Old Catholic cemetery. Polish Catholic cemetery in Smolensk Catholic cemetery in

→ History of the Vyborg Roman Catholic Cemetery

History of the Vyborg Roman Catholic Cemetery

If you go from the Neva embankment along Arsenalnaya street into the depths of the vast industrial area of ​​the Vyborg side, then at the corner of Mineralnaya street behind a high concrete fence you can see unusual building. This is a majestic, slightly overweight church with a semicircular apse, powerful transepts and a slender bell tower, which was once crowned with a spire. Before the revolution, this church stood in the center of a vast and well-maintained Vyborg Roman Catholic cemetery, from which only a few tombstones on the territories of enterprises have survived today.

Vyborg Roman Catholic Cemetery on the map of Petrograd
1916

Before mid-nineteenth V. the capital's Catholics did not have their own cemetery and used the Protestant ones - first Sampsonevsky, later Smolensky and Volkovsky. In 1852, the clergy of the Polish Church of St. Catherine appealed to the Ministry of the Interior Russian Empire with a petition for the allotment of land for a Catholic cemetery on the Vyborg side, in the area, which was called the Kulikovo field. It was a vast undeveloped space, according to the plan of 1841 "intended for the settlement of streets." Therefore, the City Duma initially refused the Catholic community, offering a choice of two other places: near the Theological cemetery on the Murinskaya road and near the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery on Goloday Island. Catholic Metropolitan Ignatius Golovinsky examined these areas and found them inconvenient. After a second appeal on January 2, 1856, Emperor Alexander II approved permission "for the Roman Catholic clergy in St. Petersburg to own the land allotted from the city pasture in the Vyborg part, known as the Kulikov field, for the construction of a cemetery and a chapel."

It took only four months for the approval of N.L. Benois project of a stone chapel, caretaker's and priest's houses, and other outbuildings. A road was laid to the cemetery, an area of ​​twenty-four and a half thousand square sazhens was landscaped and divided into rectangular plots named after Catholic saints: St. Paul, St. Peter, St. Catherine, St. Stanislaus, St. Francis, St. Dominic and others. On July 2, 1859, Metropolitan Vaclav Zhilinsky consecrated the chapel in the center of the cemetery.

Catholic church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary of St. Elizabeth.
Photo 1913

Twenty years later, it was decided to turn the chapel into a church. In 1877-1879. N.L. Benois (who came from a family of French Catholics) added a high bell tower to it, and a new church, the painting of which was made by Academician A.I. Charlemagne, consecrated in the name of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary of St. Elizabeth. Under the altar was buried Metropolitan Ignatius Golovinsky, in the basement were the family tombs of the Potocki counts, the Benois family, and other burials. On December 14, 1898, the builder of the church, architect N.L. Benois, the founder of a remarkable artistic dynasty.

The son of the architect A.N. Benois wrote in his memoirs: “The Catholic cemetery, to the church of which daddy began to add a bell tower this year, lay two or three versts from Kushelevka - closer to Finland Station. The church itself, very simple but elegant, was built by my father in the 50s. in the Romanesque style. The lower floor was vaulted, and there, in the western corner, was our family crypt, where, under the slabs, sister Louise and brother Isha, who died in infancy, were already lying. For this reason alone, our family was especially connected with this church, but, in addition, it has now become the parish church of the Edwardses who settled on the Vyborg side, and my son-in-law, a zealous Catholic Matthew, did not miss a single Sunday, so as not to visit, sometimes with the whole family, at Mass. The former façade without the bell tower, it must be confessed, was more solid and harmonious; such, it seems, the church was conceived by the pope. But now, thanks to the funds found and to satisfy the ambition of the Polish colony, who wished the church to stand out more from the surrounding area, it was decided to add a bell tower, and, according to the father’s project, the main entrance to the church was to be placed in it. It seems that in 1877 work on the construction of the bell tower had not yet begun, and the foundation was laid only in the spring of 1878, but, in any case, the pope was busy with the project and often went to the cemetery to confer with the local priest-priest Franciskevich.”

In the middle of the nineteenth century. The Catholic population of St. Petersburg numbered more than thirty thousand people. The number of annual burials in the Roman Catholic cemetery reached seven hundred. The church received its own parish, which contained an orphanage and a school. The patronal feast of July 7 was celebrated in the church with hierarchical services and folk festivals.

Modern view of the church.

By the beginning of the XX century. There were almost no free places left in the cemetery, so in 1905 the administration filed a petition for cutting an additional piece of land. The City Duma refused, citing the decision to "gradually close existing cemeteries within the city." Since 1912, all burials at the Vyborg Catholic Cemetery were ordered to be stopped and transferred to the Catholic section of the Assumption Cemetery. In total, about 100,000 people were buried at the Vyborg Roman Catholic cemetery.

A small cholera cemetery adjoined the Catholic one from the north. It arose in July 1831, at the height of the cholera epidemic, and was intended mainly for the inhabitants of the right bank - the Vyborg side, the villages of Staraya and Novaya. The territory of two thousand three hundred square sazhens was fenced at their own expense by the merchants Pivovarovs. During the epidemic, many Petersburgers were buried here, including General K. I. Opperman, round-the-world navigator Admiral G. A. Sarychev, famous doctor and writer, doctor of the cholera commission M. Ya. Mudrov. During the second cholera, in 1848, they began to bury again at the Vyborg cholera cemetery, but soon it was finally closed.

In 1909, the head of the Vyborg district wrote to the city council: “In the city, now closed cholera cemetery, located on the Kulikovo field, only a few graves remained, somehow survived, the rest were leveled with the ground. On two of the surviving graves were: on one - an icon Mother of God oil paints, on the other is an image of Christ carrying the cross, made by hand in pencil. The last image, the work of Antonov, 1801, as can be seen from the inscription in the drawing, was placed on a cross, on which a barely noticeable inscription has been preserved: Evgenia Mikhailovna Antipova. After the complete destruction of these graves and crosses, in order to avoid the destruction of the images, I instructed the commissioner to remove them and deliver them to the Council for placement in the City Museum.

One of the surviving crypts on the territory of the former necropolis.
Photo by N.V. Lavrentiev, 4.X.2011.

First post-revolutionary years the parish church continued to operate, although burials in the cemetery were not resumed. In May 1939, the Krasnogvardeisky District Council decided to completely liquidate it. The church was closed, and the cemetery was transferred from the Funeral Business Trust to the Krasnogvardeisky District Financial Department, which immediately began to destroy it. It was planned to arrange a public park on this site, and the regional financial department tried to extract income from the abandoned cemetery: the gratings and metal parts of the monuments were scrapped, the tombstones were ground into gravel, sold to road builders under the sidewalk sidewalk stone, etc.

Only four graves were transferred to the Necropolis of Masters of Arts: the Italian singer A. Bosio, the painters F. A. Bruni and L. O. Premazzi, and General Danzas, Pushkin's lyceum comrade. In November 1939, the curator of the necropolis museums N.V. Uspensky appealed to the administration of the regional financial department with a request to "preserve some more monuments from destruction until the favorable time comes for the transfer." Of the tombstones he listed, only the monument to psychiatrist I. Merzheevsky survived, transferred to next year to the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery.

The destruction of the necropolis was completed after the war. In December 1948, a project was approved to adapt the former church to the production workshops of the Kalinin district industrial complex. At the same time, it was noted that “at present, the church is surrounded by a wasteland with a rare, disorganized arrangement of trees and a small number of monuments.” Thus, one of the most comfortable and picturesque necropolises of old Petersburg ceased to exist.

Grave profesora Instytutu Lesnego A.F. Rudzkiego
1901

On May 31, 2005 the building of the church was returned to the church. There is a community that has re-consecrated the church and is gradually rebuilding the temple. Several crypt-chapels and several tombstones have been preserved from the cemetery. Now the territory of the destroyed necropolis is occupied by an industrial zone, but people who were not reburied anywhere are still buried underground. The territory of the former cemetery is located near the center, so in the coming years the industrial zone here will be liquidated for the construction of housing and offices. The Mitrofaniev Union is currently conducting a historical and cultural examination of the territory of the necropolis in order to prove its historical value and protect it from further development - there should be a memorial park, with the restoration of some historical tombstones. At the end of 2010, an assignment was received from the Committee for State Control, Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Government of St. Petersburg to conduct an examination.

We invite everyone who is not indifferent to cooperation in the preservation of this valuable historical necropolis.

Nikolai Lavrentiev- Secretary of the Mitrofaniev Union.

Samoyed nerves and bones
They will endure any cold, but you,
Vociferous southern guests
Are we good in winter? ..

N. A. Nekrasov "About the weather"

In 1773, the first cemetery for foreigners in St. Petersburg was closed - the Sampsonievskoye cemetery near the church of St. Sampson the Hospitable on the Vyborg side. Since then, the bones of good Catholics have found their last refuge in Smolensky, Volkovsky and other cemeteries in St. Petersburg, mainly in areas allocated for the burial of Lutherans. It was somehow uncomfortable to rot among heretics, and since 1828 the Catholic community has been submitting several petitions for the opening of a separate Roman Catholic cemetery in St. Petersburg. Apparently, in the era of "autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationality" the city authorities were by no means in a hurry to resolve this issue.

Things got off the ground only in the 50s of the 19th century, when the community found support in the person of Maximilian of Leuchtenberg, the son-in-law of Nicholas I and the only Catholic in the imperial family. During his lifetime, it was supposed to take part of the Smolensk field under the Roman Catholic cemetery, but in 1852, even before the final settlement of the issue of land alienation, the Duke of Leuchtenberg died. The remains of good Catholics were still gnawed by heretical worms.

In 1852, the community again decided to ask the authorities of St. Petersburg to allocate land for a cemetery, this time on the Kulikovo field. Initially, a refusal was received, since the site "is already intended for cultivation, part for grazing philistine cattle." However, philistine cattle for 115,000 rubles agreed to make room, and in 1855 Commission of the Ministry of the Interior to draw up proposals for the expansion of existing cemeteries and the construction of new ones supported the petition of the Catholic clergy to allocate a strip of land south of the Cholera cemetery, which had already been closed by that time.

In May 1856, infulat Shidlovsky Anthony Fialkovsky consecrated the new cemetery. It was called differently: in official documents - "Saint Mary", but also "Annunciation Holy Mother of God"," Ascension of the Blessed Virgin Mary", "Mary Magdalene on Mineralnaya".

Even before the opening of the cemetery, Nikolai Leontyevich Benois drafted a church and a shelter for the elderly. Subsequently, the project was slightly changed in order to reduce the cost of construction, and in July 1856 a new Catholic church was laid; the final estimate was 54,088 rubles. Interestingly, in project documentation the temple is called a chapel (i.e. a chapel), obviously - to simplify the agreements. Construction was completed in three years; the church, consecrated in the name of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, became the first major building of N. Benois in St. Petersburg.

The architecture of the new church goes back to the patterns Romanesque style: a basilica with a transept in plan, a perspective portal, rosettes, arcades ... The prototype of the temple, according to B. M. Kirikov, was the Vienna church of St. John, a sketch of which was found in one of the albums of N. L. Benois. Entries in the travel diary of Benois himself indicate that he was greatly impressed by the works of Leo von Klenze and Friedrich Gärtner in Munich; in Romanesque forms, for example, the Catholic Allerheiligenkirche by von Klenze is solved. However, Benois, being a true master of stylization, hardly limited himself to any one historical prototype.

Allerheiligenkirche in Munich (1826-1837):

Church of St. Peter in Tuscanella. Watercolor by N. L. Benois, 1843:

Part of the basement floor was planned for burial places. Simultaneously with the completion of construction in 1859, a place was allocated in the southwestern corner for the crypt of the Benois family.

In 1877, at the urgent request of the Polish colony, “who wished that the church stood out more among the surrounding area,” a bell tower was added to the church.

According to Benois himself, the extension deprived the building of its integrity, but there were many Poles, and Benois was one. The bell tower designed by N. L. Benois and the technique of E. Bikaryukov was completed by 1879, after which the church was re-consecrated in the name of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary by St. Elizabeth.

The women met, talked:

The only available photograph of the interior gives some idea of ​​the interior of the temple. It is also known that one of the large icons was painted by F. A. Bruni, and the wall paintings were made by A. I. Charlemagne.

The entire territory of the cemetery was divided into separate sections: in narrow sections near the cemetery fence there were free burials of the poor, in other sections the price varied from 5 to 150 rubles; for the most expensive seats fresh air- around the church - they gave 500 rubles each; a modest donation of 2000 rubles provided those who wished the opportunity to lie down in the cozy twilight of the church crypt (although formally the basement was intended only for the burial of the clergy).

Cemetery scheme:

By 1894, 22,000 people were buried, most of the buried belonged to the parish of St. Catherine. Among other good Catholics, Fyodor Antonovich Bruni was buried here, Nicholas Benois, Joseph Ivanovich Charlemagne and both of his sons. Buried here and Angiolina Bosio, opera singer, to which Nekrasov's poem "On the Weather" was dedicated.

On the side of Arsenalnaya Street, an office, a school and an almshouse are indicated on the cemetery diagram. A school for the children of the poor has been operating since 1874. IN summer period 150 children lived in a 2-storey school building, receiving financial assistance and vegetables from the garden (vegetables in the cemetery grew large and juicy). A shelter for the elderly and disabled was opened in 1885. Those who could work were obliged to do what they could to help maintain the shelter.

Roman Catholic cemetery on the map of St. Petersburg in 1894:

TO late XIX century, the cemetery became crowded. More and more Catholics had to be buried in the areas of the military department of the Assumption (now Northern) cemetery. The parish clergy requested that the territory of the Cholera cemetery be annexed to the Roman Catholic cemetery, but they were refused, since even at that time the City Council was inclined to close all cemeteries within the city. Since 1912, burials at Arsenalnaya were limited, and in 1918 the cemetery was officially closed.

Cemetery and chapel gates from Arsenalnaya street:

After the revolution, all valuables were seized from the church, and in October 1922 there was a strong fire that destroyed everything. interior decoration temple.

Back in 1930, the idea of ​​​​transferring the territory of the cemetery to the Krasny Vyborzhets plant was approved, however, the issue of using cemeteries before the expiration of the 30-year period from closing had to be coordinated with the NKVD, and the destruction of the graves of foreign citizens or their relatives - with the NKID; this time, bureaucratic delays played a positive role and Krasny Vyborzhets received another site.

In 1937, the leaders of the parish councils petitioned to increase the number of priests in the parish to 4. Soon the authorities arrested 9 members of the "twenty" (parish council) and shot the local rector, thereby transparently hinting that they consider the Catholic clergy to be redundant anyway. The following year, a decision was made to close the church "due to the collapse of the parish council." The building was transferred to the Lenplodovoshtorg potato storage facility. Vegetable culture became a reality.

Fragment of a German aerial photograph from 1939:

During the war, self-defense units of the Stalin Metal Plant (now LMZ) took place on the territory of the cemetery, and in 1946 the building of the church was occupied by a regional clothing warehouse. In one of the documents of that time, the area is described as "a wasteland with a small number of monuments"; probably, most of the grave monuments by this time were broken and taken away for household needs.

At some point, they even wanted to transfer the church building to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque, since they were going to expel believers from the Cathedral Mosque, but in 1959 the building was transferred to the physical testing department of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Electronics Science. The building produced significant work according to the redevelopment: the internal volume (with the exception of the transept) was divided by ceilings, new window openings were arranged, floor coverings were replaced, and ventilation chambers were equipped.

After the Christianization of Rus', cemeteries began to be located mainly at monasteries and churches. In Moscow, for example, at the end of the 17th century. There were over 300 burial sites.

Back in October 1723, Emperor Peter the Great, by his Decree, forbade the burial of dead citizens inside the city limits of all persons, except for those who noble birth. However, the emperor's command was almost completely ignored, and in 1725 Peter the Great died and his order was completely forgotten, and the dead continued to be buried near churches and in places that were established at that time.

They remembered the problems of the cemetery only in 1771 after the plague visited Moscow, and death mowed down Muscovites like a blade of grass in a field. The Senate, by decree of March 24, 1771, ordered that those who died of the plague be buried in special country places, and others in monasteries remote from the city center. And, finally, on November 1, 1771, the Senate forbade the burial of dead citizens near churches in all cities of Russia and demanded the creation of cemeteries outside the city limits.

The word "memory" consists of six letters, but "forgetfulness" of twelve, it is more ponderous, and therefore we cannot see a single ancient cemetery in Kursk. Recklessness has won.

The historian Yu.V. Ozerov wrote on one of the websites: “The fate of the parish cemeteries after 1771 can be judged from the promemoria sent to the spiritual consistory from the Belgorod provincial office, where it was determined: “... and those places, where even to this day people have been buried by no means and under no circumstances should they be torn apart, but left as they are now, pouring, if possible, even more earth, so that in spring and summer less vapors come out of the earth.

In fact, by the beginning of the 19th century. all cemeteries at the city churches of Kursk were destroyed. And after the approval of the Second General Plan of Kursk by Catherine II (February 26, 1782), two cemeteries appeared outside the city limits: Nikitskoe (Moscow) and All Saints (Kherson).

If we look at the plan of the city of Kursk, say, the end of the 18th century, we will see that there were a large number of churches in the city.

Let's start with the Sergiev-Kazan Cathedral (architectural school of Rastrelli, 1762). From the altar down to the river Tuskar there was a parish cemetery.

It is authentically known that the bibliophile Demenkov was buried near the temple, and presumably - clergymen, perhaps of the highest rank.

It is quite possible that the merchant Karp Efremovich Pervyshev (1708-1784) was buried in the near-altar part of the temple grounds. After all, the significance of the activities of K.E. Pervyshev in the creation of the St. Sergius Church is undeniable. Until 1950, Ufimtsev Street bore the name of the merchant, on this street you can still see the house that previously belonged to him.

For the people of Kursk, the second most important was the city temple (cathedral) of the Resurrection, located on the main street of Kursk - Moscow. It had wonderful acoustics and therefore the inhabitants liked to visit the temple, listen to the singing of the novices and nuns of the Trinity convent. In the temple, the wall painting was carried out according to the sketches of V.M. Vasnetsov and corresponded to the painting of the Kyiv Cathedral of St. Vladimir. The temple was often visited by Arkady Maksimovich Abaza. Legends say that he, having heard the singing of the novice Nadia Vinnikova, highly appreciated her singing. When Abaza died, they buried him in the Resurrection Cathedral.

Legends say that one of the builders of the Sergiev-Kazan Cathedral, Father Seraphim of Sorovsky, Sidor Mashnin, was buried near the Resurrection Cathedral, as he was a parishioner.

But the mother of the Monk Seraphim Agathia Mashnin, who died in 1800, apparently, was buried either at the Akhtyrskaya church or at the city Nikitsky (Moscow) cemetery. Church historian 19 - beg. 20th century Grigory Bocharov wrote: “Regarding the burial of the mother of the Reverend, Agathia Mashnin, who died in 1800, it is difficult to establish exactly where she was buried - whether at the new Nikitsky cemetery at that time or at the Akhtyrsky one, which was at the Akhtyrsky church ... because. The Akhtyrskaya church, according to the documents, was also called the cemetery one.

In accordance with the instructions of the Senate in Kursk, in the early 70s of the 18th century, territories were allocated for city cemeteries. Governor A.N. Zubov ordered to transfer two wooden churches from the central part of the city to the cemetery territories. So the dilapidated church of the Znamensky Monastery of the Great Martyr Nikita was transferred in 1788 to the Nikitsky cemetery, and the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord from the Zakurnaya part to the cemetery to the Kherson exit (in 1789).

Historian Yu.V. Ozerov wrote: “In the 19th century, stone churches were rebuilt in city cemeteries instead of former wooden ones. In 1813, with a proposal to build a church at the Kherson cemetery in the name of the Great Martyr Catherine, instead of the dilapidated and unfinished one standing there, the governor (Arkady Ivanovich Nelidov - Yu.O.) was approached by a “commercial pupil of the 14th grade” and a merchant of the 2nd guild Semyon Ivanovich Alexandrov . Three years after the laying in 1816, the construction was completed. However, the consecration of the church was delayed for 20 years due to the unresolved issue of the content of the clergy. As a result, the church was consecrated in the name of All Saints. The Assumption Church was erected at the Moscow cemetery in 1846.

Many celebrities of Kursk were buried near the altar part of the Church of All Saints: the governor S.D. Burnashov, the mayor P.A. Ustimovich (the monument was preserved in a slightly modified form), composers A.M.

On the burials of the laity near the Church of the Annunciation, rebuilt in the 30s of the 20th century. under School of Music, Bogoslovskaya, Nikolaevskaya (in the market), Troitskaya, Assumption (Nikitskaya), Pokrovskaya, Preobrazhenskaya, Smolenskaya and Florovskaya almost nothing is known.

Some cemeteries, of course, also existed at the above churches, and we can say that Kursk was actually built on bones.

A.A. Tankov wrote that "cemeteries for the burial of the dead were located at each church." But the cemeteries were also located at the churches in the settlements (Yamskaya, Cossack and Streletskaya), as well as at the monasteries.

After the burial of the dead became a matter not only of the church, but also of the state, cemetery territories began to be allocated for burial.

Thus, in 1855, the city authorities responded to the request of the Lutheran Germans and allocated a territory to the north of the Moscow cemetery for the burial of Lutherans. At that time, the German colony in Kursk was quite large, and they played a significant role in the economy of the region.

The dead Catholics were buried at the same German (Lutheran) cemetery. In 1899, by the decision of the City Duma, a plot was allocated at the Kherson cemetery for the burial of Catholics.

In the second half of the 19th century new cemeteries appeared in Kursk: Jewish (about 1863), Tatar (1894), Military (soldier), cholera.

In the 20th century on Murynovka, another hospital (contagious) cemetery was established (at the exit from Kursk to Shchigry). For some time here in 1920 the poet VV Borodaevsky worked as a statistician.

One of the most interesting objects from the point of view of history was the German (Lutheran) cemetery, where Lutherans were buried, mainly parishioners of the Church of St. Peter and Paul (now the building of the Kursk Regional Prosecutor's Office), as well as Catholics who lived in Kursk.

Fund 726 GAKO has documents dated February 10, 1855 on the allocation of land for the cemetery: “Members of the local Evangelical Lutheran Society and the Peter and Paul Church appealed to the Duma with a request to allocate a place for them from the urban pasture land located in the city of Kursk behind the Moscow Gate for the cemetery especially from the Orthodox, why the Duma, having requested information from the Kursk provincial surveyor, that this part of the land is not given to anyone for quitrent maintenance, therefore it does not bring any benefit to the city, it is possible to be provided for the aforementioned cemetery ... and therefore the Provincial Administration, not finding obstacles on its part, believes: Kursk to the provincial land surveyor ... so that in the course of doing this he would act on a legal basis about this city Duma, let him know, and finish the correspondence.

Genuine signed: Vice Governor Seletsky St. Counselor Borisoglebsky Counselor Komynin Assessor Voitnevich for Counselor Secretary Lukin I. D. Head of Clerk Andreev. performed on March 5 for Nos. 2141, 2142.

As you can see, everything was done step by step with the application of the geometric plan of the cemetery, and it began to operate in the spring of 1855.

From the 60s of the 19th century. Catholics who died in Kursk were also buried in the cemetery. In 1899, area A was allocated for the burial of Catholics, adjacent to the All Saints cemetery. But the burials of Catholics in the Lutheran cemetery also continued.

The German cemetery in 1882 was expanded, because. there was a shortage of free space. This indicates that the German community in Kursk was quite prominent.

From the report of the Kursk city government, it can be seen that the area of ​​the Lutheran cemetery in 1900 was 1 tithe of 1808 square meters. soot

During the First World War, German and Austrian prisoners of war who died from wounds were buried at the German cemetery. Among them were both Catholics and Lutherans.

Historian Yu.V. Ozerov writes that such famous people, as architect A.I. Gross (1896), industrialist, owner of the brewery L.M. Vilm (1901), guitarist, teacher Yu.M. Nachtigal, as well as Catholics - cavalry general K.L. Montresor (adjutant M.I. Kutuzova in 1812), his wife Nadezhda Fedorovna (nee Poltoratskaya), botanist A.M. Mizger (1891), engineer I .F. Dvorzhetsky (1898).

The Polish state reached the apogee of its development by the 16th century. The Commonwealth (Republic), as it was then called, was a strong and economically developed state. But political structure Poland left much to be desired and played a negative role in the subsequent historical process. The king of Poland was elected by the nobility, his power was limited by the Sejm and the Senate. In addition, the “liberum veto” rule was in effect in these bodies, i.e. if at least one of the members of parliament voted against, then the decision was not taken. In the 18th century, most of the meetings of the Seimas were disrupted, and anarchy reigned in the country.

This led Poland to collapse. Neighboring states (Austria, Prussia, Russia) liquidated the Commonwealth in three stages (1772, 1793 and 1795). Unprecedented case of that time!

Naturally, the Polish patriotic forces could not put up with this, and since then, for a long time, a struggle has been waged to restore the statehood of Poland.

The largest were the liberation movements in 1830-31. and, especially, 1863-64.

Any rebellions, uprisings were brutally suppressed by the troops Imperial Russia. Many of their participants were executed and repressed.

“After the uprising of 1863, thousands of Polish and Russian revolutionaries - exiles and convicts - were sent to settlements located along the Siberian tract. (Misko M.Ts. Polish uprising of 1863 - M. 1962 - S. 322).

The victims among the rebels were large: about 20 thousand people died in skirmishes with the troops, 396 were hanged and shot, 15 thousand captured were exiled to Siberia, where many of them tried to free themselves, but their insurrectionary movement was unsuccessful.

Upon completion of military operations, the tsarist government also repressed some sympathizers, confiscating estates in the Kingdom of Poland - 1660, in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine - 1760. Their owners were sent into exile in the deep provinces of Russia.

Thus, after 1864, the first exiles began to appear in the Orel, Kursk, Kharkov and Voronezh provinces. Somewhat later, some of their loyal exiles were allowed to move from Siberia to European part empire.

By the beginning of the 70s of the 19th century, a rather large Polish diaspora had formed in Kursk. She was able to organize herself into a fairly strong community.

Of course, the diaspora also included those Poles who ended up in the region for one reason or another (other).

Later (in the period 1914-1915), the diaspora expanded also due to refugees who came to Kursk from the Baltic states and former kingdom Polish.

So, for example, in Kursk province turned out to be the family of E.M. Plevitsky (husband of the famous Russian singer N. V. Plevitskaya)

The fact that the Poles managed to fit into new environment, says that the Polish community began to build a church in 1892, thereby, as it were, showing their intention to find a new homeland in Kursk. The church became not only a spiritual center, but also a center of culture.

Naturally, all the rites of the Catholic Church associated with the birth of a child, weddings were performed in it. couples, the death of believers. The presence of its own Roman Catholic cemetery also testifies to the large Catholic community in Kursk.

archival documents, diary entries and memories testify to a full-blooded, active life Polish diaspora in the late 19th - early 20th century, which had a positive role in the religious and cultural life Kursk.

Next in line is the Catholic cemetery with burials of the 19th-20th centuries. Cemetery in currently located almost in the central part of the city. Once upon a time, back in XIX century the land for the cemetery for the burial of Catholics was allocated by the authorities on the very border of the city, so that this would not interfere with urban development. Over time, the city grew, and some of the graves were demolished, in their place now residential buildings have been built. Currently, the total area of ​​the cemetery is 1.8 hectares. About 3 thousand graves have been preserved. The cemetery was closed to burials in 1956.

The official name of the cemetery is Catholic, however, in Brest it is customary to call it Polish. Most of the cemetery burials, graves, crypts belong to the Poles. Representatives of the local elite of the middle of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century of the Catholic and Orthodox faiths, Catholic priests, scientists and cultural figures, the military, as well as ordinary citizens are buried here.

At the entrance stands a small chapel, presumably built in 1857.

The cemetery is slowly decaying, vandals also contribute to the destruction, so in 2010 three teenagers managed to knock down 60 tombstones to the ground.

A curious grave, it is a large semi-oval, I still don’t understand whether it goes underground or only has a surface structure.

There are statues of angels, the Virgin Mary and Christ here.

The grave cross is made in the shape of a tree. We are all part of nature and we will definitely return to nature.

A bit of antiquity

Colonel.

A Polish pilot rests in one of the old graves. This grave has become an urban legend. Old-timers of the city say that Polish pilots who flew to Prague and were going to set a new record for the flight distance are buried here, but their plane got into a terrible storm and crashed. A monument in the form of an aircraft propeller was erected over the grave. Over time, the wooden screw dilapidated and now no one knows where the grave of the fearless pilots is located.
Polish tankers are also buried here. Their graves are well known. The crosses are made from tank tracks and other parts of a tank that was on fire along with the tankers sitting inside.
There is also a mass grave of Polish soldiers. It is dated 1920.

- (Petersburg, Petrograd, St. Petersburg [In this article, instead of the words S. Petersburg, abbreviations are allowed: St. Petersburg and St. Petersburg] the capital of Russia and the residence of the Russian Imperial House. The fate of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe present St. Petersburg. until 1703. In 1300, the Swedes put the city over …

I (Petersburg, Petrograd, St. Petersburg [In this article, instead of the words S. Petersburg, abbreviations are allowed: St. Petersburg and St. Petersburg] the capital of Russia and the residence of the Russian Imperial House. The fate of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe present St. Petersburg until 1703. In 1300, the Swedes put the city ... … encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

As of the second quarter of 2008, there are 85 cemeteries in St. Petersburg, 13 of which are historical, and only 1,100 objects have been put under protection. The city authorities are pursuing a policy of attracting large state and public ... ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Dmokhovsky. Archbishop Kazimierz Dmochowski Arcybiskup Kazimierz Dmochowski ... Wikipedia

Coat of arms of the Trumpet Description of the coat of arms: In a white silver field t ... Wikipedia

As of the second quarter of 2008, there are 85 cemeteries in St. Petersburg, 13 of which are historical, and only 1,100 objects have been put under protection. The city authorities are pursuing a policy of attracting large state and public ... ... Wikipedia

In the early years of the existence of St. Petersburg burials were made near parish churches. The first city K. Sampsonievskoe, founded in 1710 on the Vyborg side near the wooden church of Sampson the Hospitable, erected in honor of ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)