The subject and predicate are expressed by the adjective. All cases of setting a dash

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence

1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate), for example: Around the month - pale circles(A. N. Tolstoy); Above the square - low-hanging dust, on the square - empty bottles of breech, pieces of cheap sweets(Sholokhov); And all over the sky - clouds like pink feathers ...(V. Panova); Peakless - infantry helmets(Dolmatovsky).

   There are traces of unknown animals on unknown paths...(Pushkin); Again at the hour of the night clouds over the earth(Zharov); In the steppe near Kherson tall grasses, in the steppe near Kherson mound(M. Golodny).

   The dash is placed in elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts, for example: Motherland - the enthusiasm and creativity of the young; For every young worker a secondary education.
   

2. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence that is part of complex sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap, for example: They stood opposite each other: he - confused and embarrassed, she - with an expression of challenge on her face; The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico; One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms..

   In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put, for example: Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dostoevsky); Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Chekhov); You make things long and I make things short(Leonov).
   

3. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted or even without a omission, for example: Witnesses were talking in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently.(Bitter); Money disappears, work remains(Bitter); The game is over and the time has come for some to rejoice in the win, for others to count the loss.

§ 81. Intonation dash

1. A dash is placed to indicate the location of the breakup simple sentence into verbal groups to clarify or emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence. Compare: a) I couldn't walk for a long time; b) I couldn't walk for a long time. Such a dash is called an intonational dash, it can separate any part of a sentence, for example: I'm asking you: Do workers need to be paid?(Chekhov).
2. The intonational character also has a dash, which is placed between the members of the sentence to express surprise, for example: And they threw the pike into the river(Krylov).

§ 82. Connecting dash

1. A dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits:

   a) spatial, for example: train Moscow - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

   b) in time, for example: Crusades XI-XIII centuries; mass holidays in July - August;

   c) quantity, for example: manuscript of eight to ten author's sheets(same in numbers: 8–10 ); 5-6x superiority.

   In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word "from ... to". If, between two adjacent numerals, it is possible to insert a union according to the meaning or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: left for two or three days(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: …2–3 days).
   

2. A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, scientific institution, competition, etc., for example: Cosmogonic theory of Kant - Laplace; Match Alekhin - Capablanca.

§10

Between the subject and the nominal predicate in place of the missing link put a dash, if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: The wing near the house on Sadovaya, designed by Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel, is the only building from the Mamontovs' possessions that has almost retained its appearance to the present day(Kis); Pushkin region - the land of stones(Geych.); This portrait is the only pictorial representation of the daughter of Anna Petrovna Kern(Geych.); …My ability to keep the past to myself is an inherited trait(Nab.); And the woman leaning over the fence is your second cousin aunt(Shcherb.).

§eleven

A dash is put before the predicate, attached to the subject by words here it is: "Respect for the past -here's the line that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said(rasp.); Pushkinogorie -it is not only a monument historical and literary,This and peculiar botanical and zoologicalgarden , a wonderful monument of nature(Geych.). As a link, a combination is also possible it is: hypotenuse -it is a side right triangle lying opposite the right angle(from the textbook).

§12

A dash is put when expressing both the subject and the predicate (or only the subject, or only the predicate) by the infinitive: In this cityknow three languages ​​is an unnecessary luxury(Ch.); Nothing compares to the feelinghear their[rooks] for the first time since six months of winter death!(Boon.). The presence of negation does not remove the sign: Tea drink - not firewoodchop (last); Lifelive - not fieldgo (last). The same if the predicate contains words means, it means: Wait for permission -Means lose time(gas.); Leave the institute now -this means lose everything(gas.); And to understand a person -Means already sympathize with him(Shuksh.).

§13

A dash is put between the subject and the predicate, if they are expressed by numerals (or a phrase with a numeral), and also if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by the numeral: So nine forty -three hundred sixty , So?(pis); Depth there from the boat -four primaries , that is, six meters(Shol.).

In the case of using a particle not before a predicate-numeral (cf. the same when expressing a predicate with a noun, § 15, p. 3), a dash is not put: A man can, for example, say that twice twonot four but five or three and a half; and the woman will say that twice two is a stearin candle(T.).

§14

A dash is put with a predicate expressed by a phraseological phrase: Pie -real jam ; His talent isGod bless everyone ; Mother shed tears of joy, and father -whatever! (Cool.); Hut -so-so , barn(Shuksh.); Yefim himself -don't put your finger in your mouth (Shuksh.); And Victor -neither father nor mother (Cool.); Night -gouge out your eye! (A. Color.).

The presence of the particle not, as well as introductory words with stable combinations as a predicate, prevents the setting of a dash (but does not prohibit): This officernot like you , mister gendarme(Fed.); He is a scientist with us, and he plays the violin, and cuts out various things,in a word, jack of all trades (Ch.).

§15

Dash between subject and nominal predicate not put:

1. If the subject is expressed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun: She his daughter. He wants to understand her(Shcherb.); This cabinet? This bedroom?(Ch.)

2. If one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun or personal pronoun: Who your protector?What is study?Who she?

3. If there is a negation with the predicate-noun: Scenery not a appendage to prose and not decoration (Paust.); Russianot Petersburg she is huge(Shv.); Old agenot joy (last). However, when contrasted, the predicate with negation requires a dash (not ... but): And at the same time he noticed that he was not a master in his house, but only component his(M. G.) (cf. without opposition: He is not master in his house).

4. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle: And your roomso good for a child(Ch.); I have a lot good people, Almost allgood (Sim.); He had two wounds. Woundseasy but the man lost a lot of blood(Paust.); log cabinpink, peeling, country-style small, covered with a green iron roof (Kav.); harsh autumnsad late view(Ill.); At the dining feast hot Andardent (Ill.).

However, with a predicate-adjective, a dash is placed with a structural parallelism of parts of a sentence, accompanied in oral speech by intonational emphasis (stress) of both members of the sentence: Everything in her appearance attracted attention: sight -spicy , hairstyle -boyish , cloth -modern, fashionable ; cf. with emphasis on only the predicate: Weatherunbearable , roadbad , coachmanstubborn , the horses are not driven, but the caretaker is to blame(P.). A dash is also possible in the presence of several (homogeneous) predicates: Her son isyellow, long and glasses (M. G.).

5. If the predicate is expressed by a turnover with comparative particles like, like, that, exactly, sort of like and etc.: Lifelike a legend ; Skylike an open tent ; Broochlooks like a bee (Ch.); Forestlike a fairy tale ; A weekthat one day . Passes quickly; Pondlike shiny steel (Fet). A dash is not put and when introducing a predicate that lexically matches the subject: Ice like ice, desertlike deserts (Kav.); Villagelike a village ; small houselike a house - old, dark(Shuksh.).

6. If between the subject and the predicate-noun there is an introductory word, circumstance or addition, as well as a conjunction or particle: Rook,Certainly , the bird is smart and independent, but it has no voice(Paust.); My fatherfor me friend and mentor; MoscowNow port of five seas; My brotherSame engineer; This stream only beginning of the river.

Dash in an incomplete sentence

§16

In incomplete sentences in place of the missing members of the sentence or their parts put a dash.

1. In parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, as well as in a simple sentence with homogeneous repeating members of the sentence, where the missing member is restored from the first part of the sentence: It was getting dark, and the clouds either dispersed, or now came in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray-haired, rumbling with a continuous roar, and from the west, because of the Khvoshchinsky estate, because of the slopes above the river valley , - cloudy blue, in dusty stripes of rain(Boon.); For him, one story inevitably evokes another, and that one - a third, a third - a fourth, and therefore there is no end to his stories.(Paust.); Some consider the portrait to be the work of Van Dyck, others - Rembrandt(Paust.); This is how she lives alone. During the day he walks in the garden, at night he walks around the house(Shcherb.).

2. In a simple sentence with a missing predicate indicating the direction of movement: Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - after her(P.).

3. If the missing sentence member is restored from previous sentences:- Do you like pies? green onion? I am passion!(M. G.); In another room, the workshop of an artisan jeweler is recreated. In the third - the shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth - an ordinary water mill. In the fifth - the setting of the hut where the shepherds make cheese(Sol.).

§17

A dash is put in sentences consisting of two components with the meaning of the subject, object, circumstance (in various combinations) and built according to the schemes: "who - to whom", "who - where", "what - to whom", "what - where", "what - how", "what - where", "what - for what" and etc.: Teachers - to schoolchildren; Journalists - in hot spots; Literary awards- veterans; Textbooks - for children; All wells are in operation; Grades - for knowledge. The dash is preserved when the parts are rearranged: You - the key to the university.

Such sentences are common in newspaper headlines.

§18

In self-used sentences with a missing predicate that cannot be restored from the context, dash. Such sentences are divided by a pause into two components - adverbial and subject: Behind bars - a fabulous bird(Ill.); In the lanes in the village - knee-deep mud(Shuksh.); Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway - a birch forest(Boon.); All over the sky are clouds(Pan.); Over the area - low hanging dust(Shol.); Behind the screen is a door leading to a staircase.(Nab.).

However, in the absence of a pause and a logical stress on the adverbial member of the sentence, the dash not put: There are traces of unknown animals on unknown paths(P.). The same when expressing the subjective circumstantial meaning: There is excitement in the public; Sadness in my heart.

Dash in join function

§19

A dash is put between two (or more) words that, combined with each other, mean limits (meaning "from to") - spatial, temporal, quantitative: Trains with signs "Moscow - Kara-Bugaz , throughTashkent - Krasnovodsk » (Paust.); Mistakenly believing that the culture of horse chestnut in the northwestern parks is not a phenomenonXVIII-XIX centuries, and later, they removed all chestnuts from the Trigorsky and from the grave hill of the Svyatogorsky monastery(Geych.); Oil reserves at Cheleken are very small and should be exhausted in the firstten fifteen years of production(Paust.). The same with the designation of the number of numbers: Manuscript of 10-15 author's sheets(See also spellings of combinations indicating an approximate amount: Spelling, § 118, paragraph 5 and § 154, paragraph 4.)

§20

A dash is put between two (or more) proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, phenomenon, etc.: lawBoyle - Mariotte ; matchKasparov - Karpov .

A dash is placed between common nouns nouns, the combination of which performs a defining function with a noun: Systemman - machine ; Relationshipteacher - student ; Problemmarket relations - social justice . The number of combined names can be more than two: Problemproduction - man - nature ; Article by V. A. Sukhomlinsky"Teacher - team - personality" .

Dash in selection function

§21

A dash is put before the members of the sentence to emphasize them, emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of the sentence are called connecting.

1. A dash is put to underline, emphasize the explanatory members of the sentence located at the end of the sentence. Most often this is: This is very bad, as I should have written -for a piece of bread (Boon.); ... And again the rickshaw wandered along the street -this time to the hotel (Boon.); The next day, the seminarians again clashed with the Cadets -open, at summer garden (Kav.); Throughout the spring, Nikolai met with Ovrazhny only once -by chance on the street (Shol.). Such a dash may be replaced by a dot (see § 9).

2. A dash can be placed for stylistic purposes after coordinating conjunctions or their combinations with particles: Death razul worn down bast shoes, lay down on a stone and - fell asleep(M. G.); And here is the river(Cool.); I have papers ... but - they are no good(G.).

§22

A dash is put to emphasize the opposing members of the sentence: Terrible, sweet, inevitable, I must / I - throw myself into a foamy shaft, / You - a green-eyed naiad / Sing, splash around the Irish rocks(Bl.).

Subject And predicate are in the closest almost "family" relations - grammatical And semantic. The predicate is called so because it says, "says" about the subject. These members of the sentence carry the main meaning of any sentence.

Are there problems in the "relationship" of the subject and the predicate? Of course they do. First of all, it concerns compound nominal predicate. This predicate type, as you remember, consists of linking verbs(auxiliary component) and nominal part. Most often, in the role of a linking verb, we meet the verb be. Usually in a compound nominal predicate it is present in the past time: was, was, was, were . For example: Distinctive feature professors was his love for his subject.

In present time the linking verb is almost always omitted and the subject remains with nominal part predicate. For example: Time is the best medicine.

Sometimes, however, we can meet the verb be in present time. As a rule, this is a feature of scientific, bookish speech. For example: Predicateis one of the main members two-part sentence.

In the usual colloquial speech linking verb be goes down. Probably no one would think to say something like "I am a student high school". But the linking verb does not like to disappear without a trace, it often leaves its deputy. In the role of such a substitute, we can see dash. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if there is no linking verb, but sometimes before the predicate there are other words that can be “friends” or “not friends” with a dash. Remember a few tips.

1. "Friends" with a dash are words such as this is what it means. If you saw them before the nominal part of the predicate, feel free to putdash.

Modern children - This very inquisitive beings.

Light winter rain Here being disaster our time.

Be in love -means to understand And forgive.

2. “These words are not friendly” with a dash: like, that, as if, as if, exactly, not. If you saw them before the nominal part of the predicate, remember that they took the place of the linking verb, therefore the dash is redundant in this case.

Head without knowledge like a well without water.

The unlearned man axe unfinished.

birches in the forestlike girls in snow-white sundresses.

Baby eyesas if black beads.

Pines exactly large candles.

Heart not a stone.

Dash- a very important, verbose punctuation mark. There are a few things to think about when deciding whether to put a dash between the subject and the verb in a sentence.

1) See if there is a linking verb (!!! in any tense). If there is, do not put a dash.

Dog was its the best friend (linking verb in past tense).

Dog There is its the best Friend (linking verb in present tense).

Dog will its the best friend (a linking verb in the future tense).

Compare: Dog -its the best Friend (the linking verb is missing).

2) If there is no linking verb, we look to see if there are friend words or enemy words for the dash before the nominal part. If we see words this, that means put a dash. If you see the words like, what, as if, as if, exactly, not, dash is not needed.

3) What else can prevent putting a dash between the subject and the predicate? This introductory words, adverbs and an inconsistent minor member of the sentence related to the predicate. They can stand between the subject and the predicate, replacing the dash.

The joint efforts of the student and the teacher, of course, path to success.

A rash decision is always risky step.

Your favorite peacock student.

4) We determine how the main members of the sentence are expressed. A dash is placed if in the role of the subject and predicate we see a noun in the nominative case, a numeral and a verb in an indefinite form (infinitive). If one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by another part of speech (adjective, pronoun, adverb), do not put a dash.

I am the best student in class(pronoun and noun).

Pavlik is the best student in class(nouns in the nominative case).

Two by two - four (numerals).

Justify idleness - case wrong(infinitive and noun in the nominative case).

This girl beautiful (noun in the nominative case and adjective).

5) Last difficulty. The order of the subject and predicate. If the predicate comes before the subject(reverse order of sentence members), dashes are not included.

Duty each person to be polite.

home task the art of making you think.

Probably not which of you are afraid of a rather large number of rules that you need to pay attention to when placing a dash between the subject and the predicate. Indeed, this is a difficult moment in the Russian language. And at passing the exam You still need to know these rules.

But I really want to add that the dash is a wonderful punctuation mark, it is a favorite sign for the authors, because the author can put this sign where he wants to highlight and emphasize something. And then the rules break.

You are the most amazingstudents!

Tutor -not just a teacher.

The goal of every person is be happy!

Good luck in Russian!

Do you have any questions? Do you know how to punctuate the subject and the verb?
To get help from a tutor -.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

In addition, it must be remembered that in the case when you need to put a sign between numbers or words reflecting quantitative uncertainty, do not put a dash, but a hyphen:

She hasn't left the house for five or seven days.

Add 3-4 teaspoons of anise and dill to the sauce.

Before the general word

The obligatory case when a dash is placed is a sentence in which the generalizing word follows the homogeneous members of the sentence. It is preceded by a dash.

Currants, gooseberries, raspberries, irgu - all the berries the girl managed to taste this summer.

Distant relatives, friends whom he had not seen for a long time, half-forgotten colleagues from his old job - for some reason they all began to be remembered recently.

Before an appendix at the end of a sentence

If the application at the absolute end of the sentence needs to be logically distinguished, this is indicated by a dash in writing:

When we entered, his cat ran out to meet us - fluffy Alice.

All the way, my son kept telling me about his new acquaintance, Boris Ivanovich.

How I would like to chat with you as a specialist about my favorite business - construction.

Before the minor member of the sentence, which is expressed by the infinitive

If the minor member of the sentence is expressed as an infinitive and has an explanatory character, it is separated by a dash.

Finally, a plan matured in him and a decision was born - to take the first step and make peace.

A child who hates school has only one choice - to use every opportunity to play truant legally.

For insert structures

Dash signs surround any, including those that end with an interrogative or exclamation mark. This is actually the case when a dash is put between sentences.

And these little newborn kittens - I don't even want to think about it! - live in such conditions.

All good students- How else? - must be passionate about their future profession.

In non-union proposals

In cases where a dash is placed, the non-union proposal contains such parts that are opposed to each other:

We officially invited him to visit - he did not even deign to answer anything.

ask her homework She'll pretend like nothing happened.

In addition, a dash is placed before that part unionless proposal, the meaning of which is to express the conclusion, result or consequence of what is said in the previous part of the complex sentence:

Mom came - and all the sorrows, as always, seemed small and quickly forgotten.

When making direct speech and dialogue

A dash in a complex sentence is placed, in addition, when making a direct speech, it separates the words of the author from the quote:

"I have already come! - the daughter shouted cheerfully and, after a pause, mysteriously asked: - Do you know who I saw today?

When making a dialogue, a dash is also placed before each statement:

Can't you learn to keep secrets? - strictly asked Mitya's father.

- I can. I keep it, I just didn’t know that you also need to keep it from you, - the kid answered lostly.

In addition, there are other special cases when a dash is put in a sentence, but basically all of them are variants or modifications of those listed.

A dash, as a rule, is used in non-union complex sentences to indicate the nature of the semantic connection between its parts. However, there are other uses of this punctuation mark.

The setting of the dash is governed by the following rules of Russian grammar:

1. A dash is placed in sentences with a compound nominal predicate, between the subjects and the predicate. In sentences of this kind, the predicate, as a rule, is a generic concept in relation to the subject. For example:

• The tiger is a predator;
• Cow - artiodactyl;
• Birch - tree;
• My older sister is a teacher;
• My older sister is my teacher.

Note 1. However, if the subject and predicate is the negative particle “not”, then the dash is not put:

• Poverty is not a vice;
• The goose is not a bird.

Note 2. A dash between the subject and the predicate is not put if they are used in interrogative sentence, and the subject is expressed by a pronoun, for example:

• Who is your mother?

2. If the subject in the sentence is expressed by a noun , and the predicate is an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), or they are both expressed in infinitive, then a dash is placed between them, for example:

• To love you is to wag your nerves;
• The desire of every person is to love and be loved.

3. A dash is placed before words “this”, “means”, “this is”, “here”, etc. in sentences where the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or infinitive. As a rule, these words serve to attach the predicate to the subject, and also indicate that a comparison or definition will now follow, for example:

• Desire is the need of a person in spite of all adversity to make his life better;
• Romance is moonlit walks and admiring eyes;
• Loyalty is the stronghold of true human relationships, trust is the stronghold of a strong family.

4. A dash is placed in sentences with enumerations before a generalizing word. For example:

• Dreams, hopes, beauty - everything will be swallowed up by the inexorable course of time;
• Neither her tears, nor her pleading eyes, nor sadness - nothing could make him come back.

5. A dash is placed before the application at the end of the sentence in two cases:

a) If it is possible to put the construction “namely” before the application without distorting the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• I don't like this animal too much - a cat.
• In conversation, he demanded one thing - correctness.
• I obey only one person - my father.

b) If explanatory words are used in the application, and the author needs to additionally indicate the independence of this construction, for example:

• I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only consolation in traveling around the Caucasus (Lermontov).

6. A dash is placed between two predicates or between parts of a complex sentence if the author needs to unexpectedly attach or sharply oppose them in relation to each other. For example:

• I went into the room, not thinking of seeing anyone there, and froze.
• I'm more likely to Petka - and that's all there.
• I wanted to travel around the whole world - and did not travel around the hundredth part (Griboyedov).
• I wanted to sit down to sew - and the needle pricked my fingers, I wanted to cook porridge - the milk ran away.

Note 1. In order to enhance the shade of surprise, a dash can also be placed after coordinating conjunctions that link parts of one sentence. For example:

• Make out vacation - and go to the family.
• I really want to go there to meet them, but I'm afraid (M. Gorky)

Note 2: In addition, for even more surprise, a dash can separate any part of a sentence, for example:

• And she ate the poor singer - to the crumbs (Krylov).
• And the grandfather threw the ruff into the river.

According to the rules of the Russian language, there is no need to put a dash in these sentences. However, it is put only in order to better convey the meaning and reflect what really happened.

7. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part contains the result or conclusion from what was said in the first, for example:

• Praises are tempting - how not to wish for them? (Krylov).
• The moon has drawn a path across the sea - the night has laid a light veil.

8. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if between them there is a type of connection "subordinate part - main part":

• Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
• They cut the forest - the chips fly.

9. A dash is placed in order to indicate the boundary of the breakdown of a simple sentence into two verbal groups. This is done only if it is impossible to isolate this decay by other means. For example:

• So I say: do the guys need it?

Very often, such a decay is observed when one of the members of the sentence is omitted, for example:

• Marinka for a good study - a ticket to the sea, and Egorka - a new computer.
• I will - into a fist, my heart - from my chest, and I rushed after him.
• Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin).

10. In addition, with the help of a dash, they distinguish:

a) Sentences and words used in the middle of a sentence and serving to explain what was said, but only if the brackets can weaken the connection between the insert and the one being explained, for example:

• Here - there is nothing to do - I got into his cart and sat down.
• How suddenly - a miracle! oh shame! - the oracle spoke nonsense (Krylov).
• And only once - and then by accident - I spoke to him.

b) A common application if it comes after the noun it defines and needs to emphasize its own independence, for example:

• The senior sergeant - a gallant aged Cossack with stripes for extra-long service - ordered to "build up" (Sholokhov).
• In front of the doors of the club - a wide log house - workers with banners (Fedin) were waiting for the guests.

c) Homogeneous members of the sentence, if they are in the middle of the sentence and need special emphasis, for example:

• Usually, from the riding villages - Elanskaya, Vyoshenskaya, Migulinskaya and Kazanskaya - they took Cossacks to the 11-12th army Cossack regiments and to the Life Guards Atamansky (Sholokhov).
• And again, the same picture - crooked houses, road potholes and dirty puddles - opened up to my eyes.

11. A dash can be used as an additional punctuation mark after a comma in sentences where there are two repeated words. , and this repetition is necessary in order to connect one part of this sentence with another. For example:

• I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new, unknown person, but good man- my husband, whom I knew as myself (L. Tolstoy).
• Now, as an investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that without exception, the most important, self-satisfied people, everything was in his hands (L. Tolstoy).

12. A dash is placed after a group of subordinate clauses before main part complex sentence to emphasize the split into two semantic parts. For example:

• Whether it was worth it or not is not for me to decide.
• Whether Stoltz did anything for this, what he did and how he did it, we do not know (Dobrolyubov).

13. A dash is placed in paired constructions, meaning any temporal, spatial or quantitative framework , and in this case it is synonymous with a pair of prepositions "from ... to", for example:

• Flight Novosibirsk - Moscow,
• 1991 – 2001,
• Ten to twelve grams.

14. A dash is placed between two proper names if collectively they name any teaching or discovery:

• Boyle's physical law - Mariotte.