Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. Dictionary of foreign words

Dictionary foreign words

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "dictionary of foreign words" is in other dictionaries:

dictionary of foreign words- 1. Dictionary containing words of foreign origin, more or less special, and their explanation. 2. Dictionary, which provides a list of words of foreign origin, their interpretation and sometimes etymology ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

dictionary of foreign words Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

dictionary of foreign words- A lexicographic edition explaining the meaning of foreign words used in different functional styles... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

- “A POCKET DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS, included in the Russian language” (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian language (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed by censorship... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for the study of the ideology of the Russian socialist utopian Petrashevites (See Petrashevtsy). The Petrashevists used the edition of the dictionary undertaken by officer N. S. Kirillov for propaganda ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Included in the Russian language ”(v. 1 2, 1845 1846). Published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting socialist ideas. Destroyed by censorship... encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian lang., a valuable source for studying the ideology of the Petrashevites. Undertaken by officer N. S. Kirilov, the publication of a reference book explaining the terms of journalism was used by the Petrashevists to promote democratic. and materialistic. ideas... Soviet historical encyclopedia

DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS- DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS. Dictionaries that give a brief explanation of the meanings and origin of foreign words, indicating the language of the source, which brings such dictionaries closer to etymological ones. In addition to large S. and. With. there are short dictionaries. For example,… … New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to encyclopedic dictionary reporting information about the relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

• Dictionary of foreign words, . The dictionary of foreign words gives an interpretation of the words of foreign origin, often found in common use. Contains about 5000 words...
• Dictionary of foreign words, . Real short dictionary foreign words aims (unlike encyclopedic reference books and political dictionaries) to give only a brief explanation of words of foreign origin, ...

Dictionaries of foreign words began to be compiled a very long time ago. One of the first was called "The Lexicon of New Vocabularies in Alphabet", was written in the 18th century. This dictionary contained 503 words. In the dictionary words from the sphere military art, navigation, diplomacy, administration. At the words with the letters A, B, C, D, Peter's own corrections were made (1725). Since at that time there was an active process of borrowing the terms of maritime, military affairs, art, music, science and technology, then handwritten terminological dictionaries of foreign words were also compiled. In the XIX and XX centuries. the creation of dictionaries of foreign words for a wide range of readers continues.

We can find an explanation of foreign words that you do not understand in the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” (M., 1983), compiled by V. V. Odintsov, G. P. Smolitskaya, E. I. Golanova, I. A. Vasilevskaya or in any other dictionary of foreign words. The authors tried to introduce the most common words into it. You will find more than one and a half thousand of these in the directory. The dictionary contains a preface written by the famous linguist V.V. Ivanov, a manual “How to use the dictionary”, a list of abbreviations.

From the preface, we learn what words should be considered foreign, how the process of borrowing and mastering foreign words in Russian goes, how borrowed words should be used. “With the correct understanding of a foreign word,” writes V.V. Ivanov in the preface, “and under the condition of its appropriate use, the use of borrowing in speech enriches the language and improves the culture of speech of the speaker and writer. Knowledge of foreign words expands a person's horizons, introduces him to the world of other languages, helps him to better navigate in modern life". From the preface, you will be interested to know that by the appearance of a word you can often determine whether it is native Russian or foreign in origin. “Borrowed,” notes V.V. Ivanov, “are almost all words beginning with a and e (lampshade, agent, agony, questionnaire, floor, study, era); in the same way, borrowings are words with f (plywood, facade, torch, lantern), with combinations ke, ge, heh in the root (layout, package, coat of arms, scheme), with combinations of pyu, byu, mu, kyu, gyu and kya , gya (mashed potatoes, bust, communiqué, cuvette, guis, giaour), with a confluence of vowels in the root (poet, theater, theory, geometry)”. In the preface, you will also read about other signs that indicate not only the foreign nature of the word, but even the language from which it came to Russian.

In the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" the introduction is called "How to use a dictionary." This manual consists of two sections: "Composition of the dictionary", "Content and structure of dictionary entries". The composition of the dictionary is very diverse. It includes words that are socio-political vocabulary widely used in modern periodicals, journalistic and fiction (for example, declaration, democracy, ideology); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern scientific and cultural life, as well as modern life (brochure, annotation, engraving, hotel, patient); words denoting phenomena and concepts modern science and techniques (eg vacuum, dismantling, range); words of a socio-political and cultural-historical nature, denoting phenomena and concepts of the past, reflected in literature XIX V. (for example, divertissement, police chief). What borrowed words can you not find in the dictionary? The authors deliberately did not include obsolete borrowings that were not widely used before (for example, guild, insurgent, procurator); highly specialized vocabulary of various fields of science, technology and culture (for example, denazification, devaluation, doyen); colloquial and slang words; words borrowed into Russian from the languages ​​of the peoples of the CIS (such as plov, shshlyk, saklya).

Dictionary entries are arranged in the dictionary in alphabetical order of heading words. Single-root foreign words (nouns, adjectives and verbs) are combined in one dictionary entry after the dark triangle sign p. One word is chosen as the title of the article, the rest are given in the dictionary entry in alphabetical order as part of a word-formation nest.

In the dictionary, you will read not only about the meaning of borrowed words, but also about their pronunciation and grammatical features, since they most often cause you certain difficulties in using them. The heading word indicates the place of stress, and after the heading word in square brackets, the correct pronunciation of the word is recommended, followed by grammatical information about the word. For example, the word burime should be pronounced with [me] with an accent on the last syllable, it is not declined and belongs to the middle gender.

In the dictionary you will find an indication of the source language, that is, the language from which the Russian borrowed the word, read the interpretation of the word. As in the dictionaries known to you - explanatory, antonyms, phraseological, etc., the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" often quotes from works fiction and speeches with the use of foreign words. For example, in the dictionary entry sociology, the following statement is given: Engage in sociology.

The dictionary uses conditional abbreviations, most of which you know from previous dictionaries. There are in many dictionary entries still very an important part- cultural and historical commentary. It is located at the end of the dictionary entry. The comments suggest historical information about the word, about scientists who have made some discoveries, about the development of the meanings of the word and its history in different languages, etc.

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

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Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way, speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements speech, where they enter, make people closer friend to a friend, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change drastically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages ​​or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
2. Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
7. Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
8. Doubled consonants in the root.
9. A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.