Primitive World". Message on the topic: “Pages of world history
MAN AND THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY
Do you not know that you are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God lives in you?
(St. Apostle Paul) ((To the Romans, 8; 9))
Many believe that a person is a "smart animal", nothing more. They claim that religion is people's answer to the inability to explain some natural phenomena, and work is a heavy duty. Free time is the main wealth of a person, they think.
If all this were so, we would not be writing a book about the history of mankind, because there would be no history at all.
The animal does not care unexplained phenomena nature, and that's it. What kind of “mind” is it to deify them? A smart animal finds food, and the rest of its time is free. Wouldn't a wolf be a fool if he undertook to attach artificial horns to himself in order to fight with a deer?
No, the person is completely at all not an animal.
Man is a spiritual being with a body shell. Religion is an attempt to communicate with the highest spiritual principle. Labor is a vital human need, the same as food and rest. Thanks to labor, man and society evolve from the lowest forms of existence among the animal world to spiritual perfection.
Moral , labor, information - these are the three categories that distinguish a person from an animal and underlie its history.
These postulates and the chronology of the integral, consistent and continuous history of human civilization that we propose are mutually confirmed.
The traditional chronology of history, which paints a picture of inexplicable rises and falls, births and disappearances of civilizations, does not correspond in any way with the view of man as a spirit, nor with the idea that man is a monkey; exercises with a stick developed her brain and intellect.
The beginning of the story
We do not know when, where and how man appeared on our planet, and we doubt that anyone living today knows this for certain. Most likely, people, having appeared once, began to settle on the Earth, leading a primitive communal lifestyle, hunting and gathering edible plants. This period of history is well enough described in textbooks, and we will not repeat ourselves.
For the formation of a single human community and the progress of people, certain conditions were required, and, according to our version, they were formed by the 3rd century AD. e. in the Mediterranean region.
There were three conditions:
1. The transition from animal types of "work" for obtaining food (hunting, gathering fruits) to human labor - agricultural, industrial, intellectual.
2. Creation by people of a system of connections for the exchange of products of labor and ideas, including (and above all) writing.
3. Acceptance of monotheism as an ideology of spiritual community, the unity of people of different races and tribes.
There is an idea that mankind developed slowly and unhurriedly, this continued for thousands of years, and only in the 20th century a sharp leap forward was made. It seems to us that real picture however, it is somewhat different: for hundreds of thousands of years, disunited tribes developed independently, accumulated knowledge and superstitions, but the breakthrough began in the first centuries of our era in a single center - the Mediterranean.
It is like a spear with a long shaft, the tip of which is civilization, and the 20th century is just the tip of this tip. Our civilization is more than young; in relation to the entire history of man, its duration is a fraction of a percent - so is the gap in the levels of development of different nationalities that we observe in the 20th century surprising?
We believe that mankind, having modern science, computers and satellites, is still at the very beginning of its grandiose path.
The first step towards civilization was the emergence of agriculture in Egypt. It was not even a step, but a giant leap! Farming cannot be done "by the way." After all, planting seeds, processing, harvesting and storing crops make a person tied to one place.
If there is a lot of other food in this place, agriculture will not arise, if there is not enough, the person becomes too dependent on the harvest and the experience may end sadly for this person. The harvest should be enough for the result to immediately exceed some limiting threshold. The very first experiment was supposed to bring good luck, and in the Nile Valley this became possible, because due to the annual flood, silt was applied, and the crop could be obtained without special technical means and techniques.
Although it is impossible to give an exact date for the first harvest, there is no doubt that Egypt is the cradle of civilization. Over time, other peoples in other places began to farm; this happened simultaneously with the advent of new tools and the use of horse traction.
(It should be emphasized that when we say that all this happened "before the 3rd century", we mean exactly this - before. And for how many years before?.. For two hundred? For a thousand? completely unknown).
In the oft-mentioned area between the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia is traditionally believed to have had irrigation agriculture. However, in our opinion, it could only arise when already were well known not only the technology of agriculture, but also the technology of manufacturing agricultural implements and, of course, metallurgy. This means that agriculture in Mesopotamia is of "imported" origin; it was brought here by representatives of other, sedentary peoples.
Brick iron was first learned to be smelted in the Balkans or in Bohemia. (The grandson of the biblical Cain, the inventor and forger of metal tools, bore the name Balkan, or Vulcan.) The use of iron made possible the emergence of fundamentally new weapons and means of labor, which made it possible to cultivate lands that at first glance were not suitable for this.
The initial development of cattle breeding with the domestication of animals took place on the Asia Minor Peninsula, and the domestication of the horse became its peak. And the cavalry, as a type of armed forces, first appeared in the Balkans: the mythical creator of the cavalry is the Macedonian king Philip, whose name just means “horse breeder” (Phil - to love, here in the sense of “collect”; ipp - horse, is an integral element, for example, in the word "hippodrome").
The domestication of the horse, of course, dramatically accelerated the development of civilization, since it made land communication between peoples faster and more reliable, but the beginning of shipbuilding, the creation of ships capable of not only cabotage, but also long-distance voyages, was no less important. The development of shipbuilding is unthinkable without new methods of wood processing, the invention of saws and drills.
Settlement and a sufficient level of production allowed some of the wealthy to engage in intellectual activity, science and literature, and the beginning of the production of papyrus paper in Byblos and Egypt contributed to the widespread spread of literacy.
Literature originated as short records of fairy tales and anecdotes, primary recitative poetry and all sorts of practical information and recipes, then the first chronicles appeared.
The beginning of the sciences is geocentric astronomy and astrology.
Also until the 3rd century A.D. e. a method was discovered for smelting copper on an industrial scale from Cypriot mines, the development of tin ores in Spain began, and the appearance of bronze as a result of this made it possible to produce bronze household items and weapons.
Naturally, the economic and cultural development of the peoples of the Mediterranean was impossible without their interaction. There was a wide trade - merchants brought grain from Egypt, wine from Gaul, livestock, leather, wool from the Asia Minor peninsula, metal products from Romania, Pest, Ruhr, Spain, wax from the Slavic lands.
Trade is the engine of progress. This is such an engine, which, being turned on once, worked without interruption, drawing more and more peoples into industrial and intellectual activity - and it is still working.
People were the same as us - no worse and no better, only they were surrounded another life, and their ideas about the world were completely different.
The implementation of the third - and most important - condition for the creation of a single human community (civilization) was the adoption of monotheism by the majority of the inhabitants of the Mediterranean, and this led to the emergence of the first Roman (Byzantine) empire in history.
Center religious life was at first Egypt (Copt, Gypt), but by the 3rd century, the area at the foot of the volcano Vesuvius, the most noticeable and amazing "divine sign" of the Mediterranean, stood out as the second religious center. Representatives came here different peoples, established their altars (but simply "celebrated" before their God). The first priestly community was formed here, teaching everyone who came to their understanding of God.
Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes from time to time destroyed the altars set up to the gods of different tribes, confirming the teaching of the local priests that God is one and we must worship Him, and only Him.
The recognition by all of the one God led over time to the recognition of power from God, which a single ruler received through initiation, anointing to the kingdom. The prefix God's Anointed or Initiate was added to the name of the king - Nazarene in the biblical language, Christ in Greek, Augustus in Latin, and about the Gospel Jesus Christ, as he is known to us, until the 7th century people had absolutely no idea.
Monotheism does not mean the complete identity of the views of people. (God is the same for all religions today - but look at the variety of interpretations and rituals!) Less than a hundred years after the creation of the empire in the 3rd century, its religion had already disintegrated into factions of Nicolaitans and Arians, then there was a "biblical confusion of languages" - nothing more than the introduction of different languages of worship, hundreds of religious sects and communities appeared, and each preacher saw his own God's truth in heavenly signs.
We must keep in mind the completely boundless superstition of people, their animation of objects and, most importantly, the stars. Stars! They have names that can be written in letters. They are united in constellations, and these constellations are not clusters of flaming balls in vacuum space (as we know), but figures, also having names and purposes. Astrology was by no means an abstract science.
Vesuvius in Italy became a religious center (more on this in the following chapters). The political center of the first empire in history was located in Romania (Romania) and Rumelia adjoining it, this is the common name for the Balkan countries and Asia Minor. Before the start of extensive iron-making in Germany (in the Ruhr), this area was industrially and technically the most advanced in the world, merchants from Europe, Asia and northern Africa were drawn here. Here was the center of trade routes, information from all over the world flowed here, and information gives power.
The first world Roman (Byzantine) empire included England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Egypt and all of North Africa, Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula with the archipelago, Asia Minor and Syria. (The names are given here in the modern geographical tradition).
This is what the Roman Empire was originally. In this book, we call it Roman or Byzantine, and its western part, which became independent much later, is called Roman.
To two parts of this territory, Romagna and Rumelia, we owe the legend of the formation of the city of Rome (Roma) by the two brothers Romulus and Remus.
“Among all Byzantine chroniclers, the Greeks are not called otherwise than “Romans”. And only in the 15th century, the Athenian Halkokondylas acquired the name of “Greeks” for his fellow countrymen,” writes N. Morozov. Of course, dating such annals and determining the places where the events described in them took place could lead to errors. Modern Greek-speaking Greeks also call themselves Romans, or Romans, and a group of Greeks living in the Caucasus and speaking Turkish call themselves Urums. This word came later from the name Rum, the Rum Sultanate, which is the Turkic name of Romea.
The path of Moses
…Yahweh will drive all these nations away from you, and you will possess nations greater and stronger than you.
(Deut. 11; 23)
"Comments" to the Pentateuch of Moses (M., 1992) are very, very extensive. We will cite twenty of them in a row, without selection, from those related to biblical geographical names(Numbers, 33):
…14. Refidim - usually they try to localize in the vicinity of Wadi Firan or Wadi Sheikh in the west of the Sinai Peninsula.
15. The Sinai Desert - the vicinity of the sacred Mountain; localization of the area is unclear and depends on the localization of Mount Horev.
16. Kivrot-Khattaava - Heb. "Burial of Lust".
17. Hatzerot - identified with the point of Ain al-Khazra in the northeast of the Sinai Peninsula.
18. Rhythm - usually identified with Wadi Retemat near Ain Kadiz.
19. Rimmon Parets - location unknown.
20. Livna - location unknown.
21. Rissa - possibly identified with the Race, located near Aqaba (Eicion-Gever).
22. Kehelat - the name means "Meeting place".
23. Mount Shafar - identified with Jebel Aranf.
24. Harad - possibly Jebel Arade.
25. Makhelot - location unknown.
26. Tahat - identification with Wadi Elti is possible.
27. Tarah - location unknown.
28. Mitka - location unknown.
29. Hashmona - location unknown.
30. Maseroth - location unknown.
31. Bene Yaakan - location unknown.
32. Khor-Haggidgad - Identification with Wadi Guzagiz is possible, but also with Wadi Giddade.
33. Yateveta - location unknown.
The path of Moses (in the Koran - under the name of Musa) and his people, so fully described in the Bible, is almost not localized in the framework of the modern geography of the Middle East.
Why? Because in the original texts the names were written only in consonants, almost completely without vowels: KNUN, LBNUN, PRT; and only much later, when the gospel geographical tradition had already taken shape, these names were given vowels, and it turned out Canaan, Lebanon, Euphrates ... The interpreters placed the scene in Palestine. And is it right? Are the names correct?
If the biblical texts describe real events (and this is true) that happened to real people (which is also true), then, without a doubt, in some real areas. Having identified these areas, we will see that Moses' campaign from Mount Sinai (Zion, Horeb) to the promised land took place much later than theologians say. In the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. e., we believe, the path of the people of Moses began.
Where do we start looking for objects named in the Bible cities, rivers and mountains? Imagine, literally "from the stove" - a volcano.
There are a lot of volcanic fragments in the Bible, many researchers have long paid attention to this. On the third new moon after the “flight from Egypt”, Moses found himself near a certain mountain, on which he had a long meeting with the Thunder God. This mountain has different names: Zion (Pillar), Sinai and Horeb (Horrible, terrible). It is a volcano, terrible and loud, with a column of smoke and ash.
Stavros (stake, cross) in Greek, or Zion (pillar, guiding sign) in biblical terms - over Vesuvius during the eruption of 1822
Let's go back to the original source.
“On the third day, at the onset of morning, there were thunders, and lightnings, and a thick cloud over the mountain, and the sound of the trumpet was very strong; and all the people that were in the camp trembled... But Mount Sinai was all in smoke because the Lord descended on it in fire; and its smoke rose like the smoke of a smelting furnace, and the mountain shook greatly. And the sound of the trumpet became stronger and stronger…” (Exodus, 19; 16, 18, 19).
“And the people stood afar off; but Moses entered into darkness where God is” (Exodus 20; 21).
“You approached and stood under the mountain, and the mountain burned with fire to the very heavens, and there was darkness, cloud and gloom. And the Lord spoke to you from the midst of the fire; You have heard the voice of his words, but you have not seen the image, but only the voice” (Deut. 4; 11-12).
So, the descriptions of Mount Sinai-Zion-Horeb clearly show us an active volcano.
But! The traditional Mount Sinai has never been a volcano. In general, there are no volcanoes in the Sinai Peninsula, in Syria and Palestine, in northern Africa, and in the historically foreseeable past there were no volcanoes.
Where is our oven?
A geological map of the Mediterranean, coupled with some biblical clues, gives us the only suitable volcano: Vesuvius in Italy.
Vesuvius is a Plinian type volcano. This is what he represented in those days: from a crater with huge force gases beat, forming together with the ash a tall, many-kilometer column of crimson-black color. At the top, it blurs into a cloud in the form of an Italian pine - pine and from a distance looks like a pillar with a crossbar, a cross. The formation of the cross is accompanied by thunderstorms with blazing lightning. Occasionally, lava erupts, but thunderstorms with showers, mixing with a colossal amount of ash, give mud flows that are not inferior in destructiveness to lava. At the same time, there is a shaking of the earth - also with a great roar.
It was a very, very conspicuous and most inexplicable feature in the Mediterranean;
Egypt was not only the cradle of civilization, but also the first religious center, Vesuvius became the second. It must be assumed that the dispute between Moses and the “Egyptian pharaoh” is a dispute about faith with the use of witchcraft; not wanting to remain a slave of the former God, Moses wanted to leave and take away his followers - "his people."
Let's see where Moses could lead him if they came from Vesuvius? Is it possible to identify biblical names?
“The Lord our God spoke to us in Horeb, saying: It is enough for you to sit on this mountain! Turn and move, and go to Mount Amorite and to all their neighbors, to the wilderness, to the mountain and to the lowlands, and to the southern edge and to the seashores, to the land of KNUN and to LBNUN, even to the great river, the river PRT ”(Deuteronomy , 1; 6–7).
In Italian geography, these names can be announced as Kenua (Genoa) instead of Canaan; LBNUN in exact translation means "White" - and indeed further, on the way from Italy, there is the White Mountain - Mont Blanc. The PRT, usually announced as the Euphrates, can be considered the Prut River - this is a major tributary of the Danube.
“And we set off from Horeb and walked through all this great and terrible desert ...” - in fact, next to Vesuvius are the famous Phlegrean fields - vast, scorched lands filled with lava, full of small volcanoes. "And they came to the KDSh V-RNE." Theologians believe that this is either a city or water source Kadesh-Barney; but this is perhaps Cadiz-on-Rhone - modern Geneva. "And they walked a lot around Mount Seir." The name of the mountain is left without translation by theologians; if you translate it, you get the Devil's Ridge, Devil's Mountain. It still stands behind Lake Geneva (Diablereux, Devil's Mountain).
(If there was a competition to choose the location that claims to be the "promised land", with the participation of Palestine and Switzerland - which would you choose?)
One of the eruptions of Vesuvius with thunder and lightning
After the Exodus from “Egypt” (we enclose Egypt in quotation marks, since in the unvoiced Jewish original of the Bible, instead of the name of Egypt - Copt or Gypt - it is written MTsRM, MIC-RAIM); so, after fleeing from the "pharaoh" (in the Koran - "fir-aun"), the pursuit of the fugitives was sent, but they went through the bottom of the sea and escaped. “The Lord drove the sea with a strong east wind all night and made the sea dry land, and the waves parted” (Exodus, 14; 21). Quite unequivocally it is written: east wind! Look at the map: if the matter takes place near the Red Sea (this is the traditional solution), then the east wind can at best overtake water, but do not drive away. An east wind can drive away water, for example, in the Gulf of Naples, not far from Vesuvius. Apparently, the fugitives were pressed to the shore and they had no other way.
It is impossible not to notice that for slaves fleeing oppression and poverty, these people are well equipped: silver, gold jewelry, rich fabrics, metal weapons ... Reading the Bible, pay attention to the everyday side of these people's lives - very interesting.
“In the evening, quails flew in and covered the camp, and in the morning dew lay around the camp” (Exodus, 16; 13) - and there is nothing to say that migratory birds that fell into the poisonous gases rising up from the volcanic eruption fell dead in its vicinity.
Here bright picture! Rumble, horror, destruction, pagan idols are defeated - fugitives, glorifying the one God, have nothing to eat - and then God sends them food. The hungry people, together with their leader, interpret this as God's concern for them ... But “the meat was still in their teeth, the birds had not yet been eaten, when the anger of the Thunderer flared up on them and he struck them with a great pestilence. They called this place the Graves of Desire (Burial of Desire) because the dead were buried there.”
Either the meat of the birds was poisonous, or the gases began to descend, reaching the ground, but this could not be imagined either then or now.
One of the stops of the Moses people during the flight - TBERA, which is announced by theologians as a "tavern" - but is it not the Tiber? Next comes CN - Siena.
"Cross the stream of ARNN" (Deuteronomy, 2; 24). In the modern Bible: Arnon river. But in Italy today you can see the Arno River! "And they went to Bashan." It is believed that Vasan (Bashan) is a locality in Transjordan; constantly mentioned in the Bible ... and still stands in Lombardy Bassano.
“... and went to Bashan; and Og, the king of Bashan, went out against us to war with all his people, at Adria ”(Deuteronomy, 3; 1). Adria still exists, under this very name, near the mouth of the Po, and some Latin authors often called the Po River Jordan (Eridanum), which fits well with the unvoiced biblical name IRDN.
“And we took at that time all his cities; there was not a city that we would not take from them: sixty cities, the whole region of Argov, the kingdom of Og of Bashan" (Deuteronomy, 3; 4). The cities were fortified with high walls - not some reed settlements!
Sixty fortified cities! Only King Og! And how many more kings did the army of Moses defeat?.. There was not, is not, and perhaps never will be so many cities in the lands of modern Israel. But in the north of Italy it really stood in the early Middle Ages (in medium century) many cities known to this day: Verona, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna and others.
“For only Og, king of Bashan, remained of the Rephaim. Behold, his bed (coffin), an iron bed, and now in Rabbah, among the sons of Ammon: its length is nine cubits, and its width is four cubits, the cubits of men ”(Deuteronomy, 3; 11). Well, what can I say? The famous metal tomb of Theodoric of Gotha is indeed “and now in Ravenna”, but only Ravenna is not in Palestine, but in Italy.
The city of Massa (Exodus, 17; 7), where Moses drew water from the rock with a blow of his staff, still exists to the northwest of Ferrara. The city of Rehovot, where Saul reigned over Edom (Genesis, 36; 37), and is now called Reggio, east of Para - the biblical Paran (Deuteronomy, 33; 2 and Numbers, 10; 12).
The Thunderer gave Moses a clear strategic plan: conquering the peoples of Europe, reach the confluence of the Danube with the Prut River, go down to Romania and Rumelia and establish a state on the ideology of monotheism.
“Behold, I give you this land; go, take as an inheritance the land which the Lord promised with an oath to give your fathers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to them and to their offspring.”
We want to stop here those readers who start waving their hands about Jewish names. Abraham (Ab-Rom), Isaac and Jacob - Not names. There were no names then in our understanding! Here is how N. Morozov translates it, translating the names as well:
“Here is the land that I swore to the Father-Rome, the Spreader of the Letters and the God-successor, saying that I would give it to their descendants.”
“... but destroy their altars, and break their [sacred] slabs, and cut their Ashers (sacred trees), and burn the statues of their gods with fire, for you do not worship another god, but Yahweh-God: Avenger is his name, God- He is the avenger." ("Avenger" here in the sense of "jealous", "jealous of other gods").
Moses and his high priest Aron (in the Koran - Harun) carried the idea of monotheism to the peoples, driving it in with all cruelty, destroying the temples of local pagan gods by agreement with God (Yahweh, Jeve), placing over the peoples a new nobility "from the tribe of Israel" - that is from the theomachists, planting new priests, new rites, introducing new taxes. Moses, the most brilliant man, created new world.
Israel was not the name of a country or a nation. This word means fighting, fighting with the gods. Another meaning for the root YSHR, straight. The country of Israel is an ideal, not a thing, according to Israel Shamir.
The name of Moses - MSHE - means the Redeemer or Savior, Aron - bright, that is, the Enlightener.
From century to century, from book to book, an absurd story is repeated, as if Moses led his people through the desert for forty years. What kind of desert is this, in which dozens of cities stand, wonderful grapes grow, various peoples live ?! If only the "desert of the spirit", where the idea of a single God for all has not yet come.
(Reminder that here we are Not do theology, but use the Bible as a source historical information).
The book of Numbers is interesting because it contains the results of the first censuses in history. Censuses are necessary for the correct collection of taxes and the calculation of the state budget, for the organization of conscription into the army. Why is it for yesterday's slaves, captives of the pharaoh, wandering "in the wilderness"?
The census counted men of twenty years and older, all fit for the war against the Gods, at six hundred and thirty thousand five hundred and fifty people. But these are fit for service, and let's say 450,000 people are called (you will see the basis for such an assumption in the chapter "The Divine Emperor").
If the army makes up more than five percent of the population, the country is ruined (the example of the USSR will not let you lie). Suppose Moses took the risk and still called for five percent, then, then, the population of his state reached 9 million people.
Further proof that events are not taking place on a narrow strip of land where 4.5 million Israelis now live. In fact, they didn’t sit on each other’s heads, did they? They wouldn't feed! “Before the 20th century, the Jews in the land of Israel were almost not engaged in productive labor, and no one was engaged in productive labor here” (Israel Shamir. “Guide to Agnon”).
Apparently, this is the number of all the peoples subject to Moses. We do not know the number for the 3rd century, but scientists have calculated that in the 5th century in Italy, Gaul, Germany and the Balkans a total of 8.5–11 million people lived (“History of Europe”, M., 1992, vol. 2).
Moses placed the twelve tribes of Israel (the godless) in the countries:
South - Lower Egypt (Byblos), Upper Egypt (Memphis), Arabia, Spain and Mauritania.
East - Syria, Anatolia, Greece.
West - Italy (Roman region and Lombardy), Sicily.
North - Danube region, Northern Germany, France.
The tribe of Leviticus was not drafted into the army: men of this kind became priests. Levitov (LOUIS - servant, priest) turned out to be a total of 22 thousand people. It is clear that such a darkness of priests was also intended for more than one city.
There are very convincing theories that the Pentateuch of Moses was not written by Moses himself. According to some calculations, it turns out that it was brought to its final form in 710 AD. e., much later than the events described in the Pentateuch.
“And Moses, the servant of the Lord, died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the Lord. And he was buried in the valley in the land of Moab against Betheghor (Beth-Peor), and no one knows the place of his burial even to this day ”(Deuteronomy, 34; 5-6).
Moses died on the campaign, and Jesus the son of Nuna (Nun) took over his cause; and he killed thirty kings during the conquest of the Land of Israel (that is, when creating an atheistic empire), including the father of the Armenian king Shobakh. The Armenian king gathered great strength to fight Nun, but nothing helped him - "Jesus Nun crushed the strength of the Armenians."
Where does such an abyss of kings in Israel come from? And what grief did the Armenians look for there? There is no way to explain this if you don’t understand that he fulfilled the Nun’s covenant, reached the mouth of the Danube, fighting the kings along the way, and going down to the south by the Black Sea, found an ideal place near the Bosphorus Strait, from where it is convenient to control the military, religious and financial affairs emerging empire. By the way, the perfect place for international trade, and for extortion from passing ships.
Here is already the territory of Armenia (Armenia?), which at some times included lands from the Caspian to the Mediterranean Sea and became an integral part of the empire created by the monotheists.
So when? When was all this? No, not in the 13th century before n. e. all these events took place, and in the 2nd or, rather, in the 3rd century AD. e., shortly before the appearance in Byzantium of the capital of the first Roman Empire in the history of mankind.
COMMANDMENTS OF GOD given to people through Moses
There are similar precepts in the Qur'an. For example:
And so We took an agreement with the children of Israel: “You will not worship anyone but Allah; to parents - beneficence, and to relatives, and orphans, and the poor. Speak good things to people, stand up in prayer, bring cleansing.”
And so We took a covenant with you: “You will not shed your blood, and you will not drive one another out of your dwellings” (Surah 2/77, 78).
god emperor
Diocletian Gaius Aurelius Valery (God-Called Strong Golden Strong - from Latin and Hebrew) became emperor in 284, at the age of forty, after his predecessor died on a campaign.
We have already said that there were no names in today's sense at the beginning of our era. Therefore, we do not know the name of the God-called Strong Golden Strong before accession.
III century - the century of "transition" from imaginary stories to true history. The Roman Empire, the beginning of which we are describing now, seemed to have already “ended” on the eve of this century, shifted into the past by 333 years as a result of a chronological error. It turns out that before the first emperor - Diocletian - the last emperor ruled the same empire.
But between the beginning and the end of an entire era, society developed. If indeed before us Start after the end, we must inevitably find a considerable regression, a backward movement. There is such a backward movement. It was discovered by traditionalist historians themselves and, not knowing how to explain it, they simply took it for granted - so, they say, it turned out ... everything returned to the previous one ...
Diocletian and Maximian. The monument was transported in 1204 from Constantinople to Venice
It's like the movie is being played backwards. In school textbooks, the description of this "regression" looks something like this:
Previously (before Trajan), not only the weapons of the Romans, but also speech, faith, customs everywhere advanced. 100-200 years later, back, everything Roman began to retreat back. At the edges of the empire, a multitude of barbarians settled; Latin speech disappeared in places, coarsened and distorted in places. Especially the army lost its former Roman character.
The faith of the enemies of the empire passed to the soldiers. Foreigners, descendants of the barbarians, got to important positions, received command over the legions. More and more ancient Roman customs and orders disappeared. The emperor no longer shared power with the senate. He was not considered a delegate from the people: he was a ruler by divine law.
In fact, before the "senate" was still to live and live; and nothing Roman "stepped back" - it simply did not exist, everything was ahead.
The first emperor "according to divine law" was Diocletian.
There was no experience of leading this kind of empire yet (except for the experience of Moses?), and in 285 Diocletian appointed himself three co-rulers with his power: Maximian (Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valery, 240-310), who was considered Augustus (divine) along with the emperor, and two Caesars (lower rank) - Galerius and Constantius Chlorus (Redhead).
The empire was divided into four parts, or twelve dioceses, with 101–120 provinces each. They were divided among themselves like this. Diocletian governs the eastern part. These are Egypt, Achaia, Pontus and Thrace. The capital is Nicomedia in Asia Minor. (Before the division into dioceses, Egypt was generally considered the personal estate of Diocletian.) Maximian received Italian dioceses, which included Italy, Western Illyria and North Africa. Residence - Mediolan (modern Milan in Italy).
Galerius took the Illyrian dioceses... Residence - Sirmia on the Lower Danube. The Gallic dioceses - Gaul, Spain and Britain - salted Constance Chlorine. Residence - Trier by the Rhine.
Please note that there is no Italian Rome yet at all.
It would be wrong to think of this empire as something like Russian Empire beginning of the 20th century, a single state ruled by a hereditary emperor. “The old “Roman Empire,” writes N. Morozov, “in all periods of its existence looked more like modern unions, like the former tripartite union between Germany, Austria and Italy. The Latin, Greek and Egyptian (Arabic-Moorish and Coptic) parts lived perfectly independent life and if recognized at this historical period the supremacy of any one area, considered the most powerful or cultured, then the hegemony of Germany was recognized to the same extent as in the tripartite alliance.
... Under Diocletian, magnificent exits and receptions of the emperor, prostrations before him became a custom. He appeared in the long robe of a high priest, with a white priestly band studded with pearls on his head.
He was painted with a glow around his head. Everything that surrounded him acquired a sacred character.
He fought, of course. After all, there were many barbarians on the edges of the empire! They fought in Gaul with the Bagauds (the prototype of the uprising of Spartacus), with the Moors in Africa, with Achilles in Egypt (294-295), Caravsius in Britain (297). They repelled the attacks of the Franks and Almans on the Rhine, wild tribes on the Danube. (The fact that the barbarians are barbarians, and the tribes are “wild” is the opinion of those who described these events. “Barbarian”, or “barbar”, in exact translation from Latin means “beard”, “one who wears a beard "". From him, the modern Spanish barbudo. What was their "wildness", except for an unshaven face and disobedience to the emperor, we have no information).
In 286–287 and in 296–298, Diocletian fought in the Persian lands, as a result of which he strengthened his influence in Armenia and Iberia (Georgia) and subjugated part of Mesopotamia.
His army was 450 thousand people. Having carried out a military reform, he divided the troops into mobile and border troops. In general, the Roman (Byzantine) Empire was a purely military state for a very long time. Diocletian, like all subsequent emperors, was obliged to hold fast in the saddle and be able to lead the troops himself.
In 301, an imperial edict placed limits on the price of goods, but this anti-market reform failed. But the emperor succeeded in levying taxes and set an example for future generations.
In each region, diocese, province, city, many officials appeared to maintain order, collect taxes, oversee the supply of bread, food and everything else for the troops and the capital. And in order to exclude the abuses of these officials, other officials were appointed to supervise the former. Another group of officials was in the capital; these received accounts, reports and news, and reported everything to the emperor.
Such changes caused great public enthusiasm. Smart people needed! But even an illiterate, but smart enough person could build a good career. (Maximian was illiterate).
To support his court (and he was famous for its amazing splendor), as well as officials and the army, Diocletian needed a lot of money. He, of course, took them from the population. A single land-per capita tax was established, that is, they took it from the amount of land and from an individual in kind (grain, sheep). This fact raises doubts about the authenticity of the famous coin with the inscription "Diocletian", attributed to his era.
When we say that “taxes were taken”, this is exactly what we mean: we went from house to house and took. But keep in mind such a contradiction that most of the inhabitants perceived the emperor and his decrees as divine, and the tax collectors were considered, most likely, robbers (that's where the drama is!).
Constantine the Great (Rome, Palazzo Conservatore)
A person who could not support himself and pay taxes was assigned to the state or another person who took care of him and forced him to work and paid taxes for him. People "from the forests" and captive barbarians did not understand modern life; slavery was necessary social measure.
In his imperial work, Diocletian achieved outstanding success; he is rightfully listed among the most remarkable sovereigns of his time.
Strife began in the empire, a war for power broke out, when in 305 he voluntarily renounced the throne, and even Maximian was persuaded to do the same. He settled on his estate in the Illyrian Salon (now the city of Split in Croatia) and took up gardening. When one day former comrades-in-arms rushed to him with loud calls to return and restore order - they say, without him the empire perishes! - he replied: “But look what cabbage I have born!” And he didn't go anywhere.
Maybe he felt too old to sit in the saddle and lead troops into battle? Or disappointed in the people around him? Or did other spiritual horizons open up to him, making wealth, honors and endless battles uninteresting, even for the glory of the Lord?
Nikolai Morozov directly connects the names of Diocletian and the biblical Moses, believing that this is one person. We tend to think that Moses is a generic image; in the Bible, brought into a modern form much later than the events described in it, the features and biographies of several of the first leaders of the Roman Empire merged in Moses.
... Some time after Diocletian, Constantius Chlorus ruled, then the son of his comrade Constantine, also an Illyrian (Slav); it was he who transferred the capital of the empire to Byzantium. Constantine is a Latin name meaning Solid, Permanent; and what was the name of his father and mother - is also unknown.
Ancient Tsargrad, western city wall. Outside view (restoration)
Since then, the name Byzantium has been applied both to the capital and to the entire empire; the official name of the capital - Constantinople - most likely appeared much later; it can be translated from Latin-Greek as "Fortified city" ("polis" - "city" in Greek). In this book, we most often call this city Tsar-grad; the name comes from the Hebrew "koshar", which in Greek pronunciation turned into "kaisar", "king".
Byzantium, which gave rise to Tsaryrad, is considered a Greek settlement. Allegedly Greeks living in Greece (with the capital in Athens) colonized the coasts of the seas. As you will see later, on the contrary, from time immemorial the “Greeks” lived on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean islands, constituting one of the peoples of the empire, and only from the 8th century did they begin to colonize the territory of Greece.
On the site of Byzantium, the capital of the Roman Empire was built, the first Rome - Constantinople. Italian Rome, "the oldest" and the greatest, at that time still did not have.
Let's think about whether the choice of places for the construction of capitals is random? Look at the map. All the capitals of Europe and the Mediterranean are located at the mouths of the largest rivers, on their banks and on the shores of the seas. If someone thinks that the kings simply wanted to live closer to the fresh river or sea air, then let them leave these thoughts. Rivers are roads! You won't get lost on the river. It is easy to get deep into the mainland along the river, and the sea is an outlet to other countries, it is information, trade and prosperity (in vain, perhaps, did Peter I “cut a window” to Europe through the Baltic Sea? Although, frankly, Russia from time immemorial had a sea exit to Europe through the Northern Dvina).
Alexandria stands on the Nile, the greatest river in Africa. Paris on the river Seine, which is 780 km long, the basin area is almost 80 thousand square kilometers. London: Thames, 332 km long on the plain, width within London reaches 250 meters. How many capitals are on the Danube and its tributaries? The location of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) on the shores of the Bosporus Strait is amazingly convenient: access to all seas, to all surrounding countries along any coast!
No, in ancient times it was not the kings who chose where to be the capital cities. Capitals arose and grew on their own, without asking the rulers.
Why was Rome, the city of cities, the capital of capitals, built on a non-navigable mountain river, thirty kilometers from the sea? And to get into it, I had to pave roads in all directions!
The fact is that Rome was not the capital of the empire never and couldn't be. And in later times, when attempts were made to proclaim it the center of the empire, such attempts ended in nothing but embarrassment. Rome was the seat of the church, and nothing more. It even became the capital of Italy only in the 19th century. The cities that stood in the political hierarchy much higher than Rome, in the Western Roman, that is, the Roman Empire, which arose in the 9th century, were the sea cities of Naples, Genoa, and Venice. The capital of the empire was generally located in Germany - in Aachen.
Does it surprise you? But why? After all, if in the West “Germania” began to sound “Jemeni”, then in our country it is still pronounced as before: the article and the name He-Romania - Germany. And it is clear that this was the name of the main state of the empire, which was given to it by the surrounding peoples. After all, the Germans themselves do not call their country Germany, but they say: Deutschland.
Licinius Valery Licinian Licinius. The son of a Dacian peasant adopted by Diocletian. Caesar, co-ruler of Constantine the Great. Fought with Constantine and was defeated by him
So what was the need for Romulus and Remus, fed by one she-wolf in the VIII century before n. e., according to legend, with pomp and noise to start the construction of Rome, the capital? No. At the beginning of construction, we note that Romulus killed Remus, and this example, perhaps, turned out to be contagious? The Western Roman Empire, in turn, "killed" the Eastern Roman Empire, appropriating its history.
Here we return to the Byzantine emperor Constantine to compare his story with the stories of Romulus and the biblical king Jeroboam I. There are too many coincidences in them! All three founded new capitals: Rome, Shechem, and Constantinople. Rome and Constantinople are named after their founders. After the "epoch of Romulus", the era of Jeroboam and the era of Constantine I, there were no other foundations of capitals.
Each of them had a co-ruler: Romulus - the brother of Remus, Constantine - Licinius, and Jeroboam - Rehoboam. The co-rulers of Romulus and Constantine died as a result of the struggle with their kings; Jeroboam and Rehoboam were constantly at war.
Under Romulus and under Jeroboam, due to the lack of women, there was a threat of cessation of the race. In both cases, to solve the problem of women, they were kidnapped from their neighbors. In the history of Rome, this was the famous "abduction of the Sabine women." The Bible describes "the kidnapping of the maidens of Shiloh" under Jeroboam. There are no reports of anything similar under Constantine, but it is known that the emperor’s army during the laying of the city was entirely male, and such a abduction could well have happened.
Romulus was deified during his lifetime; Jeroboam is the founder of the largest religious movement; Constantine, like Romulus, was deified during his lifetime (ranked among the saints) and, like Jeroboam, founded a major religious movement - Arianism.
Under Constantine, Basil the Great is born, the legends about which are identical to the legends about Jesus Christ - the son of God. Under Jeroboam, “King Asa” begins to rule, who miraculously reminiscent of Basil the Great and Jesus.
Constantine I is closest to us in terms of reign. We believe that the other two are "written off" from him - Romulus by the chronicler Titus Livius, and Jeroboam - by the authors of the Bible.
Mithra and other gods
It is traditionally believed that Diocletian was an ardent supporter of the god Mithras and a persecutor of the early Christians. Does this contradict the view that the empire was based on the idea of monotheism? No, it does not contradict, just as Christianity does not contradict the idea of monotheism.
Mitra - a man sent by God the Father to fight evil, having accomplished his exploits on earth, ascends to heaven to his father in order to return to earth on her last day. The cult has a rite of washing from past sins when receiving a convert, as well as a rite of a sacred meal, when Mithraites eat bread with wine diluted with water, remembering the last meal of their teacher with his students and joining the deity. Asceticism, equality and brotherhood are preached.
Bas-relief found in the underground grotto of the Capitol in Rome, otherwise called the bas-relief of the Villa Borghese. He shows that Mithraism and Arianism are one and the same faith. The Mithras brings the constellation Taurus as a burnt offering. Above, rushing in chariots: the Moon, before which the herald carries the lowered torch of night, and the Sun, preceded by the herald with the raised torch of the day. In front of the sacrificed Taurus, the evening and morning dawn stand with torches. The blood of Taurus is licked by the Dog - Sirius, below the constellation Hydra, from behind which Cancer peeps out. Next is the constellation Raven. The trees above represent the Milky Way. The Mitron-bearer himself represents Orion (in the biblical language, "Arian", that is, "Arian"). This is the usual view of the sky just after sunset on the summer solstice.
The chronology of religions is no less confused than the chronology of real history. For example, it is believed that Mithraism is the oldest cult, since it is contained in the teachings of Zarathustra, and he allegedly lived during the fall of the biblical God-fighting kingdom. Meanwhile, the cult inscriptions and drawings of this religion indicate that the invincible Mithra, the Sun-God, defeats the bull (calf), that is, the astral meaning of the legend lies in the struggle of the Sun with the constellation Taurus. This allows us to unequivocally state that the cult arose at the beginning of AD. e. Only from now on, on the day of the spring equinox, the constellation Taurus "burns out" in the rays of the evening dawn.
And it was at the beginning of e. Mithraism appeared in Europe, but did not come from the East, as historians now believe, but only from that time began to spread on East.
Apparently, the name comes from the Hebrew MTP, which means "irrigated", that is, "baptized with water." Thus, the ancient mitreums scattered throughout Europe are simply baptistery, similar to the Catholic baptistery.
Mitra's birthday is December 25, according to the Julian account, the holiday is Sunday, called the day of the Sun. "Mithraism was almost the universal religion of Western Europe in the first centuries of the Christian era" (J. Robertson. "Pagan christs"). It must be assumed that the legend of Mithras and the rites of this cult, having united with real biography Basil the Great (about this - in the following chapters), and gave humanity the idea of Christianity.
The headdress of the Mithraic high priest is a tiara, or mitre. This name also has the headdress of the Pope; like the priests of Mithra, the pope puts on red shoes and also manages the keys of the “rock-god”, Peter.
The "dragging" of Mithraism from the Ancient East to the early Middle Ages of Europe gives us one more proof that the biblical God-fighting kingdom is nothing but an analogue of the Roman Empire, shifted into the past by chronologists.
This is also confirmed by the Koran, where it is written that Aaron, the brother of the biblical Moses (Musa) is the uncle of Jesus Christ, for his mother, Mary (Maryam) is their sister.
“The angels said: “Oh, Maryam! Behold, Allah gladdens you with news of a word from Him, whose name is Messiah - Yesa, son of Maryam, glorious in the neighbor and last world and from those close to him" (Sura 3/40).
“Oh, Maryam, you have done an unheard-of deed! O sister of Haruna…” (Sura 19/28-29).
We will talk about the history of religion and its chronology in the chapter "Tree of Faith", but here we will limit ourselves to only some analogies.
Thus, the “ancient Egyptian” cult of the goddess Izidg practically coincides with the Christian cult, whose worshipers had their own matins, masses, and vespers, strikingly reminiscent of the corresponding Catholic, and often Orthodox services. Here we have “... the resurrection of Osiris from the dead after three days of his stay in the tomb. He is depicted at the moment of resurrection, rising from the tomb… Next to him stands his wife and sister Isis.”
Gods of Ancient Egypt. On the left is Isis. On the right are gods with heads of birds and animals. Bottom right - Gor. All have crosses in their hands. Egypt is considered the classic land of crosses
Description of five Egyptian bas-reliefs traditionally dated to 1500 BC. e. (before the birth of Jesus):
“In the first picture, the divine messenger Thoth stands before the virgin queen Met-em-ve and announces that she will give birth to a son. The second explains who will be the father of the latter: the named maiden and the supreme solar god Ammon squeeze each other in a loving embrace. The third picture complements and reveals the meaning of the previous one: the virgin birth from the divine seed. The fourth picture shows the very scene of the birth of the royal god-man, and, finally, the fifth picture shows us the worship of the baby. Three kneeling human figures greet and bring him gifts” (N. Rumyantsev).
Not only in Egypt, but also in Ancient India, Mesopotamia, and Persia, Christian crosses are widespread. Dionysus and Bacchus - dying and resurrecting Savior Ancient Greece. In the biography of the Buddha, there are a lot of coincidences with the main evangelical myths.
“... who hopes to prove the difference between the death of Jesus and the kind of death of his Asia Minor relatives, who in Mary Magdalene and other Marys standing at the cross and the tomb of the Savior cannot recognize the Indian, Asia Minor and Egyptian mother goddess Maya, Mariamma, Maritalu, Marianna, Mandana - the mother of the "messiah" Cyrus, the "Great Mother" Pessinunta, the mournful Semiramis, Mariam, Merrida, Mirra, Maira (Meru) ... let him not meddle in religious and historical issues ”(A. Dreve).
It would be simply impossible to distinguish many and many cults - they are distinguished by dating, and coincidences are explained by borrowings. Probably, we need to stop these children's "Hide and Seek" and finally tell the truth: the traditional chronology is not correct.
Notes:
Moral- based on the experience of mankind, the rules that serve as a measure of the behavior of people and groups. The laws of morality are real laws. Ethics- the study of the general nature of morality and the specific choices of moral decisions made by a person in his relations with other people. The ethics of a person is his own business. These are the moral decisions that a person chooses for himself, without coercion (L. Ron Hubbard).
I had to firmly tell myself that they do not climb into the area of \u200b\u200bthe earthquake,
while the buildings are falling down. Rescue work must begin
when the shocks stop.
.
Even if you visit the Web just to look at the weather forecast or find out the recipe for the next turnip and oyster salad, you will still one day feel that the Internet lives by certain laws. It has its losers and stars, princes and beggars, forgotten names and legends. Every famous project or a popular service has its own history, some color and features that give it special features and recognition.
The Internet is full of projects that are kept solely on financial injections and "crutches" like advanced graphics, additional services and other shaky props. There is little idea in these projects, they are initially artificial and incapable of independent navigation. But there are also impressive examples: the titans of the Net, who live precisely by the Idea. They may not be too pretty, devoid of festive frills and super-duper interfaces. But even this does not prevent them from remaining popular for many years, constantly attracting thousands of new adherents. These projects are rare, but they do exist. LiveJournal is just one of them.
And so, in today's menu - which since 1999 has been the official supplier of all bright holivars in the Runet blogosphere.
How Livejournal.com was born
In far, far 1999, an amateur programmer, unknown to anyone, living in the USA, decided to create something like a simple one. He did not pursue any commercial interest, but just wanted to create a cozy oasis in where he and his friends could communicate and post ordinary notes about their lives (the start of a good third of all high-profile Internet projects of our time began with this prosaic plot).
By April 1999, 19-year-old student Brad Fitzpatrick had his own Livejournal.com, a personal page, and some software rudiments of a blogging platform to which he was going to invite his friends.
By the time free registration was opened in May of the same year, the first participants in the project were the classmates and former classmates of the programmer. A small cell of like-minded people formed, which at that time could only read other people's posts and rejoice, since the commenting function appeared only a year later.
I don’t know if the inspiration touched the creator of LiveJournal or someone suggested it, but the fact remains that since 2000, Fitzpatrick has taken it. There were few sites on the Internet then, and therefore any worthy resource quickly became known. This happened with Livejournal: quite soon mass registrations began in Livejournal and the popularity of the service went uphill. This is understandable: LiveJournal was not burdened with unnecessary graphics, which was a significant factor in the “era of slow connections”. Another indisputable advantage is the ability to create communities and track the posts of your friends in the functionality of the resource. In fact, LiveJournal became the progenitor of the first ones, which were still far from flourishing.
Since somewhere until the middle of the "zero" service did not bring, at first Fitzpatrick was forced to bear the entire financial burden. The payment for the sites on which LiveJournal was located was especially hit on the budget. In mid-2001, the American was even forced to introduce a system of registrations by invitation due to the excessively rapid growth in the number of users.
Official recognition and first steps
Realizing that the hobby is already growing into a serious business, Brad Fitzpatrick creates a company in 2002 Danga Interactive, which now owns the LiveJournal service. The company received most of its income from the sale of paid accounts: in terms of their functionality, they were slightly better than free ones. Of course, it did not bring huge money, but there was some profit.
That all changed in 2005 when the company SixApart bought Livejournal from Fitzpatrick, paying, according to rumors, quite a large amount, which clearly exceeds the figure of $ 1 million. Immediately after this sale, the new owner set a course for monetization: it appeared on blogs, which had not been observed before. Since the global LJ community, numbering about 15 million people by 2007, had free morals, often even violent, an endless era of protest began. Many did not like that the beloved LiveJournal was turning into a feeding ground for individuals.
The management of SixApart also turned out to be short-lived: already in 2007 LJ was resold CJSC "Sup Fabrik" or "Soup", as the company is often called by the natives. I believe that from the name it is already clear what country the new owners of LiveJournal were from. By the way, a year before that, in 2006, "Soup" received the rights to all the Cyrillic blogs of the resource, and only later got so excited that he acquired the entire service as a whole.
Livejournal: our days
Since 2010, LiveJournal began to quickly acquire various "chips" that were supposed to socialize the platform as much as possible. Users were given the opportunity to log in through popular social networks, and there were also various useful and not very gadgets that more and more confidently turned Livejournal into a social network, albeit, of course, non-standard.
Today, LJ is part of a powerful holding of Internet projects created after the merger of SUPMEDIA and . The chairman of the board of directors of the new association is the notorious billionaire Alexander Mamut. With the advent of many social networks LiveJournal lost its positions, but still confidently enters the TOP-10 most popular Runet sites.
To be honest, LiveJournal has an alternative history that deals with politics, serious scandals and high-profile revelations. It just so happened that it was LiveJournal that became the place where an incredible number of blogs of "oppositionists" of various stripes, odious personalities and people unloved by the authorities of some countries are posted. LiveJournal was blocked, subjected to, and even banned in specific states. All this was and is, but I will not tell you about this, since this is a topic for a separate discussion.
Let's limit ourselves to what we recognize: LJ is a unique and large-scale project of our time that will never lose its popularity. This is, if you like, a special environment where the idea of free communication still dominates. I would like to hope that no changes will change the essence of LiveJournal and will not take away its former glory.
And the changes are so dramatic that it's time to talk about the beginning of history.
The heavenly mist began to fade. Divorces became cloudy, extinguishing each other ...,
then the sky burst and another sky peeped through the torn holes,
light gray, to match the calm light pouring from there.
All heads were raised to the zenith, so the running messenger was noticed,
when he was very close.
- Lord! he shouted, panting. - Tenger's wall - has fallen!
Svyatoslav Loginov. Many-armed god Dalayna.
End of story. Hedgehogs crossed with snakes.
The 90s and early 00s passed under the sign of the "end of history" by Francis Fukuyama. And although even Fukuyama himself subsequently distanced himself from the particularly radical provisions of his book, his theory is still very popular. In fact, the very fact of the appearance of this book against the backdrop of grandiose changes in all spheres of human life is quite curious. Didn't Fukuyama notice them?
On the other hand, there are crowds of neo-Malthusians and other catastrophe idiots who feel the changes with their "spinal cord" (c), but since, due to the absence of other types of brains, they cannot realize the essence of these changes, they simply rush about with cries of "everything is lost, whoever can. ..", waving a report to the Club of Rome instead of the Apocalypse, scaring housewives and other townsfolk, ...
Well, and ordinary people who do not notice the ongoing changes at all, and even more so, who perceive them as a given. A few years ago, a child made fun of our group of adults at a party, interpreting the plot with a payphone in an old movie, they say, "uncle forgot his cell phone at home." In fact, children see what adults do not notice - and adults, in their current affairs, somehow do not notice that they live in a world that would have seemed complete fantasy some 20-30 years ago. This, by the way, is an interesting fact, why the majority of the people do not notice the changes, just getting used to these ever more accelerating changes, as to some static factor, like an old sofa, for example.
By the way, Fukuyama also fell into this trap, presenting the changes going in the same direction from the end of the World War to the 90s as a kind of linear static reinforced concrete road from point A to point B, and not as part of a bifurcation tangle.
On the other hand, the so-called singularity theory is gaining popularity, according to which the rate of development of human civilization is constantly accelerating, at a certain moment sharply reaching infinity. And this moment is close enough. In principle, the postulates of this theory are easily verified and fully correspond to reality, the only thing that confuses is a very simple question for the followers of this theory: what's next? Beyond the point of singularity? There is no clear answer. But in general, such a "collapse" is a sign of the end.
So, is Fukuyama right with his "end of history"?
Beginning of history.
In fact, it is impossible to assure that nothing is happening, or that everything that happens is just an "innocent child's game of rat" (c) - it is impossible.
There are certain signs of the end of history, and there are even more than enough of them, one mentioned report "The Limits to Growth" is worth something.
However, it should be clarified - the end of the CURRENT HISTORY.
In fact, we are witnessing the passage by human civilization of the GRANDEST point of bifurcation, which affects all sides human life, and whose drivers are such independent processes that it is generally impossible to predict the final result.
One thing is clear - it will be such a new world that already in 30 years our children / grandchildren will seem to be the existence of troglodytes and ..., (well, if not perverts ...) It will be an absolutely fantastic reality.
Well, in short, about some of the main drivers of these bifurcation processes.
Postindustrial is like a permanent fire in a brothel.
The first and most powerful driver of change is the phase transition from industrial to post-industrial. In a good way, we are witnessing a rare process, occurring only the third time in human history. The first phase transition was from a hunter-gatherer society to an agrarian society, also called the Neolithic Revolution, was triggered by the lack of a basic resource - a resource of wildlife for the breeding human population.
The second phase transition, from agrarian to post-industrial society... or the Industrial Revolution, was driven by a shortage of the main agricultural resource - arable land, again against the backdrop of a multiplying human population. The wild poor hole, by the name of England, which was the first to make this transition and get all the goodies from it, suddenly became the most powerful empire in the history of mankind.
The third phase transition - from industrial somewhere to post-industrial, there is no name for it yet, is being carried out at the moment. And he is dragged by the ears by the same lack of resources as in previous times. Hello to the Club of Rome, this is excellently described in "The Limits to Growth", this time there is a lack of resources of an industrial civilization, that is natural resources, which need to be dug out of the ground for the industry, in order to do something with them later.
In addition to what was not predicted in the "Limits to Growth" - now there is still a shortage work force and ecological deficit, which makes the transformational transition even more abrupt.
By the way, the characters who represent the post-industrial as a service economy are touching, it doesn’t fit into any gates at all, it’s like presenting Spain of the 16th century, which ate American gold, as post-agrarian, i.e. industrial economy. No, it was just a sick economy, like today's service economies. In the real post-industrial there will be the most powerful agriculture (if it can still be called that), the most powerful, much more productive than now, the industry, albeit fantastic by today's standards. Well, there will be services, too, where without them ....
So far, in addition to the fact that it will look like complete fantasy, one can briefly say about the post-industrial that the main difference from the industrial will be a much more pronounced distribution of processes. Endless fields and huge factories will make room and be replaced to a large extent by distributed (distributive) options. Distributed agriculture, energy, industry, services, etc.
Therefore, from our current understanding of the management of economic processes, an attempt to manage, or at least understand the principles of management in the post-industrial, will look like an attempt to control a fire in a brothel...
The era of the Great Geographic Closures
The modern geopolitical reality that surrounds us basically lies on the foundation of the most powerful passionary explosion of the "Western" Christian civilization, which occurred about 1000 years ago and resulted in the world expansion of this civilization.
That is why the current world system of trade, division of labor (including the system of neo-colonialism), international production relations, etc., is rooted in the era of the XV-XVII centuries. That same era, called the "Era of the Great Geographical Discoveries", and marked the beginning of the reformatting of the world in a modern way.
But just 5 centuries ago, the territory stretching from Asia Minor to the Pacific Ocean generated the lion's share of world GDP, while possessing a level of science and culture unattainable for its neighbors, but it was pushed to the backyard of civilization precisely in the last 500 years.
Naturally, our world is dynamic and this state of affairs could not be forever. And at the moment we can observe the beginning of the opposite process - a gradual shift in the economic and cultural center civilizations from the North Atlantic region.
Where? So far, the Asia-Pacific region is definitely noticeable, to which some experts predict the role of the future financial and economic center of the planet. But this is unlikely, most likely there will be several centers, and even more than two. Or maybe there will be no centers at all, and everything will be spread evenly over the entire planet, corresponding to the post-industrial factor of the distribution of everything that is possible.
But in any case, it is clear that the current system of international division of labor and relations, built on the basis of the expansion of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, is hopelessly outdated and is being closed. Recedes into the past. That is, jokingly, we can say that we are now living in the era of the Great geographical closures. And many of the changes taking place within this transformational process will look absolutely incredible.
Restoring distorted reality...
The inferno breakthrough that occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, which caused the First World War and the subsequent series of catastrophes, gave rise to the reality of the 20th century distorted by various ideologies. Traditional values, both pragmatic and religious-ideological, were replaced in the 20th century by purely ideological ones, concepts and values, often perpendicular to reality, giving rise to a certain kind of "through the looking glass", a simulacrum that has no rights to a natural existence, except for those taken into service. ideological dogmas.
Moreover, as a result of the struggle of competing ideologies, simulacra multiply multiply, leading to the appearance of simulacra more high degrees... quite worthy of Kafka's pen.
In short, over the 20th century, humanity has produced so many of them that one can really talk about a serious distortion of reality.
But fortunately, when the simulacra are disconnected from external power, they simply die. And since the environment that feeds these reflections existed in old history, which is now coming to an end, then we can confidently talk about the upcoming mass death of simulacra, which humanity dragged into the 21st century.
And, completely, naturally, the removal of distortions from reality, for an observer from the inside of this process, will look as if the world is turning upside down.
UPDATE: What at first was poetically called "inferno breakthrough" nevertheless received its logical, not mystical explanation. Look at the picture.
The coincidence of the frequency of generational change and the frequency of technology change coincided precisely in the first half of the 20th century, giving rise not only to a storm of world wars, revolutions and other cataclysms, but also to the generation of the simulacra described above.
On the edge
There are simply no other, smaller signals that the world is really at a turning point.
It is impossible not to mention the breaking of the long-term trend towards the growth of the human population. Somewhere within this or the next decade, the growth of the world's population begins to go not at the expense of ever-increasing birth rates, but at the expense of increasing life expectancy. [To be continued]
Welcome to the matrix
global village.
Sunset of cities.
slide 2
What is history and what does it study?
- History is the science of the past.
- History studies how various peoples lived, what events took place.
slide 3
Almost 2.5 thousand years have passed since a Greek named Herodotus first introduced people to his scientific work"Story". He became the first scientist-historian. We call him the "Father of History".
slide 4
Epochs of history
Scientists divide the history of mankind into several large eras.
slide 5
The first and longest was primitive history. The people who lived then were called primitive. There is still no exact answer when they appeared on Earth. Most scientists believe that the oldest people appeared over 2 million years ago.
slide 6
How did people find out about primitive people?
Archaeologists excavate, extract from the earth the things of ancient people, their bones. Scientists believe that the oldest people, whose "traces" were found in Africa and Asia, lived more than a million years ago. Based on the remains of the skeletons of the most ancient people, it was possible to establish how they looked.
Slide 7
The most ancient man was very different from the modern one, he looked like a large monkey, but walked on two legs. The arms were long and hung down to the knees. The foreheads were low and sloping. Speak ancient man still could not, he made only a few jerky sounds, with which people expressed anger and fear, called for help and warned each other of danger.
Slide 8
Ancient people lived where it was always warm. Therefore, they did not need to take care of warm clothes. It was impossible to cope with the difficulties of life alone, so people lived together, in groups, helping each other.
Slide 9
Most of the time of primitive people went in search of food. Women and children plucked fruits from trees, found edible roots, searched for eggs of birds and turtles. And the men hunted for meat. At that time, mammoths lived on earth.
Slide 10
Already at that time there was primitive art. Images of animals - bulls, horses, mammoths - were found on the walls in the depths of the caves. primitive people depicted animals, since the life of people depended on the successful hunting of these animals.
slide 11
The drawings are located in the depths of the caves in complete darkness. Primitive artists could not do without lighting. Obviously, they used torches or "lamps" - stone ladles filled with fat, which burns well.
slide 12
primeval history lasted hundreds of thousands of years. During this time, people settled on all continents except Antarctica. They appeared on the territory of our country about half a million years ago.
The beginning of the story
We do not know when, where and how man appeared on our planet, and we doubt that anyone living today knows this for certain. Most likely, people, having appeared once, began to settle on the Earth, leading a primitive communal lifestyle, hunting and gathering edible plants. This period of history is well enough described in textbooks, and we will not repeat ourselves.
For the formation of a single human community and the progress of people, certain conditions were required, and, according to our version, they were formed by the 3rd century AD. e. in the Mediterranean region.
There were three conditions:
1. The transition from animal types of "work" for obtaining food (hunting, gathering fruits) to human labor - agricultural, industrial, intellectual.
2. Creation by people of a system of connections for the exchange of products of labor and ideas, including (and above all) writing.
3. Acceptance of monotheism as an ideology of spiritual community, the unity of people of different races and tribes.
There is an idea that mankind developed slowly and unhurriedly, this continued for thousands of years, and only in the 20th century a sharp leap forward was made. It seems to us that the real picture is still somewhat different: for hundreds of thousands of years, disunited tribes developed independently, accumulated knowledge and superstitions, but the breakthrough began in the first centuries of our era in a single center - the Mediterranean.
It is like a spear with a long shaft, the tip of which is civilization, and the 20th century is just the tip of this tip. Our civilization is more than young; in relation to the entire history of man, its duration is a fraction of a percent - so is the gap in the levels of development of different nationalities that we observe in the 20th century surprising?
We believe that mankind, having modern science, computers and satellites, is still at the very beginning of its grandiose path.
The first step towards civilization was the emergence of agriculture in Egypt. It was not even a step, but a giant leap! Farming cannot be done "by the way." After all, planting seeds, processing, harvesting and storing crops make a person tied to one place.
If there is a lot of other food in this place, agriculture will not arise, if there is not enough, the person becomes too dependent on the harvest and the experience may end sadly for this person. The harvest should be enough for the result to immediately exceed some limiting threshold. The very first experiment was supposed to bring good luck, and in the Nile Valley this became possible, because due to the annual flood, silt was applied, and the crop could be obtained without special technical means and techniques.
Although it is impossible to give an exact date for the first harvest, there is no doubt that Egypt is the cradle of civilization. Over time, other peoples in other places began to farm; this happened simultaneously with the advent of new tools and the use of horse traction.
(It should be emphasized that when we say that all this happened "before the 3rd century", we mean exactly this - before. And for how many years before?.. For two hundred? For a thousand? completely unknown).
In the oft-mentioned area between the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia is traditionally believed to have had irrigation agriculture. However, in our opinion, it could only arise when already were well known not only the technology of agriculture, but also the technology of manufacturing agricultural implements and, of course, metallurgy. This means that agriculture in Mesopotamia is of "imported" origin; it was brought here by representatives of other, sedentary peoples.
Brick iron was first learned to be smelted in the Balkans or in Bohemia. (The grandson of the biblical Cain, the inventor and forger of metal tools, bore the name Balkan, or Vulcan.) The use of iron made possible the emergence of fundamentally new weapons and means of labor, which made it possible to cultivate lands that at first glance were not suitable for this.
The initial development of cattle breeding with the domestication of animals took place on the Asia Minor Peninsula, and the domestication of the horse became its peak. And the cavalry, as a type of armed forces, first appeared in the Balkans: the mythical creator of the cavalry is the Macedonian king Philip, whose name just means “horse breeder” (Phil - to love, here in the sense of “collect”; ipp - horse, is an integral element, for example, in the word "hippodrome").
The domestication of the horse, of course, dramatically accelerated the development of civilization, since it made land communication between peoples faster and more reliable, but the beginning of shipbuilding, the creation of ships capable of not only cabotage, but also long-distance voyages, was no less important. The development of shipbuilding is unthinkable without new methods of wood processing, the invention of saws and drills.
Settlement and a sufficient level of production allowed some of the wealthy to engage in intellectual activity, science and literature, and the beginning of the production of papyrus paper in Byblos and Egypt contributed to the widespread spread of literacy.
Literature originated as short records of fairy tales and anecdotes, primary recitative poetry and all sorts of practical information and recipes, then the first chronicles appeared.
The beginning of the sciences is geocentric astronomy and astrology.
Also until the 3rd century A.D. e. a method was discovered for smelting copper on an industrial scale from Cypriot mines, the development of tin ores in Spain began, and the appearance of bronze as a result of this made it possible to produce bronze household items and weapons.
Naturally, the economic and cultural development of the peoples of the Mediterranean was impossible without their interaction. There was a wide trade - merchants brought grain from Egypt, wine from Gaul, livestock, leather, wool from the Asia Minor peninsula, metal products from Romania, Pest, Ruhr, Spain, wax from the Slavic lands.
Trade is the engine of progress. This is such an engine, which, being turned on once, worked without interruption, drawing more and more peoples into industrial and intellectual activity - and it is still working.
People were the same as us - no worse and no better, only they were surrounded another life, and their ideas about the world were completely different.
The implementation of the third - and most important - condition for the creation of a single human community (civilization) was the adoption of monotheism by the majority of the inhabitants of the Mediterranean, and this led to the emergence of the first Roman (Byzantine) empire in history.
At first, Egypt (Copt, Gypt) was the center of religious life, but by the 3rd century, the area at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, the most noticeable and amazing "divine sign" of the Mediterranean, stood out as the second religious center. Representatives of different nations came here, set up their own altars (but simply "celebrated" before their God). The first priestly community was formed here, teaching everyone who came to their understanding of God.
Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes from time to time destroyed the altars set up to the gods of different tribes, confirming the teaching of the local priests that God is one and we must worship Him, and only Him.
The recognition by all of the one God led over time to the recognition of power from God, which a single ruler received through initiation, anointing to the kingdom. The prefix God's Anointed or Initiate was added to the name of the king - Nazarene in the biblical language, Christ in Greek, Augustus in Latin, and about the Gospel Jesus Christ, as he is known to us, until the 7th century people had absolutely no idea.
Monotheism does not mean the complete identity of the views of people. (God is the same for all religions today - but look at the variety of interpretations and rituals!) Less than a hundred years after the creation of the empire in the 3rd century, its religion had already disintegrated into factions of Nicolaitans and Arians, then there was a "biblical confusion of languages" - nothing more than the introduction of different languages of worship, hundreds of religious sects and communities appeared, and each preacher saw his own God's truth in heavenly signs.
We must keep in mind the completely boundless superstition of people, their animation of objects and, most importantly, the stars. Stars! They have names that can be written in letters. They are united in constellations, and these constellations are not clusters of flaming balls in vacuum space (as we know), but figures, also having names and purposes. Astrology was by no means an abstract science.
Vesuvius in Italy became a religious center (more on this in the following chapters). The political center of the first empire in history was located in Romania (Romania) and Rumelia adjoining it, this is the common name for the Balkan countries and Asia Minor. Before the start of extensive iron-making in Germany (in the Ruhr), this area was industrially and technically the most advanced in the world, merchants from Europe, Asia and northern Africa were drawn here. Here was the center of trade routes, information from all over the world flowed here, and information gives power.
The first world Roman (Byzantine) empire included England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Egypt and all of North Africa, Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula with the archipelago, Asia Minor and Syria. (The names are given here in the modern geographical tradition).
This is what the Roman Empire was originally. In this book, we call it Roman or Byzantine, and its western part, which became independent much later, is called Roman.
To two parts of this territory, Romagna and Rumelia, we owe the legend of the formation of the city of Rome (Roma) by the two brothers Romulus and Remus.
“Among all Byzantine chroniclers, the Greeks are not called otherwise than “Romans”. And only in the 15th century, the Athenian Halkokondylas acquired the name of “Greeks” for his fellow countrymen,” writes N. Morozov. Of course, dating such annals and determining the places where the events described in them took place could lead to errors. Modern Greek-speaking Greeks also call themselves Romans, or Romans, and a group of Greeks living in the Caucasus and speaking Turkish call themselves Urums. This word came later from the name Rum, the Rum Sultanate, which is the Turkic name of Romea.
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