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Isolated inconsistent definitions. Separated and non-isolated inconsistent definitions

The inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish it from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. hard to find good text, in which there are no these members of the sentence, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which are presented below, are an attribute of only written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same minor ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called secondary members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: the definitions are high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. His group: addition horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. So, additions are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances are adverbs or participles, as well as nouns.

Sometimes there is a polysemy of the secondary term: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk left without delay.

The secondary member to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (what?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both a circumstance (lies (where?) on the paws) and an addition (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is definition

The definition is minor member sentences to which you can ask questions: “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”

Distinguish agreed and inconsistent definitions. Gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

A definition can be an adjective, a noun, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, and even an infinitive. They extend the subject, object, and circumstance.

For example:

The last leaves hung from the frozen branches.

The definition of the latter refers to the subject leaflets; the definition of frozen refers to the addition-circumstance on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of the sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to get out into a stuffy city.

Here the role of the definition village is very interesting, without which the subject inhabitant would not make sense. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in this example subject - village dweller.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and non-agreed definitions can express the following meanings:

The quality of the item (beautiful dress, interesting book).
Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
Attitude to another object (clay vase - clay vase).
Affiliation ( maternal heart mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Definitions agreed can act as the following parts of speech:

Adjective name (children's toy, deep lake).
Pronoun (your car, a certain amount).
Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
Numerals (eighteenth fighter, first student).

Between this definition and the word to which it refers, there is an agreement in gender, number and case.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

Here are the following agreed definitions:

History (whose?) Ours - pronoun;

History (what?) majestic - adjective;

Centuries (how many?) Twenty - numeral.

As a rule, the agreed definition in the sentence is before the word to which it refers.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive look- inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Verb-infinitive.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) With classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: a person (which one?) Is more friendly.

Let's analyze the sentence, where the definition is expressed by the infinitive:

I had a great opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The examples of sentences discussed above allow us to conclude that this type of definition is most often found after the word to which it refers.

How to distinguish an agreed definition from a non-agreed one

In order not to get confused about which definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

Find out what part of speech the definition is.
Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (agreement - an agreed definition, control and adjacency - an inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - connection agreement, definition meowing - agreed; a box made of wood - communication control, the definition of wood is inconsistent.
Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it, an inconsistent definition. Examples: a meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it is after the main word; deep ravine - the definition is agreed, it stands after the main word.
If the definition is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological phrase, it will certainly be inconsistent: it was (what?) Neither fish nor meat. Phraseologism neither fish nor meat acts as an inconsistent definition.

A table will help distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numerals.	1. Noun with or without a preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Communication type	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Connection.
Position	Before main word	After the main word

The concept of isolation

Situations often arise when in a sentence there are separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require separation by appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks, it should not be confused, for example, with commas with homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different characters in isolation is a gross mistake, which indicates a misunderstanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than separating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
How are the members of the sentence participating in the isolation expressed (the definition itself and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separation of agreed definitions

If the agreed definition is after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

It is a participle. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participle turnover, which is located after the word basket being defined.
It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, you could see everything that was happening in the yard. Here, the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is required to put commas, because this revolution is located after the word glass, which is being defined.
Definitions are necessarily separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is in front of the defined word days, respectively, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
Definitions are not common, they are in the sentence after the word being defined. Eg: South night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definition black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the union and. There may be such an option: the southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, the union is absent, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word to which it refers, so it is not required to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from home, loneliness is somehow felt in a special way.

The definition far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is not clear.

Separation of the agreed definition, which is before the word being defined, is necessary if it has the meaning of cause or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult transition, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition exhausted by a long transition is isolated, because it is used in the sense of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by a difficult transition, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition has a concession that has not yet been planted with greenery: despite the fact that the trees have not yet been planted with greenery, they are elegant and festive.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Separate inconsistent definitions are a rather rare phenomenon. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection by agreement.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed new definition, so it needs to be isolated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by accident we met Andrey, in the dust, tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is related to the consistent definition of tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases when there are isolated inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in pressed uniforms, happy and contented.

In this case, it is possible not to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed: happy, satisfied.

IN classical literature one can meet both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearin candles, in travel silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in overcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to replace the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In a sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in travel silver chandeliers is isolated, but Tolstoy's sentence of the same construction is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks in the definitions in overcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in overcoats.

Application as a special kind of definition

A special kind of definition is an application. It is always expressed by a noun. Applications and inconsistent definitions should be distinguished. The latter are associated with the word being defined by means of control, while between the application and the main word there is an agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white coat made the guys grumble.

In the first case, we have an application engineer. Let us prove this by declining the main and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. The connection between the words is clearly visible agreement, respectively, we have an application. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is control, so here we observe an inconsistent definition.

In addition, the application simply names the subject differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of its sign.

Application isolation

A single application, as a rule, is written with a hyphen: hostess sister, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will stand apart. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is separated. Examples:

1. Does she, an excellent student, take care of the control.

Here the application of an excellent student refers to the pronoun to her.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We isolate the application reason, because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. A brave captain, a thunderstorm of the seas, easily passed any reefs.

The thunderstorm application is a common one (thunderstorm (what?) of the seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone's favorite, received the best gift.

The application universal favorite is used after the word girl being defined.

Applications are separated with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification (with it there is a union like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (reason value).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning of "as" is not isolated. For example:

As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. Separation is not needed.

If standalone application located at the end of a sentence - it can be distinguished with a dash. For example:

The rest of the sisters are similar to each other - Elizabeth and Sophia.

The application Elizabeth and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so a dash is separated.

A) The definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (often with prepositions)

1. when referring to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in a new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where,in a black dress, with black headband , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if they form a series of homogeneous members preceded or followed by a separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people, colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arseniev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement, clarify the idea of a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

5. Noun definitions are usually isolated, if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives additional feature face. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

1) When placing punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type of a minor member expressed by a noun, since it can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed:came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came outin a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) The isolation of inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to the person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of deliberately separating the turnover from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

women, with a long rake in hand , wandering in the field (Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in hand does not refer to the predicate wander, but to the subject women (“Women with a rake”, not “wandering with a rake”).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander into the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced subordinate clause or a standalone offer. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Force, stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). -Wed:This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other Guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the noun it defines:

But at other times it was not human more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed indefinite form verb

1. The definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash), if it has an explanatory meaning and it can be preceded by the words viz. In oral speech, such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten Anddie (Bryusov).

2. Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), does not separate if it forms a single phrase together with a noun. Usually such definitions are in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind (Kuprin).

Note! G

1) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition expressed by the infinitive is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Topic exercises

"Separation of agreed definitions"

Exercise 1. Find isolated or non-isolated definitions in sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. The weather, frowning in the morning, began to gradually clear up (Arseniev). 2. He already opened his mouth and got up a little from the bench, but suddenly, stricken with horror, he closed his eyes and fell off the bench (M. Gorky). 3. Seized with evil despair, I saw around only these waves with whitish manes (M. Gorky). 4. Overwhelmed by some kind of vague premonition, Korchagin quickly dressed and went out into the street (N. Ostrovsky). 5. Meresyev sat silent and anxious (Field). 6. A stoker who looked like a Negro passed by and did not close the door near me (Bunin). 7. While the chariot, accompanied by barking, rolls with a roar along the bridges through the ravines, I look at the piles of bricks left over from the burnt house and drowned in weeds and think about what old Kologrivov would do if he saw impudent galloping around the yard of his estate (Bunin) . 8. Pavel went into her room and tiredly sat down on a chair (Field). 9. The fire of a bomb that exploded near him instantly illuminated two people standing above and the white foam of greenish waves cut by the ship (L. Tolstoy). 10. A heavy, unheard-of roar shook the air (A.N. Tolstoy). 11. Chichikov only noticed through the thick cover of pouring rain something like a roof (Gogol). 12. Frightened by the noise, the badger rushed to the side and disappeared from sight (Arseniev).

Exercise 2. Place the missing punctuation marks.

1. The girl plucked a sprig from a currant bush and, delighted with the aroma of buds, caught up with her companion and handed him a sprig (Prishvin). 2. In the long beard of the father of the archpriest and in his small mustache connecting with the beard at the corners of the mouth, several black hairs flash, giving it the appearance of silver trimmed with niello (Leskov). 3. His eyes are brown, bold and clear (Leskov). 4. The sky is almost not reflected in the water, dissected by the blows of the oars of steamship propellers with the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other ships plowing the narrow harbor in all directions (M. Gorky). 5. A long dam lined with silvery poplars closed this pond (Turgenev). 6. She was in a white coat stained with blood in a scarf tightly tied to the very eyebrows (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. Long, girthy pines raised their wide arms and try to hold on to the clouds (Kuranov). 8. Angry in appearance, he was a good-natured soul (Fadeev).

9. Energetic, tall, slightly angry and mocking, he stands as if rooted to the logs, and in a tense pose, ready to turn the rafts every second, he vigilantly looks ahead (M. Gorky). 10. The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy (M. Gorky). 11. Mountains resembling a flock of clouds protruded from the sea, and behind them swirled clouds resembling snowy mountains (Krymov). 12. The ringing of anchor chains, the rumble of coupled wagons carrying cargo, the metal shriek of iron sheets falling from somewhere on the stone of the pavement, the dull thud of wood, the rattling of cab carts, the whistles of steamboats, then the piercingly sharp, then the dull roaring cries of loaders, sailors and customs soldiers - all these sounds merge into deafening music labor day(M. Gorky). 13. And the people themselves who originally gave birth to this noise are ridiculous and pathetic: their dusty, ragged, brisk figures, bent under the weight of goods lying on their backs, fussily run here and there in clouds of dust in a sea of heat and sounds, they are insignificant compared to the iron colossi surrounding them piles of goods, rattling wagons and everything they created (M. Gorky). 14. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked over the stones (M. Gorky). 15. He is a very kind person, but with rather strange concepts and habits (Turgenev). 16. But paying two hundred and three hundred rubles for something at least the most necessary suddenly seemed to them almost suicide (Goncharov). 17. The next day, we learned that Soviet intelligence entered the city, but, shocked by the monstrous picture of flight, stopped at the slopes to the port and did not open fire (Paustovsky). 18. Obviously, depressed by memories, Arzhanov fell silent for a long time (Sholokhov). 19. He looked around and saw that an overturned and long-torn apart truck lying on the road was smoking quickly flaring up (Field). 20. The dawn came, and Kazbek (Zabolotsky) lit up in the fire, chained in snow with a two-headed fragment of a crystal. 21. And the prisoner in the correct square either rushes about and rushes over the fence, then silently flies around the garden (Shefner). 22. I never entered the house, sat on a bench and left unnoticed by anyone (Nikitin). 23. But besides the song, we also had something good, something we loved and, perhaps, replaced the sun for us (M. Gorky). 24. He stood surprised by an unexpected meeting and was also going to leave, embarrassed (N. Ostrovsky). 25. Soft and silvery, it [the sea] merged there with the blue southern sky and sleeps soundly, reflecting in itself the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds of motionless and not hiding the golden patterns of stars (M. Gorky).

Topic exercise

"Separation of inconsistent definitions"

Exercise 1. Find inconsistent definitions in the sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. One of them was Stoltz, the other was his friend, a full writer with an apathetic face, thoughtful, as if sleepy eyes (Goncharov). 2. Blue in the constellations lasts midnight (Lugovskoy). 3. It was Lyoshka Shulepnikov, only a very old crumpled one with a gray mustache, unlike himself (Trifonov). 4. The desire to talk with her daughter disappeared (Trifonov). 5. Broad-shouldered, short-legged in heavy boots in a thick caftan the color of road dust, he stood in the middle of the steppe as if carved out of stone (M. Gorky). 6. And all of her in an old tunic with a burnt-out cap on dark blond smooth hair seemed to Alexei very tired and tired (Field). 7. The next morning, Luzgina, in a smart blue silk dress with whipped bouffants of light blond hair, fresh, ruddy, lush and fragrant with bracelets and rings on her plump hands, hurriedly drank coffee, afraid to be late for the ship (Stanyukovich). 8. The lifter at the entrance, gloomy with drooping cheeks, greeted Lyosha with a nod of his head (Trifonov). 9. Suddenly, an old woman with a cigarette in her mouth (Trifonov) came out of a white door with a matte pimpled glass. 10. In a white tie in a dandy overcoat wide open with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone (Turgenev). 11. Elizaveta Kievna with red hands in a man's dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes did not come out of memory (A.N. Tolstoy). 12. I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this (L. Tolstoy). 13. With her defenselessness, she evoked in him a chivalrous feeling to shield protect protect (Kataev). 14. Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, an elevated and playful note is heard - one of the waves crept closer to us more boldly (M. Gorky). 15. Suddenly, everyone left work, turned to face us, bowed low, and some older peasants greeted their father and me (Aksakov). 16. Older children were spinning under his arms (Rylenkov). 17. So I have only one dubious pleasure to look out of the window at fishing(Kuprin). 18. She was pursued by a secret dream of going into the partisan underground (Fadeev). 19. Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times (M. Gorky). 20. On the bridge, dressed in raincoats with short-brimmed southwests on their heads, are the captain and the watch officer (Stanyukovich).

REPEAT! FIXING!

The inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish it from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. It is difficult to find a good text that does not contain these sentence members, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which are presented below, are an attribute only of written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same minor ones. If they complement grammatical basis, then they will be called secondary members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions are high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. Its group: the addition is the horizon, the circumstance is completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three secondary members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. So, additions are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances are adverbs or participles, as well as nouns.

Sometimes there is a polysemy of the secondary term: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk left without delay.

The secondary member to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (what?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both a circumstance (lies (where?) on the paws) and an addition (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is definition

Definition - such a secondary member of the sentence, to which you can ask questions: “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”

Distinguish agreed and inconsistent definitions. Gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

A definition can be an adjective, a noun, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, and even an infinitive. They extend the subject, object, and circumstance.

For example:

The last leaves hung from the frozen branches.

The definition of the latter refers to the subject leaflets; the definition of frozen refers to the addition-circumstance on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of the sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to get out into a stuffy city.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and non-agreed definitions can express the following meanings:

The quality of the item (beautiful dress, interesting book).
Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
Attitude to another object (clay vase - clay vase).
Belonging (mother's heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Definitions agreed can act as the following parts of speech:

Adjective name (children's toy, deep lake).
Pronoun (your car, a certain amount).
Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
Numerals (eighteenth fighter, first student).

Between this definition and the word to which it refers, there is an agreement in gender, number and case.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

Here are the following agreed definitions:

History (whose?) Ours - pronoun;

History (what?) majestic - adjective;

centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

As a rule, the agreed definition in the sentence is before the word to which it refers.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive form is the inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Verb-infinitive.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) With classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: a person (which one?) Is more friendly.

Let's analyze the sentence, where the definition is expressed by the infinitive:

I had a great opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The examples of sentences discussed above allow us to conclude that this type of definition is most often found after the word to which it refers.

How to distinguish an agreed definition from a non-agreed one

In order not to get confused about which definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

Find out what part of speech the definition is.
Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (agreement - an agreed definition, control and adjacency - an inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - connection agreement, definition meowing - agreed; a box made of wood - communication control, the definition of wood is inconsistent.
Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it, an inconsistent definition. Examples: a meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it is after the main word; deep ravine - the definition is agreed upon, it stands after the main word.
If the definition is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological phrase, it will certainly be inconsistent: it was (what?) Neither fish nor meat. Phraseologism neither fish nor meat acts as an inconsistent definition.

A table will help distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numerals.	1. Noun with or without a preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Communication type	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Connection.
Position	Before main word	After the main word

The concept of isolation

Situations often arise when in a sentence there are separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require separation by appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks, it should not be confused, for example, with commas with homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different signs in isolation is a gross mistake, which indicates a misunderstanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon compared to separating inconsistent definitions. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
How are the members of the sentence participating in the isolation expressed (the definition itself and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separation of agreed definitions

If the agreed definition is after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

It is a participle. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participle turnover, which is located after the word basket being defined.
It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, you could see everything that was happening in the yard. Here, the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is required to put commas, because this revolution is located after the word glass, which is being defined.
Definitions are necessarily separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is in front of the defined word days, respectively, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
Definitions are not common, they are in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definition black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the union and. There may be such an option: the southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, the union is absent, but the definition is still isolated.

In a country far from home, loneliness is somehow felt in a special way.

The definition far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is not clear.

Separation of the agreed definition, which is before the word being defined, is necessary if it has the meaning of cause or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult transition, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition has a concession that has not yet been planted with greenery: despite the fact that the trees have not yet been planted with greenery, they are elegant and festive.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed new definition, so it needs to be isolated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by accident we met Andrey, in the dust, tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is related to the consistent definition of tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases when there are isolated inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in pressed uniforms, happy and contented.

In this case, it is possible not to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed: happy, satisfied.

In classical literature, one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

In a sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in silver travel shandals is isolated, but Tolstoy's sentence of the same construction is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks in the definitions in overcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in overcoats.

Application as a special kind of definition

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white coat made the guys grumble.

In addition, the application simply names the subject differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of its sign.

Application isolation

A single application, as a rule, is written with a hyphen: hostess sister, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will stand apart. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is separated. Examples:

1. Does she, an excellent student, take care of the control.

Here the application of an excellent student refers to the pronoun to her.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We isolate the application reason, because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. A brave captain, a thunderstorm of the seas, easily passed any reefs.

The thunderstorm application is a common one (thunderstorm (what?) of the seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone's favorite, received the best gift.

The application universal favorite is used after the word girl being defined.

Applications are separated with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification (with it there is a union like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (reason value).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning of "as" is not isolated. For example:

As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. – As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. Separation is not needed.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be distinguished with a dash. For example:

The rest of the sisters are similar to each other - Elizabeth and Sophia.

The application Elizabeth and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so a dash is separated.

Inconsistent Definitions: Examples. Agreed and inconsistent definition

If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

A definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that names the word being defined, answers the questions: "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?" and their case forms. There is an agreed and inconsistent definition in Russian.

For example, "I loved watching a big beautiful white bird."

The word being defined is "bird". From him the question is raised: "what?"

Bird (what?) Large, beautiful, white.

Definitions characterize the object in this sentence according to the following criteria: by size, by appearance, by color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed, and " white"- inconsistent. What is the difference between agreed definitions and non-agreed definitions?

Definitions " big, beautiful"- agreed, they change when the word being defined changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

bird (what?) big, beautiful;
bird (what?) big, beautiful;
a bird (what?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white color"- inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

bird (what?) white;
birds (what?) white;
a bird (what?) of white color;
a bird (what?) of white color;
about a bird (what?) of white color.

Thus, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The first ones change when the main word changes, and the second ones do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, agreed pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is "the material from which the object is made."

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Very often it is necessary to indicate what an object exists for, then inconsistent definitions are used that have the meaning “the purpose of the object”.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is missing from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions are usually used with the meaning of “an accompanying subject feature”.

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relation of an object to another object.

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Additions are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and do not formally differ from inconsistent definitions. Distinguishing these minor members is possible only in terms of syntax. Therefore, it is necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

Additions refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions - to nouns, pronouns that indicate the subject.
We pose questions of indirect cases to additions, and to definitions - questions "what?", "whose?"

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: "whose?", "whose?", "whose?", "whose?" and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed possessive pronouns.

IN her the light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His girlfriend did not come (whose girlfriend?).

IN their garden were the most delicious apples(in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in a simple comparative degree

If the sentence contains an adjective in a simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a sign of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by the adjective in a simple comparative degree.

Grandpa built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interested in me.

Everyone wants to grab a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions, in such cases they have the meaning of a feature in terms of quality, direction, place, mode of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what?) outside.

The upper room was bright with a window (what?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

Necessity lives indestructibly in the heart (what kind?) be in love someone.

The division will come up with a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what?) feel yourself as a human.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

The selection of inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and on their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the defined word - a common noun - are not inclined to isolate.

At the back of the garden stood a long barn (what?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what?) with broken edge.

girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (what?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (What?) survive at all costs owned it all the time.

Inconsistent definitions after the main word - a common noun, are isolated only if it is necessary to give it a special semantic significance. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same sweater , from gray wool, she left the room as if there had not been a whole year of separation.

This vase , with broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions are before the word being defined, then they are most often isolated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long fancy dress, sister seemed taller and more mature.

IN long skirt and with bare hands, the girl stands on the stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She, with braids to the waist, went to the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Maria Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and ordered the girl who came to clean up the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange trim hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in the OGE format

Among the examination tasks, there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete this task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. The following is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the right one.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After a while, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Sheepdog with a black stripe on the back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent standalone definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) Wearing a raincoat and a white coat, she seemed to Nadia different than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing.

5) She saw several new wrinkles, diverging from the wings of the nose to the corners of the lips.

6) Only the look of the mother remained the same, the same as Nadezhda carried in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She beamed with joy.

2) She was called mother today.

3) Didn’t all the neighbors hear how this girl with dark hair shouted:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself did not yet understand whether she called her.

Conditions for separating inconsistent definitions

A) The definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (often with prepositions)

1. when referring to a personal pronoun:

Today she,in a new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with black headband , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if they form a series of homogeneous members preceded or followed by a separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people,colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arseniev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement, clarify the idea of a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

5. Noun definitions are usually isolated, if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives an additional characteristic to the person. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

Wed:came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came out in a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

women, with a long rake in hand , wandering in the field (Turgenev).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander into the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced by a subordinate clause or an independent clause. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Force , stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). - Wed: This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other Guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the noun it defines:

But at other times it was not human more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed in the indefinite form of the verb

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten And die (Bryusov).

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind (Kuprin).

Note! G

1) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition expressed by the infinitive is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Varieties of separate members of the proposal Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

agreed definitions, expressed by adjectives or participles with dependent words, stand apart in postposition in relation to the word being defined or being torn off from it, i.e. distantly located. For example: At its gate there was a wagon harnessed by a trio of Tatar horses (P.); The distant murmur of the sea, flying into the thicket of these forests, gave them a mystery (Paust.); It was a spring night full of large stars (Paust.); Huge in his flaky suit, leaves the entrance of Akindinov (Pan.); In the next small room, on the couch, covered with a hospital gown, the master was lying in a deep sleep (Bulg.); The dawn came, and, chained in snow, Kazbek (Zabol.) caught fire with a two-headed fragment of a crystal in the window. Such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning, which is especially clearly revealed in the presence of circumstantial words that extend this definition - with the meaning of cause, time, etc. This mysterious depth of the ocean is trying to get out, ominous and pale with long restrained anger (Cor.); I also don’t want to believe my soul, which has long been tired (Bl.); Here is my bird, once cheerful, swinging the hoop, singing at the window (Bl.).

Single definitions in postposition are isolated, although such separation is necessary only for the logical selection of a noun, which is explained by the definitions following it; in the absence of emphasis, definitions become the semantic center of the statement and are not isolated. Wed: On the winter road, a boring three greyhound runs (P.). - On the road, winter, boring, three greyhounds run. In the presence of a definition before a noun, postpositive definitions are necessarily isolated, since they acquire the character of an additional message: Long clouds, red and purple, guarded his peace (Ch.); To a young man, in love, it is impossible not to blurt out ... (T.). Compare: It is impossible for a person in love not to blurt out (a logical stress on an adjective that denotes a constant sign).

If the agreed definitions refer to words that are lexically defective, i.e. needing definitions, then they are not isolated: Ostrodumov looked concentrated and efficient (T.).

Single definitions in a postposition are necessarily isolated when conveying a semi-predicative meaning: Seryozha, embarrassed, stood aside (N. Ostr.). Compare: Seryozha is embarrassed and Seryozha stood ... Such a definition, along with this, can have a circumstantial meaning: Mother, tired, fell on the bed (fell down, because she was tired and the mother was tired and fell on the bed).

Definitions relating to personal pronouns stand apart in any position. They always have a semi-predicative meaning. For example: She, pale, motionless, like a statue, stands and looks at his every step (Ch.); Healthy, young, strong, they picked up, almost lifted Antipas into the air and threw him onto the deck (Seraf.). Compare: She is pale... and She stands...; They are healthy, young, strong, and They caught on... Rare cases of non-isolation of such definitions emphasize their unusualness, associated with the author's perception.

Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles. They have the meaning of an additional message and are always semi-predicative: Fanned by a prophetic drowsiness, the half-naked forest is sad (Tyutch.); At the usual hour she was awakened, she got up by candlelight (P.). Then the beast appeared, tall and shaggy, And just like many other animals, Recognizing the man, he recoiled back (Zabol.); The whole world is burning, transparent and spiritual, now it is truly good (Zabol.); A frowning cloud moves, huge and viscous, with a lantern in a raised hand (Zabol.); Kissed, bewitched, once married with the wind in the field, all of you are chained as if in chains, my precious woman (Zabol.).

Inconsistent isolated definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns, most often refer to proper names and personal pronouns and denote an additional message, since a proper name is quite specific in itself and does not need permanent determiners (a feature can be temporary and necessarily with a semi-predicative meaning) , and the pronoun only indicates an object or person and therefore also cannot have a proper definition, since it is not lexically combined with an adjective. For example: Styopka, with a jagged spoon in his hands, took his place in the smoke near the boiler (Ch.); ... Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. G.).

Inconsistent definition at common noun the noun is isolated when the characterizing meaning is emphasized: On the cape, a willow tree grew, there was a small dirty water pump, with a thin high pipe on the roof (M. G.). Wed without underlining: A limping foreigner with a crooked eye, without a jacket, in a white tailcoat waistcoat and a tie, brought up the rear of the procession (Bulg.).

Definitions expressed in the form of the comparative degree of the adjective are less common and usually stand apart if there is an agreed definition before the noun being defined: A short beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K.T.).

Agreed and inconsistent definitions are often combined in a homogeneous series, for example: Without a hat, barefoot, in a torn jacket over a dirty shirt, in trousers stained with mud, he looked like a farm laborer (M. G.); The image of the future mistress of the house burned hotly in front of him, tall, a head taller than him, full-breasted, strong, she proudly and smoothly walks around the yard ... (M. G.).

Definitions expressed by the infinitive can also be isolated. The function of an additionally characterizing means is especially clearly revealed if there is an agreed definition with the word being defined, it is in this case that the definitive infinitive is isolated, for example: She was pursued by a secret dream - to go into the partisan underground (Fad.); So there was only one dubious pleasure left for me - to look out of the window at fishing (Kupr.); ... Two groups of partisans, defending the grove near the Donets, had to linger longer than others and demonstrate, as it were, the last desperate attempt - to cross the river (Fad.). Such infinitive turns, as a rule, are complicated by explanatory meaning.

An infinitive definition related to the word being defined without other definitions characterizing it does not break away from the noun, i.e. does not stand apart, for example: On the same day, Frunze ordered Chapaev to set out with his division from Ufa to the south ... (Furm.).

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they belong to own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on the sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous terms with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without loss of meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika asakova

Isolation is the selection in writing by punctuation marks, and in oral speech by intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of the proposal, which answers the question: Which one? Whose? , underlined in a sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by the method of control or adjacency. For example: stairs (what?) to the attic. To the attic is an inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Naval borscht is an agreed definition (it is in the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high class players. High class players - an inconsistent definition.
For your information, participial speech is an agreed definition.

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? At parsing definition sentences are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions are usually included as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjunction (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, ABILITY (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions associated with nouns by agreement are called agreed, by means of control or adjunction - inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (MADE ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of the adjective (I DID NOT SEE A STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO LEARN) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (what?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are perfectly appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEET (with whom?) FRIENDS and MEET (what?) FRIENDS. In these phrases WITH FRIENDS it will be both an addition and a definition.

Isolation- this is the selection on the letter on both sides with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, brackets) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are separated in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition is isolated, consisting of several words and referring to the previous noun. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.
overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. An agreed definition relating to a personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Satisfied with your success he told me about them.
He, happy with your success told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is marked with commas. If the definition has dependent words, then together they form definitive turnover.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both one-word and consisting of several words) relating to a noun and standing before it can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of the cause (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstance of the cause). For example:

Tired tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.

(In both sentences, the definition explains reason refusal to re-ascent.)

2. Definitions that come after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are rather unpleasant (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. A definition stands apart, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

In the end of January, covered with the first thaw, cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

Exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat without undressing until late at night (Pushkin).

The old woman_ looking at him from behind the partition_ could not know whether he fell asleep or just thought (Pushkin).

The Foolovites, who were not strong in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

Encased in granite_ the waves of the sea are suppressed by enormous weights_ sliding along their ridges_ they beat against the sides of ships, against the shores, they beat and grumble_ foamed_ polluted with various rubbish (Bitter).

In a long beak_ curved at the end_ the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace_ blinded by the setting sun_ or some strangeness was characteristic of his face in general, only his lips seemed too short ... (Mann).

Children_ curious and inquisitive_ immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened the notebook and drew two lines parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - that_ wise_ who did not interfere with their judgment_ spoke himself: “Stop! There is a punishment. This is a terrible punishment; you won't invent something like that in a thousand years!" (Bitter).

A small nocturnal bird, rushing inaudibly and low on its soft wings, almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail_ of a collar that came out of the felt padding (Aitmatov).
Lying on his armor-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex, divided by arcuate scales_ belly, on the top of which he could barely hold_ a blanket that was about to finally slip off (Kafka).
In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were drawn - thin, like letters (Pasternak).
The princess absolutely hates me, they have already told me two or three epigrams in my account_ rather caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was seething in my chest at that time: it was the annoyance of insulted pride, and contempt, and anger_ born at the thought that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm impudence_ two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, for if I had been wounded in the leg a little more, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
Grease the mold so that it does not rust, and clean the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
Staggering and panting, he finally went ashore, saw a dressing gown lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed it until his stiff body warmed up (Hesse).
My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, intending to set up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to be trained in the art of paramedics (Herzen).
Who told you that there is no true, true, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
But that's not all: the third in this company turned out to be a cat that came from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook ... (Bulgakov).
Winter evening on December 14_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
The fields, all the fields, stretched all the way to the sky, now slightly rising, then lowering again; here and there one could see small forests, and ravines, dotted with sparse and low shrubs, twisted ... (Turgenev).
One_ black_ large and shabby_ was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
Strangest of all are the incidents that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Dr. Budakh_ washed out_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).