Questions on scarlet sails chapter by chapter. Test "scarlet sails"
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Goals and objectives of the study. The goal is to determine the species composition of coprophages in Tenishevo village, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, to identify intraspecific variability of certain species. Tasks. 1. Reveal the composition and characteristics of coprophage species; 2. To identify rare and dominant species of coprophages; 3. To study the intraspecific variability of coprophages of Tenishevo village, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.
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Methodology and research methods.
Method of excavation of soil samples. soil washing method. Fixation and storage of insect material. Determination of the species composition of coprophages. Method for isolating insect phenes.
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Changes in the species composition of coprophages in the village. Tenishevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Table No. 3.
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The species composition of coprophages according to the points of study of the Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Table No. 4
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Intraspecific variability of chess aphodia. Examples of hair dryers in chess aphodia. Variation table of individuals of the chess aphodia species. Graph of the variation curve of intraspecific variability of the aphodia species is chess.
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Intraspecific variability of the Austrian kaloed. Examples of hair dryers of the Austrian kaloed type. Graph of the variation curve of the intraspecific variability of the Austrian kaloed species Variation table of individuals of the Austrian kaloed species
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Intraspecific variability of the two-spotted peanut species. Examples of hair dryers of the two-spotted peanut species. Hair dryer No. 1: spot area on the elytra - 0.5 mm2, No. 2 - 1 mm2, No. 3 - 1.5 mm2, No. 4 - 2 mm2, No. 5 - 3 mm2, No. 6 - 3.5 mm2. Graph of the variation curve of intraspecific variability of the two-spotted peanut species. Variation table of individuals of the two-spotted peanut species.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The species composition of coprophages in the study area in 2002-2004 is represented by 18 species, of which 10 species of aphodiae are: motley, red, wandering, digger, yellow, red-backed, dirty yellow, checkerboard, nondescript, yellow-green; 3 types of kaloeds: oval, weak-horned, Austrian; 3 species of karapuzik: four-spotted, two-spotted, carrion, rhinoceros beetle and moon copra. 2. The study points with forest and forest-steppe vegetation are inhabited by different numbers of species (18 and 13 species, respectively). At the point with forest-steppe vegetation, no species were found: yellow aphodium, yellow-green aphodium, chess aphodium, carrion carrion. At a point with forest vegetation, the following types of coprophages predominate: nondescript aphodia, weak-horned kaloed, four-spotted peanut, two-spotted peanut; and rarely found - aphodius digger, carrion carrion. In the forest-steppe zone, there are common and massive numbers of aphodia digger, red-backed aphodia, nondescript aphodia, oval kaloed, Austrian kaloed; rare aphodia dirty yellow, copra lunar.
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3. The research revealed rare species coprophagous: carapace carapace, lunar copra, aphodius digger, yellow-green aphodius, wandering aphodius, rhinoceros beetle. Dominant species: inconspicuous aphodia, four-spotted karapuzik, two-spotted karapuzik, weak-horned kaloed. 4. In the course of the work, the intraspecific variability of three types of coprophages was studied: the two-spotted peanut, the chess aphodia, and the Austrian kaloed. For the first time, an attempt was made to analyze the phenogenetic variability of the above three types of coprophages. Given short description and a technique for isolating individual hair dryers. A quantitative characteristic of the distribution of phenes within the studied population is given. certain types coprophages. It should be noted that data on the phenogenetics of some types of coprophages are very valuable, completely new; but at the same time, preliminary, and require further study and detail.
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Variability Hereditary (genotypic) Hereditary (genotypic) Phenotypic 2 Mutational (hereditary, indeterminate, individual). Correlative. Combinative (variability arising by crossing). Non-hereditary definite, group
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Types of phenotypic variability Modifications are non-hereditary changes in the genotype that occur under the influence of an environmental factor, are adaptive in nature and most often reversible (for example: an increase in red blood cells in the absence of oxygen). Morphoses are non-hereditary changes in the phenotype that occur under the influence of extreme environmental factors, are not adaptive in nature and are irreversible (for example: burns, scars). 12 Phenocopies are a non-hereditary change in the genotype that resembles hereditary diseases (enlargement of the thyroid gland in an area where there is not enough iodine in the water or land).
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The construction of a variation curve is the average value of the severity of the trait where M is the average value, V is the variant, P is the frequency of occurrence of the variant, n is total number variation series. 16 The variation curve is graphic image the relationship between the range of variability of a trait and the frequency of occurrence separate option this sign.
Variation series The variation series represents a series of variants (values of a trait) arranged in descending or ascending order 17 (for example: if you collect leaves from the same tree and arrange them as the length of the leaf blade increases, then you get a variation series of variability of this trait).
Combinative variability is variability based on the formation of recombinations, i.e. such combinations of genes that the parents did not have. 20 Combinative variability is based on the sexual reproduction of organisms, as a result of which a huge variety of genotypes arises.
Sources of genetic variability Independent divergence of homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. Mutual exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes, or crossing over. Recombinant chromosomes, once in the zygote, contribute to the appearance of signs that are atypical for each of the parents. Random combination of gametes during fertilization. 22
Mutation theory Mutations arise suddenly, abruptly, as discrete changes in traits. This qualitative changes that are passed down from generation to generation. Mutations manifest themselves in different ways and can be both beneficial and harmful. The probability of detecting mutations depends on the number of individuals studied. Similar mutations can occur repeatedly. Mutations are undirected (spontaneous), that is, any part of the chromosome can mutate. 24 G. De Vries in the years.
Classification of mutations: 25 Gene (change in the structure of the gene) - change in DNA - violation of the order of nucleotides Genomic (change in the number of chromosomes in the karyotype) - euploidy - aneuploidy: * trisomy * monosomy Chromosomal (change in the structure of chromosomes) - loss of a section of chromosomes - Doubling of a fragment of chromosomes - rotation parts of chromosomes per 180* Mutations 1. By the nature of the change in the genome
They occur when there is damage or disturbance in the order or replacement of nucleotides, the appearance of an internal duplication or deletion in the DNA molecule. These changes in individual genes often lead to severe degenerative diseases, in particular, numerous metabolic diseases due to impaired synthesis of proteins and enzymes. Gene mutations
A hereditary disease that leads to the death of children and adolescents. Instead of normal hemoglobin A, erythrocytes contain abnormal hemoglobin S. The anomaly is caused by a mutation in the sixth nucleotide triplet of the hemoglobin gene DNA, which leads to the replacement of glutamic (GLU) acid in the alpha chain of the hemoglobin protein with valine (VAL). 27 Sickle cell anemia (KLU) (SAL)
28 Hereditary disease found in one of the newborns. The disease is characterized by a pronounced mental retardation, which develops as a result of a violation of normal biochemical processes in the brain due to the accumulation of phenylalanine in the body. Phenylketonuria Gene Mutations
34 Generative (in germ cells) Found only in next generation Generative (in germ cells) Detected only in the next generation Somatic (in body cells) Manifested in a given organism and not transmitted to offspring during sexual reproduction Somatic (in body cells) Manifested in a given organism and not transmitted to offspring during sexual reproduction Classification of mutations: 2. By place of occurrence:
Spontaneous Under natural conditions Under the influence of mutagenic factors Without human intervention Are the source material for natural selection Induced Under the directed action of a mutagenic factor C Human intervention Is the source material for artificial selection 37 Classification of mutations: 5. For reasons:
The law of homologous series in hereditary variability Species and genera that are genetically similar are characterized by similar series of hereditary variability with such regularity that knowing a number of forms within one species, one can foresee the occurrence of the same forms in other genera and species. N.I. Vavilov, 1920
"Biological evolution" - Animals of the Red Book. Soviet scientists are evolutionists. General degeneration - evolutionary changes that lead to a simplification of the organization. What is adaptation? What does progressive development mean? Idioadaptation. Increases the intensity of vital activity. What is aromorphosis? Aromorphosis. Why? What is idioadaptation?
"Evolutionary theories" - Improved the botanical language - established a uniform botanical terminology. How does K. Linnaeus explain the fitness of species? Darwin turns to practice Agriculture. E. Darwin. One more thing weakness in Lamarck's theory. But the theory was not accepted. Transformism. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in the family of a doctor.
"The Evolution of Life" - II. Question: What was the significance of the appearance of the membrane for the coacervate? The formation of planets from the remaining gases and dust in the territory of protostars. organic compounds atmospheres Salt solutions inorganic compounds Amino acids peptides N.K. Gravitational contraction inside protostars. The theory of academician A.I. Oparina.
"Evolution of plants" - Autohori?ya (from the Greek. Origin of land plants. Evolution of plants. And the first land plants appeared only 420 million years ago. What we see in the forest is gametophytes. The appearance of a transport system. In gymnosperms and flowering leaves formed from flattened end branches.In the figure, the xylem is colored red.
"Evolutionary Process" - Cactus spines. 2. Perform the same functions. Mole (mammal). The wing is a modified limb. Convergence - (appearance common features unrelated forms). The evolutionary process is based on divergence. The emergence of similar organs (butterfly wing and bird wing). Mammals. Bats.
"Biochemical evolution" - The atmosphere and the ocean are saturated with aldehydes, alcohols, amino acids. Third stage. Second phase. Hypotheses of abiogenesis: a hypothesis of biochemical evolution. Probiont nutrition types. More resistant coacervates with such RNA gave rise to probionts. Formation of coacervates acting as open systems. First stage.
There are 11 presentations in total in the topic
slide 1
"Patterns of variability: modification and mutational variability" 28.01.2013 Lesson topic: The purpose of the lesson: - to form the concept of modification and mutational variability; - consider the mechanism of mutations; - find out the causes of mutations; - to study the main characteristics of mutational variability.slide 2
Variability is the ability of living organisms to acquire new features in the process of ontogenesis. Heredity is the property of all living organisms to transmit their characteristics and properties from generation to generation.
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An example modification variability a person is served by sunburn, which gradually disappears in winter. Modification variability is not associated with changes in genes, chromosomes or the genotype as a whole and occurs under the influence of environmental factors.
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Pines of the same population differ from each other, as they develop in different conditions. Relationship between phenotype and genotype
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Reaction rate Limits of modification variability of any attribute are called the reaction rate. It is not the trait itself that is inherited, but the ability to manifest this trait under certain conditions, or we can say that the norm of the organism's reaction to external conditions is inherited. Maple leaves have different sizes because heat and light are not evenly distributed.
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Main characteristics of modification variability: Modification changes are not passed from generation to generation. Modification changes are manifested in many individuals of the species and depend on the effect of environmental conditions on them. Modification changes are possible only within the limits of the reaction norm, and ultimately they are determined by the genotype.
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Genotypic variability is associated with a change in the genotype, is the result of mutations.
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The term "mutation" was first proposed in 1901. Dutch scientist Hugo de Vries.
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Mutations are changes in the genotype that occur under the influence of external and internal environmental factors. The process of occurrence of mutations is called mutagenesis, and the factor causing the mutation is called a mutagen. Mutations Gene mutations are associated with changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule. Chromosomal mutations are associated with changes in the structure of chromosomes. Genomic mutations lead to a change in the number of chromosomes.
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Gene, or point, mutations are a change in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Gene mutations should be considered as the result of "mistakes" that occur in the process of doubling DNA molecules. A gene mutation occurs on average in one in 100,000 gametes. But since the number of genes in the human body is large, almost every individual carries a newly emerged mutation.
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Albinism Albinism is a congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, iris and pigment membranes of the eye. External manifestations In some forms of albinism, there is a decrease in the intensity of the color of the skin, hair and iris, while in others the color of the latter mainly changes. There may be changes in the retina, various visual disorders may occur, including myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, as well as increased sensitivity to light and other anomalies. Albino people have a white skin color (which is especially striking in groups belonging to non- caucasian race); their hair is white (or they are blond). The frequency of albinos in nationalities European countries estimated at about 1 per 20,000 inhabitants. In some other nationalities, albinos are more common. So, when examining 14,292 Negro children in Nigeria, among them there were 5 albinos, which corresponds to a frequency of about 1 in 3,000, and among the Indians of Panama (San Blas Bay), the frequency was 1 in 132.
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Daltonism Daltony zm, color blindness is a hereditary, less often acquired feature of vision, expressed in the inability to distinguish one or more colors. It is named after John Dalton, who first described one of the types of color blindness based on his own sensations, in 1794.
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Hemophilia Hemophilia is a hereditary disease associated with impaired coagulation (the process of blood clotting); with this disease, hemorrhages occur in the joints, muscles and internal organs both spontaneous and as a result of trauma or surgery. With hemophilia, the risk of death of a patient from a hemorrhage in the brain and other vital organs increases sharply, even with a minor injury. Patients with severe hemophilia are disabled due to frequent hemorrhages in the joints (hemarthrosis) and muscle tissue (hematomas). Usually men suffer from hemophilia, and women are carriers of the diseased gene.
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Chromosomal mutations are rearrangements of chromosomes. A deletion is the loss of a section of a chromosome. A duplication is a doubling of a portion of a chromosome. An inversion is a 180° rotation of a segment of a chromosome. Translocation is the exchange of segments of non-homologous chromosomes. Fusion of two non-homologous chromosomes into one.
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A disease caused by an anomaly of the chromosome set (a change in the number or structure of autosomes), the main manifestations of which are mental retardation, a kind appearance patient and congenital malformations. One of the most common chromosomal diseases, occurs on average with a frequency of 1 in 700 newborns. Down's disease
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Down syndrome In boys and girls, the disease occurs equally often. Children with Down syndrome are more likely to be born to older parents. If the mother's age is 35-46 years, then the probability of having a sick child increases to 4.1%, with the age of the mother, the risk increases. The chance of recurrence in a family with trisomy 21 is 1-2%.
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Klinefelter's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome occurs in 1 in 500 boys. The extra X chromosome is inherited from the mother in 60% of cases, especially during late pregnancy. The risk of inheriting the paternal chromosome does not depend on the age of the father. Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by the following features: tall stature, disproportionate long legs. Violations in the development of the genital organs are found in puberty and later. Patients are usually infertile.
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45 xr. - XO The height of adult patients is 20-30 cm below the average. Treatment of patients with this syndrome is complex and includes reconstructive and plastic surgery, hormonal therapy (estrogen, growth hormone), psychotherapy.
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Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome is the only form of monosomy in live births. Clinically, Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome is manifested by the following symptoms. Underdevelopment of the genital organs or their absence. There are various malformations of the cardiovascular system and kidneys. There is no decrease in intelligence, but patients show emotional instability. Appearance patients are peculiar. Characteristic symptoms are noted: a short neck with excess skin and pterygoid folds; in adolescence, a lag in growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics is revealed; adults are characterized by skeletal disorders, low position of the auricles, body disproportions (shortening of the legs, relatively wide shoulder girdle, narrow pelvis).
