The grammatical basis of the sentence and the ways of its expression. How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

When studying the Russian language, each student sooner or later comes across such a concept as a grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the “foundation” of the sentence or its main part, consisting of the subject and the predicate (sometimes the sentence consists of one or another part, that is, the subject or the predicate). In one sentence, one or several grammatical bases can occur.

How to find the grammatical basis

Skills in finding a grammatical basis will help the student to quickly and correctly punctuate and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its constituent parts can be determined with the help of correctly chosen questions.

To correctly identify grammatical basis To begin with, read the whole sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to the meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have an offer with two constituent parts, then immediately proceed to the definition of the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the grammatical basis as a whole will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to the definition of the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of the object, its property, etc.

The dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

A simple sentence contains only one grammatical basis, while a complex one contains two or more. A one-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, both the subject and the predicate occur.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, we give a few examples.

1. Clouds covered the sun.
   In that simple example it is not so difficult to determine the grammatical basis. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question "what?". The predicate is the verb "closed", which answers the question "what did you do?". Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “clouds closed”.
2. My aunt was in a hurry to work.
   IN this case the subject is "my aunt", and the verb is "in a hurry". So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
3. That's how I was taught.
   In this case, there is no subject in the basis, there is only the predicate "taught". It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of the sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly identify the remaining members of the sentence, correctly punctuate and determine the meaning of the text.

Instruction

To highlight grammatical basis any offers, it is necessary to find and emphasize its main members. These include the subject and the predicate.

The subject is what is being said in the sentence. It always stands in the initial form ( nominative case or infinitive) and, as a rule, answers the questions: “who?”, “What?”. The subject is expressed by almost all parts of speech if they act in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case. The noun itself: "what?" The truth is not always on the surface. Pronoun: "who?" I am not a fan of drastic measures. Adjective or: "who?" the well-fed does not understand the hungry; "Who?" vacationers were waiting for the bus. Numerals: "who?" three were responsible for cleaning up the area. Infinitive (verb form): singing is her passion. Any word that has the meaning of a noun in the nominative case: "what?" oohs and aahs from the street. Phraseologism: "who?" young and old went out into the field. Composite name: "what?" Milky Way stretched out in a wide strip. Syntactically complete phrase: "who?" Grandma and I went home.

The predicate indicates what exactly is being reported about the subject, and answers the questions: “?”, “What is it like?”, “What happens to it?” etc. Depending on the way of expression, the predicate can be simple; compound nominal; compound verb and complex.

Highlight the predicate in the analyzed phrase. It must denote an action performed by or on the subject. Most often, this is expressed by a predicate, o and occur in this role. The predicate must agree with the subject in person, number and gender.

When performing a written task, underline the subject with one, and the predicate with two lines.

When finding several subjects and predicates, analyze the structure of the sentence. If you see in front of you two or more semantically independent combinations of sentence members, then we are talking about a complex sentence with a coordinative or subordination. In the case when several predicates refer to one subject and vice versa, then you have a simple sentence with an extended stem. However, such repeating elements must still be joined by "and" or separated.

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The grammatical basis of a sentence is its most important structural part, which largely determines the meaning of the entire phrase. The grammatical basis in linguistics is often called the predicative core. The term "predicative basis" is also frequently used. This grammatical phenomenon exists in many languages.

Instruction

Determine if the phrase you need to parse is actually a sentence. Some of the phrases in are both and, and statements, but there are those that can only be attributed to the second category. In the first case, it is possible to single out the members of the sentence in the phrase or to determine their syntactic positions. As a rule, statements consisting of several words are sentences.

Find the subject. This member of the sentence denotes the subject whose action is described in the phrase itself. The subject is grammatically independent, it answers questions of the nominative case. However, the subject can also be expressed by another part of speech, which in this case will perform the functions. Therefore, define the active object, even if it is expressed by a not quite familiar part of speech or a noun not in the nominative. For example, in the sentence “VKontakte invites you to register”, the subject will be “VKontakte”. At the same time, in the sentence “The social network VKontakte invites you to register”, the word “network” will be the subject.

Define the predicate. It denotes the action of the subject and answers questions. Remember that the predicate cannot always be expressed by the verb. The verb predicate can be simple or compound. In the second case, both are included in the grammatical basis, that is, standing in the form and in the infinitive. The combination of subject and predicate is the predicative core.

One of the main members of the proposal may be missing. In this case, the statement remains a sentence if it is possible to determine the position of the missing member of the sentence. Sometimes it can only be learned from the context. For example, participants in a dialogue can discuss someone's actions and answer each other's questions. Interlocutors understand who or what in question, they can only name the actions of the subject. In this case, there is, but it consists of one member of the sentence. For example, if earlier the interlocutors talked about in social networks, then one of them may ask which one is preferable. The answer "VKontakte" is a sentence, since there is a subject and a predicate is implied.

note

In some cases, syncretic members of a sentence are part of the grammatical core. They are grammatically related to both the subject and the predicate and can simultaneously be the subject and, for example, a circumstance.

Helpful advice

Be especially careful in cases where phraseological turns occur in a sentence. The subject can be expressed in such a turn, and then in the grammatical basis there will be not two words, but several, and it is impossible to separate them.

Sources:

• grammatical basis is

A lot of time is devoted to the grammatical analysis of sentences in the Russian language lessons, it must be included in the final control program. Schoolchildren need to be able to correctly determine the grammatical basis of the sentence, because in case of an error, the entire task will be considered failed.

The concepts of subject and predicate are among the most basic in the Russian language. It is with them that the acquaintance of children with syntax begins. It is very important that the student understand this section and fix it in memory, since all subsequent rules of punctuation, complex sentences and many other sections will be inextricably linked with the subject and predicate. These two concepts make up the grammatical basis, so it will also be discussed in this article. Refresh your memory and help your child learn new knowledge.

What is the subject

To begin with, consider the rule of the Russian language:

• The subject is one of the main members of the sentence. It can denote both an object and an action or a sign of a predicate. Answers the question "Who?" and "What?".

As a rule, this member of the sentence is expressed by a noun or a pronoun. It is emphasized with one line.

• For example, in the sentence “Grandma went to the market”, the subject will be the noun “Grandma”, since in this sentence the grandmother is the main character.
• If we take the sentence “He likes ice cream”, then the pronoun “He” will be the subject in it.

However, there are other interesting cases, in which absolutely any part of speech acts as a subject, if it can be defined as a noun. For example:

• Five go to the right. In this sentence, the subject will be the word "Five", although in its usual form it is a numeral. Here it replaces the noun, acting as the main member of the sentence.
• Miser pays twice. In this case, the subject will also be the word "Miserly", which is a noun, and outside the sentence - an adjective.

The verb also often acts as the subject if it is in the indefinite form:

• Going to the store is his main goal. This difficult sentence, in one of the parts of which the subject is the infinitive.

And finally, even a whole phrase can become the subject. It can be indivisible names, full name of a person.

• Anna Sergeevna hurried home. In this sentence, the subject is Anna Sergeevna.

After a while, the child will be able to determine the subject intuitively, without reciting the rules by heart.

What is a predicate

The predicate must be underlined with two parallel horizontal lines, answers the question “What is it?” and “What does it do?”, and also denotes an action or some sign of the subject.

The predicate has several types:

• verb.
• Composite noun.
• Compound verb.

Each type of predicate is best analyzed separately. The simplest of them is the verb.

• The verb predicate is usually expressed by the verb in certain moods: indicative, imperative, and also conditional. To determine the predicate correctly, you need to refresh your memory and remember what moods are.
• Perhaps a predicate in the form of a stable phrase.
• Phraseologisms also belong to the verbal predicate.

composite verbal predicate easy to see:

• In this case, two verbs answer the main question of the predicate. For example: "He still continued to eat." The predicate will be "continued to eat."
• Or "The cat needs a lot of sleep." Now the predicate - "need to sleep."

A compound nominal predicate is so called because it contains a linking verb and nominal part: noun or pronoun, adverbs, participles.

• She was a beauty. In this sentence, the predicate is “she was a beauty”, since the word “was” often acts as a linking verb, and “beauty” is a nominal part.

It may not be possible to remember everything the first time, but after solving the tasks you will succeed.

What is a grammatical basis

The grammatical basic is the main members of the sentence, namely: the subject and the predicate. They are connected in meaning and are distinguished by horizontal lines.

The stem itself, as a rule, is highlighted in square brackets in the sentence.

You may have already verified that even the easiest punctuation marks (at the end of a sentence) are not as easy to put as it seems at once, because it is necessary think about the meaning of the sentence and the text. And it's even more difficult work on punctuation in the middle of a sentence. Here you need to think about what blocks the sentence consists of, where the boundaries of the blocks are, then, in accordance with the rules, place punctuation marks. Don't be scared! We will deal with even the most complex cases, help you understand them and turn them into simple ones!

Let's start with perhaps main blocks - simple sentences , which may be part of a complex What is a simple sentence? His heart is grammatical basis, usually consisting of subject And predicate. Around the grammatical base are minor members of the sentence, isolated and non-isolated; included in the predicate group and in the subject group.

The grammatical basis is therefore the basis because the whole offer rests on it. If you learn how to quickly find it, it will be easy to arrange those necessary signs punctuation, which will mark the boundary of simple sentences as part of a complex one. How should one argue?

Determine how many stems are in the sentence:

Is it difficult to find the grammatical basis of a sentence? Sometimes it's very simple: subject (who? or what?), predicate (what is he doing? what did he do?). But often there are more complicated cases.

Conclusion: one base is a simple sentence; two or more basics- complex.

Try to determine the grammatical basis of the following sentences (see answers below).

1. Everything is clear to us, the masters.
2. From the window of the room, suddenly I heard “ku-ku”!
3. Your host is both sweet and hospitable.
4. Everyone strives to get in with his proposal.
5. The village where we played in the summer was a lovely corner.
6. Evening. Forest. Far way.
7. Our city is decorated with a wonderful park.
8. He who strives for victory will surely win.

If you coped with this work without errors, you can be congratulated! If mistakes come across, do not be upset: they exist in order to cope with it and defeat them!

What mistakes could lie in wait for you here? Someone could lose the subject, somewhere there was no predicate, in some sentence an addition was squeezed in instead of the subject, in some cases, parts of the sentence that have nothing to do with each other are underlined.

Is it really that scary? Of course not! But, if you find the grammatical basis incorrectly, you cannot see the blocks correctly, so it turns out that a simple sentence is mistakenly taken as a complex one, in complex ones the number of parts is incorrectly determined, which means that punctuation marks are arranged as they please.

How to find this insidious grammatical basis? You can first find the predicate, then the subject, or vice versa, just remember a few tips:

1) In order to find the subject, be sure to ask from the predicate double question: who? What? Then you Don't confuse subject and object.

Try to do this by defining the subject in the following sentences.

The captain saw the shore first.

The front of the dress was decorated with flowers.

If you asked a double question from the predicate, then you found the subjects captain And flowers.

2) In order to find the predicate, try asking questions: “What is happening? What is said about the subject? What is this subject (subject)? What is he doing? (subject)"

Consider examples. Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.

Pupilwas beautiful.

On the street freshly And windy.

To kids couldn't sit in place.

wonderful a game– catch-up!

3) From a change in the places of the terms, the sum is changing. This means, be attentive to some sentences when determining the grammatical basis.

Green City(one-part nominative sentence).

city ​​green(two-part sentence).

You have already seen what happens when a sentence has only a subject or only a predicate (much more often). Such proposals are called one-piece. When working with such offers, be careful! It is in them often the object is disguised as a subject in meaning. Then back to our first clue, ask a double question– and everything will become clear.

Try to find the grammatical basis in these sentences.

To me cold But.

To him not sleeping.

To me I want to smileutsya.

Many people will say that these sentences have a subject and a predicate, that is, they are two-part. Then I can ask what is the subject? The answer might be - me, he. Then one more question: where are the words I and HE in these sentences? They are not, there are other forms: me, him. And this is already not a subject, but an addition. If you ask a question: Who? What?- everything will fall into place. The correct answer is this: one-part impersonal sentences. They do not and cannot have a subject, the predicate is in italics.

We hope that you will now have fewer problems when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence!

Good luck in learning Russian!

Answers to the task.

Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.

1. AllIt's clear.
2. I heard"coo-coo"!
3. Mastermil, hospitable.
4. Every tries to fit in.
5. Villagewas lovely corner; Wewere playing.
6. Evening. Forest. Further path.
7. decoratesa park. 8. Aspiringwill win.

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A sentence is a syntactic unit that consists of a predicatively formed word or combination of words. It serves as a message, question, or call to action.

Predicativity is an affirmation or negation of something, conveyed by the grammatical forms of the main members and the intonation of completeness, that is, intonational semantic completeness.

The following punctuation marks may appear at the end of a sentence: period, question mark, exclamation point.

The main feature of the sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis (subject and predicate or one of the main members): By morning, the flowers have blossomed. Morning. It got cold.

Subject - main member sentences that answer the questions who? What? (Everyone arrived on time).

Morphological ways of expressing the subject

1. Noun or other part of speech expressed as a noun: The meeting started on time.

2. Pronoun in the nominative case: I will definitely read this book.

3. Indefinite form of the verb: To live - to serve the motherland (Proverb).

4. Phraseologisms: In the field they went from small to large.

5. Whole phrases: Prokhor and Grigory harnessed horses (M. Sholokhov).

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. The lexical and grammatical meaning in it is contained in one word: Spring has come unexpectedly (indicative mood).

A simple verbal predicate agrees with the subject in number and person in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood (Do the lessons quickly), in the number - in the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood(Suddenly he stopped talking).

A compound is such a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words. A compound predicate can be nominal and verbal.

A compound verb consists of an auxiliary verb expressing grammatical meaning, and indefinite form verb: He began to tell.

Values auxiliary verb: the beginning, end or continuation of the action (the girl continued to tell); possibility or desirability of action (He was going to wait).

A compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning, and a nominal part expressing lexical meaning. In the role of connectives, there can be verbs that have the meaning of movement, states: come, return, arrive: We returned from the sea rested.

The composition of the nominal predicate may include particles this, as if, as if, not: Poverty is not a vice.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate can be expressed:

Noun (Moscow is a hero city);

Adjective (The night was moonlit);

concise passive participle(The whole room is illuminated with amber brilliance. A. Pushkin);

Numeral name (Three and two will be five);

Pronoun (The notebook was mine);

Adverb (His boots fit well);

Syntactically indivisible phrase (Her dress was red).

1. Indicate the sentences in which the predicate is a compound verb.

a) The night taiga is raging around Gregory from both sides (V. Lipatov).

b) You have to go down to the Ilyinsky pool along the sloping shore (K. Paustovsky).

c) Winter began to take over the land (K. Paustovsky).

d) Everything around him will seem unusual (K. Paustovsky).

2. Indicate sentences with a simple verb predicate.

a) He walked alone, lost among the forest fields (V. Lidin).

b) Yesterday he failed to comprehend what was said (Yu. Bondarev).

c) The table settled even deeper (F. Abramov).

d) There was no need to push anyone (L. Panteleev).

3. Indicate sentences with a compound nominal predicate.

a) The windows in the hill were closed day and night (M. Sholokhov).

b) And each distance was sustained in its own light (K. Paustovsky).

c) The sea was as majestic, endless and inhospitable as it was seven years ago (A. Chekhov).

d) The students paid Levitan with reciprocal love (K. Paustovsky).

4. In which sentences are grammatical foundations incorrectly identified? (No punctuation marks.)

a) It began to rain (S. Borodin).

b) The horse, having sensed a lodging for the night, ran at a large trot (S. Borodin).

c) The rustle stood all over the river from fluffy shreds of foam bursting every now and then (V. Korolenko).

d) In some places the clearing was completely flooded with water (I. Turgenev).

5. In what sentences is the infinitive used as a secondary member of the sentence?

a) With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera became dearer to him than anything in the world (M. Lermontov).

b) At any time of the year I had to go to the station from my village (V. Soloukhin).

c) The division commander, Colonel Marchenko ... after dressing, lay down to rest (M. Sholokhov).

d) I told the coachman to drive slowly (S. Borodin).

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2. 23. The main members of the sentence as a predicative center. Subject, predicate, their varieties and ways of expression.
3. 60. Predicativity as the grammatical meaning of a sentence. polypredicative sentences. Types of polypredicative compound sentences.
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