact on people's worldview, modern processes tend to dissolve original cultures, especially those of developing countries, in new economic trade and market relations. The desire to hinder the processes of world globalization can be explained, first of all, by the desire of modern countries to preserve the diversity of their cultural traditions. National cultures seek to defend their historical identity and ethnic independence.

The accelerating rates of population migration and mobility increase the number of direct contacts between the bearers of different subcultures. It is in the sphere of culture, at the level of mass consciousness, that it is necessary to stimulate motivation and build up the potential for Russia's modernization.

The current international political environment is not characterized by stability. This is evidenced by recent events in the world. There is a direct expansion, the imposition by some, more developed states of their norms, rules and principles of social life, cultural patterns, educational standards to other, less developed national-state systems under the slogan of creating a single social cultural space and the movement of all mankind in a progressive direction.

Along with the erosion of the former spaces of existence of ethno-cultural integrity, globalization leads to another mixture of peoples. At the same time, each ethnic group strives to preserve its cultural integrity and spiritual image, to capture and preserve the uniqueness and originality of its culture. In the dual ethno-cultural process of “globalization” and “nationalization”, a universal culture is being formed with the simultaneous flourishing of national cultures and the national ethnic identity of peoples. At present, it is almost impossible to find a single ethnic group that has not been influenced by the cultures of other peoples.

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS

The North Caucasus has always been a region of highly developed material and spiritual culture and a place of interaction for many cultures and peoples. Ethnic psychology and self-consciousness of peoples North Caucasus associated with their history and settlement.

Local, national cultures acutely and painfully perceive the process of convergence of elements of a foreign culture, if the process is one-sided and is associated with loosening national culture from within, washing out the ethnic value content from it, and sometimes acquiring in return only that which deforms the national consciousness and cultural heritage.

The processes of globalization cause a crisis in the culture of an ethnos, which is associated with the breaking of old cultural customs, worldview stereotypes, spiritual values, with the simultaneous generation of new "values" that are not characteristic of the former worldview. The determinant of value changes in the ethno-social dimension is the new consumer standard penetrating into people's lives, which is characteristic of Western European civilization. A person from a creator turns into a consumer with ever-growing demands.

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“Universal culture,” writes L.N. Gumilyov, - one for all peoples, is impossible, since all ethnic groups have a different enclosing composition of the landscape and a different past that forms the present, both in time and in space. The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and it is this mosaic of humanity as a species that gives it plasticity, thanks to which the Homo sapiens species survived on planet Earth.

In other words, there is a planetary process of formation of a single, universal, global culture market life. Under these conditions, will the national-cultural value systems be able to preserve their originality? Most likely not, and if so, then only as ethno-national reserves, which will be an expression of a certain cultural and historical era that has stopped in its development, and will be of interest as an ethno-cultural heritage of autochthonous peoples. That is, the formation of a global consciousness is taking place, which requires qualitative changes in the public consciousness of small and large peoples, countries with different structures. The new consciousness requires the rejection of established stereotypes and social myths that do not correspond to the realities of today and do not reflect the interests and trends of social development.

It is necessary to conduct this dialogue in such a way that Russia and other regions are strengthened in their cultural and moral foundation. Russia should position itself as a center of concentration of the spiritual power of the peoples living in it, capable of rallying the international community around the ideas of jointly solving global civilizational problems and a civilized dialogue between neighboring regions, primarily with the aim of building a non-violent world, respecting international law and recognizing universal humanistic values.

It should be stated that in recent years, there have been trends in the world to revise attitudes towards natural and cultural heritage, and the problem of studying the spatial diversity of culture is becoming an urgent task of our time.

This is also due to the fact that it is the heritage, as Yu.L. Mazurov, plays a decisive role in ensuring sustainable development - an unparalleled concept of the survival of mankind.

At the same time, it should be noted that in recent years the role of traditional cultures has been noticeably weakening due to the rapidly accelerating processes of globalization. The post-industrial civilization has realized the highest potential of the cultural heritage, the need for its conservation and efficient use as one of the most important resources of the world economy.

The loss of cultural values is irreplaceable and irreversible. Any loss of heritage will inevitably affect all areas of the life of present and future generations, lead to spiritual impoverishment, breaks in historical memory, and impoverishment of society as a whole. They cannot be compensated by development modern culture, nor the creation of new significant works. Some of them have already disappeared from the map of the Earth, others are on the verge of extinction. The world community is beginning to realize the depth and scale of the impending danger.

Dagestan is a unique testing ground as a pronounced multi-ethnic region, located at the junction of world cultures and having gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. Dagestan is part of a larger geocultural region of the Caucasus, which occupies a unique geopolitical and geocultural position, a region where a barrier and, at the same time, the age-old interaction of Christianity, primarily Orthodoxy, Islam and Buddhism, has emerged; dominant trade routes passed here.

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Photo 1. VI century Citadel and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Photo 1. VI century Citadel and Fortress Buildings of Derbent

The first settlements in the Derbent region arose in the Early Bronze Age - at the end of the 4th millennium BC, they are among the oldest centers of the early agricultural cultures of the Caucasus and the Middle East. Considering the historical and cultural value of the complex monument "Ancient Derbent", it is defined as unique and exceptional for civilization, as well as "an outstanding example of construction and architectural ensemble" and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in the Russian Federation. This nomination includes 449 objects of cultural heritage, including 228 federal and 221 regional. Other significant objects located on the territory of the republic are also considered for inclusion in this list. Many of them are in disrepair and in need of overhaul and restoration.

Currently, in order to preserve historical monuments, work is underway to bring cultural heritage sites into proper condition, in connection with preparations for the celebration in December 2015 of the 2000th anniversary of the founding of the city of Derbent. Repair and restoration work is underway on the fortress walls and towers of the Naryn-Kala citadel, in the sections of the Northern Fortress Wall and the Southern Fortress Wall and other objects.

Some researchers, noting the features of the Caucasian region, associate its formation with a special local civilization. Dagestan is a country of mountains, and here there is a certain commonality of spiritual and everyday culture, national psychology, there is an interpenetration of Asian and European cultures.

As features of the geocultural space, one can note polyethnicity, religious syncretism (synthesis of local paganism with world religions), a combination of high mountains, foothills and plains, which determine the presence of terraced agriculture, alpine cattle breeding, the priority role of geographical conditions, which was especially noticeable in the early historical stages, which was reflected in the ethnolinguistic diversity of the region, the emergence of many worlds: the world of nomads and settled inhabitants, highlanders and steppe dwellers, alien tribes and autochthons.

All features are especially pronounced on the territory of Dagestan with its more than thirty autochthonous cultures. What is their future - melting down into some kind of common, "averaged" culture or unity in diversity? This is not a new, but still relevant issue makes Dagestan extremely interesting for researchers.

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The study of the differentiation of the geocultural space of Dagestan is based on the definition of culture as a trinity of mentifacts (attributes of consciousness, ideology), artifacts (material objects, techniques and means) and sociofacts (social tools for the formation, reproduction and preservation of culture) .

The multilevel nature of culture makes the geocultural space of Dagestan multi-layered, associated with the objects of study by various sciences: history, cultural studies, geography, economics, philosophy, sociology. By now, the concepts of cultural landscapes, geo-ethno-cultural and socio-cultural systems, historical-cultural and natural-cultural complexes, economic and cultural areas, etc. have already been formed. Our study is based on the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. D.S. Likhachev.

The globalization of culture undermines the foundations of creative diversity and cultural pluralism, which is especially dangerous for the cultural heritage of a few ethnic groups, which include the peoples of Dagestan. In our opinion, the preservation of the heritage of ethnic groups, ethno-cultural values is a very complex problem that requires the intervention of the state, science, and religion.

On a global scale, Dagestan, despite all its inherent originality of natural and historical conditions and territorial structure, can be considered as one unique natural, economic and cultural landscape complex of the Eurasian region.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Summing up what has been said, it can be noted that the cultural heritage of Dagestan is a complex, continuously developing dynamic structure. However, the absence of state programs aimed at maintaining and preserving cultural heritage will lead to its loss.

At this stage, in our opinion, the following is necessary:

Development of a concept for the preservation of the natural and historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional methods of management;

Creation of a special socio-cultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the autochthonous population, studying its languages, folklore, traditions and characteristics;

Organization of a system of protected areas of various types, including museum-reserves based on historical settlements and battlefields, biosphere reserves based on unique natural complexes and national parks;

Development of proposals for the use of unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes (development of the tourism industry).

The strategic objective of the national heritage policy should be to increase the effectiveness of the preservation of cultural heritage and its effective use for the benefit of present and future generations. Based on this, the most important directions for the preservation of cultural heritage can be identified:

Socialization of the problem of preserving cultural heritage through the most complete inclusion of civil society structures in it; diversification of the forms of heritage management through the involvement of civil society and business structures in it, while maintaining the leading role of the state;

In order to improve work on the conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects, it is necessary to speed up the creation of a separate body authorized in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects that are not endowed with functions, not

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provided for by the Law, as required by the Federal Law of October 22, 2014 N 315-FZ (as amended on July 13, 2015) “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Cultural Heritage Objects (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation” and certain legislative acts Russian Federation" .

Integration of cultural and natural heritage as objects of state policy;

Development of education in the field of historical (natural and cultural) heritage from secondary and higher schools, improvement of the system of training and retraining of personnel in this area;

Development of a long-term strategic policy document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage;

Development of a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management;

Development of a priority list of especially valuable objects of cultural and natural heritage under threat (similar to the Red Data Books).

Modern technologies practically destroy the concepts of distance and national borders and actively lay the foundation for information and cultural inequality. The balance is changing in many areas of human life, in particular between the national and the global, the global and the local. Therefore, despite the processes taking place in modern culture, it is still a collection of many original cultures and their interactions.

REFERENCES

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South of Russia: ecology, development Volume 10 N 2 2015

The South of Russia: ecology, development Vol.10 no.2 2015

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M.E. Kuleshova. Moscow, Institute of Heritage Publ.; Saint-Petersburg, Dmitriy Bulanin Publ., 2004. 620 p. (in Russian)

17. Federal "nyi zakon ot 10/22/2014 N 315-FZ (red. ot 07/13/2015) "O vnesenii izmenenii v Federal" nyi zakon "Ob ob" ektakh kul "turnogo naslediya (pamyatnikakh istorii i kul" tury) narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii" i otdel"nye zakonodatel"nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii" . Available at: http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=182826;fld=134 ;dst=1000000001.0;rnd=0.34751 84580311179 (accessed 06/20/2015).

South of Russia: ecology, development Volume 10 N 2 2015

The South of Russia: ecology, development Vol.10 no.2 2015

Ecological tourism and recreation

Nabieva Umukusum Nabievna - Doctor of Geography, Professor, Department of Recreational Geography and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Faculty of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, st. Dakhadaeva, 21. E-mail: [email protected]

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Nabieva Umukusum Nabievna - Doctor of Geography, Professor of the Department of Recreative Geography and Stable Development, Dagestan State University, Ecological-Geographical Faculty, 21, Dakhadaev st., Makhachkala, 367001 Russia. Email: [email protected]

Published: Electronic age and museums: Materials of international. scientific conf. and meetings of the Siberian branch of the scientific council ist. and local historian. museums under the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation "The role of scientific research in the modernization of stock and exposition activities of local history museums", dedicated. 125th anniversary of the Omsk state. ist.-local lore. museum. Part 1. - Omsk: Ed. OGICM, 2003. - S. 196 - 203.

Cultural Heritage and the Museum in the Age of Globalization.

last decade The 20th century is considered to be a turning point in the development of world and national culture. It is distinguished by the processes of convergence of various ways of recording and transmitting information based on the latest digital technologies, which made it possible in principle to merge the "whales" of the cultural industry (print, cinema, television and computer) and communication (telephone, television and electronic networks). The active introduction of new technologies has accelerated both the globalization of culture and the diversification of cultures, which set the main parameters for the development of man and mankind in the 21st century.

The current situation in society necessitates close attention to culture as a development factor. This thesis is not just the opinion of researchers and the principled position of experts in the field under consideration, it is actually a social imperative based on an impartial scientific analysis of the general situation in the country and options for its development. This is also evidenced by a number of documents adopted at the international level, UN and UNESCO programs that include culture in broader development strategies.

In this context, addressing the problems of preservation, interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage in the museum seems to be extremely relevant and justified. The preservation of cultural heritage throughout the 20th century has been and still is one of the priorities of the state cultural policy of Russia. In our country, numerous monuments of history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art have formed the richest layers of the cultural heritage of Russia, which are closely related to the emergence and activities of domestic museums.

Traditionally, the problem of cultural heritage is considered mainly in terms of the preservation of monuments of the past, mainly through museumification or museum storage. But the sphere of cultural heritage usually includes individual elements, and not the entire cultural complex of the past, which characterizes facts, events or phenomena of reality. Often, even an architectural monument, “torn out” from the historical and cultural context of its era, cannot be studied and perceived adequately.

In connection with the ongoing global transformations in society and culture, the interpretation of cultural heritage is also changing, acquiring a more expanded interpretation. The idea that the ways of interaction between society and nature is the most important part of the cultural heritage, which also constitutes the undoubted contribution of each people to the treasury of world culture, is gaining more and more recognition. The use of ecological knowledge by the museum and its management both at the local and global levels should become the most important direction in the museum field, one of the ways to counter the environmental risks caused by urbanization and technogenic factors.

It seems fruitful for museum activities to comprehend and actively implement the main provisions of the concept of cultural heritage developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. The modern concept of cultural heritage allows us to understand it as a reflection of the historical experience of the interaction between man and nature, and not just as a collection of individual monuments. This is due to new approaches to rethinking history, with new principles for identifying cultural monuments of the peoples of Russia, with the inclusion in the framework of the heritage of such phenomena as historical technologies, traditional forms of nature management, landscapes, etc.

In the era of globalization, the idea of preserving cultural diversity comes to the fore. The cultural diversity of society, the country and the world as a whole is an objective trend caused by the current heightened understanding of each nation of its history and culture as an absolute value, its way of life as an inalienable right. This is largely due to a natural reaction to the processes of unification, primarily the Westernization of culture, in which one system of values is the basis of universal norms. Modern museums, revealing new layers of cultural heritage, should focus on tolerance, respect and pride in the diversity of cultures. Support for cultural diversity is the most important means of counteracting the globalization of culture, as well as preventing conflicts of an ethno-cultural nature. Because of this, a serious reorientation of the activities of traditional museums as institutional forms of cultural heritage preservation is necessary, or a significant transformation of these forms, which allow preserving, interpreting and demonstrating not only a variety of material monuments, but also phenomena of spiritual culture. It is no coincidence that eco-museums, open-air museums, museums of traditions, folklore museums, for example, the museum-reserve of peasant songs in the village. Katarach of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as the creation of such special museum-type institutions as cultural heritage centers. Researchers note that the actualization of the study and preservation of non-material forms of culture led to the emergence of "museums of action", "environmental museums" at the turn of the century. The innovative nature of these so-called "living" museums necessitates close attention to the problems of their further development. Thus, attempts are being made to develop general methods for updating heritage in an environmental museum: fixation, reconstruction, modeling and construction.

There is a lot of evidence that in modern conditions Cultural monuments have acquired a special significance, more fully fulfilling the functions of cultural values of the past, actively participating in the socio-cultural processes of the present. Thus, museums, expanding the boundaries of their meaning and purpose, act not only in the traditional role of custodians and translators of cultural heritage, but also become an organic part of modern social and economic processes. The revival of historical places involves not only the restoration of monuments, the creation of museum estates, museum reserves, unique historical territories, but also their live development, the restoration of historically determined forms of management, local traditions and schools, crafts and trade. The implementation of this principle suggests that the joint orientation of cultural and economic policy will make it possible to see the actualization of heritage as a guarantee of future social development.

It is worth paying attention to the acceleration of the modernization process in museums at the turn of the century, the main components of which we single out:

A change in the socio-cultural situation, manifested, in particular, in the emergence of new subjects of cultural activity in the museum sphere (private galleries, leisure centers, non-state educational structures), resulting in the development of competition;

The lack of mastery of new technologies by most museums, primarily social interaction, which creates a resource deficit, hinders the development of museums adequate to today's transformations and reduces their competitiveness;

The introduction of modern information technologies in Russian museums is intensive, but not uniform, therefore, in general, mastering them is still at an early stage. More advanced are the large museums of capital cities and regional centers. All of them are presented both on their own sites and on foreign servers.

For regional museums the possibility of presentation on the Internet has been significantly expanded as a result of the organization in 1996 within the framework of the project "Museums of Russia on the Internet" of the server "Museums of Russia", where a variety of museum information is collected and made available. Today, the Internet contains data on almost all real existing museums Moreover, there are many integrative sites with a myriad of documents from museums around the world.

Despite the relevance of involving museums in the process of using network technologies, in our opinion, in the era of globalization, the social aspect of modernization will be of fundamental importance, that is, mastering new management methods, organizing both internal and external museums - partnerships, primarily with the museum audience, building public relations. Undoubtedly, information technologies play and will continue to play an important role in the implementation of this direction.

Museums are gradually moving away from the model limited to museum collections. The orientation of museums to the entire spectrum of the cultural heritage of the city, region and the transmission of collective experience through a system of stationary expositions and temporary exhibitions that complement it, revealing regional specifics, makes it possible to strengthen the social activity of the population, its involvement in solving socially significant problems. Computer technologies and multimedia products created by the museum will make it possible to involve a much larger number of people in these problems, thereby expanding the circle of real and potential museum audience.

Cultural heritage sites have always been a potential for the development of tourism. Today, cultural heritage, which includes the following groups of objects: historical and cultural territories, historical cities and towns, museum-reserves, national parks, historical parks, forms the framework of tourist and excursion routes, largely contributing to the intensive development of the tourism industry. The growth of tourist activity in the late 1990s gave an undoubted impetus to the development of domestic museums. Many museums and museum-reserves began to create their own travel and excursion agencies, which actually became the beginning of a new stage in museum activity, when cultural institutions are not only used by various tourist companies, but also begin to use the income received in this area to realize their interests. This trend is another evidence that cultural heritage can play a significant role not only in social, but also in economic development, and its preservation and use, and its preservation and use should become an organic part of sociocultural development programs.

Multimedia technologies are increasingly used by museums for the preservation and promotion of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, as well as for intercultural exchanges and inter-museum contacts. Access to various types of cultural products and multimedia services through information highways provides both specialists and users with unlimited opportunities to become familiar with world culture in all its diversity. Today you can visit many museums of the world in virtual mode without crossings and queues. What's more, 3D imaging and interactive interfaces open up a wide range of experimental art museums. In general, these technologies have great potential to promote intercultural dialogue, but the virtual world does not replace, but only complements the real one. The specificity of the museum, primarily as an institution for the storage, processing and transmission of subject forms of culture, should not be lost. The expansion of virtuality does not provide the emotional fullness of human existence. The multifaceted properties and functions of a museum object constitute the material modality of culture. It is the thing, the object in its uniqueness or typicality, indisputable reality and authenticity, plurality of meanings and meanings, that forms the basis of the adaptive and inculturating possibilities of the museum.

Today, one cannot ignore the fact that the development information technologies and the emergence of virtual museums stimulates a rethinking of the very phenomenon of the museum. It is interpreted by specialists as a functional organ of social consciousness, which arises at the intersection points of information and communication processes, as a meaningful field consisting of "already built" models of consciousness. This definition arose in the process of creating virtual museums as a special form of presenting diverse information. A virtual museum, unlike the usual one, which works with things and forms, “is an opportunity to represent the entire museum content, where both objects from the museum collection and reconstructions of lost things can coexist in a single environment. And all this can be organized into an associated structure, which can be defined as cultural memory Not in a metaphorical sense, but in a literal sense. The virtual museum thus becomes a fact of the reality of the electronic age, which cannot be ignored.

Museums, participating in the process of formation of the information society, have already faced, and probably will still face, a number of complex and multifaceted problems. One of the most important is maintaining information society cultural diversity, because globalization is perceived by many as a threat to national traditions, local customs, beliefs and values. In this sense, the museum is one of the few public institutions that provide opportunities and create optimal conditions for cultural identification.

Obviously, the problems of cultural heritage and the museum are not yet sufficiently studied, and more in-depth scientific analysis will be required before they can be adequately used in cultural policy and museum practice of the XXI century.

See: Kaulen. at the turn of the century: the space of interaction of cultures //Cultural worlds: Materials of scientific. conf. "Typology and types of cultures: a variety of approaches". - M., 2001. - S.216-221.

Kaulen. heritage sites: from object to tradition // Culture of the Russian province: XX century - XXI century. Materials Vseross. scientific-practical. conf. - Kaluga, 2000. - S. 199-208.

Kaulen. actualization of heritage objects and the problem of classification of museums // Theory and practice of museum business in Russia at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries / Proceedings of the State Historical Museum. Issue. 127. - M., 2001. - S. 86-98.

See Nikishin in global networks of electronic communications // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 127-140.

Selivanov in the open information space. // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 85-89.

Cher Museum on the Internet // Internet. Society. Personality: Culture and Art on the Internet: Proceedings of the IOL-99 conference, Perm, 2000. - P. 30-34.

Drikker Art Museum in the information space // Museums and the information space: the problem of informatization and cultural heritage: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conf. ADIT-98 (Ivanovo). - M., 1999. - S. 21-24.

In the context of globalization, the factors that determine the development of the sphere of culture are radically changing. There is a dominance of the pragmatically useful side in socio-cultural activity, social life, which leads to the erosion of values, deformation of the principle of utility and sharply poses the problem of the very existence of culture and society. Along with the erosion of the former spaces of existence of ethno-cultural integrity, globalization leads to another mixture of peoples. At the same time, each nation strives to preserve its cultural integrity and spiritual image, to capture and preserve the uniqueness and uniqueness of its culture. In the dual ethno-cultural process of “globalization” and “nationalization”, a universal culture is being formed with the simultaneous flourishing of national cultures and the national ethnic identity of peoples. At present, it is almost impossible to find a single ethnic group that has not been influenced by the cultures of other peoples.
The North Caucasus has always been a region of highly developed material and spiritual culture and a place of interaction for many cultures and peoples. Ethnic psychology and self-consciousness of the peoples of the North Caucasus is continuously connected with their history and culture.
The respect for ancestors characteristic of the peoples of the Caucasus, the depth of historical memory, recorded not only in the chronicle, but also in historical legends, genealogies, epic, the peculiarities of socio-economic and cultural development - all this led to the formation of the mentality of the peoples of the North Caucasus.
The study of the history and national culture of the Kabardians and Balkars is today one of the actively developing areas in anthropology, ethnography, and cultural history. The increased attention of peoples to their traditional culture is currently due to the increased interest of society in the historical and ethno-cultural heritage. The growth of the prestige of folk culture and the need of members of society to know the historical past, the social and cultural experience of previous generations is not just a tribute to the political situation, but an urgent task that arises in the conditions of universalization and globalization. It is explained by the widespread desire of peoples to preserve their identity, to emphasize the uniqueness of customs and psychological structure, to write new chapters in ethnic history and the history of mankind. The spread of the same cultural patterns around the world, the openness of borders to cultural influence and the expanding cultural communication, forced scientists to talk about the process of globalization of modern culture. This process has both positive and negative aspects.
In the context of globalization, the preservation of the traditional value orientations of the Kabardians and Balkars contributes to the revival of the national culture of the region. The confidence of an ethnic group in the positivity and value of its culture allows it to show tolerance towards other cultures. As a result, national values are enriched with the achievements of locally developing cultural systems, their certain transformation, integration with universal human values. cultural property.
North Caucasian etiquette is constituent part a set of unwritten laws, customs that regulated the behavior of peoples in all areas of the traditional way of life. Each type of relationship is regulated by the relevant norms that are passed down from generation to generation. Thanks to etiquette, the Kabardian and Balkar culture, while changing, has basically survived as a stable system in the context of globalization. At the same time, it has always demonstrated and continues to demonstrate its openness to renewal and development. Therefore, the three main ethnic groups republics

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