Stages of Gregory's life. Typical and individual

Sections: Literature

Lesson plan.

1. The history of the Melekhov family. Already in the history of the family, the character of Gregory is laid.
2. portrait characteristic Gregory in comparison with his brother Peter (it is Grigory, and not Peter, who is the successor of the “Turks” clan - the Melekhovs.)
3. Attitude to work (home, estate Listnitsky Yagodnoe, longing for the earth, eight returns home: an ever-increasing craving for home, economy.
4. The image of Gregory at war as the embodiment of the author's concept of war (duty, coercion, senseless cruelty, destruction). Gregory never fought with his Cossacks, Melekhov's participation in the internecine fratricidal war is never described.
5. Typical and individual in the image of Gregory. (why does Melekhov return home without waiting for an amnesty?)
6. Points of view of writers and critics on the image of Grigory Melekhov

I

In criticism, disputes about the essence of the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov still do not stop.

At first it was believed that this is the tragedy of the renegade.

He supposedly went against the people and therefore lost all human features, became a lone wolf, a beast.

Rebuttal: the renegade does not evoke sympathy, but they cried over the fate of Melekhov. Yes, and Melekhov did not become a beast, did not lose the ability to feel, suffer, did not lose the desire to live.

Others explained the tragedy of Melekhov as a delusion.

Here it was true that Gregory, according to this theory, carried in himself the traits of the Russian national character, the Russian peasantry. Further, they said that he was half owner, half worker. / Lenin's quote about the peasant (art. about L. Tolstoy))

So Grigory hesitated, but in the end got lost. Therefore, he must be condemned and pitied.

But! Grigory is confused not because he is the owner, but because in each of the warring parties does not find absolute moral truth, to which he aspires with the maximalism inherent in Russian people.

1) From the first pages, Gregory is depicted in everyday creative peasant life:

• Fishing
• With a horse at the watering hole
• In love,
• Scenes of peasant labor

C: “His feet confidently trampled the ground”

Melekhov is merged with the world, is a part of it.

But in Gregory, the personal principle is unusually clearly manifested, Russian moral maximalism with its desire to get to the bottom without stopping halfway, not to put up with any violations of the natural course of life.

2) He is sincere and honest in his thoughts and actions.(this is especially pronounced in relations with Natasha and Aksinya:

• The last meeting of Gregory with Natalia (part VII, chapter 7)
• The death of Natalia and the experiences associated with it (part VII ch.16-18)
• The death of Aksinya (part VIII ch.17)

3) Gregory a strong emotional reaction to everything that happens, him responsive on the impressions of life heart. It has developed feeling of pity, compassion, This can be seen from these lines:

• At the hayfield, Grigory accidentally cut ********* (Part I Ch.9)
• Episode with Franya part 2 ch.11
• Fuss with the murdered Austrian (part 3 ch.10)
• Reaction to the news of the execution of Kotlyarov (part VI)

4) Staying always honest, morally independent and upright in character, Gregory showed himself as a person capable of an act.

• Fight with Stepan Astakhov because of Aksinya (Part I, Chapter 12)
• Leaving with Aksinya in Yagodnoye (part 2 ch. 11-12)
• Collision with the sergeant major (part 3 ch. 11)
• Break with Podtelkov (part 3 ch. 12)
• Encounter with General Fitskhalaurav (Part VII, Chapter 10)
• The decision, without waiting for the amnesty, to return to the farm (Part VIII, Chapter 18).

5) Bribes the sincerity of his motives- he never lied to himself, in his doubts and throwing. We are convinced of this by his internal monologues (part VI ch.21,28)

Gregory is the only character who given the right to monologues– “thoughts”, revealing its spiritual beginning.

6) It is impossible to "obey dogmatic rules" forced Grigory to abandon his household, his land, to leave with Aksinya for the Listnitsky estate with a koshoch.

There, shows Sholokhov , social life disrupted the course of natural life. There, for the first time, the hero broke away from the earth, from the origins.

“An easy, well-fed life spoiled him. He became lazy, put on weight, looked older than his years.

7) But too firmly in Gregory the national beginning so as not to be preserved in his soul. As soon as Melekhov was on his own land during the hunt, all the excitement disappeared, and the eternal, main feeling trembled in his soul.

8) This abyss, m / y by the desire of man unfortunately and the destructive tendencies of the era, widened and deepened in the first world war. (loyal to duty - active in battles - rewards)

But! The more he goes into military action, the more he is drawn to the ground, to work. He dreams of the steppe. His heart is with his beloved and distant woman. And his conscience gnaws at his soul: “… it's hard to kiss a kid, open to look into his eyes.”

9) The revolution returned Melekhov to the earth, with his beloved, to his family, and children. And he wholeheartedly sided with the new system . But the same revolution his cruelty to the Cossacks, his injustice to the prisoners, and to Grigory himself pushed again him on the warpath.

Fatigue and anger lead the hero to cruelty - the murder of sailors by Melekhov (it was after him that Grigory would dangle on the ground in “monstrous enlightenment”, realizing that he had gone far from what he was born for and what he fought for.

“The wrong course in life, and maybe I’m to blame for this,” he admitted.

10) Standing up with all his inherent energy for the interests of the workers and therefore became one of the leaders of the Veshensky uprising, Gregory is convinced that it did not bring the expected results: the Cossacks suffer from the white movement just as they suffered from the Reds before. (Peace did not come to the Don, but the same nobles returned, despising the ordinary Cossack, the Cossack-peasant.

11) But Gregory a sense of national exclusiveness is alien: Gregory has deep respect for the Englishman - a mechanic with labor mazols.

Melekhov precedes his refusal to evacuate overseas with a statement about Russia: “Whatever the mother, she is a relative of a stranger!”

12) And again salvation for Melekhov - a return to the earth, to Aksinya, and children . Violence disgusts him. (he releases relatives of the Red Cossacks from prison) drives a horse to save Ivan Alekseevich and Mishka Koshevoy.)

13) Turning to red during the final years of the civil war, Gregory became , according to Prokhor Zykov, “cheerful and sleek ". But it is also important that the roles Melekhov did not fight with his , but was on the Polish front.

In the VIII part, the ideal of Gregory is outlined: “ He was going home in order to finally get down to work, to live with the children, with Aksinya ... ”

But his dream did not come true. Mikhail Koshevoy ( representative revolutionary violence) provoked Gregory to run away from home, from children, Aksinya .

15) He is forced to hide in farms, join Fomin's gang.

The lack of a way out (and the thirst for life did not let him go under execution) pushes him to an obvious wrong deed.

16) All that Gregory had left by the end of the novel was children, mother earth (Sholokhov emphasizes three times that Grigory heals chest pain by lying down on “damp earth”) and love for Aksinya. But this little still leaves with the death of a beloved woman.

“The black sky and the dazzlingly shining black disk of the sun” (this characterizes the strength of Gregory's feelings and the degree of sensation or loss).

“Everything was taken from him, everything was destroyed by a ruthless death. Only the children remained, but he himself still convulsively clung to the ground, as if in fact his broken life represented some value for him and for others.

In this craving for life there is no personal salvation for Grigory Melekhov, but there is an affirmation of the ideal of life.

At the end of the novel, when life is reborn, Grigory threw a rifle, revolver, cartridges into the water, wiped his hands. Don crossed the blue March ice, walked towards the house. He stood at the gates of his native house, holding his son in his arms ... "

Opinion of critics about the ending.

Critics argued for a long time and a lot about the further fate of Melekhov. Soviet literary scholars argued that Melekhov would join socialist life. Western critics say that the venerable Cossack will be arrested the next day and then executed.

Sholokhov, with an open ending, left room for both paths. This is of no fundamental importance, because. at the end of the novel, what constitutes essence humanistic philosophy of the protagonist of the novel, humanity in20th century: “under the cold sun, a huge world shines, life continues, embodied in the symbolic picture of a child in his father's arms.(the image of a child as a symbol eternal life was already present in many of Sholokhov's "Don stories", and "The Fate of a Man" also ends with it.

Conclusion

The path of Grigory Melekhov to the ideal of true life - it's a tragic way gains, mistakes and losses, which was passed by the entire Russian people in the XX century.

"Grigory Melekhov is an integral person in a tragically torn time." (E. Tamarchenko)

1. Portrait, Aksinya's character. (part 1 ch.3,4,12)
   The origin and development of Aksinya and Grigory's love. (part 1 ch.3, ch.2, ch.10)
2. Dunyasha Melekhova (part 1 ch. 3,4,9)
3. Daria Melekhova. Dramatic fate.
4. Mother's love Ilyinichny.
5. The tragedy of Natalia.

At the beginning of the story, young Gregory - a real Cossack, a brilliant horseman, hunter, fisherman and hardworking rural worker - is quite happy and carefree. The traditional Cossack commitment to military glory helps him out in the first trials on the bloody battlefields in 1914. Distinguished by exceptional courage, Gregory quickly gets used to bloody battles. However, he is distinguished from his brothers in arms by his sensitivity to any manifestation of cruelty. To any violence against the weak and defenseless, and as events unfold - also a protest against the horrors and absurdities of war. In fact, he spends his whole life in an environment of hatred and fear that is alien to him, hardening and discovering with disgust how all his talent, his entire being goes into the dangerous skill of creating death. He has no time to be at home, in the family, among people who love him.

All this cruelty, dirt, violence made Gregory take a fresh look at life: in the hospital where he was after being wounded, under the influence of revolutionary propaganda, doubts about loyalty to the tsar, fatherland and military duty appear.

In the seventeenth year, we see Gregory in chaotic and painful attempts to at least somehow decide on this " Time of Troubles". He searches for political truth in a world of rapidly changing values, guided more often by the external signs of events than by their essence.

At first he fights for the Reds, but the killing of unarmed prisoners by them repels him, and when the Bolsheviks come to his beloved Don, doing robberies and violence, he fights them with cold fury. And again, Gregory's search for truth does not find an answer. They turn into greatest drama a person completely lost in the cycle of events.

The deep forces of Gregory's soul repel him from both the Reds and the Whites. “They are all the same!? he says to his childhood friends leaning towards the Bolsheviks.? All of them are a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks! And when he learns about the rebellion of the Cossacks in the upper reaches of the Don against the Red Army, he takes the side of the rebels. Now he can fight for what is dear to him, for what he loved and cherished all his life: “As if there were no days of searching for the truth, searches, transitions and heavy internal struggle behind him. What was there to think about? Why did the soul rush about? in search of a way out, in resolving contradictions? Life seemed mocking, wisely simple. Now it already seemed to him that from eternity there was no such truth in it, under the wing of which anyone could warm up, and embittered to the extreme, he thought: everyone has his own truth, his own furrow. For a piece of bread, for a plot of land, for the right to life - people have always fought and will fight as long as the sun shines on them, while warm blood oozes through their veins. We must fight those who want to take life, right for it; you have to fight hard, without swinging,? like in the wall but the intensity of hatred, firmness will give the struggle!

Both a return to the dominance of officers in the event of a victory for the Whites, and the power of the Reds on the Don are unacceptable for Grigory. IN last volume In the novel, the demolition as a result of disobedience to a White Guard officer, the death of his wife and the final defeat of the White Army bring Gregory to the last degree of despair. In the end, he joins the cavalry of Budyonny and heroically fights with the Poles, wanting to clear himself of his guilt before the Bolsheviks. But for Gregory there is no salvation in Soviet reality, where even neutrality is considered a crime. With bitter mockery, he tells the former orderly that he envies Koshevoy and the White Guard Litsvitsky: “It was clear to them from the very beginning, but everything is still unclear to me. They both have their own, straight roads, their own ends, and since the seventeenth year I have been walking along the forks, swinging like a drunk ... "

The tragedy of Grigory Melekhov is the tragedy of the Russian Cossacks as a whole. The Cossacks never broke their hats to anyone, they lived apart, isolated from the rest of the world, I feel some of my exclusivity, peculiarity and strive to preserve it. Both whites and reds for the majority of ordinary Cossacks are “non-residents” who brought discord and war to the Don land. Whichever side the Cossacks fought on, they want one thing: to return to their native farm, to their wife and children, to plow the land, to run their own household.

One night, under the threat of arrest, and therefore the inevitable execution, Grigory flees from his native farm. After long wanderings, yearning for children and Aksinya, he secretly returns. Aksinya hugs him, presses her face against his wet overcoat, sobs: “Better kill, but don’t leave!”. Having begged his sister to take the children, he and Aksinya flee at night in the hope of getting to the Kuban and starting new life. Enthusiastic joy fills the soul of this woman at the thought that she is again next to Gregory. But her happiness is short-lived: on the way they are caught by a horse outpost, and they rush into the night, pursued by bullets flying after them. When they find shelter in the pit, Grigory buries his Aksinya: “With his palms, he diligently pressed wet, yellow clay on the grave mound and knelt near the grave for a long time, bowing his head, gently swaying. Now there was no need for him to rush. It was all over…”

Hiding for weeks in the forest thicket, Grigory is experiencing more and more desire“to be like ... in their native places, to show off like kids, then it would be possible to die ...” He returns to his native farm.

Having touchingly described Grigory's meeting with his son, Sholokhov ends his novel with the words: “Well, that little thing that Grigory dreamed about during sleepless nights has come true. He stood at the gate of his native house, holding his son in his arms. It was all that remained in his life, which still made him related to the earth and to all this huge world shining under the cold sun.

Gregory did not have long to enjoy this joy. Obviously, he came back to die. To perish from communist necessity in the person of Mikhail Koshevoy. In a novel full of cruelty, executions and murders, Sholokhov wisely lowers the curtain on this last episode. And meanwhile, a whole human life. The biography of Grigory by Sholokhov is quite voluminous. Gregory lived, in the full sense of the word, when his life idyll was not disturbed in any way.

He loved and was loved, he lived an extraordinary worldly life on his native farm and was satisfied. He always tried to do the right thing, and if not - well, every person has the right to make a mistake. Many moments of Gregory's life in the novel are a kind of "escape" from events that are beyond the power of his mind. The passion of Gregory's searches is replaced most often by a return to himself, to natural life, to your home. But at the same time, it cannot be said that Gregory's life quests have come to a standstill, no. He had real love, and fate did not deprive him of the opportunity to be a happy father. But Gregory was forced to constantly look for a way out of the difficult situations that had arisen. Speaking of moral choice Gregory in life, it is impossible to say unequivocally whether his choice was always really the only true and correct one. But he was almost always guided by his own principles and beliefs, trying to find a better share in life, and this desire was not a simple desire to "live the best." It was sincere and affected the interests not only of himself, but also of many people close to him, in particular the woman he loved. Despite the fruitless aspirations in life, Gregory was happy, although for a very short time. But even these short minutes of much-needed happiness were enough. They did not disappear in vain, just as Grigory Melekhov did not live his life in vain. There is no particular fault of Gregory in the way his fate turned out: he did not choose the burden in which to live. But one thing can be said: Melekhov is broken, but not broken, crippled, but not disfigured by the war, like Mitka Korshunov or Fomin. He did not prevaricate, and if he went against his conscience somewhere, then he paid the price for it to the end. And Mishatka, sitting in his father's arms, is the best reward for everything from an unkind fate. M. Sholokhov, like Tolstoy, emphasizes the decisive role of the people in history.

Describing his idea for the image of the protagonist of The Quiet Flows the Don, M. Sholokhov wrote: “I wanted to talk about the charm of a person in Grigory Melekhov, but I didn’t succeed completely.” It did not succeed, as it seems to us, not because of a lack of skill (the writer perfectly understood the scale of the figure he created), but because in him the human spirit rose to the heights of perfection and descended to the depths of despair. The path of Grigory Melekhov to the ideal of true life is a tragic path of gains, mistakes and losses, which was passed by the entire Russian people in the 20th century.

An essay on the topic “The Image of Grigory Melekhov” briefly: characterization, life story and description of the hero in search of truth

In Sholokhov's epic novel " Quiet Don» Grigory Melekhov takes center stage. He is the most complex Sholokhov hero. This is a seeker of truth. Such cruel tests fell on his lot, which a person, it would seem, is not able to endure. life path Grigory Melekhov is difficult and tortuous: at first there was the First World War, then civil, and, finally, an attempt to destroy the Cossacks, the uprising and its suppression.

The tragedy of Grigory Melekhov is the tragedy of a man who has broken away from the people, who has become a renegade. His detachment becomes tragic, because he is a confused person. He went against himself, against millions of workers just like himself.

From his grandfather Prokofy Gregory, he inherited a quick-tempered and independent character, as well as the ability for tender love. The blood of the "Turkish" grandmother appeared in his appearance, in love, on the battlefields and in the ranks. And from his father he inherited a strong temper, and it was precisely because of this that adherence to principles and rebelliousness haunted Grigory from his youth. He fell in love married woman Aksinyu (this is a turning point in his life) and soon decides to leave with her, despite all the prohibitions of his father and the condemnation of society. The origins of Melekhov's tragedy lie in his rebellious character. This is the predetermination of a tragic fate.

Gregory is a kind, brave and courageous hero who always tries to fight for truth and justice. But the war comes, and it destroys all his ideas about the truth and justice of life. The war appears to the writer and his heroes as a series of losses and terrible deaths: it cripples people from the inside and destroys everything dear and dear. It forces all the heroes to take a fresh look at the problems of duty and justice, to seek the truth and not find it in any of their warring camps. Once at the Reds, Grigory sees the same cruelty and thirst for blood as the Whites. He can not understand why all this? After all, war destroys the well-established life of families, peaceful work, it takes away the last things from people and kills love. Grigory and Pyotr Melekhov, Stepan Astakhov, Koshevoy and other heroes of Sholokhov are unable to understand why this fratricidal massacre is taking place? For whom and for what should people die when they still have a long life ahead of them?

The fate of Grigory Melekhov is a life incinerated by war. The personal relationships of the characters unfold against the background tragic history countries. Gregory will never again be able to forget how he killed the first enemy, an Austrian soldier. He hacked him to death with a saber, it's terrible for him. The moment of murder unrecognizably changed him. The hero has lost his foothold, his kind and fair soul protests, cannot survive such violence against common sense. But war is coming, Melekhov understands that he must continue to kill. Soon his mind changes: he realizes that war kills the best people of his time, that among the thousands of deaths one cannot find the truth, Grigory throws down his weapon and returns to his native farm to work for native land and raise children. At almost 30 years old, the hero is already almost an old man. The path of Melekhov's searches turned out to be an impassable thicket. Sholokhov in his work raises the question of the responsibility of history to the individual. The author sympathizes with his hero Grigory Melekhov, whose life is already broken at such a young age.

As a result of his search, Melekhov is left alone: ​​Aksinya is killed by his recklessness, he is hopelessly far from children, if only because he will bring trouble on them with his closeness. Trying to remain true to himself, he cheats on everyone: the warring parties, women, and ideas. So he was looking in the wrong place in the first place. Thinking only about himself, about his "truth", he did not like and did not serve. At an hour when a weighty man's word was required of him, Gregory could only provide doubts and self-examination. But the war did not need philosophers, and women did not need the love of wisdom. Thus, Melekhov is the result of a transformation of the type " extra person» in the conditions of the most severe historical conflict.

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>Compositions based on the work Quiet Flows the Don

The path of searching Grigory Melikhov

The epic novel by M. A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” (1928-1940) is a work about the life of the Don Cossacks during the civil war. Main character novel Grigory Melekhov is a worthy son of his father, a loving and just person, a seeker of truth. The personal development of Gregory against the backdrop of changing, often hostile events in the world is the main problem of the novel. The author skillfully depicts the stages of formation and development of the character of the hero, his exploits and disappointments, and most importantly, the search for a life path.

The image of Grigory Melekhov is complex and contradictory. It combines family, social, historical and love line. It cannot be considered separately from other characters. He is in close unity with his parents, his family and other Cossacks. The "millstones" of the war did not spare Gregory. They went through his soul, crippling it and leaving bloody footprints. On the battlefields, he matured, received many awards, supported the Cossack honor, but at what cost. The kind and humane Gregory hardened, his character was tempered, and he became different. If after the first murder he could not sleep at night, tormented by his conscience, then over time he learned to ruthlessly kill the enemy and even developed the technique of a fatal blow. However, before last chapter he remained a loving, open and just man.

In search of the truth, Gregory rushed from one camp to another, from the “reds” to the “whites”. As a result, he became a renegade. He even envied those who firmly believed in one truth and fought for only one idea. The hero experienced moral hesitation not only at the front, but also at home. On the one hand, a devoted and loving Natalya was waiting for him, and on the other hand, he loved Aksinya all his life - the wife of Stepan Astakhov. This is an ambiguous position in different social spheres indicates that Gregory is a doubting nature. He always lived "between two fires." The author himself sympathizes with his hero - a man who lived in troubled times, when all moral guidelines were shifted.

Having never understood what the “truth” was and why this senseless war was needed, having lost almost all relatives and friends, at the end of the novel, Gregory returned to his native land. the only person, who made him related to the earth and this vast world, was his son Mishatka. According to the author, this could be the life of a Cossack: the son returned to his mother, that is, the Cossack land. Perhaps this was the "truth" that Gregory had been looking for so long.

Roman M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" is a novel about the Cossacks in the era of the Civil War. The protagonist of the work - Grigory Melekhov - continues the tradition of Russian classical literature, in which one of the main images is the hero-truth seeker (works by Nekrasov, Leskov, Tolstoy, Gorky).
Strives to find the meaning of life, to understand the whirlwind historical events, find happiness and Grigory Melekhov. This simple Cossack was born in a simple and friendly family, where centuries-old traditions are sacred - they work hard, have fun. The basis of the hero's character - love for work, for his native land, respect for the elders, justice, decency, kindness - is laid right here, in the family.
Handsome, hardworking, cheerful, Grigory immediately wins the hearts of those around him: he is not afraid of human rumors (almost openly loves the beautiful Aksinya, the wife of the Cossack Stepan), he does not consider it shameful to become a farm laborer in order to maintain relations with his beloved woman.
And at the same time, Gregory is a man who tends to hesitate. So, despite their great love to Aksinya, Grigory does not oppose his parents, marries Natalya Korshunova according to their will.
Without fully realizing it himself, Melekhov strives to exist "in truth." He is trying to understand, to answer for himself the question “how should one live?”. The search for a hero is complicated by the era in which he was born - the time of revolutions and wars.
Gregory will experience strong moral hesitation when he gets to the fronts of the First World War. The hero went to war, thinking that he knew which side the truth was on: you need to defend the fatherland and destroy the enemy. What could be easier? Melekhov does just that. He fights valiantly, he is brave and selfless, he does not shame the honor of the Cossacks. But gradually doubts come to the hero. He begins to see in opponents the same people with their hopes, weaknesses, fears, joys. What is all this slaughter for, what will it bring to people?
The hero begins to realize this especially clearly when fellow countryman Melekhov Chubaty kills a captive Austrian, still a very young boy. The prisoner tries to establish contact with the Russians, openly smiles at them, tries to please. The Cossacks were pleased with the decision to bring him to the headquarters for interrogation, but Chubaty kills the boy simply out of love for violence, out of hatred.
For Melekhov, this event becomes a real moral blow. And although he firmly protects the Cossack honor, deserves a reward, he understands that he was not created for war. He desperately wants to know the truth in order to find the meaning of his actions. Having fallen under the influence of the Bolshevik Garandzhi, the hero, like a sponge, absorbs new thoughts, new ideas. He starts fighting for the Reds. But the killing of unarmed prisoners by the Reds pushes him away from them too.
childlike a pure soul Gregory alienates him from both the Reds and the Whites. Melekhov reveals the truth: the truth cannot be on either side. Reds and whites are politics, class struggle. And where there is a class struggle, blood is always shed, people die, children remain orphans. The truth is peaceful work in the native land, family, love.
Gregory is a wavering, doubting nature. This allows him to seek the truth, not to stop there, not to be limited by other people's explanations. Gregory's position in life is a position "between": between the traditions of the fathers and his own will, between two loving women- Aksinya and Natalya, between the whites and the reds. Finally, between the need to fight and the realization of the senselessness and uselessness of the massacre (“my hands need to plow, not fight”).
The author himself sympathizes with his hero. In the novel, Sholokhov objectively describes the events, talks about the "truth" of both the Whites and the Reds. But his sympathy, feelings are on the side of Melekhov. It fell to this man to live at a time when all moral guidelines were shifted. It was this, as well as the desire to search for the truth, that led the hero to such a tragic ending - the loss of everything that he loved: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that?”
The writer emphasizes that Civil War This is the tragedy of the entire Russian people. There are no right or wrong in it, because people die, brother goes against brother, father against son.
Thus, Sholokhov in the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" made a man from the people and from the people as a truth seeker. The image of Grigory Melekhov becomes a concentration of historical and ideological conflict works, an expression of the tragic searches of the entire Russian people.