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Modern problems of science and education. Losun K.V

One of the topical branches of modern sociology is the sociology of youth. This topic is very complex and includes whole line aspects: this and age psychological features, and sociological problems of upbringing and education, the influence of the family and the team, and a number of others. The problem of youth and its role in public life stands in post-perestroika Russia. The time of global reforms, which can be called reforms with a big stretch (I think that reform implies two aspects: directly predetermining the paths of the change being made and forecasting, foreseeing the consequences of this change) that swept Russia unexpectedly and irrevocably, "broke" the system of the former " morality”, essentially turning all moral values upside down. The process of socialization as the transfer to the younger generation of the norms and traditions developed by previous generations was disrupted, because the ideology has changed dramatically, leaving no other choice than the most real struggle for survival. The older generation, whose memory is still fresh in the memory of "the days of bygone days", is difficult to adapt to the current conditions, while maintaining the old system of values; it is even more difficult for the younger generation in this regard, because he does not yet have his own system of values, and if he does, it is conditional ... and in general, values as such are relative for young people, although they are by no means immoral, as is commonly believed.

It can be said that the styles of communication, worldview, and value priorities that are already being formed today are becoming a serious basis for the trends in the development of the social structure of the “post-transitional” Russian society.

Youth has always been scolded - both in the papyri of Ancient Egypt, and in the letters and essays of the ancient Greeks, one can find complaints that “the youth has gone wrong”, that the former purity of morals has been lost, etc., etc. Even today, young people are being reproached from all sides for immorality, for rejecting traditional values for Russians, for mercantilism, and so on. How true are these accusations? As the study shows, they are no more true than the reproaches of the ancient Egyptians.

First of all, we note that the vast majority of young people (70%) have the main goal of life. Only 9.0% of young people do not have it (21.0% did not think about it). On set in open form the question, what is this main goal, the dream of life, the answers given in Figure 1 were received.

Table 1. Distribution of the main life goals of young people.

life goals	% of respondents
have good family
get a good education
get a good job
have your own apartment
make a lot of money
secure a future for children
open your business
live in abundance
buy expensive things

As can be seen, both spiritual and moral and purely pragmatic, material life goals are characteristic of modern Russian youth.

And how do young people assess their ability to realistically, practically achieve goals in various fields life? The answers to this already closed question (in comparison with the older generation) are given in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2. What young people have been striving for, striving for and what they have already achieved in life, %

Areas of Success	Already achieved
Get a good education
Get a prestigious job
Create a strong, happy
Create your own business
Become a rich person
Study favorite thing
Become famous to get people's attention

Table 3

What did the older generation strive for, strive for and what has already been achieved in life, %

Areas of Success	Already achieved	They haven't achieved it yet, but they think they can do it	We would like to, but it is unlikely that we will be able to achieve this	It wasn't in their life plans.
Get a good education
Get a prestigious job
Create a strong, happy family
Create your own business
Become a rich person
Do what you love
Become famous to get people's attention
Visit different countries of the world

It is easy to see that in terms of their life goals, both generations are in many ways similar, with the only difference being that, due to their age, the elders have already achieved a lot, while young people have yet to do so. At the same time, the younger generation values their opportunities much higher than the older generation in terms of creating a strong, happy family, getting a good education and a prestigious job, visiting different countries of the world, starting their own business, etc. What has a greater influence on these differences: less social experience and more pronounced life optimism of young people, or their confidence that in the new socio-economic and political conditions it will be easier for them than their parents to achieve the desired results?

Most likely, there is both. It is important, however, to emphasize that “prosperous” and “unfavorable” young people have significantly different ideas about their achievements and future opportunities. Suffice it to say that among the “prosperous” 11.7% believe that they have already become rich, and another 63.2% believe that they will achieve this. At the same time, among the "unfortunate" the number of those who expect to get rich is only 25.7%, and the majority (52.3%) is sure that they will never be able to become rich, although they want to. The rest (22.0%) believe that they do not need wealth.

But can something prevent young people from realizing their life plans? And in general, is today's youth afraid of anything in their lives? As follows from the data presented in Table 4, most of all young people today are afraid of being left without material means of subsistence, they are afraid of rampant crime, they are afraid of being left without friends, losing their jobs and the dictatorship of power, which can lead to a restriction of their freedom of action.

Table 4

What are Russian youth afraid of today?

Concerns	% of respondents
inability to get an education
be left without a livelihood
crime
problems with getting a job
To lose a job
be without friends
not meet a loved one
fail to start a family
dictatorship of power

Basically, the same fears are characteristic of the older generation. The only thing that attracts attention is the higher vitality that is natural for young people, which allows them to psychologically more easily experience real and possible life difficulties, more often to be in a good mood (see Table 3).

Table 5. What feelings did young people and the older generation most often experience in 1997, %.

The youth		Older generation
	Emotional uplift, feeling of cheerfulness
	Normal vitality, even feelings
	A state of unbalance, a feeling of anxiety
	A state of indifference, a feeling of apathy
	It depends
	Difficult to answer

Turning to the issue of value orientations, to their intergenerational comparison, one should immediately emphasize the revealed continuity of the value systems of the generations of “fathers” and “children”. Although, of course, there are certain differences in them, arising from the nature of the current socio-economic conditions. To confirm this thesis, let us first of all refer to the data in Table 5, which very eloquently reflect the choice of alternative value judgments by representatives of the youth and the older generation.

Table 6

. Value Orientations youth and older generation, %

Younger generation	Value Orientations	Older generation
	My financial situation in the present and future depends primarily on me
	Little depends on me - it is important what the economic situation will be in the country
	To achieve success in life, one must take risks, this gives a chance
	In life, it is better not to take risks, but gradually, but reliably build your career
	People should achieve material success themselves, and those who do not want this, let them live in poverty - this is fair
	It is necessary to show humanity, those who have materially succeeded should help and take care of those who have not succeeded.
	Only interesting work is worth spending a significant part of life
	The main thing in the work is how much they pay for it
	We must strive to have any income, regardless of how they are received
	A person must have the income that he earned in an honest way
	Freedom is something without which human life loses its meaning
	The main thing in life is material well-being, and freedom is secondary
	Standing out among others and being a bright personality is better than living like everyone else
	To live like everyone else is better than to stand out among others
	The modern world is cruel, in order to survive and succeed, you need to fight for your place in it, or even step over some moral norms
	I would rather not achieve material well-being and make a career, but I will never step over my conscience and moral standards

As you can see, the basic values of youth (fourth and sixth pairs) and the older generation are very close. Both those and others are focused more on interesting work than on earnings. Both those and others for the most part prefer freedom to material well-being. It is no coincidence that the number of young Russians who called goals related to material consumption their dream (to have their own apartment, earn a lot of money, live in prosperity, go on a trip, etc.) is less than those who were focused on the goals of a “non-consumer” plan (have a good family, raise good children, get a good education, etc.).

At the same time, the analysis of a number of instrumental values that answer not so much the question “what is more important in life” as the question “under what conditions and how to realize life goals”, demonstrating a fairly high level of continuity, at the same time shows the main vector changes in the value systems of the generation that grew up in market conditions reforms. First of all, the value of solidarity, the readiness to take care of the poor members of society, should be mentioned here. It would seem that the shift that has taken place in this area is very small, and the number of supporters of solidarity among older ages is only 7% more than among young people. But as a result of this shift, the sign of choice by the younger generation is reversed. And if among the older generation the majority believes that those who have materially succeeded should help and take care of those who have not succeeded, then among the youth the majority is convinced that people should achieve material success themselves.

However, the conviction of young Russians that poverty is the fair lot of those who have not ensured their material well-being is by no means a manifestation of their cruelty or selfishness. Here we are dealing with a phenomenon of a deeper order - the breakdown of the collectivist-paternalistic type of consciousness, originating in the Russian community, which took care of its poorest members. To replace it, the modern youth environment includes a model of individualistic utilitarian consciousness of the Western type. The cornerstone of this type consciousness - a person who "does himself" and, therefore, is himself responsible for the consequences of all your actions. And it is no coincidence that in the first three and seventh pairs of value judgments, which reflect the opposite of the initiative-individualistic and paternalistic-collectivist types of consciousness, the answers of young people were distributed qualitatively differently than the answers of representatives of the older generation.

Certain differences are also revealed among young people themselves. If among “prosperous” young Russians 84.3% were convinced that their financial situation in the present and future depends primarily on themselves, then among the “unfavorable” - only 49.6%. Accordingly, two-thirds of the “prosperous” young Russians were convinced that people should achieve material success themselves, and those who do not want this should live in poverty - and this is fair (see Table 7).

Table 7

Prevalence of initiative and paternalistic ideals among “prosperous” and “unfavorable” Russian youth, %.

In general, the same trend is characteristic of the older generation. 55.6% of “prosperous” and 38.9% of “unfavorable” representatives of the older age groups believe that the well-being of everyone should depend on their own efforts. Of these, 44.4% and 58.2%, respectively, were supporters of the idea that the financially successful should take care of the rest. The given data allow us to say that the individualistic and paternalistic orientations that exist among the youth (as well as among the older generation) have acquired a relatively complete form among young people. This was reflected in the growth of individualistic sentiments and the fall in the prevalence of paternalistic expectations. “Prosperous” young Russians are even less inclined to help the poor than their “fathers”, but “unfavorable” young people are less likely to expect help from successful fellow citizens than their parents.

Finally, as the above data show, in the group of moral values (fifth and eighth pairs), young Russians demonstrated a certain continuity with the older generation, although the shifts that have taken place in this area still cannot but alert. Thus, the majority of young Russians are convinced that it is better not to achieve material well-being and not make a career than to step over their conscience and morality for this. But still 43.8% of them, i.e. almost half are ready to fight for their place in life and cross over moral norms for the sake of their well-being. Among the older generation, this ratio was 75.5% and 23.8%, respectively.

However, these discrepancies reflect differences in the goals of young people and the older generation rather than a real readiness for young people to violate the norms of morality, and even more so - rights. The conviction that one can have only “honest” incomes, and not any, has already divided, for example, two-thirds of young Russians. At the same time, the fact that every third representative of the youth is convinced that any income is good, regardless of how they are received, is a very alarming fact. For the older generation, this figure is half as much - 17.6%.

The legal nihilism of young people also attracts attention, however, it is practically identical to the legal nihilism of the older generation. Suffice it to say that only every tenth representative of the youth and every seventh representative of the older generation are ready to unconditionally obey the requirements of the law. The bulk of both those and others are ready to do this only on one condition - that the law is the same for everyone, and the authorities will follow the norms of the law in the same way as all other citizens.

The only thing that inspires optimism in the answers to the question about the attitude to the law is the revealed relatively small part (about a third) of those who in their behavior tend to focus not so much on the law as on their understanding of justice. This allows us to hope that the construction of a rule of law state, which is based on the norms of the law, has certain prospects in Russia.

An important aspect of this study was also an attempt to consider not only the declared positions, but also the real forms of negative behavior of young people. In general, the survey showed (see Table 6) that the proportion of those in whose social experience such behavior took place is quite significant, but still less than one might assume, judging by the most popular newspaper clichés. Quite widespread among young people are smoking, drinking hard liquor, engaging in premarital sex.

Table 8

Prevalence among young people of various forms of negative behavior, %

Did you have to…	Often	Rare, only tried	They didn’t do it themselves, but they don’t blame others for it.	Didn't have to, are opponents of such actions	Didn't want to answer the question

Drink strong drinks
Deliberately deceiving someone to achieve your goals
use drugs
give bribes
Avoid taxes
Have sex before marriage
Use sexual relations to achieve selfish goals
Have sexual relations with a person of the same gender

For other forms of negative behavior, the figures are noticeably lower. At the same time, the high percentage of those who refused to define their position on them suggests that the actual figures characterizing their prevalence among young people may be somewhat higher.

Who is the first to fall into groups with negative behavior? Of course, there are many factors at work here at the same time, which are largely related to the individual characteristics of young people, and yet some general patterns can be distinguished. To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to separate the forms of behavior included in the study into deviant economic behavior (bribes, tax evasion) and everyday deviant behavior (drugs, homosexuality, sex for selfish purposes).

Economic forms of deviation are typical mainly for men of the older age group of young people (8.4% of young people under the age of 20 years old, and 15.0% of those aged 24-26 years old, evaded taxes; every fourth Russian over 24 years old and every sixth Russian aged up to 20 years old). Employees of private enterprises paid bribes twice as often as employees of state enterprises. An important factor in economic deviation was also the professional activity of young people: young entrepreneurs evaded taxes and paid bribes three times more often than, for example, the humanitarian intelligentsia, who have the lowest level of these forms of deviation. In terms of significance, the professional affiliation factor was comparable only with vertical mobility during the reforms (but not with the level of material well-being, which practically did not matter!). Among those who have won during the reforms, economic deviation is twice as common as among those who consider themselves losers.

As for everyday deviation, here the picture is rather motley. Sexual relations for selfish purposes are more likely to be used by young people whose parents have not achieved success in life (12.6% against 8.1% of those whose father has achieved success in life); rural residents, workers and service sector workers (12.6%, 10.2% and 10.0% respectively), who won during the reforms (11.8% with 6.9% among the losers). Gender, age, financial situation and education (except for the lack of even a secondary education) did not matter.

UDC 316.334.2

G. B. Kosharnaya, Yu. L. Afanas'eva

VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF MODERN RUSSIAN YOUTH

The article presents the results of the author's study of the value orientations of the current generation of youth. An analysis of the relationship younger generation to the surrounding reality, ongoing events, life goals and guidelines, a range of pressing problems and approaches to their solution are defined.

Modern Russian society has undergone a number of significant socio-economic and political changes in recent years. The transition to the market led to the creation of qualitatively new economic conditions life and the formation of new social relations, changes in the very structure of society. As a result of radical transformations, many serious problems have appeared in society: property and social inequality, the growth of unemployment and crime, the crisis of spiritual and moral values. Changes in the consciousness and behavior of people, a change in life priorities, a reassessment of values became natural.

Today, the problem of adapting the young generation of Russians to the new social reality has become urgent, and in this regard, it is of particular importance to study the changes taking place in the minds of today's youth. It is necessary to have information about the attitude of young people to the surrounding reality and ongoing events, about life goals and guidelines, about pressing problems and, most importantly, about ways to solve them. These data will allow scientists to analyze the adaptability potential of young people, as well as to predict with a certain probability the social reactions of this large group to certain consequences of state reforms.

It is known that the transformational processes in Russian society have had a powerful impact on the processes of socialization and development of an entire generation of young people. The old and stable system of values was destroyed, for a long time the youth was left without clear spiritual and moral guidelines, the processes of socialization proceeded chaotically without a definite direction. Much attention was paid to these issues in the science of the crisis period for our country at the end of the 1990s.

The problem of studying society and personality is widely represented in the works of prominent Russian scientists V. A. Yadov, A. G. Zdravomyslov, A. N. Leontiev. M. N. Rutkevich, N. I. Lapin, T. I. Zaslavskaya, V. T. Lisovsky, and S. N. Ikonnikova studied value orientations in conditions of social transformations.

Value orientations in the encyclopedic literature are understood as the estimated attitude of the individual to the totality of material and spiritual goods, which are considered as objects, goals and means to meet the needs of the group. They are expressed in ideals, the personal meaning of life and are manifested in the social behavior of the individual. The concept and essence of values and value orientations that exist in modern

science, are also considered in detail in the works of A. V. Sery and M. S. Yanitsky, G. B. Kosharnaya.

This article will analyze the results of the author's study of the value orientations of young people, conducted in September 2008. The study was conducted among student youth in the city of Penza. The respondents included 74 boys and 86 girls, students of state and commercial universities (the survey was carried out on a quota sample, N = 160).

Living in a market environment requires young people to have a high level of autonomy at a fairly early stage. This also applies to choosing goals in life and making informed decisions on the way to achieving these goals. The results of our study on independent decision-making do not cause concern. The majority (46.3%) showed that they are quite calm, without unnecessary emotions, considering options and making their choice. 25% easily make independent decisions, using the first suitable option. A certain amount of frivolity in decision-making is quite characteristic of young people. This can be explained by the lack of life experience, including negative ones. However, there is also a category of those young people (25%) who initially find it very emotionally difficult to make decisions. For this category, it is important to have advice or a role model, which makes them an easy victim for manipulating influence.

No less indicative are the results of answers to the question “Have you found yourself?” (Fig. 1). To this question, more than half of the respondents (57.5%) answered that “probably not”. 10.6% answered that they definitely did not find it. And only 31.9% believe that they have completely found themselves, they know what they want and what they strive for. The conclusion from this follows that, despite the desire to be adults and independent, young people still need, if not mentors, then role models.

I definitely disagree with this.

Rice. 1 Respondents' answers to the question: "Do you think you have found yourself?"

It should be noted that becoming a role model for the current generation of young people is not so easy. The youth witnessed the difficulties of the older generation adapting to new conditions, thus their authority was significantly undermined. Now young people do not just adopt life experience, they analyze the judgments and actions of parents, teachers and just elders. The modern younger generation evaluates and respects the elders not for the fact of seniority. According to the results of the research, only 32.5% of the young people surveyed recognize the older generation as authority and see their parents as a benchmark for achievement. The majority (62.5%) believe that the older generation cannot compete in the conditions of modern life and cannot be a role model.

Most likely it is

I agree, that's exactly what it is.

zhaniya. Another 5.6% of respondents called the older generation unfit and unhappy people. 4.3% of respondents generally blame the older generation for the problems that the country is currently experiencing.

Today, an adult can become a role model only if he is successful. Those parents who were able to master a new and relevant specialty, get a promising position or organize their own business, raising children, can become a role model for them. In the process of growing up in such families, young people not only see the benefits of successful adaptation, but also have the opportunity to feel the price that their parents paid for success. All this makes it possible to form fairly realistic ideas about the difficult conditions of life and develop psychological readiness for them. The rest of the young people are forced to focus on the images of real successful people, as well as the images that modern Mass culture. The media broadcast ready-made images that evoke aspiration, but they do not provide knowledge of what qualities you need to have, how much effort, time and health to spend and what you have to sacrifice in life to achieve success and material well-being.

Many sociologists write about the changes taking place in the minds of young people. So, V. M. Sokolov notes that “in the spiritual and moral world of the individual, the sphere of socially important positive guidelines has narrowed and the role of purely personal, not always “proper” orientations has increased, the importance of such qualities as consciousness and a sense of public duty, honesty has halved. , adherence to principles, responsibility, social activity. There is a process of erosion of such “simple” norms of morality as kindness, mercy, decency, politeness, etc. conflicts. The weight of personal initiative, purposefulness, material well-being, “necessary connections”, the ability to “submit oneself” has increased.

The results of the study very revealingly confirm these statements (Fig. 2). Purposefulness (56.3%), enterprise (39.4%) and intellect (35.6%) were named the most necessary for modern society; morality (5.6%) and loyalty (3.8%).

Such trends are a natural consequence of the crisis in the transition to a market economy. Many problems, which by definition are the object of state social policy, have to be solved by young people on their own. At the same time, young people, through trial and error, acquire their own social experience and find new ways of self-realization. In a situation of change, young people are forced to adjust their value orientations and adapt to economic, political and cultural changes.

The study showed that the younger generation fully understands that they have to rely only on their own strength. Poll results

42.5% of respondents accuse the state of declarative support for young people and the absence of real assistance. Only 14.4% of the respondents

the state's assistance is sufficient to implement the life plans of young people. It is significant that 38.8% of the respondents answered that life is difficult for young people, like everyone else, but it is easier for them to adapt.

Rice. 2 Respondents' assessments of the qualities necessary for life in modern society

Many sociologists note that the activity of modern Russian youth has acquired a utilitarian near-personal character, since it is due to the importance of self-realization, security and comfort. Orientation towards achieving one's own goals does not always correlate with the goals of society. These statements confirm the results of the study (Fig. 3). The majority of the respondents among the goals of young people noted "to have a good salary" (64.4%) and "to live for their own pleasure" (51.3%). The lowest percentage was received by “the desire to improve themselves” (12.5%), “realize the potential” (12.5%), “be useful to society” (5%). The last option is especially indicative.

Become a highly qualified specialist Take a leadership position Live happily Improve yourself Realize your potential Love and be loved Be useful to society Have a stable life Get a good salary Raise children to be proud of

Rice. 3 Priority life goals of modern youth

There were practically no differences in the distribution of answers between respondents in technical and humanitarian specialties. A slight difference between students of economic specialties was the desire to become a specialist (37.5%), which exceeds the indicator of technical areas (17.5%). Students of technical specialties consider it more important to have stability in life (37.5%). Future economists are more skeptical about the possibility of having stability in life (20%). Among young men, good earnings (71.6%), life for pleasure (62.2%) and stability in life (36.5%) prevail. Among girls - the desire to love and be loved (33.7%), to become a qualified specialist (30.2%) and raise good children (22.1%).

It makes no sense to demand that a person who has achieved everything himself, having gone through all the difficulties of the indifference of society and the state, began to live and work for the good of the country and people, therefore today the desire for personal success determines the motives of people's behavior.

Speaking about the factors for achieving success, young people most often name the efforts made (48.8%). However, the second and third most popular places are "the presence of the necessary connections and acquaintances" (43.1%) and "the well-being and opportunities of parents" (29.4%). In this context, the “efforts made” look more like efforts to find and use the necessary connections in a timely manner - one's own and one's parents.

New guidelines, actively broadcast by the mass media: the cult of money and luxury, fashion and entertainment, further increase the imbalance between material and spiritual values towards material ones.

The well-known Russian sociologist M. N. Rutkevich, considering the problems of motivating young people, substantiates their preferences as follows: beautiful life”, self-determination of a person in such conditions tends to accept precisely these options for the future arrangement of life” .

At all times, material solvency, the ability to provide for oneself was considered a characteristic of an adult. In order to have the rights of an adult, young people strive for material independence. She regards it as the right to make decisions "at her own discretion" and fully control her own destiny. Today, material security has become a factor that shapes the attitude of young people both to professional development and to building their own family.

The value orientations of young people in the field of education must be considered in close connection with orientations in the field of employment. Professional competence and education in modern conditions have acquired an instrumental value and are considered by young people as a pass to occupy highly paid positions and gain independence. This is perhaps one of the main reasons for the increase in prestige higher education among young people.

However, as T. I. Zaslavskaya rightly notes, “this applies only to those types of education that are in demand on the market, in particular

first of all economic, legal, managerial. Engineering, social, humanitarian education is much less in demand, which reflects the reaction of young people to a sharp decline in the status of specialists whose professions are related to work in the public sector and are not directly related to the market (engineers, teachers, workers of culture, art, science ".

Choosing a profession is perhaps the first independent and very important decision of a young person. Most young people, choosing a profession, are guided by the profitability of a particular occupation. This is confirmed by the results of the study (Fig. 4). Important components were named the prestige of the profession, the possibility of employment and the opportunity to engage in interesting activity yu, corresponding to inclinations and talents. It is significant that broadening one's horizons and learning new things rank among the requirements for a profession. last place. This is a negative sign, because it is associated with the need for self-realization and self-improvement of a person.

Rice. 4 Factors that matter to young people when choosing a profession

Among those who focus on the prestige of the profession (25%) and employment opportunities (32.5%), more students economic specialties. For students of technical fields, the profitability of the profession (60%) is more important if it corresponds to its inclinations and talents of a person (30%). Girls value the prestige of the profession (26.7%), the possibility of employment (25.6%), and the opportunity to engage in creative and interesting activities (23.3%) to a greater extent. Young men prefer high income (59.5%) and correspondence of the chosen profession to their own inclinations and talents (32.4%).

Lack of information about the real demand for professional staff leads to problems of youth employment. Central planning as a method of regulating the demand and supply of labor became a thing of the past and inevitably led to the emergence of open unemployment. Education and personal organizational and communicative qualities have become the main criteria for personnel selection. In order to achieve success, a young person needs to be educated, professional, enterprising, mobile, psychologically stable. In addition, leadership qualities, business acumen, professional flair, courage to take responsibility and take risks are necessary in character.

Often, academic knowledge obtained at a university is not applied in real work. Therefore, many students are forced to look for employment opportunities while still studying, they need to prove themselves in order to get a position by the time they receive their diploma. Combining work with study leads to a reassessment of the importance of study and work in favor of the latter. In addition, this leads to a reduction in free time for leisure, creativity and just physical recreation.

The discrepancy between the level of knowledge and the requirements of employers is not the only problem on the way to mastering a profession. For most young people, the lack of professional experience is an obstacle to obtaining a position in their specialty. However, without being able to work in a position in the specialty, it is impossible to earn experience. It turns out a vicious circle, a way out of which young people are forced to find in work not in their specialty and multiple employment.

Employment opportunities are naturally limited by the range of vacancies offered on the labor market for young people. Either places are offered with very high qualifications, or with low and, accordingly, low wages. A specific youth labor market is emerging, which includes the most different types temporary, short-term, non-permanent work, which can be combined with studies at a university. Discrimination in wages for debutants is a widespread phenomenon.

Meanwhile, among young people there is a very optimistic view of the possibility of employment (Fig. 5). More than half of the respondents (53.1%) believe that even if not in their specialty, they will be able to earn decent money, and 23.1% are sure that they will be able to find a job in their specialty and earn good money.

I already have a job

I will be able to find a job in my specialty and earn decent money

Maybe the work will not be in my specialty, but I can earn a decent life

Difficult to answer

Rice. 5 Ratings by respondents own capabilities employment

The results of the distribution by specialties are indicative. Confidently expect employment and the opportunity to work in their specialty

47.5% of students of economic specialties. For comparison, among students of technical specialties, there are only 12.5% of such students. In the responses of students of technical specialties, one can trace the initial disbelief in the possibility of working in accordance with the chosen profession. More than half of these young people are sure that they will be able to earn money, but they do not associate earnings with their profession.

In the minds of young people there have been significant changes in their attitude to work, as well as to the performance of their professional duties. In the course of reforms in society, the ideology of the social significance of labor and labor education was abolished. The value of labor as such has dropped to zero, and the image of the altruist-worker has disappeared from public opinion together with the desire to work with inspiration for the good of the Motherland.

There was a redistribution of young people between the public and private sectors of the economy. Those who preferred to work in private firms and earn more were forced to accept the conditions of employers. For private business, it is common for an employee’s education to not correspond to the work performed, dependence wages not from the qualifications of the employee, but from factors that sometimes have nothing to do with professional characteristics. Those for whom the stability of work at a state enterprise turned out to be more important than the opportunity to earn more are forced to put up with low career growth dynamics.

In our study, among the requirements for their future place of work, young people most often indicate the prospect of career growth (63.1%) and high wages (67.5%).

The desire of young people for career growth, freedom and independence is inherent in today both boys and girls equally. If we consider the requirements of young people for their future place of work (Fig. 6), then we can see that both boys and girls are far ahead of high wages and career prospects.

Rice. 6 Requirements of boys and girls to the future place of work

It would seem that youth in such difficult situation employment should be tolerant and loyal to working conditions. However, studies of recent years show that young workers are very demanding about their place of employment. For young people, the prestige of the organization, the prestige of the profession, and social status are significant. In addition, young people appreciate a certain freedom of action, the ability to make decisions on their own, to show creativity.

Today, the opinion that a career is a pursuit of success at any cost, a disregard for the values and ideals of society has gone into the past. The concept of careerism was filled with a positive meaning. Modern society

radically changed the attitude towards a professional career and became more positive about the natural desire of people to move up the career ladder.

This modern trend, like any social phenomenon, has side effects. The desire to build a career in the market conditions requires a person to give full dedication, for many it becomes a paramount task, crowding out other values of life.

Under the influence of career aspirations of young people, the value of the family decreases in their minds. However, if we talk about the parental home, its value continues to be high. 86.3% of respondents without a family do not see the meaning of life and call people who love and wait for you a family. In reality, for an adult, life in a family is responsibility and care for loved ones, daily household chores, a lot of problems with children, etc. However, very few young people think about it: only 5% of respondents associate responsibility for loved ones and the need to show care and attention to the concept of family.

Young people are in no hurry to leave their parental home and create their own family. According to the survey, 31.3% of respondents first plan to build a career and only after that arrange their personal lives. For comparison: at first they preferred only

7.5%. The issue of financial independence is not solved quickly. Young people understand that the family will take a lot of effort, time, freedom and money that could be spent on professional growth. And this applies not only to men.

Women have acquired new qualities - social activity and courage, pragmatism and aggressiveness, striving for leadership, a wide range of needs and interests. Women are not satisfied only with family life, personal dependence on family, this way of life. The traditional distribution of family roles is gradually becoming a thing of the past. This is evidenced by the results of a study of girls' opinions about the distribution of family responsibilities (Fig. 7).

A man provides a family financially, keeps a "hearth"

All responsibilities are fairly divided equally, regardless of any factors.

At the present time it is so difficult to make money that if one of the spouses is highly financially supportive of the family, it is fair to assign the rest of the family responsibilities to the other.

Rice. 7 Views of boys and girls on the distribution of family roles

Nevertheless, the results of the study show that official marriage is still recognized as a value by young people (Fig. 8). More

respondents consider official marriage obligatory for a full-fledged family. A negligible percentage - 3.8% - prefers not to formalize relations at all. Slightly less than half of the respondents (40%) consider civil marriage as preparatory stage to formalize relationships.

I consider marriage registration mandatory for a full-fledged family

I prefer civil marriage

I prefer to formalize the relationship after several years of successful civil marriage

Rice. 8 The attitude of young people to the official registration of marriage

The anxiety of the observed trend lies in the fact that the spread of such a form of marriage as "cohabitation" does not entail any mutual obligations. Today we can say that the refusal to officially register a relationship is a confirmation of a conscious unwillingness, first of all, to take responsibility for the well-being of your companion and children. As a result, the number of single mothers, abortions, orphans, etc. is growing in society.

By readiness for marriage, V. T. Lisovsky proposes to understand “a system of socio-psychological attitudes of an individual, which determines, in general, her emotionally positive attitude towards a family lifestyle, the values of marriage” . A young man, creating a family, must be ready for this both morally and psychologically. He must have a sense of responsibility to the family, the ability to cooperate and find compromises, and be ready to analyze his own behavior and correct it.

The current generation of young people is significantly different from the generation that was, say, five years ago. Young people are not naive and fully understand what problems await them and what qualities they need to have in order to save the family. They deliberately do not formalize the relationship in order not to make themselves unnecessary problems. The choice of a life without obligations entails a weakening of feelings of family duty, family traditions, and attitudes of marital family fidelity.

Parting during an officially registered marriage entails many problems of both a moral and material nature, which may be why the current generation of young people have a very negative attitude towards official divorces. 49.4% of the young people surveyed are negative about a possible divorce and plan to live life with one person. Apparently knowing modern realities, 40% of the respondents fully admit divorce, but find it extremely undesirable. Only 10.6% consider divorce to be normal and do not see it as a big problem.

A family with children becomes less competitive in the struggle for prestige values. The birth of children began to be seen as an obstacle to happiness and success in life, the achievement of an acceptable standard of living. Only 5% of young people want to have children immediately after entering into

marriage. The results of the study confirm that the majority of young people are going to have children only after it becomes possible to provide them financially (81.9%).

Many life plans for girls remain unfulfilled due to maternal responsibilities. However, it cannot be said that young people do not want to have children at all, although many material problems force them to postpone the birth of children, and also limit themselves to the birth of only one child. This statement is confirmed by the results of our study (Fig. 9). The majority of respondents (66.9%) consider two children to be optimal for a family. Only one child is planned by 22.5%. But only 10.6% plan to have three children or more.

Rice. 9 The ratio of boys and girls to the number of children in the family

Summing up the analysis of the results of the study, we can draw the following conclusions. The modern generation has absorbed all the features of a market society. Values such as kindness, responsiveness, selflessness, honesty and devotion are considered among the most unpopular among young people. Modern youth are distinguished by responsibility, purposefulness, independence in choosing life guidelines and making decisions. However, these qualities are personality-oriented. For young people, career aspirations, the achievement of their own well-being, and financial independence have become of paramount importance. This determines the attitude to the chosen profession, and to future work and to create their own family. Only that which can be useful for one's own development and growth is valued. In other people, youth appreciates professionalism, intellect, enterprise - qualities that determine the behavior of the subject in market conditions. Profitability is the main thing in the chosen profession and future place of work. Older generation considered as an ideal only if they are viable and successful. In their own family, they defend the right to their own life and independence.

All this can be considered the consequences of a long absence of state attention to the problems of the formation of young people. The state should create prerequisites for self-determination and self-assertion of young people. They should be expressed in the adoption of government decisions that provide for an implementation mechanism and appropriate funding. What is needed is not a declarative, but a real reassessment of priorities: instead of solving the problems of spending leisure time for young people, first of all, the problems of their employment and fair wages should be solved,

it is necessary to pay attention to the moral enlightenment of new generations, the revival of cultural heritage. The media should play a primary role in this. Only when the place of Western models is taken by domestic ones, having authority and deserving respect, will it be possible to effectively regulate the formation of the consciousness of the younger generation.

Bibliography

1. Sociology of youth: encyclopedic Dictionary/ resp. ed. Yu. A. Zubok,

B. I. Chuprov. - M. : Academia, 2008.

2. Sery, A. V. Value-semantic sphere of personality / A. V. Sery, M. S. Yanits-ky. - Kemerovo, 1999.

3. Yanitsky, M. S. Personal value orientations as a dynamic system / M. S. Yanitsky. - Kemerovo, 2000.

4. Kosharnaya, G. B. The concept of values and value attitudes in modern sociology / G. B. Kosharnaya, O. V. Kuznetsova // University education: collection of articles of the XI International scientific and methodological conference. - Penza, 2007.

5. Sokolov, V. M. Sociology of morality - real or hypothetical / V. M. Sokolov // Sociological research. - 2004. - No. 8.

6. Rutkevich, M. N. Sociology of education and youth: Selected (19652002) / M. N. Rutkevich; foreword acad. RAS L. N. Mitrokhina. - M. : Gardariki, 2002. - 541 p.

7. Zaslavskaya, T. I. Societal transformation of Russian society: Activity-structural concept / T. I. Zaslavskaya. - M.: Delo, 2002. - 568 p.

8. Zubok, Yu. A. Problems social development youth at risk / Yu. A. Zubok // Sociological research. - 2003. - No. 4. - S. 42-51.

9. Gorokhovik, S. V. Features of the motivational profile of youth /

S. V. Gorokhovik // Youth at the beginning of the 21st century: basic values, positions, guidelines: materials of the international conference of young scientists, graduate students and students, March 23-24, 2006 - Samara: Samar Publishing House. state economy un-ta, 2006. - 204 p.

10. Lisovsky, V. T. “Fathers and Sons”: for Dialogue in Relationships (Reflection of a Sociologist on the Continuity of Generations) / V. T. Lisovsky // Sociological Studies. - 2002. - No. 7. - S. 114.

Regional state educational institution

"Irkutsk State Pedagogical College No. 1"

Department of Pedagogy and Psychology

Value orientations of modern youth

Performed:

Antropova Ekaterina Olegovna

Introduction

1. Characteristics of modern youth as a social stratum of society

2. Values of modern youth

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

“Value orientations are elements of the internal (dispositional) structure of the personality, formed and fixed by the life experience of the individual in the course of the processes of socialization and social adaptation, delimiting the significant (essential for a given person) from the insignificant (insignificant) through (non) acceptance by the individual of certain values, realized in as a frame (horizon) of the ultimate meanings and fundamental goals of life, as well as determining acceptable means for their implementation” 1 .

Characteristics of modern youth as a social stratum of society

Currently, modern society is in a very difficult position. After the change political regime the country has not come to its senses yet. All foundations were shaken, value orientations were lost, spiritual and moral ideals disappeared. In search of new ideals, we lose our traditions and foundations and begin to destroy ourselves. We do not see the point in our existence, so we do not notice how we gradually disappear.

Some live in the past, listening to the stories of elders about the wonderful time when all problems were supposedly successfully solved. Others, on the contrary, behave aggressively towards all innovations, criticize everything and everyone. Still others, in despair, go nowhere, get drunk, use drugs, turn into homeless people, take the path of crime. Still others begin to look for a “way to God,” join “false-religious” sects of various kinds, and become addicted to mysticism and witchcraft. Fifth, realizing that only with the help of one's own activity one can achieve success in life, they are looking for ways to solve problems that arise. Therefore, young people are left to themselves in all respects. In our time, public opinion on certain actions on the part of the younger generation does not have the power and influence, as, for example, 40 years ago. Therefore, young people have no prohibitions. They learn from their own mistakes.

A vivid example can be given as a pioneer organization during the Soviet era. Every teenager should have been a pioneer. Those who did not belong to it and did not wear a red tie were considered hooligans and were not approved by society. This organization disciplined and educated the younger generation. The children were busy with social work.

Now we have the younger generation left to their own devices. Parents are at work, and teenagers, if they are not busy in any circle, then they have a lot of free time that they spend on a computer or on something else that is not very useful. As a result, not knowing what to do, what to do, informal movements are formed, a couple having a bad influence on young minds.

Values of today's youth

The authors of many concepts about the meaning of human existence believe that the axial meaning of human existence, its semantic center, are certain values or a system of values. True, these values are understood differently in each source.

The science of values - axiology - deals with the analysis of all points of view and their unification. Values are what life is for. And the pair between the terms value and idea put an equal sign, but this is not so. An idea can become a value if, in addition to its neutral content, it carries with it a general desire to realize it. After all, when we achieve something, we lose interest in it. And the value, even realized, does not lose its proper quality, it still turns out to be ahead, because, even realized, it must be in the process of realization, realized in every new act of life, always kept as life itself.

Therefore, in order to determine the values of modern youth, we decided to conduct an anonymous survey, which consisted of 18 questions. The questions were, as well as the choice of an answer (for example: yes, no), and the participants in the survey were asked to express their opinion. Here are some questions:

How do you understand the word "happiness"?

How do you understand love?

Do you have an idol?

What is money for you?

Also, the circle of participants was limited by the age category. The age of the respondents ranged from 15 to 26 years. 45 people were interviewed. 58% of the respondents were men, and the rest were women. And about 44% of all respondents were employed.

After classifying all responses, questions asked In the survey, we came up with the following results:

happiness in the younger generation is perceived as a state of inner harmony and peace of mind, also the happiness of the majority of respondents is caused by being with close and dear people;

in 60% of young people, love is associated with feelings such as respect, mutual understanding, responsibility, mutual understanding, and so on;

money has a contradictory significance in life, for example, 36% said that money is “evil”, “garbage”, “paper”, which are not particularly important in their lives, but for 33% they mean “well-being”, “power” ;

the majority (58%) did not have an idol, but whoever has an idol is a modern show business star;

I was pleased that the majority of respondents read literature, mainly such genres as fiction and popular science;

also 90% of young people have a dream. And they understand it as a life goal, an aspiration for something, and also a dream, something that should come true, that is, the coming future;

a positive attitude to a healthy lifestyle was expressed by all those who participated in the survey, but among them it turned out that only 11% of people who go in for sports;

negative attitudes towards drugs, smoking and alcohol (70%, 60% and 45% respectively) were caused by the majority of respondents, but a significant part also consumes alcohol and smokes (44% and 33%).

From all this, we can conclude that at present the process of forming the values of youth is still underway. If love evokes such bright feelings, it means that young people are thinking about family relationships, and therefore about procreation. And this affects the birth rate, which shows the level of development of society. Also, the happiness associated with loved ones speaks of the revival of the tradition of respect and love for elders, which helps to preserve the original culture of our people.

We can say that there are basic basic values, but they are still on the way of development. This also says that many expressed respect and a positive opinion on a healthy lifestyle, but only 40% expressed their opinion on sports and themselves, if possible. Also, most of the respondents drink alcohol or alcohol.

Conclusion

The purpose of this work was to consider the value orientations of modern youth. During the study, this issue was considered, and we came to the conclusion that values are at the stage of development and so far the basic ones are happiness, love, personal well-being.

The tasks were disclosed quite fully and deployed. The continuation of this work may be further observation and analysis of the situation among young people as a social stratum of society for several more years.

In our work, it was difficult to select material, since this topic requires fresh data. So pick up desired material it was very difficult. These were mainly articles from magazines, personal experience and analysis of Internet resources.

Bibliography

Mukhin, A.A. Generation 2008: ours and not ours [Text] / A. A. Mukhin. - M.: Publishing House Algorithm, 2006. - 256 p.

Abisheva, A.K. On the concept of "value" [Text] / A. K. Abisheva // Questions of Philosophy. - 2002 - No. 3. - S. 139-146.

Karakovsky, V.A. The educational system of the school: pedagogical ideas and experience of formation [Text] / V. A. Karakovsky. - M .: Scientific and methodological association "Creative Pedagogy", 1991. - 154 p.

Karakovsky, V.A. Become human. Human values - the basis of a holistic educational process [Text] / V. A. Karakovsky. - M .: Scientific and methodological association "Creative Pedagogy", 1993. - 80 p.

Stepanov, P. Education.ru [Text] / P. Stepanov // Class teacher. - 2006 - No. 4. - S. 35-37.

Kudinova, N.S. Value preferences of schoolchildren: ways of studying [Text] / N. S. Kudinova // Class teacher. - 2006 - No. 4. - S. 105-108.

Encyclopedia of sociology [Internet resource] / A. A. Gritsanov [and others]. – Series "The World of Encyclopedias", - http: // slovari.yandex.ru/dict/sociology/article/soc/soc-1273.htm (20 Jan. 2006)

Annex 1

Protective word

In our time, the question of the value orientations of modern Russian society and, in particular, youth is acute. Youth is a new generation, which should become a replacement for their parents and a support for society and the state.

Consequently, value orientations, especially of young people, determine the level of spiritual, cultural and moral values of the whole society, as well as what it has achieved.

I chose this topic not by chance. I am interested in it, so I study a lot of literature on similar topics in various sources. For me, this issue is important, and I think it will also impress many people. This topic is relevant not only for teachers due to the specifics of their kind of activity, but also for other people, since basic values are important for the whole society. After all, values are becoming one of the fundamental factors in the development of society. And now much attention is paid to this problem, both from the side of the state and from the side of society.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the value orientations of modern youth.

The objectives of our work are as follows:

Describe modern youth as a social stratum of society

Analyze the values of modern youth

Every historical era had its own ideals and values. For example, in Orthodox Rus' there was faith, in the Russian Empire the ideal of a person was the tsar, in Soviet times there were such values as work, comradeship, respect for elders, mutual assistance.

Currently, modern society is in a very difficult position. After the change of political regime, the country has not come to its senses yet. All foundations were shaken, value orientations were lost, spiritual and moral ideals disappeared. In search of new ideals, we lose our traditions and foundations and begin to destroy ourselves. We do not see the point in our existence, so we do not notice how we gradually disappear.

Modern youth goes through its formation in very difficult conditions of breaking many old values and forming new social relations. Hence confusion, pessimism, disbelief in the present and future.

Some live in the past, listening to the stories of elders about the wonderful time when all problems were supposedly successfully solved. Others, on the contrary, behave aggressively towards all innovations, criticize everything and everything. Still others, in despair, go nowhere, get drunk, use drugs, turn into homeless people, take the path of crime. Still others begin to look for a “way to God,” join “false-religious” sects of various kinds, and become addicted to mysticism and witchcraft. Fifth, realizing that only with the help of one's own activity one can achieve success in life, they are looking for ways to solve problems that arise. Therefore, young people are left to themselves in all respects. In our time, public opinion on certain actions on the part of the younger generation does not have the power and influence, as, for example, 40 years ago. Therefore, young people have no prohibitions. They learn from their own mistakes.

Now we have young people left to their own devices. Parents are at work, and teenagers, if they are not busy in any circle, then they have a lot of free time that they spend on a computer or on something else that is not very useful. As a result, not knowing what to do, what to do, where to realize oneself, informal movements are formed, which in a couple have a bad influence on young minds.

If we analyze the literature and the media in the 90s of the last century and the beginning of the 2000s (2000-2004), there was a time of crisis in the country. Addictions such as drug addiction, alcoholism, and smoking began to pick up pace sharply. Among young people it was considered prestigious.

Now the trend is reversed. Many young people go in for sports, especially new sports (skateboard, snowboard, cycling). A person who plays sports deserves respect. But basically, the sediment of that "troubled" time remained. Now, however, despite these gaps, if you go down the street you can see a lot of drinking companies wandering around the streets doing nothing. But it's all about their upbringing, oh core values that are gilded. The authors of many concepts about the meaning of human existence believe that the axial meaning of human existence, its semantic center, are certain values or a system of values. True, these values are understood differently in each source.

For example, the famous German philosopher Hans Lenk believes that the value is the interpretation in which the subject expresses his preferences. And S.Yu. Golovin, value is a concept used in philosophy and sociology to designate objects, phenomena, their properties, as well as abstract ideas that embody social ideals and thus act as a standard of due.

Values are what life is for. And the pair between the terms value and idea put an equal sign, but this is not so. An idea can become a value if, in addition to its neutral content, it carries with it a general desire to realize it. After all, when we achieve something, we lose interest in it. And the value, even realized, does not lose its proper quality, it still turns out to be ahead, because, even realized, it must be in the process of realization, realized in every new act of life, always kept as life itself.

Also, values do not exist objectively, like material things. They are the result of the creativity of each human being. Therefore, in order to get an idea of the values of the whole society, one must consider the values of each or most of the people that make up this society.

Therefore, in order to determine the values of modern youth, we decided to conduct an anonymous survey, which consisted of 18 questions. The circle of participants was limited by the age category. The age of the respondents ranged from 15 to 26 years. 45 people were interviewed.

The results of the survey, which I considered necessary, you can see presented in the diagrams.

After a complete study of the survey, we can conclude that the basic values are family, personal happiness. A positive attitude towards a healthy lifestyle is also formed, and a negative attitude towards such phenomena as smoking and alcohol. The negative attitude towards drugs has already completed its formation, but the above 2 are just beginning their process of forming a negative opinion. In general, all values still take their place in our consciousness very unsteadily, therefore, in order to judge thoroughly, we still need to conduct an observation for several more years, then we will be able to judge with accuracy which values have formed to the end and occupied a basic place in our subconscious.

Appendix 2

Please enter your gender:

Enter your age: _________________________.

Your occupation:

What for in your understanding is happiness?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do you understand love?

What does money mean to you?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you have an idol?

If there is an idol, then who is it?

_____________________________________________________________

Do you read books?

If "yes", what are they?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you have a dream?

What does the word "dream" mean to you?

How do you feel about a healthy lifestyle?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you play sports?

If no, would you like to, if possible?

How do you feel about drugs?

negative

Positively

Neutral

I use it myself

How do you feel about smoking?

negative

Positively

Neutral

I don't know, didn't think about it

I use it myself

How do you feel about alcohol?

negative

Positively

Neutral

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SUMMARY ON THE TOPIC:

"Value Orientations of Modern Youth"

On the discipline "Sociology"

Introduction

1. Definition of the concept of personality

2. Youth

3. Definition of the concept of value orientations

5. Description of psychological tests. Rokeach's "Value Orientations" Methodology

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Give the young what they need

to become independent from us

and able to make their choice.

K. Popper

More and more young Russians want to live

in an economically strong rule of law state,

without corrupt officials and

gangster lawlessness, where will

their talents and abilities are in demand.

Lisovsky V.

One of the topical branches of modern sociology is the sociology of youth. This topic is very complex and includes a number of aspects: these are age-related psychological characteristics, and sociological problems of upbringing and education, the influence of the family and the team, and a number of other aspects. The problem of youth and its role in public life is especially acute in Russia.

Recently, many complaints have been heard from parents and teachers about teenagers of middle and older age - they have become uncontrollable, disobedient, too independent. This is due both to the characteristics of this age, physiological and psychological, and to the peculiarity of the modern social situation in which adolescents grow up. So what are they - modern teenagers?

Any society is characterized by a complex process of formation of values and attitudes towards them, especially young people. On turning point development of society, it is important to fix and understand the values of the young. Understand which values are being destroyed today and which remain. How does this happen and how predetermined are these processes? Does this mean that the world of values is collapsing in general, or are we talking about temporary phenomena? What do young people live for today?

1. Definitions of the concept of personality

First of all, I would like to first understand what is meant by the word “personality” in our society. Because the youth that we are talking about now is, first of all, an individual, a part of the society in which they exist.

According to Professor Lavrinenko, the concept of "personality" can only be defined in relation to the concept of "man", because we are talking about a living human personality and no other.

The social properties of a person are manifested, on the one hand, as his universal human properties (each person acts as a subject of consciousness, activity and communication), and on the other hand, as the properties of certain social groups, of which he is a representative. His universal human properties do not reveal the features of his personality, for all people are subjects of consciousness, activity and communication. However, as individuals, they can differ significantly from each other.

The essence and specific social content of a particular person becomes clear when her social position is revealed, that is, to which social groups she belongs, what her profession and activities, her worldview, value orientations, etc.

The meaning of the concept (category) "human personality" is to reflect the specific social characteristics individual individuals, to designate their specific "social faces". This concept does not simply capture the social experience embodied in the individual, that is, the knowledge, skills, and abilities acquired by him for this or that activity, but indicates a certain content and measure of this experience and the socially typical features of this individual.

Based on this approach to understanding personality, we can point out the following most important problems of its sociological study:

The specific historical content of the personality and the allocation of social and typical features in it (for example, identifying the specific features of an entrepreneur, worker or representative of the humanitarian intelligentsia of a particular country and historical era);

The processes of personality formation, including its historical development(phylogenesis) and the development of individuals in the process of their own social life ( life path) in a particular society (ontogenesis);

The main components of the "personality system";

Social maturity of the individual;

The main manifestations of its spiritual content;

Personality as a subject of activity and social relations;

Social personality types;

Interaction of the individual with society.

2. Youth

What is youth? There are many interpretations of this concept, I decided to focus on the fact that the youth- this is a large social group aged 14-30 years, which has specific social and psychological traits, the presence of which is determined as the age characteristics of young people. Upper and lower age limit youth group is different in different countries and different branches of human activity (statistics, demography, sociology, education, criminalistics, etc.).

It can be seen that a large number of the population belongs to this social group, and each is an individual. According to the results of the All-Russian population census for 2002, it can be seen that the population of the Russian Federation is 145.2 million people. The age category of 10-19 years old was 23.2 million people in 2002. The share of this age category in the total population was 16.0% (in 1989 - 14.0%). Age category 20-29 years in 2002 - 22.1 million people. The share of 15.2% has not changed compared to 1989.

According to the data, the young generation aged 15-29 in 2002 was 34.9 million people.

In Russia, there is such a situation:

On the one hand, there is a state pursuing a certain youth policy1.

Civil society, which is in its infancy and is trying to unite in social and public institutions focused on creating conditions for the socialization of the younger generation - on the other hand.

PAGE_BREAK--

And among them are the youth who have civil rights only nominally, and therefore raises the question of their expansion.

Finally, there is a situation where young people are in demand, studying their problems and determining modern type relations in the new concept of youth policy in society.

“Young people are part of civil society from birth. And if it simply activates its participation in its activities, this will already be a powerful stimulus for the development of the entire community and the democratization of the state. The free activity of youth is the path to civil society, at the same time it is the path to a truly democratic state, which can and wants to receive a variety of youth organizations within the legal framework. Ultimately, the doctrine should contribute to the diversity of social action programs of youth organizations and groups within the framework of the laws of Russia.

3. Definition of the concept "Value orientations"

What are value orientations? “Value orientations are the most important elements of the internal structure of the personality, fixed by the life experience of the individual, the totality of his experiences and delimiting the significant, essential for a given person from the insignificant, non-essential. Value orientations, this main axis of consciousness, ensures the stability of the individual, the continuity of a certain type of behavior and activity and is expressed in the direction of needs and interests. “Developed value orientations are a sign of a person’s maturity, an indicator of the measure of his sociality ... A stable and consistent set of value orientations determines such personality qualities as integrity, reliability, loyalty to certain principles and ideals, the ability to make strong-willed efforts in the name of these ideals and values, the activity of a life position , the inconsistency of value orientations is a sign of infantilism, the dominance of external stimuli in the internal structure of the personality ... "

behavior. Because of this, in any society, the value orientations of the individual are the object of education, purposeful influence. They act both at the level of consciousness and at the level of the subconscious, determining the direction of volitional efforts, attention, and intellect. The mechanism of action and development of value orientations is associated with the need to resolve contradictions and conflicts in the motivational sphere, in the most general form expressed in the struggle between duty and desire, moral and utilitarian motives.

Values are in constant motion: some are born, others die, others pass from one generation to another. But all elements of the value system are closely interconnected, condition each other, complement or oppose. Values, before turning into a value orientation, pass through the filters of consciousness and are systematized. The concept of value orientation is closely related to the concept of value. Term<ценностная ориентация>complements the term<ценность>, emphasizes its dynamic aspect. The mechanism of formation of value orientation is expressed in the scheme:<интерес – установка – ценностная ориентация>.

In the process of becoming a young person's personality, a certain system of value orientations is formed with a more or less developed structure of personality behavior. The system of value orientations of the individual, although it is formed under the influence of the values that prevail in society and direct social environment, surrounding the personality, is not rigidly predetermined by them.

The system of value orientations is not given once and for all: with changes in living conditions, the personality itself, new values appear, and sometimes they are completely or partially reassessed. The value orientations of young people as the most dynamic part of Russian society are the first to undergo changes caused by various processes taking place in the life of the country. At present, interest in the problems and culture of youth is growing in Russian society.

Youth is a specific component of Russian society. her interests, cultural life different from those of other age groups. The range of interests of modern Russian youth is very wide and versatile: from alcohol and drugs to literature, music, theater and cinema. Young people are actively interested in religion and fashion, painting and computers, sports and graffiti. One of the features of youth culture is its heterogeneity. Along with traditional culture there is also a counterculture that manifests itself in various youth movements, such as hippies, skinheads, punks. Young people are trying to find, express themselves somehow in life, in any subculture.

4. Finding yourself in the youth subculture

Youth subculture is a partial, relatively coherent system within the overall system of culture. Its occurrence is associated with uncertainty social roles young people, uncertainty about their own social status. In the ontogenetic aspect, the youth subculture is presented as a phase of development through which everyone must go. Its essence is the search for social status.

The most accessible social platforms for specific activities of young people are leisure, where you can show your own independence: the ability to make decisions and lead, organize and organize. Leisure is not only communication, but also a kind of social game, the lack of skills in such games in youth leads to the fact that a person considers himself free from obligations even in adulthood.

In dynamic societies, the family partially or completely loses its function as an instance of socialization of the individual, since the pace of changes in social life gives rise to a historical discrepancy between the older generation and the changed tasks of the new time. With the entry into adolescence, young people turn away from the family, looking for those social ties that should protect him from the still alien society. Between a lost family and a society not yet found, young people strive to join their own kind. The informal groups that form in this way provide the young person with a certain social status. The price for this, often, is the rejection of individuality and complete submission to the norms, values and interests of the group. These informal groups produce their own subculture, which differs from the culture of adults. It is characterized by internal uniformity and external protest against generally accepted institutions. Due to the presence of their own culture, these groups are marginal in relation to society, and therefore always contain elements of social disorganization, and potentially gravitate toward behavior that deviates from generally recognized norms.

Youth counterculture requires a conscious rejection of the system of traditional values and their replacement with countervalues - freedom of self-expression, personal involvement in a new lifestyle, a focus on the elimination of repressive and regulatory aspects of human relationships, full confidence in spontaneous manifestations of feelings, fantasy, imagination, non-verbal ways of communication. Its main motto is human happiness, understood as freedom from external conventions, integrity. The personality proposed and projected by the counterculture is hostilely opposed to any moral prohibition and moral authority precisely because its psyche has not yet fully formed the mechanisms of values of moral and spiritual orientation in the human world.

So, on the one hand, youth subcultures cultivate a protest against adult society, its values and authorities, but, on the other hand, they are called upon to help young people adapt to the same society.

Belonging to any group significantly strengthens the social position of a teenager, adds to his confidence. At the same time, it provides a field for the game, an opportunity to express one's attitude to life, to experiment with one's image. Of course, the first to catch the eye are already formed youth subcultural groups, in particular due to noticeable insignia. Because of this, in the minds of many adults, they begin to personify all youth.

In fact, these groups cover only a small percentage of it. The rest of the teenagers are less conspicuous. However, they do not swim in the waves of adult culture. Most teenagers borrow ideas and images from the film industry or the music environment and modify them to suit their tastes or the tastes of their company. Based on fashion, hairstyles, music, forms of communication, they create their own subculture with blurred boundaries.

Currents in youth culture develop in close interaction with the media, film and television, magazines and books. The media supply the images from which young people create their own image. At the same time, the media are also picking up the ideas generated by teenagers and turning them into a mass phenomenon. Thus, new trends and styles provide attractiveness among young people. In the search for their own identity, adolescents show endless ingenuity.

5. Description of psychological tests Method "Value Orientations" by Rokeach

The system of value orientations determines the content side of the orientation of the personality and forms the basis of its relationship to the world around, to other people, to itself, the basis of the worldview and the core of the motivation of life, the basis of the life concept and "philosophy of life". The most common at present is the method of studying the value orientations of M. Rokeach, based on the direct ranking of the list of values, its result strongly depends on the adequacy of the self-assessment of the subject.

M. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values: terminal - beliefs that the ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for; instrumental - beliefs that some mode of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation. This division corresponds to the traditional division into values - goals and values - means.

I was held psychological test according to the method of M. Rokeach among my peers.

70 young people, graduates of school No. 74 aged 16 to 17, were involved in the study, among them 40 boys and 30 girls. High school students were asked to study the table, and, choosing the value that is most significant for them, put it in first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it after the first one. Then do the same with all the remaining values. The least important for young people had to remain last and take 18th place. The end result should reflect the true position.

6. Review of research findings

Based on Rokeach's research data, some conclusions can be drawn: what our generation dreams about, what is important for them, what they think about and what are their terminal and instrumental values; and you can also try to make a value-oriented portrait of young people, analyzing its main characteristics.

Terminal values that high school students put in first place:

1. Health and happy family life(physical and mental)

2. Having good and loyal friends

Z. Love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one)

Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--

4. Financially secure life (lack of financial difficulties)

5. Self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts)

Instrumental values that graduates put in first place:

1. Cheerfulness and honesty

2. Responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word)

H. Good manners and courage in defending one's opinions and views

4. Tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others

5. Performance (discipline)

Conclusion

In my opinion, young people and their value orientations are a big, complex and urgent problem, which is the subject of many works in the sociological literature. It can be concluded that research in this area of sociology is necessary to resolve the crisis that Russia is experiencing today. And the connection between such aspects of youth problems as youth subculture and youth aggressiveness is obvious. Only thorough and systematic research in the development of social work with youth can help to understand the causes of the generational conflict that is taking place in our society. It is necessary to understand the essence of youth quests, to renounce unconditional condemnation of what youth culture, differentiated approach to the phenomena of the life of modern youth.

It is also necessary to understand that a young person needs to determine the boundaries of his real possibilities, to find out what he is capable of, to establish himself in society.

YOUTH VALUES- general ideas shared by the general part of the youth regarding what is desirable, right and useful. Radical political and economic transformations entail changes in the value-normative base of both society as a whole and individual social groups. First of all, this concerns the younger generation. Young people who are not burdened by the burden of prejudices of old guidelines, on the one hand, adapt to new conditions faster and, accordingly, have more chances to implement an active life strategy and achieve success, and on the other hand, they are more susceptible to the destructive influence of the consequences of macrosocial processes. Conflicted self-awareness of young people is a consequence of the chaos that exists in public life modern Russia. The current situation in the country can be defined as a period between the old system of values, which gives significant failures, and the new system of values, which is just emerging. This is the time when a ready-made ideal is no longer imposed on young people on the threshold of life, and everyone has to determine for himself the meaning and direction of his life. Youth is a period of trial and error, trying on social roles, a period of choice. Ignoring in the course of economic reforms the state in which the youth consciousness is located, and the stable trends that have formed in it, can suspend and even completely block progress along the path of transformation and turn them into something different from the original plan.

A comprehensive study of the younger generation is of fundamental importance for adjusting the state youth policy, for creating effective and efficient programs that contribute to the entry of this generation into society. Youth movements, youth subculture, labor and social activity of young people, the process of youth entering an independent working life, changes in value orientations, youth associations within subcultures, socio-psychological characteristics of youth age group etc. Sociology is called the science of the XXI century. Research and scientific developments of the last five years on youth issues have given society an understanding of many of the processes taking place in the youth environment. Scientists talk about a differentiated approach in working with teenagers, young people, young families, and so on. Sociology gives us an understanding of young people as a part of our society, to which the "adult community" refers either with fear, or with irritation, or with incomprehension. Whereas an innovative society interested in its future must create conditions for the self-realization of young people and correctly exercise social control over young people.

This is confirmed by the following quote from Erickson: “A young man, like an acrobat on a trapeze, must, with one powerful movement, lower the crossbar of childhood, jump over and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must bring down and those who will receive him on the opposite side.

Literature

Semenov V.E. Value orientations of modern youth. SOCIS 2007 №4

Petrov A.V. Value preferences of young people: diagnostics and trends of change. SOCIS 2008 №2

Cherkasova T.V. Youth about conflict factors and youth policy. SOCIS 2004 №3

Boikov V.E. Values and guidelines of the public consciousness of Russians. SOCIS 2004 №7

Sociology, ed. Professor Lavrinenko. 3rd edition revised and enlarged. Moscow 2008

Sociology of youth / In the book. Marshak A.L. sociology. Tutorial. High School, 2002

Bartasevich Nikolai Sergeevich, bachelor, student
Bashkir State Agrarian University

MORAL STANDARDS
VALUE ORIENTATIONS
THE YOUTH
VALUES
BEHAVIORAL PRIORITIES

The article is devoted to modern youth and its value orientations. Values are not only a guideline for a person's life, determining his goals and aspirations, but also act as a social control mechanism to maintain order, demonstrate healthy lifestyle life.

Comparative characteristics of the value orientations of boys and girls
Family as a factor in the spiritual and moral formation of a teenager's personality
Ways and prospects for improving social and legal mechanisms for the prevention of gambling among young people

The reforms carried out by modern Russian society in a fairly short period of time have led to the transformation of social institutions, norms, values and attitudes of people. A sharp transition to a fundamentally different model of social development, the difficulties of the transition period actualize the need for a balanced state policy in relation to the younger generation in order to help in adapting to the changed conditions of life, integration into a new system of social relations.

In Russia, a crisis of the value system is long overdue, acting as a fall in moral norms, the absence of clear rules, principles and imperatives that characterize the direction in the actions and deeds of the individual. Ideas about value orientations are blurred, there is no competent mechanism for the formation and way of influencing the consciousness and behavior of the individual. Accordingly, the attitude towards education, work, relatives, and family has changed. The breakdown of value orientations led to a decline in the prestige of socially significant work, an increase in deviant behavior, indifference, and social passivity.

The decline in the system of value orientations of young people is especially pronounced in their attitude to education as a basic social value. The modern education system focuses on selfeducation and self-learning, development creativity students. This is manifested in generalization, critical analysis, development of knowledge based on previous experience. However, today's youth is not ready for such individual steps. Most of them do not know how to independently develop judgments, establish causal relationships, identify patterns, think logically correctly, formulate their ideas harmoniously and convincingly, and competently argue conclusions.

Despite the fact that modern society is actively introducing information technologies, young people, especially students, as Internet users do not always use them effectively. The educational information field is flooded with ready-made "cheat" products of rather low quality, written essays, term papers, theses, and even educational material questionable content. Today's youth is not ready to use primary sources, being inclined to use abridged versions, interpreted by no one. The vast majority of young people are focused on getting any education with minimal effort - just to get a diploma. High level claims to education is instrumental character, education is seen as a means of a promising competitive position in the labor market and only then as a way of acquiring knowledge.

Standing aside is a stable worldview and moral position, manifested in social responsibility, decency, and sincerity. Youth, as in other things and the whole society, is characterized by confusion, misunderstanding of what is happening. She is often credited with hard pragmatism, social immaturity, infantilism, aggressiveness, envy.

Material well-being remains the dominant feature of life values and behavioral priorities. Recently, the following trend has been observed: young people generally prefer not so much spiritual and moral values how much big money. For example, for 73% of the 600 young people surveyed, material well-being is an incentive for their vital activity. The ability to make a fortune for the majority is a measure of human happiness. The usefulness of work for most young people is determined by the achievements of their own economic prosperity. Moreover, the main goal is to make money, and in any way possible, if only this way would bring income and the more, the better. And therefore, success in life is associated with enterprise and money, and not with talent, knowledge and diligence.

Such a breakdown of value orientations among young people clearly emerges among the still undeveloped stable system of their moral socio-cultural attitudes. Moreover, the changed life (transition from administrative-planned to market mechanisms) requires new models of behavior. Such life principles as "it is better to be honest, but poor" and "a clear conscience is more important than well-being" are gone and such as "you - to me, I - to you", "success - at any cost" have come to the fore. There is a clear orientation of economic values associated with the fastest enrichment, and success is determined by the presence of expensive goods, fame, fame. In the minds of today's youth, a motivational attitude to one's own strength in the realization of life goals and interests in the spirit of the new conditions of market economy is clearly expressed, but here, as you know, any path is possible.

In a relationship family values young people above all put independence and career, achieving a high status. The family is planned in the long term, after creating a successful, in their opinion, career.

Communicative values move away as they grow older. The vector of change in value norms and rules that characterize behavior is determined by market relations. Faithful friends, reliable comrades remain in childhood. Relationships with loved ones are becoming more and more steadily selfish, commercial in nature. In the youth environment, a selfish individualistic attitude (“for himself”) is higher than humane relations, mutual understanding, mutual support and mutual assistance. High communication skills are shown with the right, influential people, reflecting a certain desired status.

Features of the economy in market conditions of management are such that it is necessary to radically revise:

a system of values that allows one to develop promising life positions, a strategy in one's professional, cognitive, social activities;
a culture of thinking, which is a spiritual education and characterizes the measure of social development and a sense of responsibility;
integrativity of value attitudes, the penetration of which will form the way of life that will provide guaranteed reliability in various fields of activity.

Attention to the formation of values and value orientations should become the fundamental basis of any society. They define the scope of human life, interests, needs, social relations, criteria for assessing significance, expressed in moral ideals, attitudes, which gives each a special life meaning. Values are not only a guideline for a person's life, determining his goals and aspirations, but also act as a social control mechanism to maintain order and demonstrate a healthy lifestyle.

Purposeful work should be carried out with the media in order to highlight the positive aspects of the lifestyle. Young people daily face a huge flow of mass propaganda, absorbing far from humane information. For the most part, this negative information zombifies a person, develops specific negative attitudes and does not develop positive thinking, which subsequently affects the complex of actions and deeds of individual individuals.

The formation of values is also influenced by the economic and social deformations taking place in society. Complex social phenomena, the heterogeneity of political and economic processes affect changes in social ideals and values. Those priorities that previously seemed unshakable are being replaced by others that determine today's life realities. A new range of value orientations appears, which means that old ideals and traditions are being destroyed and a different type of personality is being formed.

New priorities in the system of values, interests and social norms young people will be further reflected in their minds, and then in behavior, activity and, ultimately, in social well-being. The active life position of young people is most often expressed in the growth of labor, socio-political, cognitive and other types of activity, in social mobility, in the formation of not an anarchic market consciousness, but a civilized productively meaningful mentality. And this process should be regulated and managed. And in this, the objectively existing conditions of life should play a huge role.

In our opinion, young people and their value orientations are a big, complex and urgent problem, which is the subject of many works in the sociological literature. It can be concluded that research in this area of sociology is necessary to resolve the crisis that Russia is experiencing today. And the connection between such aspects of youth problems as youth subculture and youth aggressiveness is obvious. Only thorough and systematic research in the development of social work with youth can help to understand the causes of the generational conflict that is taking place in our society. It is necessary to understand the essence of youth quests, to renounce the unconditional condemnation of what youth culture brings with it, to approach the phenomena of the life of modern youth in a differentiated way. It is also necessary to understand that a young person needs to determine the boundaries of his real possibilities, to find out what he is capable of, to establish himself in society.

Thus, according to Boikov V.E., the values of youth- general ideas shared by the general part of the youth regarding what is desirable, right and useful. Radical political and economic transformations entail changes in the value-normative base of both society as a whole and individual social groups. First of all, this concerns the younger generation. Young people who are not burdened by the burden of prejudices of old guidelines, on the one hand, adapt to new conditions faster, and accordingly have more chances to implement an active life strategy and achieve success, and on the other hand, they are more susceptible to the destructive influence of the consequences of macrosocial processes.

The conflicted self-awareness of young people is a consequence of the chaos that exists in the public life of modern Russia. The current situation in the country can be defined as a period between the old system of values, which gives significant failures, and the new system of values, which is just emerging. This is the time when a ready-made ideal is no longer imposed on young people on the threshold of life, and everyone has to determine for himself the meaning and direction of his life. Youth is a period of trial and error, trying on social roles, a period of choice. Ignoring in the course of economic reforms the state in which the youth consciousness is located, and the stable trends that have formed in it, can suspend and even completely block progress along the path of transformation and turn them into something different from the original plan.

A comprehensive study of the younger generation is of fundamental importance for adjusting the state youth policy, for creating effective and efficient programs that contribute to the entry of this generation into society. Youth movements, youth subculture, labor and social activity of young people, the process of young people entering an independent working life, changes in value orientations, youth associations within subcultures, socio-psychological characteristics of the youth age group, etc. are analyzed. Sociology is called the science of the XXI century. Research and scientific developments of the last five years on youth issues have given society an understanding of many of the processes taking place in the youth environment. Scientists talk about a differentiated approach in working with teenagers, young people, young families, and so on. Sociology gives us an understanding of young people as a part of our society, to which the "adult community" refers either with fear, or with irritation, or with incomprehension. Whereas an innovative society interested in its future must create conditions for the self-realization of young people and correctly exercise social control over young people.

This is confirmed by the following quote from Erickson: “A young man, like an acrobat on a trapeze, must, with one powerful movement, lower the crossbar of childhood, jump over and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must lower and those who will receive him on the opposite side.

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