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Find information about the monk Nestor. Venerable Nestor the chronicler

Rev. There was a time when Rev. Nestor was assigned all those places in the Tale of Bygone Years, where in question in the first person, and a rather detailed biography was obtained: they indicated exactly the year and place of birth, the time of arrival and admission to the monastery ...

Nestor Chronicler, author of The Tale of Bygone Years (statue by M. Antokolsky) Nestor Old Russian writer, hagiographer of the late XI early XII centuries, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. The author of the lives of princes Boris and Gleb, Theodosius of the Caves. ... ... Wikipedia

NESTOR, ancient Russian writer, chronicler of the 11th beginning. 12th century, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. Author of the lives (see LIVES OF THE SAINTS) of princes Boris and Gleb, Theodosius of the Caves (see THEODOSIY of the Caves). Traditionally considered one of the greatest historians ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Nestor the Chronicler- Reverend, was born in the 50s. 11th century in Kyiv, at the age of 17 he entered the Kiev-Pechersk monastery. He was a follower of St. Theodosius (commemorated 3 (16) May, 14 (27) August). He took the tonsure from hegumen Stephen, the successor of Theodosius. Purity of life, prayer and ... ... Orthodoxy. Dictionary-reference

Reverend, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery; genus. in 1056; At the age of 17 he came to the monastery, was tonsured a monk, then ordained a deacon. In 1091 he was instructed to open the relics of the Monk Theodosius. He died around 1114. Other information about him ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Caves (c. 1056-1114), compiler of The Tale of Bygone Years, was born in Kyiv, at the age of seventeen he entered the Kiev Pechersk monastery as a novice. It was accepted by the founder of the monastery, St. Theodosius. With the purity of his life, prayer and zeal, the young ... ... Russian history

Nestor, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery- Nestor (1050s (?) - early XII century) - monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery, hagiographer and chronicler. From the Life of Theodosius of the Caves written by N., we learn that he was tonsured in the Kiev Caves Monastery under Abbot Stephen (1074–1078) and erected by him ... ... Dictionary of scribes and bookishness Ancient Rus'

Books

Nestor the Chronicler, Irtenina N. In the early 1070s. in the Pechersk Monastery near Kiev, the future famous Lavra, a young, well-educated novice settled. Neither his worldly name, nor the way he lived until the age of 17, we do not ...
Nestor the Chronicler, Natalya Irtenina. In the early 1070s. in the Pechersk Monastery near Kiev, the future famous Lavra, a young, well-educated novice settled. Neither his worldly name, nor the way he lived until the age of 17, we do not ...

Introduction

Nemstor (c. 1056 - 1114) - Old Russian chronicler, hagiographer of the late 11th - early 12th centuries, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery.

Traditionally considered one of the authors of The Tale of Bygone Years, which, along with the Czech Chronicle by Kozma of Prague and the Chronicle and Deeds of Princes or Rulers of Poland by Gallus Anonymus, is of fundamental importance for Slavic culture.

The text of The Tale of Bygone Years in the Ipatiev Chronicle begins with an unnamed mention of its author, a monk of the Caves Monastery, and in the letter of another Cave monk, Polycarp, to Archimandrite Akindin, dated from the 13th century, Nestor is directly indicated as the author of the Primary Chronicle. The same is said in the "Life of St. Anthony", compiled somewhat later and based on oral monastic traditions.

From the Tale of Bygone Years itself, it is known that at the end of the 11th century. Nestor lived in the Caves Monastery: telling about the Polovtsian raid on the Caves Monastery in 1096, he says: “... and having come to the Caves Monastery, we who are in our cells resting in the morning.” It is also known that the chronicler was still alive in 1106: this year, he writes, the good old man Yang died, “I heard many words from him, hedgehogs and inscribed in this chronicle.” There is no more reliable information about him.

It is believed that Nestor also wrote "Reading about the life and destruction of Boris and Gleb" and "The Life of Theodosius of the Caves."

Canonized (Rev. Nestor the Chronicler) in the Russian Orthodox Church; commemorated July 27 according to the Julian calendar. The relics rest in the Near (Antoniev) caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

1. Biography and the beginning of life in the monastery of St. Nestor the Chronicler was born in the 1150s in Kyiv. As a young man, he came to Rev. Theodosius and became a novice. The future chronicler was tonsured by the successor of St. Theodosius, hegumen Stefan. According to the Greek church rule, those entering the monastery remain on probation for three years, and the ordained deacon must be at least 25 years old. And Rev. Theodosius established: the applicant should not be in a hurry to be tonsured a monk, but to order him to walk in his clothes until he gets acquainted with the monastic rank. After that, dress him in black clothes and test him with obediences, and then clothe him in a monastic robe. So for Blessed Nestor, the three-year probation ended at the time of St. Stephen, under whom he was also awarded the diaconate, not earlier than 1078.

In the Pechersk monastery then there were many high men from whom one could learn spiritual perfection. The monastery then flourished with spiritual life. Blessed Nestor writes about it himself:

“When Stefan ruled the monastery and the blessed flock that Theodosius gathered, the blacks shone like lights in Rus'. Some were strong mentors, others were steadfast in vigil or in kneeling prayer; some fasted every other day and two days later, others ate only bread and water, others boiled herbs, others only raw. Everyone was in love: the younger ones obeyed the elders, not daring to speak before them and expressing complete humility and obedience; and the elders showed love to the younger ones, instructed and consoled them, like fathers of small children. If any brother fell into any sin, they comforted him and great love divided the penance of one into two and into three. Such was mutual love, with strict abstinence! If a brother left the monastery, then all the brethren grieved about it, sent for him and called the brother to the monastery, then they went to the abbot, bowed and begged to accept the brother, and received him with great joy.

Blessed Nestor, under the influence of such examples, under the guidance of such mentors, with his zeal for asceticism, hastily grew in spiritual life. How deep his humility was, is evident every time he touches upon his personality in his writings. He does not call himself otherwise, as thin, unworthy, sinful Nestor, the least of all in the monastery of the Monk Father Theodosius; or accursed, with a rude and unreasonable heart, Nestor the sinner. If he reminds others of the need for repentance, of the need to remember their relationship with God, then he hurries to turn to himself with reproach. So, talking about the victory of the Polovtsy, which followed on the eve of the memory of St. Boris and Gleb, he says: “There was weeping in the city, and not joy, for our sins ... In the beauty of others, execute Esma. Behold, I am a sinner and I sin a lot and often all the days.

With the purity of his life, prayer and zeal, the young ascetic soon surpassed even the most famous Pechersk elders. And his high spiritual life is also evidenced by the fact that he, among other venerable fathers, participated in the exorcism of the demon from Nikita the hermit (later the Novgorod saint).

2. The first works Being a monk in the Middle Ages did not mean at all to protect oneself from the world. The Studian statute, which was introduced in Rus' (and in particular in the Caves Monastery), even obliged the monks to establish libraries, educational establishments, hospitals, almshouses and other structures whose purpose was to satisfy all public needs ..

His first works belong to the hagiographic genre. The story about the beginning of the Pechersk monastery, the story about the ascetics of the Caves and The Life of Theodosius of the Caves are distinguished by the liveliness of the depiction of monastic life, the vivid characteristics of monks and laity. At the end of the XII century. Nestor wrote "The Tale of the Life and Destruction of the Blessed Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb", where he condemned the war between the brothers and depicted a picture of their martyrdom. But his main work was "The Tale of Bygone Years" - greatest monument ancient Russian historical literature.,

It is known that chronicle writing was one of the brightest manifestations of the literary heritage Kievan Rus. We have a brilliant historiographic heritage, represented by a whole galaxy of outstanding names. And Nestor, no doubt, belongs among them the first place. His name as the compiler of the "Tale" is named in the later Khlebnikov list of this work (XVI century). Among the monks who lived in the Caves Monastery in the 11th century, the Kiev Caves Patericon names Nestor, "who was written by the chronicler." This "chronicler" could only be "The Tale of Bygone Years". The text preserved places where the chronicler speaks for himself. An analysis of such places allows us to attribute them to Nestor.

The chronicle of Nestor begins with the words that gave the name to the whole work: “Here is the story of bygone years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first to reign, and where did the Russian land come from.” "The Tale" was created in accordance with the canons of world medieval historiography. It is based on the so-called Initial Exodus, written around 1095 in the Caves Monastery, which began short story about the founding of Kyiv by the brothers-glades Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv. The author prefaced this story with an extensive historical and geographical introduction, which describes the origin and ancient history Slavs, a picture of their settlement in the vast expanse of Europe is given.

The chronicler depicted the history of the peoples neighboring Russia based on the Byzantine chronicle of George Amartol, and when writing the history of the Eastern Slavs he used folklore sources. He supplemented dry and brief information about the first Russian princes, collected by his predecessors, pictorial details borrowed from folk tales and squad songs, in particular stories about how Oleg laid siege to Constantinople and died from his horse; how Olga avenged her husband's death; how Svyatoslav went on campaigns; how a young leather man defeated a Pecheneg hero, etc. At the same time, Nestor was critical of his sources: he compared different versions of events, discarding those that seemed erroneous to him, and confirming the plausible ones. For example, he rejected the legend according to which Kyi was a simple carrier on the Dnieper, the version about the Kiev baptism of Vladimir, the so-called chronology of Jacob Mnich, etc.

Important documentary materials were included in the chronicle - the texts of the treaties of princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav with the Greeks, as well as documents from the grand ducal archive, which made it possible for the author to realistically reflect the political history of Ancient Rus'. The Tale of Bygone Years contains such literary works, as the "Instruction" of Vladimir Monomakh, the story of the blinding of Vasilko Terebovlyansky, as well as Byzantine and Western European written monuments. In 1107, Nestor visited the Vladimir-Volynsky and Zimnensky Svyatogorsky monasteries. The result of the trip was the inclusion almost in full in the "Tale of Bygone Years" of the Volyn Chronicle.

But the main thing in the "Tale" is that this work, being a chronological presentation historical events in Rus', at the same time responded to painful social problems contemporary life for the author. Nestor lived in a difficult time, when feudal fragmentation began in Rus' and the princes plunged into internecine wars. Nestor witnessed the initial stage of this process. Grandiose strife took place before his eyes in 1078, 1096, 1097. The state gradually lost its former power; Polovtsian hordes, taking advantage of his difficult situation, devastated the border lands. The author opposes the idea of East Slavic unity to the selfishness and greed of princes and boyars, their neglect of common Russian interests, calls on the people of Rus' to unite in the face of the threat of external danger and protect their land.

For the inhabitants of Kievan Rus at the beginning of the 12th century. The Tale was a book about modernity and contemporaries. A significant part of her characters were still alive and in one way or another had to react to the content of the work. Some scholars accuse the author of the Tale of being an adherent of Kyiv prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (1093−1113), in every possible way pleased his patron and "sculpted" from historical facts just what he liked. This opinion is not unfounded, but Nestor should not be blamed. As you know, chronicle writing in Rus' was put on the level of state affairs. And although chronicles were usually created in monasteries, they passed through the prince's office, and more often the princes themselves acted as customers.

Nestor completed his outstanding work around 1113. The chronicle of events in the Tale was brought up to 1110. Unfortunately, Nesterov's edition of the Tale has not been preserved in its original form. After the death of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (1113), who took care of the Kiev Caves Monastery, Vladimir Monomakh ascended the Kiev throne. He came into conflict with the top of the monastery and transferred the chronicle to the Vydubitsky monastery founded by his father Vsevolod. In 1116 hegumen Sylvester, the Vydubitsky abbot, revised the final articles of the Tale, positively evaluating the activities of Vladimir Monomakh, showing him as a wise prince, the defender of the Russian land. This is how the second edition came about. In 1118, the third edition was created, which has come down to our time. The customer and, possibly, one of its authors was the son of Monomakh, Prince Mstislav. The Tale of Bygone Years has been preserved in many lists. The oldest of them are Lavrentievsky (1377) and Ipatiev (beginning of the 15th century).

The main historical merit of Nestor is that he created a historical and artistic work that had no analogues in European medieval historiography. He showed that our people have their own history, which they can be proud of.

3. The Death of Nestor Monastery Chronicle Receiver The Monk Nestor died about 1114, having bequeathed the chronicler monks of the Caves the continuation of his work. Hegumen Sylvester became his successors in the annals, who gave modern look"The Tale of Bygone Years", Abbot Moses Vydubitsky, who extended it until 1200, and finally, Abbot Lavrenty, who wrote in 1377 the oldest of the lists that have come down to us that have preserved the "Tale" of St. Nestor ("Laurentian Chronicle"). The heir to the hagiographic tradition of the Caves ascetic was St. Simon, Bishop of Vladimir, rescuer of the Kiev-Pechersk Paterikon. Talking about the events connected with the life of the saints of God, St. Simon often refers, among other sources, to the Chronicles of St. Nestor.

Saint Nestor was buried in the Near Caves of Saint Anthony of the Caves.

, Saint

Nestor - (50s of the 11th century) Old Russian writer, hagiographer of the late 11th - early 12th centuries, monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. Author of the lives of princes Boris and Gleb, Theodosius of the Caves.

Canonized (Rev. Nestor the Chronicler) in the Russian Church; commemorated July 27 according to the Julian calendar. The relics rest in the Near (Antoniev) caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

The same and the same Slovene came and gray-haired along the Dnieper and crossed the clearing. and friends are derevlyane. zane sedosha in the woods. and the friends of gray-hairedness between the shores and the dvina and called the drgvichi. ini sedosha on the dvina and squatting on the Polotsk. speeches for the sake of even flowing into the dvina. canvas name. from sowing, you are nicknamed Polochane. Slovene, however, sdosha near Lake Ilmerya. and call yourself by your own name. and made hail and narekosha and novgorod. and friends gray hair on the gum. and seven. and by sula. and called the north. and so the Slovenian language is growing. the same is called the Slovenian letter ... (On the resettlement of the Slavs in Rus', "The Tale of Bygone Years")

Nestor Saint

Nestor also wrote "Reading about the life and destruction of Boris and Gleb" and "The Life of Theodosius of the Caves".

The Monk Nestor the Chronicler was born in the 50s of the 11th century in Kyiv. As a young man he came to the Monk Theodosius (+ 1074, Comm. 3 May) and became a novice. The Monk Nestor was tonsured by the successor of the Monk Theodosius, hegumen Stefan. Under him, he was ordained a hierodeacon. His high spiritual life is evidenced by the fact that he, among other venerable fathers, participated in the exorcism of Nikita the hermit (later Saint of Novgorod, commemorated January 31), deceived into Jewish sophistication.

The Monk Nestor deeply appreciated true knowledge, combined with humility and repentance. “Great is the benefit of the teaching of the book,” said he - books they punish us and teach us the way to repentance, for from the words of the book we gain wisdom and temperance. These are the rivers that water the universe, from which comes wisdom. There is incalculable depth in books, they console us in sorrow, they are the bridle of abstinence.

If you diligently seek wisdom in books, you will gain great benefit for your soul. For he who reads books converses with God or with holy men. "In the monastery, the Monk Nestor carried out the obedience of a chronicler. In the 80s he wrote" Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed passion-bearers Boris and Gleb "in connection with the transfer of their holy relics to Vyshgorod in 1072 (Comm. 2 May).In the 80s, the Monk Nestor compiled the life of the Monk Theodosius of the Caves, and in 1091, on the eve of the patronal feast of the Caves monastery, hegumen John instructed him to dig from the ground for transferring to the temple the holy relics of the Monk Theodosius ( commemoration of finding on August 14).

The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation of the "Tale of Bygone Years" by 1112-1113. "Behold the tales of bygone years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first to reign, and where did the Russian land come from" - this is how the Monk Nestor defined the goal of his work from the first lines. Extraordinarily wide circle sources (previous Russian chronicles and legends, monastic records, Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and Georgy Amartol, various historical collections, stories of the elder boyar Jan Vyshatich, merchants, warriors, travelers), meaningful from a single, strictly ecclesiastical point of view, allowed the Monk Nestor write the history of Rus' constituent part world history, the history of the salvation of the human race.

Great is the benefit of the teaching of the book, books punish and teach us the way to repentance, because from the words of the book we gain wisdom and abstinence. In books, unprintable depth, they console us in sorrow, they are the bridle of abstinence. If you diligently seek wisdom, you will gain great benefit for your soul. For he who reads books converses with God or holy men.

Nestor Saint

The monk-patriot sets out the history of the Russian Church in the main moments of its historical formation. He speaks of the first mention of the Russian people in church sources - in 866, under the holy Patriarch Photius of Constantinople; narrates about the creation of the Slavonic charter by the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, about the Baptism of Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga in Constantinople.

The chronicle of St. Nestor has preserved for us the story of the first Orthodox church in Kiev (under the year 945), about the confessional feat of the holy Varangian martyrs (under the year 983), about the "testing of the faith" by the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Vladimir (986) and the Baptism of Rus' (988). We are indebted to the first Russian church historian for information about the first metropolitans of the Russian Church, about the emergence of the Pechersk monastery, about its founders and ascetics. The time of the Monk Nestor was not easy for the Russian land and the Russian Church. Rus' was tormented by princely civil strife, the steppe nomadic Polovtsy ravaged cities and villages with predatory raids, drove Russian people into slavery, burned churches and monasteries. The Monk Nestor was an eyewitness to the destruction of the Caves monastery in 1096. The chronicle provides a theological understanding of Russian history. The spiritual depth, historical fidelity and patriotism of The Tale of Bygone Years place it among the highest creations of world literature.

The Monk Nestor died about the year 1114, having bequeathed to the chronicler monks of the Caves the continuation of his great work. Hegumen Sylvester, who gave the Tale of Bygone Years a modern look, hegumen Moses Vydubitsky, who extended it until 1200, and finally, Abbot Lavrenty, who wrote in 1377 the oldest of the lists that have come down to us that have preserved the "Tale" of St. Nestor ( "Laurentian Chronicle"). The heir to the hagiographic tradition of the Caves ascetic was St. Simon, Bishop of Vladimir († 1226, Comm. 10 May), rescuer of the Kiev-Pechersk Paterikon. Talking about the events connected with the life of the saints of God, St. Simon often refers, among other sources, to the Chronicles of St. Nestor.

Saint Nestor was buried in the Near Caves of Saint Anthony of the Caves. The Church also honors his memory together with the Cathedral of the Fathers Resting in the Near Caves on September 28 and on the 2nd Week of Great Lent, when the Council of all the Kiev-Pechersk Fathers is celebrated.

Saint Nestor - quotes

The meadows lived separately in those days and ruled over their families ... And there were three brothers: one named Kyi, the other - Shchek, and the third - Khoriv, and their sister - Lybid. Kiy was sitting on the mountain where the Borichev rise is now, and Shchek was sitting on the mountain, which is now called Shchekovitsa, and Khoriv was on the third mountain, which is why it was nicknamed Horivitsa. And they built a town in honor of their older brother, and called it Kyiv. And around the city there was a forest and a large forest, and animals were caught there. And those men were wise and smart, and they were called glades, from them in Kyiv there are glades to this day.

Nika Kravchuk

Nestor the Chronicler - Orthodox and ... Catholic saint

Many people know about this saint from school curriculum. Nestor the Chronicler, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years, was actually the first to tell “where the Russian land came from,” how Princess Olga was baptized, how Slavic writing was created, and much more. November 9 is the day of remembrance of the reverend.

Lover of bookish wisdom

In the Near Caves, on the territory of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, there are the relics of one of the most famous saints in Rus' - the Monk Nestor, who was called the Chronicler for his special obedience associated with recording the history of Rus'. The saint was born somewhere in the 50s of the 11th century in Kyiv, from a very young age he labored in the Kiev-Caves Monastery (when the Monk Theodosius was still the rector).

It combined monastic modesty, holiness and God's special gift - love for the written word. For example, this phrase can be included in collections of aphorisms about books: “Great is the benefit of bookish teaching, books punish and teach us the way to repentance, because from bookish words we gain wisdom and temperance. These are the rivers that water the universe, from which comes wisdom. There is incalculable depth in books, they console us in sorrow, they are the bridle of abstinence. If you diligently seek wisdom in books, you will gain great benefit for your soul. For he who reads books converses with God or holy men."

Writer and historian

"Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed martyrs Boris and Gleb";
"The Life of Theodosius of the Caves".

The reason for writing the life of Saints Boris and Gleb was the transfer of their relics to Vyshgorod (1072). In memory of his holy mentor, he wrote the life of St. Theodosius, and about 10 years later, in 1091, the rector of the Caves Monastery entrusted him with finding the incorrupt remains of St. Theodosius (they were transferred to the church).

But the Tale of Bygone Years, completed somewhere in 1112-1113, brought him centuries-old fame. From this work we learn a lot of interesting facts:

866 - the first mention in church sources about the Russians;
how Slavic writing was created thanks to Cyril and Methodius;
how Princess Olga received the Sacrament of Baptism in Constantinople;
first Orthodox Church was in Kyiv back in 945;
Prince Vladimir sent ambassadors to different countries to find out which faith to choose after all;
988 - the baptism of Rus'.

The Tale did not indicate the name of the author, but the analysis of the work itself can draw conclusions. Feels special style, there are many artistic descriptions. But the reliability of many facts is not in doubt, since Nestor the Chronicler used a large number of sources. He analyzed the monastery records, the existing historical records, read the Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and Georgy Amartol, did not disregard even the stories of the elder boyar Jan Vyshatich and travelers.

Thanks to The Tale of Bygone Years, we learn about the history of the Church in Rus':

how the Caves Monastery arose, who labored in it, how it was destroyed in 1096;
what were the first Kyiv metropolitans;
how the Church existed in the difficult times of princely strife and nomad raids (villages were plundered, and sometimes even temples were set on fire).

veneration of a saint

In 1114, the Monk Nestor departed into another world, the brethren buried him in the Near Caves of St. Anthony of the Caves. In the same place, the relics are now. Hundreds or even thousands of pilgrims from all over the world pray here every day to Nestor the Chronicler. Many turn to him, it is especially important to ask for the help of this saint to all those who work with the written word, are interested in history.

Hundreds of writers every day puzzle over how to write a bestseller. For more than 900 years, the reverend has not been alive. And his "Tale of Bygone Years" and "The Life of Theodosius of the Caves" are still of interest even to the demanding modern reader and publisher.

Of course, the Monk Nestor was by no means chasing fame, success, fame, veneration. But the memory of him has not ceased for centuries, the date of his memory - November 9 - is considered the day Slavic writing. But no less interesting is the fact that the Roman Catholic Church also honors the Caves chronicler. Wonderful God in his saints!

Take it, tell your friends!

Information about life

The text of The Tale of Bygone Years as part of the Ipatiev Chronicle begins with an unnamed mention of its author, a Chernorytsian of the Caves Monastery, and in the letter of another Cave monk, Polycarp, to Archimandrite Akindin, dated from the 13th century, Nestor is directly indicated as the author of the Primary Chronicle. The same is said in the "Life of St. Anthony", compiled somewhat later and based on oral monastic traditions.

From The Tale of Bygone Years itself, it is known that at the end of the 11th century Nestor lived in the Caves Monastery: telling about the Polovtsy raid on the Caves Monastery in 1096, he says: “... and having come to the Caves Monastery, we who exist in cells resting at matins” . It is also known that the chronicler was still alive in 1106: this year, he writes, the good old man Yang died, “I heard many words from him, hedgehogs and inscribed in this chronicle.” There is no more reliable information about him.

It is believed that Nestor also wrote "Reading about the life and destruction of Boris and Gleb" and "The Life of Theodosius of the Caves".

Canonization and relics

Nestor, under the name Nestor the Chronicler of the Caves, is included in the list of saints of the Roman Catholic Church.

Memory

Stamp of USSR 1935.jpg

Postage Stamp USSR, 1956, denomination 1 ruble

Coin of Ukraine Nestor r.jpg

Gold commemorative coin of the Ukrainian National Bank dedicated to Nestor the Chronicler.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing Nestor the Chronicler

The hussars ran up to the grooms, the voices became louder and calmer, the stretcher disappeared from sight.
- What, bg "at, sniffed pog" oh? ... - the voice of Vaska Denisov shouted over his ear.
“It's all over; but I'm a coward, yes, I'm a coward," thought Rostov, and, sighing heavily, he took from the hands of the horseman his Grachik, who had put aside his leg, and began to sit down.
- What was it, buckshot? he asked Denisov.
- Yes, what a! shouted Denisov. - Well done g "worked! And g" work skveg "naya! Attack is a kind deed, g" kill in the dog, and here, chog "does not know what, they hit like a target.
And Denisov rode off to a group that had stopped not far from Rostov: the regimental commander, Nesvitsky, Zherkov and an officer of the retinue.
"However, no one seems to have noticed," Rostov thought to himself. And indeed, no one noticed anything, because everyone was familiar with the feeling that an unfired junker experienced for the first time.
- Here's a report for you, - said Zherkov, - you look, and they will make me a second lieutenant.
“Report to the prince that I lit the bridge,” the colonel said solemnly and cheerfully.
- And if they ask about the loss?
- A trifle! - boomed the colonel, - two hussars were wounded, and one on the spot, - he said with visible joy, unable to resist a happy smile, loudly chopping off beautiful word on the spot.

Pursued by the 100,000-strong French army under Bonaparte, met with hostile inhabitants, no longer trusting their allies, lacking food, and forced to act beyond all foreseeable conditions of war, the Russian army of 35,000, under the command of Kutuzov, hastily retreated down the Danube, stopping where it was overtaken by the enemy, and fighting back with rearguard deeds, only as far as it was necessary in order to retreat without losing burdens. There were cases under Lambach, Amstetten and Melk; but, despite the courage and steadfastness, recognized by the enemy himself, with which the Russians fought, the consequence of these deeds was only an even faster retreat. The Austrian troops, who had escaped capture at Ulm and joined Kutuzov at Braunau, now separated from the Russian army, and Kutuzov was left only to his weak, exhausted forces. It was impossible to think of defending Vienna any longer. Instead of an offensive, deeply thought-out, according to the laws of the new science - strategy, war, the plan of which was transferred to Kutuzov when he was in Vienna as an Austrian gofkriegsrat, the only, almost unattainable goal that now seemed to Kutuzov was that, without destroying the army like Mack under Ulm, to connect with the troops marching from Russia.
On October 28, Kutuzov with an army crossed to the left bank of the Danube and stopped for the first time, putting the Danube between himself and the main French forces. On the 30th, he attacked Mortier's division on the left bank of the Danube and defeated it. In this case, trophies were taken for the first time: a banner, guns and two enemy generals. For the first time after a two-week retreat, the Russian troops stopped and, after a struggle, not only held the battlefield, but drove the French away. Despite the fact that the troops were undressed, exhausted, one-third weakened backward, wounded, killed and sick; despite the fact that on the other side of the Danube the sick and wounded were left with a letter from Kutuzov entrusting them to the philanthropy of the enemy; despite the fact that the large hospitals and houses in Krems, converted into infirmaries, could no longer accommodate all the sick and wounded, despite all this, the stop at Krems and the victory over Mortier significantly raised the spirit of the troops. The most joyful, though unfair, rumors circulated throughout the army and in the main apartment about the imaginary approach of columns from Russia, about some kind of victory won by the Austrians, and about the retreat of the frightened Bonaparte.
Prince Andrei was during the battle with the Austrian general Schmitt, who was killed in this case. A horse was wounded under him, and he himself was slightly scratched in the arm by a bullet. As a sign of the special favor of the commander in chief, he was sent with the news of this victory to the Austrian court, which was no longer in Vienna, which was threatened by French troops, but in Brunn. On the night of the battle, excited, but not tired (despite his seemingly slight build, Prince Andrei could endure physical fatigue much better than most strong people), arriving on horseback with a report from Dokhturov to Krems to Kutuzov, Prince Andrei was sent by courier to Brunn that same night. Departure by courier, in addition to awards, meant an important step towards promotion.
The night was dark and starry; the road was blackened between the whitening snow that had fallen the day before, on the day of the battle. Now sorting through the impressions of the past battle, now happily imagining the impression that he would make with the news of the victory, remembering the farewell to the commander-in-chief and comrades, Prince Andrei galloped in the mail cart, experiencing the feeling of a man who has been waiting for a long time and, finally, has reached the beginning of the desired happiness. As soon as he closed his eyes, the firing of guns and guns was heard in his ears, which merged with the sound of wheels and the impression of victory. Now he began to imagine that the Russians were fleeing, that he himself had been killed; but he hurriedly woke up, with happiness, as if again learning that none of this had happened, and that, on the contrary, the French had fled. He again recalled all the details of the victory, his calm courage during the battle, and, having calmed down, dozed off ... After a dark starry night it was a bright, cheerful morning. The snow was melting in the sun, the horses were galloping fast, and indifferently to the right and to the left, new diverse forests, fields, villages passed.

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