School Encyclopedia. Everything interesting in art and not only Russian artists primitivists villager of the early twentieth century

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naive art (from lat. primitivus - the first, the earliest) -
general name for non-professional creativity
artists late XIX-XX century, not familiar with artistic literacy or appeal
artists to the forms of the so-called primitive art - primitive, medieval,
folk, art of ancient non-European civilizations,
children's creativity.

The most famous primitive artists:

Niko Pirosmanishvili,
Ivan Generalich,
Grandma Moses
Maria Primachenko,
Ekaterina Bilokur,
Henry Darger,
Nikifor Krynitsky,
Martin Ramirez,
Bunlya Sulilat,
Henri Rousseau.

Pirosmani "Giraffe".

neo-primitivism

The features of neo-primitivism lie in the deliberate simplification of artistic
means and forms in order to achieve the greatest expressiveness, the use
bright, local color, distorted pattern, simple composition
etc. At the same time, neo-primitivism relies on the experience of primitive art
(arts of archaic cultures,
folk art and so on.).

Neo-primitivism affected the work of almost all the leading masters of the 20th century.
The culture of the islanders inspired P. Gauguin, the sculpture of the peoples of Africa
influenced the cubists, etc. Neo-primitivism played a special role
in the formation of the Russian avant-garde

Modern primitivists

Nikolai Kopeikin

An anti-globalist artist, an opponent of an exclusively socially useful function
art and enhance the commercialization in it. In his work, however, he
addresses topical issues of the surrounding reality.

Mitki

Mitki is a group of artists from St. Petersburg, uniting about two dozen
man and named after one of them, Dmitry Shagin.

Around "Mitki" a peculiar social and aesthetic movement was formed,
whose participants manifest themselves in fine arts, prose, poetry and style
life. The main principles of this style are kindness, love for one's neighbor,
compassion, extreme simplicity in speech and manner of dressing.

Tingatinga School

Tingatinga painting arose in the 60s of the twentieth century and was named after
the founder of the direction is Eduardo Saidi Tingatinga. Without an academic
education, he painted native motifs - the sun, nature, animals, birds,
myths and dances - with car paints on everything that comes across.
Since the 70s, the school exhibitions with triumph
are held in the largest galleries and museums of the world.

According to art historians, there is currently a shift in cultural
centers from Europe to Asia and Africa, a sustainable direction is being formed
world culture - a vivid example of modern painting, based on
national traditions, but at the same time with a new unique look.

Andrey Samarin

In his work, the artist prefers the oldest of the art forms -
namely graphics - a combination of black and white. The use of so mean
expressive means due to the use of primitive devices
- Paint programs and a computer mouse. In each of his works, performed with
inherent sense of humor, there is a subtle insight into the essence of the subject,
which makes his paintings truly realistic. Each character has their own
own character, and his mood is transmitted to the viewer, which is
undeniable dignity true work art.
No matter how ugly the drawings of Mr. Samarin are, they confront us with
solid images full of drama, humor and philosophy.

from primitivus /lat./ - the first, the earliest (starting from the 1890s)

Turning to the cultural objects of exotic civilizations, mainly Africa and Oceania, is one of the most fruitful strategies of avant-garde art. In time, this coincides with the maximum spread of colonialism, the development of ethnography as a science, and the formation of specific collections. The concepts of "primitive" or "wild", using which Gauguin created new look artist, combined all the ideas and fantasies on the theme of the myth of the creation of the world. The charm of the primitive pushed aside the passion for the exotic, which began with the Orientalism of Delacroix and continued in the Japonism of the Impressionists, the Nabis and the followers of Gauguin. "Van Gogh had Japanese engravings, we have Africa," Picasso wrote. Artists traveled, and much more often visited ethnographic museums: the Trocadero in Paris, the Folkerkund Museum in Dresden and British museum in London. Masks and statues instead of style standards Western culture, became exemplary models for primitivism. They were outside the usual tradition and suggested to the artists almost ready-made solutions of a simplified, abstracted form. Fundamental to Picasso and to the rise of Cubism, objects like these helped the Expressionists distance themselves from the world of civilization. Works of art began to include children's drawings and folk art. In the anthology "The Blue Rider" they were called a new pictorial tradition, which will lead to the disappearance of the boundaries between high and low culture. In the next decade, style negre (negro style) will become a phenomenon influencing fashion, music, theater and design.

Artists: Constantin Brancusi, Andre Derain, Max Ernst, Paul Gauguin, Alberto Giacometti, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Henri Matisse ) , Amedeo Modigliani , Max Pechstein , Pablo Picasso .

Exhibitions: 1923, Paris, Museum decorative arts"Exhibition of native art of the colonies of Africa and Oceania"; 1984, New York, Museum contemporary art(MoMA) "Primitivism in the art of the XX century".

Texts: G.Apollinaire "Art and curiosity: the first steps of cubism", 1912; Almanac "The Blue Rider", 1912; R. Fry "Negro Sculpture", 1920; P. Guillaume "Negro sculptural primitive", 1925.

Description of some works:

Pablo Picasso "The Girls of Avignon", 1907. Oil on canvas. New York, Museum of Modern Art. In this picture, given his own version of the theme of prostitution, Picasso used two examples of primitive art. The heads of the three women on the left reproduce the style of prehistoric sculpture from the Iberian culture of Osuna, discovered in 1906. The mask-like apotropaic faces of the two figures on the right are inspired by the exhibits ethnographic museum Trocadero. Picasso went there in the winter of 1906/07. The appeal to the primitive opened the way to distortion and deformation - the favorite techniques of cubism. Five naked figures are united and divided. The bodies, written in wide planes of a soft tone in different perspective angles, seem to be completely isolated from each other. The angularity of disproportionate figures gives the painting the monumental properties of sculpture, the impression of carved relief, especially bright because of the obvious geometrization. Historian and collector Daniel-Henri Kahnweiler considered this work "the beginning of Cubism, its first sprout". The painting was practically not available to the public until 1937, when the work came into the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

The style of primitivism in painting has found wide application. First of all, self-taught artists who did not have sufficient professional skills, but sought to show themselves and their vision of the world, became representatives of this trend. Like any other innovation, primitivism caused great artists who sought fame long years after training, they were dissatisfied with the new direction of painting, which did not take half of the life of the creators to polish their artistic skills. However, most art critics liked simple masterpieces, and primitivism nevertheless took its place in a huge variety of styles.

Features of primitivism

Primitivism in painting is characterized by a simplification of images: artists distort the world, which makes the paintings look more like ordinary children's drawings. However, the changes were made intentionally: through the illusion of simplicity and carelessness, one can see deep meaning works. As in all other artistic styles, details are important in primitivism - they carry the main semantic load.

Art brut

Art brut is an important branch of primitivism. A synonym for the definition is the term "outsider art." The works of this industry represent the world of the mentally ill or freaks who once moved away from society and plunged into a special reality. An important feature of art brut is considered complete absence clear boundaries between the fantasies of the artist and real life. abundance small parts suggests the thoughtlessness of life and vain haste modern world- this is one of the most common author's messages of art brut.

The opinion that no idea is hidden behind the naivety of the images is erroneous. Primitivism is saturated not with entourage, but internal state souls. It can be noticed only after careful consideration and analysis of the depicted details - a cursory glance is inappropriate here.

How to learn to correctly identify primitivism in painting

Primitivism does not exist without the naivety and spontaneous inspiration of the author. A person who encounters such stories for the first time experiences a feeling similar to nostalgia. Children's vision of the world lies in broken proportions, bright and saturated colors, deep moral overtones. A man in primitivism is more like a doll than a real character- it adds to his mystery.

The ability to pay attention to details and interpret them correctly is a real talent. When determining the artistic style, it will not be superfluous. You can learn to understand the artist yourself. To do this, it is worth remembering several important criteria, noticing which it will be easy to distinguish works of primitivism from surrealism.

First, pure colors. The abundance of tones and semitones, chiaroscuro, depth of space - this is not primitivism. Naive art uses pure pastel colors or, on the contrary, overly bright shades. Secondly, broken proportions. If the picture resembles stylized illustrations for fantasy book So it's primitivism. Thirdly, mixing reality with fantasy ideas - primitivism in painting combines a calm landscape and too catchy colors, a person and incredible creatures.

Outstanding representatives of the primitivism style

Not only abstractionists and surrealists is full modern painting. Primitivism opened the way for many talented creators whose work had not previously been recognized. Among them are Babushka Moses, Henri Rousseau, Niko Pirosmani, Maria Primachenko, Alena Azernaya and many others. Pictures of the most famous primitive artists are kept in the Museum naive art in Nice.

The world of childhood

Primitivism in painting occupies a special place. First of all, this is due to the unique ability of artists to immerse a person in the world of carelessness, naivety and spiritual purity. Despite the absence of many primitivists art education, the paintings are filled with what most other areas lack so much: mood. Art lovers understand and appreciate this, which is why works in the primitivism genre are so popular.

Naive art is usually considered as one of the areas of the primitive. By N. I. they mean the work of self-taught artists (and “half-taught”), amateur artists; sometimes some form of folk art. It is not always possible to distinguish between these areas with sufficient clarity.

In practice, the terms naive art and primitive are still not always used as identical. Naive art is more often referred to as the works of artists who, relatively speaking, "play on the field" of professional art: they reproduce its genres, plots, aesthetic "standards", to some extent, methods of execution. But at the same time, their work reveals a discrepancy with academic criteria in one way or another, which may look like inferiority, or may give the work the charm of "naivety". From this point of view, the paintings “Three days before the duel” by M. Belova (1983), “A young woman in love” can be called typical works of naive art. unknown author(late 18th century, France). The mentioned distinction between naive art and primitive art is not generally accepted.

Primitive - from lat. first, earliest. In accordance with the meaning of the word, primitive was originally called the phenomena of art related to the early stages of development. artistic styles. So, the Greek archaic is primitive, in comparison with the Greek classics and Hellenism; Western European painting of the Middle Ages, compared with the Renaissance. They began to call primitive primitive art when it was opened, etc. Since the 19th century, in these phenomena of art, many have seen not only insufficiently polished professional skills, but also the advantages of integrity, simplicity, sincerity, and power of influence.

In the 20th century, the concept of primitive approached the concept of naive art, including the art of self-taught artists and amateurs (“hobby”, “art on weekends”). Of the primitive artists, A. Russo, N. Pirosmani (Pirosmanashvili), Balkan artists (I. Generalich and others) gained international fame.

The primitive is different not only from the art of professionals, but also from folk art with its centuries-old traditions, canons, deep symbolism and the lack of identification of personal authorship. At the same time, the spirit of the primitive and its characteristic expressive techniques still bring it closer to folk art.
Primitive art, like archaic and childish art, had a strong influence on professional artists of the 20th century, which led to the emergence of such a direction as primitivism. In some publications, no distinction is made between primitive and primitivism, then, along with artists, “primitives” are also mentioned. professional artists"primitives".

Primitivism is a trend in professional art late XIX-XX centuries, consciously focused on "non-professional" samples: on archaic and traditional forms of art different peoples, on children's creativity, as well as the art of self-taught artists. In these phenomena of art, the sophisticated masters of the 19th-20th centuries saw what they themselves believed they lacked: sincerity, unintentionality, simplicity, integrity, vivid expressiveness, a kindred attitude to nature, etc.
To one degree or another, many prominent people can be called primitivists. European masters: P. Gauguin and his followers, cubists (P. Picasso and others), Fauves (A. Matisse and others), Dadaists, some abstractionists, etc. In Russia - artists who were members of the association " Blue Rose”,“ Jack of Diamonds ”,“ Donkey Tail ”, etc.

Pankov Konstantin Alekseevich is a primitive artist, a Nenets by nationality. In childhood and youth, he lived the life of fishermen and hunters, in inseparable unity with native nature. In the work of Pankov, the invariably bright, positive tone, the cheerful feeling of the life of all the phenomena of the world, is striking. Exquisitely accurate, musical and subtle in color, his paintings evoke a resident of the modern big city the feeling of a dream or dream - and at the same time they are extremely reliable in all everyday details.
In the 1930s, Pankov studied at the art workshop of the Leningrad Institute of the Peoples of the North. The works of Pankov, as well as other northern artists, were shown in the Soviet pavilion on international exhibition in Paris in 1937 and were awarded the Grand Prix.
In 1942, the sniper and intelligence officer Pankov was killed on the Volkhov front.

Although his fame is incomparable with the international fame of Henri Rousseau and even Pirosmanashvili, the works he created are in no way inferior to the work of these brilliantly gifted self-taught artists.
Pirosmani Niko (Nikolai Aslanovich Pirosmanashvili, 1862-1918) - Georgian self-taught artist, one of the most well-known representatives primitive art.
A native of the village, Pirosmani lived in Tiflis (Tbilisi) from a young age, worked as a servant, conductor at railway, traded milk, wandered; He painted paintings and signs on black oilcloth for taverns, shops, inns, wine cellars to earn money.
In 1912, Russian avant-garde artists (I. Zdanevich and others) “discovered” him, began to support him financially, and tried to introduce the creative intelligentsia into society.

Pirosmani painted not only signs - "still life", but also portraits, domestic scenes, animals, panoramas of Georgia. He knew how to give solemn, ritual significance to everyday life and holidays of life, his multiple compositions are imbued with a sense of the unity of being. The art of Pirosmani is characterized by majestic simplification of forms, uniquely individual and at the same time brightly national color.
Rousseau, Henri (1844-1910) - french artist, the first representative of primitive art, who gained international fame. For almost a quarter of a century he served at customs, and in artistic circles he was nicknamed the Customs Officer. He retired to devote himself entirely to painting, but did not achieve recognition and died in poverty.
Glory came to Rousseau after death. The attitude of his contemporaries-professionals to him was ambivalent: the "masters" did not take him quite seriously, haughtily, as a self-taught person - and at the same time they could not help but see his exceptional talent, the expressiveness of his works, akin to the archaic and children's art.

Rousseau's art is distinguished by unrestricted boldness of ideas, brightness of color schemes, a kind of monumentality of images: he does not divide what is depicted into more or less important ones, he is equally attentive to any detail (which is generally characteristic of primitive art).
Some scientists notice that for a child everything that he sees around him is of equal value and equally interesting. And therefore, no matter how he details the image, it does not lose its integrity because of this. The child does not deliberately divide the picture of the world into the main and the secondary, into “figure and background”, as psychologists say, or, using musical terminology, into “melody and accompaniment”.
I think this applies to many primitive artists as well. Consider from this point of view the leaves of trees and other details of the paintings by K. Pankov; let's look at the picture of A. Rousseau, where the cheetah and the horse look like some kind of bright insect swarming among the large stems and flowers of the foreground. What is the main thing here, what is secondary?

Many children and primitives have some detached positive and non-contradictory attitude towards what they represent. For example, Brueghel, like our Pankov, wrote wide paintings nature and human labor and life, cheerful at first glance - but looking closer at people, their actions and celebrations, we will feel some kind of gloomy ambiguity copyright, which the simple-hearted Nenets does not have at all.

Primitive art is, as it were, out of time - like children's art, and in in a certain sense and childhood itself. It has similarities with the archaic. Like the creativity of children, it has probably always existed in one form or another. And at the same time it is the most characteristic phenomenon of the culture of the 20th century. Like childish, primitive art could be noticed and raised to the rank of high artistic value not earlier than the end of the 19th century, but mainly in the 20th century. Some elements of naive art can be found in the modern show house 2, which makes it even more popular.

Why? This is one of interesting questions for discussion, but not the only one. There are many such questions. Do children like primitive artists? Do they see their similarity with them, their difference from the artists of the "classics"? Do they notice moments of similarity with arts and crafts, pictorial folklore, with archaic art and with those artists of the 20th century who consciously borrowed a lot from both the archaic and the children themselves?