Analysis of the last episode of Platonic Return. Composition Analysis of the story The return of Platonov (reasoning)

"Return" was printed in a magazine New world” in No. 10 - 11 for 1946 under the title “The Ivanov Family”. The story was criticized for the slander that the writer allegedly erected on Soviet people, for soldiers returning from the war, for the Soviet family. After the death of Platonov, the charges were dropped. The story, significantly altered by Platonov himself, was published in a collection of short stories in 1962 after the author's death.

Literary direction and genre

The story "The Return" refers to literary direction realism. The victorious warrior, who has become unaccustomed to his family, returns home and finds out that his wife also had a hard time, so she did not even wait for him correctly, as K. Simonov's song says. Critics took up arms against Platonov because the behavior of his heroes did not fit into the framework of "socialist realism".

A psychological story about one family, about the connections of the father and mother on the side, about their weaning from each other, about the father from the children. The plot takes only a few days, but the dialogues reveal events that occurred during the war.

Theme, main idea, problem

A story about a post-war meeting of a family, each member of which is trying to enter the mainstream of peaceful life. The main idea is that war not only kills physically, it destroys families, making loved ones strangers and distorting every single life. To return to the roots, to family love, a sacrifice is needed.

The problematic of the story is traditional for Platonov. The problem of the influence of war on the fate and personality of people is raised, the transformation of men into frivolous teenagers, and children into little old men; the problem of alienation of relatives by time and distance; the problem of fidelity and betrayal, responsibility and forgiveness; the problem of love, which the characters see as a response to grief and loneliness.

Plot and composition

The demobilized Alexei Ivanov returns home by train and is in no hurry, because he has lost the habit of being at home, just like his random fellow traveler Masha, the daughter of a spaceman. Alexei spent two days with her, leaving at the station in her hometown and without saying that his family was waiting for him at home.

The wife and children were waiting for Ivanov, going out to the trains every day. On the sixth day, Alexei was met by 11-year-old son Peter, and both were dissatisfied with each other: Petya was upset by the impracticality of his father, and Alexei - by the pragmatism of his son. Ivanov's home is strange and incomprehensible: his wife is embarrassed by him, like a bride, the 5-year-old youngest daughter Nastya, who did not remember her father, is accustomed to hard domestic work, Petrushka performs the duties of a grumpy owner, and does not study and play, as children should.

Nastya inadvertently reveals to her father that Semyon Evseich goes to them and sits with the children, because his whole family was killed and he is lonely. In a night conversation with his wife Lyuba, Aleksey finds out that she cheated on him with the instructor of the district committee of the trade union, who was gentle with her.

The next morning, Alexey decided to go to Masha, leaving his family, but the children ran out to the crossing to return their father. Ivanov, who at that moment experienced forgiveness and love for his family, got off the train onto the path along which his children were running.

The story contains a tiny inserted short story - Petrushka's story about Uncle Khariton, who. returning from the war and learning that his wife Anyuta was cheating on him with an armless invalid, he first quarreled with her, and then told her that he had also cheated on many women. And they began to live, satisfied with each other. Yes, only Khariton came up with treason, forgiving his wife. Alexei is not capable of such an act and does not tell his wife about his betrayal (perhaps not the only one).

Heroes

Alexey Ivanov is almost the most common combination of first and middle names. For Platonov, the hero is just a man, of which there are many, a man of ordinary fate. He considers himself right in the conflict, and others are guilty, and lives only for himself, without regard to his loved ones. His fleeting connection with Masha is justified by boredom, cold, the desire to "entertain your heart." He does not think that Masha will be left alone, he does not think about her heart at all.

According to the wife of Alexei Lyuba, she was looking for consolation in the only connection with a man in the entire war, her soul reached out to him, because she was dying. Alexei is hurt: "I am also a person, not a toy." Resentment fills his mind. He believes that he experienced a lot more in the war than his wife: "I fought the whole war, I saw death closer than you." He acts like a child, about to complain to his teenage son about his wife's infidelity.

Peter is older than both his father and mother, he pacifies his parents: “We have a business, we need to live, and you swear, how stupid they are.” Alexey calls him a serviceable peasant, grandfather. Petya is really very petty. He is concerned with the only problem - to survive. From this, she scolds Nastya, who peels off the thick peel from potatoes, her father, who crushed the glass of a kerosene lamp in excitement. Petya not only takes care of a warm coat for his mother and is going to work as a stoker in a bathhouse to buy it, but also teaches Nastya housework, reading. Even about Semyon Evseich, he worldly remarks to his father that Evseich is older (that is, he is not a rival to his father) and brings benefits.

Little Petya does not have a single childish desire. The stress caused by the departure of his father revives in him a child who needs a father and calls him. The inner turmoil of the boy is conveyed by a bright detail: in a hurry, he puts on a felt boot on one leg, and a galosh on the other. Here, from Peter, he turns into Petrushka, whose image makes his father get off the train.

At the same time, the rebirth of the protagonist takes place: it became hot in his chest, “as if the heart ... made its way to freedom.” Now main character He touched life with a bare heart, in which the barrier of "vanity and self-interest" collapsed.

The images of the rest of the men set off the character of the protagonist, their features contrast with his personality. Semyon Evseich, unlike Alexei, experienced real grief, having lost his wife and children, who were killed in Mogilev. His attachment to other people's children and wife is also an attempt to survive. This is the desire to benefit others (after all, the children sat all day long alone in the dark), and the need to attach their tormented soul to something. Before his rebirth, Alexei cannot understand and feel sorry for his imaginary rival. But he sees even greater evil in the nameless evacuee, with whom his wife only once wanted to feel like a woman, but could not, loving Alexei.

The female characters in the story are poignant. IN war time in the patriarchal structure of families, everything changes places. The boy turns into an old man, the warrior man into a capricious child living, according to Petya, on ready-made grubs, and the woman into the head of the family, the man. Lyuba learned to do men's work at the factory, repair electric ovens for neighbors for potatoes and repair shoes for themselves and their children. One thing she could not do was take responsibility: "I don't know anything."
It would seem that the position of Masha, the daughter of the spacer, is more advantageous. It is open to the whole world, free from obligations, not promised to anyone. But her spacious heart does not know how to forget people who accidentally become close to her. At the beginning of the story, Ivanov does not realize that his wife, like Masha, can love and pity many. At the end of the story, Ivanov realizes that even a physical connection may not be a betrayal, that it's all about the soul.

Stylistic features

Platonov's work has no analogues in literature. His language is strange and unusual, but piercing, as if the words come from the heart. The writer understands and pities each of his characters, justifying his actions.

Of particular importance are the details that usually speak of the internal state of the characters, like the already mentioned felt boots and galoshes on Petrushka's feet, or Lyuba's tears mixed with the dough of her pie, or Semyon Evseich's glasses that Nastya puts on to darn her mother's mittens, or crushed glass kerosene lamp.
Smells are of great importance for Platonov. Alexei recognizes the house as his at the moment when he feels that its smell has not changed in four years. Masha's hair smells like fallen leaves (a common motif in Platonov's work). This smell is opposed to the smell of the house, symbolizes "anxious life again."

The speech of the characters is full of worldly imagery, especially Petina. He persuades the fire in the oven not to burn in a shaggy way, but evenly, Nastya does not order to plan meat from potatoes so that "the food does not disappear." Inclusions in children's speech of clericalism show the tragedy of the country where the children become old.

Another one salient feature Andrey Platonov's stylistics is a description not so much of the thoughts of the heroes, who are worldly wise, as a reasoning about Alexei's love, but of the feelings, movements of the “naked heart”.

In this lesson, you will get acquainted with A. Platonov's story "Return". We will analyze the text of the story, consider its subtext and symbolic meaning artistic images used by the author. Let's talk about the lost generation.

Platonov was born in Voronezh, in the family of a railway worker. There were eleven children in the family, Andrei was the eldest. Platonov began to work very early, at the age of thirteen. It was necessary to feed the family, help raise brothers and sisters. In 1918 future writer enters the Voronezh Polytechnic Institute in the electrical department. And already in 1919 he began active cooperation with many newspapers as a poet and correspondent.

Soon he begins to write prose - stories, novels, novels. Platonov's work was perceived with hostility by the Soviet authorities, many of his works were criticized. The fact is that Platonov wrote honest prose about a person, and this contradicted the ideology of socialist realism.

Literary activity Platonov begins with poetry. In his poems, the poet creates images of little people deprived of fate. Here, for example, are a few lines about a blind man:

You are alive, you are alive, you are the only one
And the wall is just smoke before our eyes,
You are blind, but there is a mysterious light in you,
You are the only one in the world."

In 1922, the first collection of Platonov's poems "Blue Depth" was published. Platonov's poems received high marks from critics. In particular, the poet Silver Age V. Bryusov wrote: "... he has a rich imagination, bold language and his own approach to topics."

socialist realism(Social realism) - officially encouraged by the party bodies of the USSR artistic method in literature and art, built on the socialist concept of the world and man.

Method formulated Soviet leaders culture under the leadership of Stalin in 1932. It covered all areas artistic activity: literature, dramaturgy, cinematography, painting, sculpture, architecture. M. Gorky was recognized as the leading writer of socialist realism. (Fig. 2.)

Rice. 2. Maxim Gorky and Joseph Stalin ()

Gorky wrote: “It is vitally and creatively necessary for our writers to take a point of view, from the height of which - and only from its height - all the dirty crimes of capitalism, all the meanness of its bloody intentions are clearly visible, and all the greatness of the heroic work of the proletariat-dictator is visible."

During the years of the Great Patriotic War Platonov, correspondent captain, works for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. His war stories appear in print. At the end of 1946, Andrei Platonov publishes the story "Return". The working title of the story was The Ivanov Family. In 1947, the writer was criticized and persecuted for this story. What was the reason for this?

In the story "Return" A. Platonov tells how a soldier returns from the war. With the theme of victory, each of us is associated with joyful emotions, associations with spring, with the triumph of life. However, in Platonov's narrative we do not see this joy. The action in the story takes place in autumn, everything around is gloomy and dull. The artist Platonov outlined the landscape with just a few strokes, but he did it masterfully. Autumn is the time of the year, which is associated with the period of withering, dying. Autumn in the story is a symbol of war. And even those who survived this war are experiencing autumn in their souls. They have already forgotten what real full-fledged happiness and joy are. They live content with simple joy at hand, little moments of little happiness that they can find in the conditions of war. Thus, Platonov through the landscape conveys the mood of the protagonist Alexei Ivanov, a soldier returning from the war.

reasons autumn mood At first we don't understand the hero. It would seem that the soldier himself is intact, they are waiting for him at home, all his relatives are alive and well, but the hero is in no hurry to go home. First, Alexei returns to the unit because the train was late, and then he leaves the station with his fellow soldier and spends several days with her. And his wife and children are waiting for him home, go to the station and meet the trains. Reading this, we begin to condemn Alexei Ivanov, because it is easier to condemn than to understand.

In the story, Platonov wanted to show that for a soldier who spent four years in the war, there is no longer the concept of a peaceful life. He forgot what it was, a military unit became his family, and fellow soldiers became his relatives. That is why the soldier Ivanov feels orphaned without an army. A soldier cannot suddenly break with his military past and therefore stops for a few days with his fellow soldier Masha. Then he remembers for a long time that her hair smells like autumn. Because Masha is part of his military life, and in civilian life everything is unfamiliar, everything has long been forgotten. It is these feelings that a soldier experiences when he returns home.

“Ivanov examined all the objects of the house in order - a wall clock, a cupboard, a thermometer on the wall, chairs, flowers on the windowsills, a Russian kitchen stove ... They lived here for a long time without him and missed him. Now he returned and looked at them, reacquainting himself with each of them, as with a relative who lived without him in melancholy and poverty. He breathed in the settled, familiar smell of the house - smoldering wood, warmth from the bodies of his children, burning on the stove. This smell was the same before, four years ago, and it did not dissipate or change without it. Ivanov did not feel this smell anywhere else, although he visited during the war on different countries in hundreds of dwellings; there smelled of a different spirit, in which, however, there was no property of a native home.

Household items remained the same, and the smell of the house is the same, but this is perhaps the only thing that has survived from that distant, past life and everything else has changed.

Initially calling the story "The Ivanov Family", the author wanted to emphasize the main task of the story, to show that the war destroys and destroys everything in its path, and even the spiritual connection between loved ones. Alexei Ivanov met with his wife and children, as with strangers, strangers to him. All these four years, the Ivanov family lived a difficult life. military life. They have their own view of the war, for them it is first of all - hard and exhausting work, devastation, hunger, cold. The trouble they experienced apart from their father changed them and alienated them from him.

“Strange and still not entirely clear was Ivanov's home. The wife was the same - with a sweet, shy, although already very tired face, and the children were the same that were born from him, only grown up during the war, as it should be. But something prevented Ivanov from feeling the joy of his return with all his heart - he was probably too unaccustomed to home life and could not immediately understand even the closest, dearest people. (Fig. 3.)

Rice. 3. Frame from the film based on the story ()

Wife Lyuba does not complain to her husband, does not tell all the details of the harsh working military everyday life. However, we learn a lot from snippets of conversation. All these years, Lyuba worked hard and took care of the children, giving them the last. She herself was malnourished, she altered her husband's clothes so that the children would not be cold, she sold her coat and went in winter in a short padded jacket. She did everything for the children to survive in this war. In return, children pay their mother with love and care, they are very attached to her. Their father became a stranger to them. The eldest son Peter did not even recognize him, and little Nastya does not remember her father at all. It hurts Ivanov to realize how much a stranger he has become for his family.

“... he was too unaccustomed to home life and could not immediately understand even the closest, dearest people. He looked at Petrushka, his grown-up first-born son, listened to how he gave orders and instructions to his mother and little sister, watched his serious, preoccupied face, and shamefully admitted to himself that his paternal feeling for this little boy, attraction to him as to son is not enough. Ivanov was even more ashamed of his indifference to Petrushka from the realization that Petrushka needed love and care more than others, because it was a pity to look at him now. Ivanov did not know exactly the life that his family lived without him, and he could not yet clearly understand why Petrushka had such a character.

Reading the story, we understand that the war forced the son of Petrushka to grow up early. This is what the father notices when he meets the boy at the station.

“He was met by his son Peter; now Petrushka was in his twelfth year, and the father did not immediately recognize his child in a serious teenager who seemed older than his age. Father saw that Pyotr was a short and thin boy, but on the other hand, big-headed, with big foreheads, and his face was calm, as if already accustomed to worldly worries, and his small brown eyes looked at White light gloomy and displeased, as if they saw the same disorder everywhere. Petrushka was neatly dressed and shod: his shoes were worn, but still fit, his pants and jacket were old, altered from his father's civilian clothes, but without holes - where necessary, mended there, where necessary, a patch was put there, and all Petrushka looked like small, poor, but serviceable peasant.

Having become more familiar with the character of Petrushka, we involuntarily recall the lines from the song of Bulat Okudzhava:

“Ah, war, what have you done, vile:
our yards became quiet,
our boys raised their heads,
they have matured for the time being ... "

Looking at his early grown-up children, Ivanov understands that his task is to help them begin to live a peaceful life.

“He needs to get down to business as soon as possible, that is, go to work in order to earn money, and help his wife raise their children properly, then gradually everything will go for the better, and Petrushka will run with the guys, sit at the book, and not command with stag by the stove.

It seems that the soldier understands everything, but four years of war continue to stand between him and his family. At the moment when Ivanov begins to reproach his wife for not devoting enough time to raising children, her son Petrushka defends her.

“- Why are you crushing the glass of the lamp? Why are you scaring your mother? She is already thin, she eats potatoes without oil, and gives oil to Nastya.
- Do you know what mother did here, what she did? - in a plaintive voice, like a little one, cried the father.
- Alyosha! Lyubov Vasilyevna turned meekly to her husband.
- I know, I know everything! Petrushka said. - Your mother was crying for you, she was waiting for you, and you came, she is also crying. You do not know!
- Yes, you still do not understand anything! - angry father. - Here we have a shoot.
“I understand everything perfectly,” answered Petrushka from the stove. - You don't understand. We have a business, we have to live, and you swear, how stupid you are ... "

After a quarrel with his wife in the morning, Ivanov decides to leave. He did not say anything to his wife or son, only kissed little Nastya, who woke up early. The soldier came to the station, got on the train, the train started moving. Ivanov looks out the window and sees the road.

“The railroad track here was crossed by a rural dirt road that went to the city; on this earthen road lay bundles of straw and hay that had fallen from wagons, wicker and horse dung. Usually this road was deserted, except for two market days a week; rarely, it happened, a peasant would drive to the city with a full load of hay or return back to the village. So it was now; the village road lay empty.

Study this quote carefully and think about the meaning of the description. The road is a symbol of man, his life path. It is deserted, except for two market days a week. Remember what we said about improvised, temporary joy and full, real joy. Platonov through the landscape conveys not just the mood of the hero, but his attitude to life. And on this empty and deserted road, two fragile figures appear. Ivanov recognizes them as his children, he sees how they run after the train, stumble and fall. At this moment, the soldier realizes that he has one common road with his children and it depends on him, as a father, what their life will be like. It was at this moment that Ivanov seemed to break free from the shackles of war, and all his real and sincere feelings broke through.
“Ivanov closed his eyes, not wanting to see and feel the pain of the fallen, exhausted children, and he himself felt how hot it became in his chest, as if the heart, enclosed and languishing in him, had been beating long and in vain all his life and only now it broke free , filling his entire being with warmth and shudder. He suddenly learned everything that he knew before, much more accurately and more effectively. Previously, he felt another life through the barrier of pride and self-interest, and now he suddenly touched her with a bare heart.

Alexei Ivanov jumped off the train. It was at this moment, at the end of the story, that the soldier truly returned home, and now everything will work out in this family. The father will start working, the children will study, and the wounds left by the war will gradually heal. This family is sure to be happy.

And how many families did not wait for their fathers, husbands, brothers after the war! Semyon Evseevich is mentioned in the story. He has lost his entire family and has no one to return to. That is why he comes to Lyuba's children, plays with them, reads fairy tales to them - he warms up with his soul. It is unfair that Ivanov is jealous of Lyuba for Semyon, nothing connected them except friendship and support.

In 1936, in the magazine Krasnaya Nov, Platonov published a story called The Third Son. This story becomes known outside the country. A year later, the English publisher O'Brien included a short story Soviet writer to the collection the best stories of the year.

Ernest Hemingway, after reading the story, suggested that Platonov is one of those writers who have a lot to learn.

Here is a story written by Andrey Platonov. The writer showed great skill here, the ability to conclude a deep philosophical and psychological meaning in each image. After all, even Platonov does not choose the name of the hero by chance.

The Ivanov family personifies many families who waited for their loved ones from the fronts and faced the problem of disunity by the war. Platonov does not condemn people, he blames the accursed war.

Bibliography

1. Korovina V.Ya . Literature, 8th grade. Tutorial in two parts. -2009 .
2. Vakhitova T.M. Platonov and Leonov. 1930 Object world // Creativity of Andrey Platonov. Research and materials. - SPb., 2004. Book. Z. - S. 214-226.
3. Davydova T.T. Return of Andrey Platonov // Novy Mir, 2006. No. 6.

1. Dissercat.com().
2. Xz.gif.ru ().
3. lit-helper.com().

Homework

• Write an essay: Review of A.P. Platonov's story "Return"
• Answer the questions:

1. Who are the heroes of the story?

2. What is the meaning of the episode with the woman in the padded jacket whom Ivanov wanted to help, but then forgot about her?

3. How did Ivanov meet his wife, Lyubov Vasilievna?

4. How did the father view things in the house? How do you understand Ivanov's thoughts about them: "For a long time they lived here without him and missed him"?

• Describe the image of Alexei Ivanov.

Moral problems of A. Platonov's story "Return"

"There is a time in life when it is impossible to avoid one's happiness. This happiness comes not from kindness and not from other people, but from the strength of a growing heart, warming with its warmth and meaning."

War stories always leave an indelible mark on our souls. Many well-known writers addressed the topic of war. Surely you have read the story of V. Astafyev "The Shepherd and the Shepherdess", the story "The Horse with pink mane” and “A photograph in which I am not”, remember the work of B. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet”, heard about the novel by M. Sholokhov “They fought for their homeland”. Today we will talk about short story our countryman - writer A. Platonov "Return". Is the title of the story symbolic? What do you associate the word "RETURN" with? (Home, family, love, motherland). It's always nice to come back, isn't it? Andrei Platonov wrote the story in 1946, but it was published under the title "The Ivanov Family". Critics have spoken out against the story. Ermilov wrote: “Platonov always loved mental slovenliness, had a dirty imagination, he had a craving for everything ugly and dirty, in the spirit of bad Dostoevism, he turned even 11 summer hero into a preacher of cynicism "The critic said that the hero is shown as simply the most ordinary, mass man, no wonder he was given such a multimillion-dollar surname Ivanov. This surname carries a demonstrative meaning in the story: they say that many families are like that. By changing the title, Platonov strengthened those aspects of the story for which he was scolded. He showed what war does to a person, how it kills the soul, forcing them to break away from the family, from the most important values ​​of mankind.

- There is no open description of the war in the work, but it is present here. Through what details, perhaps, the landscape? (In the environment autumn nature everything was sad and depressing at that hour ...)

- Is the main character in a hurry to go home or is he slow? Why?

- Why does Ivanov go after Masha?

- How is Masha's condition described? Does she want to go home? Where are her family members? (And now Masha was somehow unusual, strange and even afraid to go home to her relatives, from whom she had already lost the habit).

- Can we say that Masha and Alexey are people who understand each other? They found solace in their fellowship.

- How is Ivanov received at home? How many days are his wife and children waiting for him?

- The son meets the father. Find his portrait. Read. What does the boy's appearance tell us? ( He was met by his son Peter ...)

- The return of the hero takes place in the house. He feels “a quiet joy in his heart and a calm contentment. The war is over." How does the father look at the objects in the house? Why? (He gets acquainted with objects, remembers smells. This helps him feel like a family among his own, warms his soul).

- Who is in charge of the house? (Petka). How does he run the business?(Episode about the stove, about potatoes). “I’m not angry, I’m on business ... You need to feed your father, he came from the war ...”. The boy understands how hard it was for his father, in the house he became the owner out of need, and not at will.

- What is Lyubov Vasilyevna's job? She does everything for the sake of her children, for the sake of her family. Why is she crying over the pie?(I thought about if my husband was killed)

- Alexei does not understand why Peter behaves like an old grandfather, why the children matured early, and the face of his daughter Nastya is “focused” not at all childish. Why do you think Alexey does not see the troubles of his family, perceives the house as it was before the war?

- Alexei cannot understand Semyon Evseevich, who came to play with Nastya and Petya. What is the personal tragedy of Semyon Evseevich himself?(The jealousy of the hero is unfounded, because the war united people, united their common misfortunes, destroyed families. A person wants to feel needed by other people.)

- Does the reader empathize with the Ivanov family? Pay attention to details such as clothes, children's shoes, their food? What is their life? Do they have a farm?

Father and mother sort things out, not understanding who is right and who is wrong. After all, there are no right and wrong ones. Eat human life that must be lived with dignity. Petya tells about this - about the relationship between Khariton and Anna. In difficult times, the heart of a person needs comfort. But the father does not understand the son. In what works have we already come across images of father and son? ( Quiet Don, Prodkommisar, Mole).

- At the end of the story, the railroad appears before us again. This is the path symbol. But which one: new or old? The father of the family wants to leave the house. What is Ivanov thinking about?(about Masha).

The theme of the railway in Platonov is found in many works, because the writer's life was connected with trains. And now the rails carry Ivanov away from his native hearth, his heart hardened. Read the final episode(Two children…)

- Why is Petka, always so neat, wearing different shoes?(Hurries to return the father).

- Did Ivanov manage to transgress through his own vanity? How did the war make him? (AND estkm, incredulous, rude). Can we say that Alexei, after getting off the train, returns to his real self? Souls crippled by war can only be cured by love and understanding.

- What is the meaning of the story's title?

- How do you think it would be further fate Ivanov family?

- What meaning can the reader, who has become acquainted with the work of A. Platonov, endure for himself?

What did the war teach people?

War is an evil that destroys destinies, breaks lives, families. But a person, despite the circumstances, must remember his destiny, must be able to open his heart to meet warmth and love. Returning to his present self, the hero destroys thereby the hatred, evil and doubt that tormented his heart.

"To feel the joy of returning with all my heart..."

Lesson studybased on the story by A. Platonov "Return", Grade 11

Epigraph to the lesson:

“War is a special naked love for good and a special hatred for evil...” Y. Bondarev

Goals and objectives:

in the course of the analysis and study of the text, determine the ideological content,
problematics of the story as one of the best works about the Great Patriotic War;

to bring students to an understanding of the features of artistic skill and artistic manner of A. Platonov;

to prepare students for writing an essay-review about the story, to evoke in the children a sense of empathy and ownership of what is depicted.

Homework for the lesson:

1. Read the story of A.P. Platonov "Return".
2. Write in a notebook the most characteristic details in the description of the characters
   (clothing, facial features, smell, behavior, actions, etc.),
   trace their "movement" in the story.
3. Explain the meaning of the title.

Introductory speech of the teacher.

The twenty-first century... Our time is the time of great accomplishments, the time of confession and repentance. Many, including myself, are terrified of the moral impasses into which many, many have been driven by the force of social circumstances.

At such a time, the role of literature remains invaluable.

What do you guys think, what problems were considered and remain
the most important in the best works of Russian literature?
The problem of moral choice
memory problem.

Moral choice, human memory - two facets of humanity, a quality that was most clearly tested during the war years.

A person cannot live only in the present, only for one moment. He aspires to the future and carefully keeps memories of the past. Each person is a part of his people, and therefore we have a common folk memory. Our lesson takes place on the eve of May 9, the day that became the Holy Victory Day.

More than sixty years have passed since then.

“Wars happen where and when people forget about the war”… Today, on the eve of the Day of Remembrance, let's think about the cost of winning the Victory, reread the heartfelt lines about the war, touch the saint.

The story of A.P. Platonov "The Return", written in 1946, is deservedly considered one of the masterpieces of the small genre about the war, about the life of the home front, about serious troubles and not conspicuous exploits of women and children, the favorite heroes of the amazing writer.

Advance task.The word of a pre-prepared student

About the writer.

A.P. Platonov is a writer and a person of the same age as the 20th century (born in 1899, died in 1951). All the most uncomfortable, terrible and at the same time fearless years of Russia passed before his eyes, he lived and survived them. Everything that this amazing writer wrote is the real fate of the country, our people, Platonov himself. One of the heroes of his story "The Old Mechanic" says a phrase that will then determine the essence of Platonov's work, and the problems of his works, and his place in literature, in the history of our culture: "The people are there, but I'm not there ... And without I am an incomplete people ”A.P. Platonov went through a whole school of professions - he was a worker and an reclamation engineer, he drove a steam locomotive with his father, and during the war years he was a war correspondent. But his main nature always showed through in him - the nature of the writer.

A craftsman by nature, he became one of the outstanding masters of our prose.

Teacher. Our lesson is a lesson of contact and participation in the mastery of the great writer of the 20th century, in his vision and understanding of the essence of the terrible war of the past century.

A conversation to identify the perception and definition of the topic and the hero of the story.

Teacher. First, how do you feel about the story? What did you experience while reading it?

1. The war exhausted people: “Ivanov ... served the whole war ...”, “tired
   a soldier's heart" thousands of miles away his legs over the years, wrinkles
   fatigue lay on his face, and his eyes were cut with pain under closed eyelids -
   they now wanted to rest in the twilight or in the darkness ... "
2. During the war years, children grow up early: “The father did not immediately recognize his
   child in a serious teenager who seemed older than his age ... "
   Lyuba about children: “... children are alone and alone ... You see how they have grown. All by yourself
   know how to do as adults have become ... ".
3. The little “how” is embarrassing, because Petrusha is only 12 years old!

After reading the story, we first thought about the fact that - the war is not only the front, but also the rear, the war with all its weight fell on the shoulders of women and children.

Teacher. How does Platonov's story show the heavy impact of the war on family life, on the fate of children?

feature artistic world Platonov is the image of orphans. Petrusha and Nastya are not orphans in the full sense of the word, but during the years of destruction and disasters they grow up early and are forced to live according to the laws not of a child, but adulthood. Parsley is the main actor in the story and the main thing in the Ivanov family: he replaced his front-line father, he is the head, he took care of the family, he considers himself entitled to manage everyone and everything in the house:

Mothers: “Give me, mother, bread cards ...”, “Turn around, mother, turn around faster!”

Sister: “Nastenka, empty the mug, I need dishes!”

Father: “You don’t understand yourself. We have a business, we have to live, and you swear like stupid ones.

Even to the fire in the oven, burning unevenly, Petrusha says: “Why are you burning like a shaggy one, you are fidgeting in all directions! Burn straight. Gay for the very food, for nothing, that eh, the trees grew in the forest.

The plot of the story

Teacher. When reading the story at home, you should have thought about the peculiarities of the plot of The Return.

The plot of the story is simple, and if you follow the external logic of the development of events, then it seems that the work is about several days of travel, the return of a soldier home and his meeting with his wife and children.

In fact, the deep outline of the story is much more complicated, because in the story
the years of the war can be traced both in the life of a soldier and in the life of his wife,
forced to work for days at a brick factory, and it’s too early in life
wise children.

So what is the story about? What did Platonov mean when he called one of his best works not "The Ivanov Family" (the original version), but "The Return"? Having answered these questions, we will unravel the riddle of Platonov's artistic manner, get acquainted with the features of his style.

Notable Platonic motifs in the story

Teacher. The system of images and the plot of the story are organized by well-known Platonic motifs. The thorny path of the heroes' suffering - Platonov's favorite motif - is present and dominates in the story "The Return". Let's get a grasp of the text and outline the paths that the heroes of A. Platonov follow.

1. Ivanov went through the war - he drank the cup of suffering of the war years allotted to him. Lyuba, his wife, is forced to work in the press, at a brick factory, where the peasants did not always stand up, the children of 12 and 5 years old run the household themselves.
2. The life of Platonov's favorite heroes is not just a path of suffering, but also
   often the road in the literal sense of the word.
3. Ivanov's return home - literally the road - takes
   long 6 days. Four years of war ("a soldier's heart is tired") and 6 days of travel.
   The narrative begins at the station, from the railroad, and ends there: Ivanov "got off the train onto that sandy path along which his children ran after him." Railway, station, train, wagon is present in almost every work of the writer.
4. In the story "Return", which revealed the consequences of the war in the life of the family, this can be seen especially clearly. From the unit ... "the comrades went with Ivanov to railway station and ... they left one", "the train, however, was late for many hours", "the station was destroyed." “Ivanov was left bored on the deserted asphalt of the platform”, “the train that was supposed to take Masha and Ivanov home from here was somewhere in the gray space.” Lyubov Vasilievna, Ivanov's wife, went out for three days in a row to all the trains that arrived from the west, on the fourth day she sent the children, Peter and Nastya, to the station to meet their father ... "," This is a train, Petya was walking quietly, "etc. .

So keywords passing through the whole story, reinforced by the antithesis:

House-train in a gray space - help the reader to understand and feel author's position: war separates families, separates people, separating them from each other by roads, train stations, "gray space", people wean from each other, forget family warmth, each other's warmth ... Such separation, according to Platonov, is especially detrimental for children .

Another favorite Platonic motif runs through the whole story - the motif of the search for truth, which should restore the natural order of life.

The war has mixed everything in the Ivanov family: the head of the family has been absent for a long time, he is in the war against his will, but he cannot return. Then he returns home for a long time - upon returning, he finds that life goes on, but everything is not going the way he would like - and as a result of all this - the soldier struggles with his burned heart, painfully deciding how to live on.

"The originality of each person ..." Mastery of detail

Teacher. Everyone who read Platonov could not fail to note how attentive the writer is to his every word, how, without justifying anyone, without defending or taking sides, he, unlike other writers, portrays each of his characters as a special mystery and a special miracle. life.

Platonov possesses such virtuosity of the word thanks to the mastery of the detail. What is a detail?

An expressive detail that carries a significant semantic and ideological and emotional load.

N.V. Gogol said remarkably about the detail in the article “On Little Russian Songs”: “Often, instead of the whole external one, there is only one sharp feature, one part of it. Nowhere in them can one find such a phrase: it was evening; but instead they say what happens in the evening ... "

We learn the ability to find expressive details in elementary grades. In high school, they should be aware of the multifunctional role of the detail, it is important to keep in mind such a feature of it: it always expresses the author's position to one degree or another, even for such writers who strive not to be "present" in Plato's work - unlike other writers - no one does not justify, does not defend and does not accept a draw

sides.

"It covers the entire recreated by him controversial world first of all, by his understanding, and in this all-pervading understanding lies the universal and wise humanity of the artist.

The beginning of the story.

Many works of great writers are distinguished by a significant beginning in understanding the idea (“Eugene Onegin” by Pushkin, “Anna Karenina” by Tolstoy, “Oblomov” by Goncharov). Let us turn to the beginning of Platonov's story "The Return":

“Aleksey Alekseevich Ivanov, captain of the guard, was leaving the army for demobilization,” let’s pay attention: he didn’t leave, but went down. Before us is a detail that has a deep metaphorical meaning. With this verb, used in the official sense, which has an interpretation in Ozhegov’s dictionary, he dropped out of the composition, ”begins and then builds up a whole chain of verbs, which, starting with an imperfective verb, marks the soldier’s long journey home, a long one not only in terms of space, but also in the sense of regaining a home, a peaceful way of life.

Using impersonations

IN the description of Ivanov's house does not contain the most detailed elements, there are no sketches of the situation familiar to many writers, the image of household items, it is only said that all “items of the house are in order - a wall clock, a cupboard, a thermometer on the wall, chairs, flowers on the windowsills, a Russian kitchen stove ... lived without him for a long time and missed him.”

Platonov's very common technique - to endow objects with the qualities of the living world - personification - makes the reader think again and again about the uselessness of such phenomena in life, like war (things "lived" without it "in anguish and poverty", "bored").

But it is not this “recognition” of things by Ivanov that makes the reader shudder, but ... the smell, the smell of his home.

“He breathed in the well-established native smell of the house - the smoldering of wood, the warmth from the body of his children. This smell was the same as before and didn't change without it. Ivanov did not smell this smell anywhere, although during the war he visited different countries, in hundreds of dwellings; there smelled of a different spirit, in which there was no property of a native home.

Surprisingly small, it would seem, a detail, but what an important role it plays in comprehending the writer's idea.

Two women go through the story, both have difficult fates, each of them drank the cup of suffering of military hard times to the bottom, but how different ... by smell!

Masha, daughter of a spacer:

“Masha’s hair “smelled of nature”, “forest foliage, an unfamiliar overgrown road, not a house, but again an anxious life.”

Wife Lyuba: "forgotten and familiar warmth of a loved one" How few words Platonov used and how much he said! Thus, we see what a huge semantic load Platonov's detail carries. Let us trace through the text how the words related to the return of the protagonist, actual and spiritual, are interconnected and continue each other, and we will pay special attention to the verbs associated with the return to different values this word.

Return: the metaphorical role of verbs

1. "Alexey Ivanov... u-b-s-in-a-l from the army..."
2. "Masha ... v-o-s-v-r-a-sh-a-l-a-s home"
3. "He had to go home, where his o-g-i-d-a-l-and wife and two
   children he hasn't seen in 4 years"
4. “But his wife Lyuba lives in another city with children Nastya and
   Petenka, and they o-g-i-d-a-l-and him "
5. "Hello! Why did it take so long! M-s w-d-a-l-i - w-d-a-l-i ... "
6. “For a long time they lived here without him with-to-u-ch-a-l-and after him”
7. But something prevented Ivanov from feeling the joy of his
   v-o-z-v-r-a-shch-e-n-and-I with all my heart - probably he was too unaccustomed to home life and could not understand his native people "
8. “I know, I know everything! Petrushka said. mother for you crying,
   I was waiting for you, and you arrived, she was crying too.
9. “From the street ... some two guys were running in the distance ... Big
   raised ... his hand ... and waved his hand towards himself, as if calling someone to return.

The chain is built:

Departed - returned - expected - awaited - waited - waited - the joy of returning - waited - returned

The first predicate that opens the action of the story is an imperfect verb, one might say, a term denoting the departure of a serviceman from the active army, slowly, step by step, following the author's idea, leads us to the predicate in the finale of the story - the perfect verb - returned.

Reading the finale of the story, conversation(Read by teacher or prepared student)

Read the final lines of the story and answer the questions:

When, finally, did Ivanov touch life with his naked heart?

How did you feel about the end of the story?

Did you believe in him?

Prove that the truth of the military and post-war life of the people was reflected in the Ivanov family.

Let's draw conclusions.

So, the story, which had the original title "The Ivanov Family", came out under the title "Return". Summing up our conversation about the ideological and artistic originality story, let's answer the question, what was the "Return" for each of you?

The return is:

The way of a soldier home, to himself, to a non-military life; --- spiritual human cleansing;

Finding the reliability of existence (children, wife); --------- new conclusions and discoveries, life discoveries;

The results of events, thoughts, experiences.

Homework.

Write an essay - a review of the story.

Here is an example of one of the student's works.

... The story of A.P. Platonov "The Return" (1946), which is deservedly considered one of the masterpieces of the small genre of Russian prose about a warrior, made an indelible impression on me. The plot of The Return is simple, and if you follow the external logic of the development of events, it seems that in a central way The story is the image of a soldier who returned from the war.

Indeed, Ivanov spent 4 long years in the war - "a soldier's heart is tired." But the word that the story is called (the original name is “The Ivanov Family”) acquires a deep, metaphorical meaning in the course of the narrative.

For me, “Return” is not only the way a soldier goes home, it is also the spiritual purification of a person from war as from something terrible, unnatural and inhuman, it is also the acquisition of the reliability of life by Ivanov’s children and wife, these are the results of events, thoughts, experiences for all participants in the events described by Platonov.

The theme of the story is wide and multifaceted. And Platonov, great humanist, created a work full of cordiality and kindness, mercy and humanity. Heroes of Platonov - simple people, and each of them clearly and conscientiously does his job: Ivanov defends his homeland; his wife, Lyuba, in order to survive and feed her children, works at a brick (!) Factory, works at the press, where not every man can stand it, and even fulfills the norm; children run the household...

A characteristic feature of the artistic world of Platonov is the image of orphans. Petrusha and Nastya are not orphans in the full sense of the word, but in the years of destruction and disasters they grow up early and are forced to live according to the laws of not childish, but adult life.

In my opinion, the “main” person in the Ivanov family and the main character in the system of images of the story is Petrushka, whose “little brown eyes” looked at “the white light gloomily and displeasedly, as if they saw the same disorder everywhere and condemned humanity.”

Platonov, as an artist, is characterized by the need to empathize with his heroes, to mourn over their fates. He chooses for his hero thorny path suffering in search of truth, which should restore the disturbed order of life and spirit.

With his inherent virtuosity of unexpected use of incongruous, seemingly word-forming deep metaphors (“all things in the house were waiting for a soldier”, “a train in a gray space”), mastery of detail (a chain of verbs organizing the plot and idea with the meaning of return: “decreased - returned - returned"), Platonov presents us with a tragedy and a soldier who at first fights for a long time, and then returns for a long time and fights with his
with a burned heart, deciding how to proceed; and the tragedy of a child
growing up beyond his years, who managed to reason even with his father, who doubted
in fidelity to his wife.

Following Platonov, we understand: Father Ivanov is looking for the truth where there is no need to forgive, it was only necessary to understand ...

Compassion, empathy, honor and conscience - these qualities I consider important virtues human soul. "The law that lives in us is called conscience" - this saying of the ancient philosopher Kant can be applied to Ivanov's worldview.

It was this law, it was honor and dignity that helped Ivanov "to touch life with a bare heart." Seeing the children running after the train, his own children, for whom he fought and whom he could leave as orphans with a living father, Ivanov returns from the war in the full sense of the word.

Platonov's story shakes to the core. In a small work, an epic picture of great significance unfolds, reflecting, in my opinion, the entire depth of the tragic influence of the warrior on the fate of the family.

The military theme is one of the most popular in literature. Many works tell about the course of the war, about soldiers and heroism, and some describe the post-war period. The last type can be attributed to the work of Andrei Platonov "Return". The author reveals a special side of military operations and shows how people changed. The plot is based on the return home of Captain Alexei Ivanov. But more precisely, it can be said that the return is not so much home, but "into yourself", to what you were before.

Platonov did not describe military actions, but showed the course of the war through other factors, such as descriptions of nature. What it was internal state around, as the world is full of sadness and sadness. The more you delve into the essence of the story, the more you understand the character of the protagonist, I can say that he was especially unpleasant. After all, Ivanov, even after the war, behaved like at the front. He warns his family about his return with the help of a telegram, and, following home, he begins to follow Masha. Masha was free and lonely, she was not bound by any duties. Therefore, Ivanov felt free with her.

After this meeting with Masha, the reader is given the opportunity to get to know the captain's family closer. His wife, Lyubov Vasilievna, does not sleep, she is still waiting for him, she follows all the trains, for her this meeting is alarming, but for him, on the contrary, it is like entertainment. Four years of separation affected the children, Petrushka, who is only 11 years old, already has the character of an adult, Ivanov understands that the boy lacked care, affection and attention.

The protagonist cannot come to terms with the changes that have taken place in his house, he cannot understand the son who manages household chores, and also the fact that this boy all the time helped his mother and sister to survive. We can say that the author shows how much a stranger Ivanov has become for his family, he cannot be spiritually imbued. In his understanding, he is the only hero, since he fought and saw a lot of things, but the fact that this whole time the family held on as best they could, does not bother him.

In the end, the father, out of his pride, decides to leave his family, all this is perfectly described by the author. Sitting on the train, Ivanov did not think about what his wife and children would be like. And so, as soon as the train started, the children ran after him, and then some paternal feelings in the soul of the protagonist took over and he stayed.

Analysis of the story Platonov's Return

Platonov's books are not like other literary works. His stories may seem strange and unusual, but they are rich, as if the words come from the depths of his heart. He does not single out any of his heroes. Platonov understands, sympathizes and pities each of his heroes, forgiving his actions.

One of the most famous works Andrey Platonov is the story "Return". From the very beginning, this story was called "The Ivanov Family". Already after the publication in 1946 in the Novy Mir magazine, the author decides to change the title and slightly change the course of events in the work. Under its final title, the story was published in 1962.

The captain, Alexei Alekseevich Ivanov, is coming back from the war. The plot, it would seem, is quite simple, but why is it so difficult and long for the hero to go home. Twice they see him off, twice he waits for the train. While waiting for the next train, the hero meets Masha, in whom he feels a kindred spirit. The author does not explain why Masha and Ivan understood each other, on the contrary, he gives the reader the opportunity to reflect and give any arguments. Ivanov returns to motherland only on the sixth day. The hero’s son (Petrusha) meets the hero, who looks like a peasant, he does not see his father in Alexei, he sees only a military man in front of him. Life has taught Petrusha to think sensibly, he is not eager to embrace native person. Seeing his wife, he went up to her, hugged her and stood like that, not believing his luck. From time to time, the hero understands that it is hard for him without a war, and he cannot live a peaceful and calm life. In the evening he is going to leave, leaving Ivanov, he notices children running after the train. Looking at the children, he suddenly felt pity in his heart. It was at that moment that he realized that his children were running. He descends to the step, then to the path along which his children run. It was at this moment that he returned and finally realized what family meant to him.

Literary direction: realism.

Subject: the story tells about the post-war period, namely about the meeting of the family after a long separation, where each family member tries to return to a quiet life.

Main thought: the writer shows that war can not only kill physically, it can also destroy families, making relatives strangers to each other.

The theme of the story: in his story, Platonov raises some of the most significant problems of that time. The author reveals the problem of love; the problem of the impact of war on the fate of people; separation of families; the problem of loyalty and betrayal. He also touches on the problem of changing the character of a front-line soldier who has returned home, who needs to get used to civilian life again.

Essay 3

The works of Andrei Platonov are a small life. Each story individually tells about someone's fate. Platonov is a post-war writer.

The story "Return" tells how a simple Russian soldier goes home after the war. Initially, the work was called "The Ivanov Family", but later Platonov renamed it. He did this because in the story in question not only about the life and fate of the Ivanov family, there is a slightly different subtext here. The theme of the work is the return home of the guard captain Alexei Ivanov. The title of the story has a double meaning. This is the return of a person to his native home, not only physical, but also spiritual: to the past, already forgotten by front-line everyday life. the main idea and the idea of ​​the story is to show the reader how war distorts and breaks not only destinies, but also the souls of people.

The plot of the story is quite simple. At the station, the main character of the story, Alexei Ivanov, meets Masha. The girl also returns home. She, like Alexei, is in no hurry to go to home side. Both understand that they are for it. for a long time absences have become strangers in home so they are afraid to come back. Alexei goes out with Masha in her hometown, despite the fact that his family is waiting for him at home. Ivanov spends two days with his new friend, after which he returns home.

The family members are waiting for Alexei and go out every day to meet the train. When Ivanov finally returns home, he realizes that the family is used to living without him. To him, everything here is somehow distant and as if non-native. The son, who is still only in his twelfth year, has become an adult little man. Five-year-old daughter performs heavy homework. His wife blushes in front of him, as at the first meeting. Subsequently, it turns out that their house is visited by Semyon Evseevich, whose entire family died. Another wife, Lyuba, cheated on Alexei with an instructor from the district committee of the trade union. And only son Petya, who overheard the night conversation between his father and mother, understands the woman's act. Despite the persuasion of his wife and son, Ivanov decides to leave the family. He condemns his wife, but he does not talk about his betrayal.

The image of the protagonist is ordinary and uncommon, which is the majority, especially in the post-war period. Platonov condemns Alexei that he thinks only of himself. Ivanov blames everyone for the quarrel, but by no means himself. He explains his betrayal by the fact that he was bored. Alexey does not think about his wife, Masha, or even about his own children. Petya turns out to be more reasonable than his parents. He wants to reconcile them. The boy already understands everything in an adult way.

The language of the story is simple and at the same time special, like all of Platonov's work. Through the dialectisms that Petya and Nastya use in their speech, we hear and see that little children have become too grown up due to adversity.

The detail also plays a big role in the work. Valenki, Petit's galoshes, glass of a kerosene lamp - everything speaks of emotional experience heroes.

Only the smell of home and pies make Alexey remember the former peaceful and comfortable family happiness Masha's hair smells differently, something non-native. That is, smells are also important in the development of the plot.

At the end of the story, the children return their father home. They help him to see clearly sincerely, to understand what is really valuable.

Family is the most important and precious thing in life. Platonov, as a person who understands the true values ​​of life, through children gives his hero to rethink everything and take the right path.

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