Traditional society table. Traditional, industrial, post-industrial (information) society

Today, an industrial society is a concept familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, the decline in the profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor - all these are the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.

What is an industrial society?

In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were distinguished by a relatively low average standard of living for the population.

The industrial society is considered modern, both technical and social components are developing very quickly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.

Main differences

The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one is the growth of industry, the need for a modernized, accelerated and efficient production and division of labor.

The main reasons for the division of labor and in-line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.

Industrial society is characterized not only by growth industrial production but also the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, media and civic responsibility.

Changing the structure of society

Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process transition from traditional society to industrial. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances are making it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries especially efficient.

The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation also affect the change in social charters. An industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political point of view.

The main features and signs of an industrial society

The main characteristics can be divided into three groups: production, economic and social.

The main production features and signs of an industrial society are as follows:

• mechanization of production;
• reorganization of labor;
• division of labor;
• productivity increase.

Among economic characteristics need to highlight:

• growing influence of private production;
• the emergence of a market for competitive products;
• expansion of sales markets.

The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.

The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development- change in values ​​and worldview, which is affected by:

• development and accessibility of education;
• improving the quality of life;
• popularization of culture and art;
• urbanization;
• expansion of human rights and freedoms.

It is worth noting that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.

Historical background

In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to secure their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to move to an agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners towards the workers and the low level of mechanization of production.

Pre-industrial socio-economic models were based on various forms of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and the low average standard of living of the population.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to an industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It was this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that was responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century became the apogee of industrialization in a number of leading world powers.

During the industrial revolution, the main features took shape modern state such as industrial growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model community development.

Usually, the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, but it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.

Industrialization

There are three main sectors in the composition of both the world and the state economy:

• Primary - resource extraction and agriculture.
• Secondary - processing resources and creating food.
• Tertiary - the service sector.

Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary sector, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.

This process took place in world history in two stages: technological revolution, which includes the creation of mechanized factories and the rejection of manufactory, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and engines.

Urbanization

IN modern understanding Urbanization is the increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.

Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the boundary of the true division of labor - territorial.

Future of industrial society

Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values ​​and criteria of human capital.

The engine of the post-industrial society and its economy should be the knowledge industry. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play an important role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be the tertiary sector, that is, the service sector.

Traditional society (pre-industrial) is the longest of the three stages, with a history of thousands of years. Most of the history of mankind has been spent in a traditional society. This is a society with an agrarian way of life, little dynamic social structures and a method of socio-cultural regulation based on tradition. In a traditional society, the main producer is not man, but nature. Subsistence farming prevails - the absolute majority of the population (over 90%) is employed in agriculture; simple technologies are used, and therefore the division of labor is simple. This society is characterized by inertia, low perception of innovations. If we use Marxist terminology, traditional society is a primitive communal, slave-owning, feudal society.

industrial society

An industrial society is characterized by machine production, a national economic system, and a free market. This type of society arose relatively recently - starting from the 18th century, as a result of the industrial revolution, which first swept England and Holland, and then the rest of the world. In Ukraine, the industrial revolution began around mid-nineteenth V. The essence of the industrial revolution is the transition from manual to machine production, from manufactory to factory. New sources of energy are being mastered: if earlier mankind used mainly the energy of muscles, less often water and wind, then with the beginning of the industrial revolution they begin to use steam energy, and later - diesel engines, internal combustion engines, electricity. In an industrial society, the task that was the main thing for a traditional society - to feed people and provide them with the things necessary for life - has receded into the background. Now only 5-10% of people employed in agriculture produce enough food for the whole society.

Industrialization leads to increased growth of cities, the national liberal-democratic state is strengthened, industry, education, and the service sector are developing. New specialized social statuses appear ("worker", "engineer", "railroad worker", etc.), class partitions disappear - no longer noble birth or family ties are the basis for determining a person in the social hierarchy, and her personal actions. In a traditional society, a nobleman, having become poor, remained a nobleman, and a rich merchant was still the face of the "ignoble". In an industrial society, everyone wins his status by personal merits - a capitalist, went bankrupt, is no longer a capitalist, and yesterday's shoe shiner can become the owner of a large company and take high position in society. Social mobility is growing, there is an equalization of human capabilities, due to the universal accessibility of education.

In an industrial society, the complication of the system of social ties leads to the formalization of human relations, which in most cases become depersonalized. A modern city dweller communicates with more people in a week than his distant rural ancestor in his entire life. Therefore, people communicate through their role and status "masks": not as a specific individual with a specific individual, each of which is endowed with certain individual human qualities, but as a Teacher and a student, or a Policeman and a Pedestrian, or a Director and an Employee ("I'm telling you as a specialist ... "," it's not customary with us ... "," the professor said ... ").

post-industrial society

Post-industrial society (the term was proposed by Daniell. Bell in 1962.). At one time, D. Bell headed the "Commission of the Year 2000", created by the decision of the US Congress. The task of this commission was to work out forecasts of the socio-economic development of the United States in the third millennium. Based on the research conducted by the commission, Daniel Bell, together with other authors, wrote the book "America in 2000". In this book, in particular, it was necessary that behind the industrial society comes new stage human history, which will be based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Daniel Bell called this stage "post-industrial".

In the second half of the XX century. in the most developed countries of the world, such as the United States, Western Europe, Japan, the importance of knowledge and information is growing sharply. The dynamics of updating information has become so high that already in the 70s. 20th century Sociologists have concluded (as time has shown - correct) that in the XXI century. illiterate can be considered not those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, forget the unnecessary, and learn again.

In connection with the growing weight of knowledge and information, science is turning into a direct productive force of society - an ever-increasing part of the income of advanced countries is received not from the sale of industrial products, but from trade in new technologies and science-intensive and information products (for example: cinema, television programs, computer programs etc.). In a post-industrial society, the entire spiritual superstructure is integrated into the production system and - thereby - the dualism of the material and the ideal is overcome. If the industrial society was economically centric, then the post-industrial society is characterized by cultural centricity: the role of the "human factor" and the entire system of socio-humanitarian knowledge directed at it is growing. This, of course, does not mean that the post-industrial society denies the basic components of the industrial society (highly developed industry, labor discipline, highly qualified personnel). As Daniel Bell noted, "the post-industrial society does not replace the industrial one, just as the industrial society does not eliminate the agricultural sector of the economy." But a person in a post-industrial society already ceases to be an "economic man". New, "post-materialistic" values ​​become dominant for her (Table 4.1).

The first “entry into the public arena” of a person for whom “post-materialistic values” are a priority is considered (G. Marcuse, S. Ayerman) a youth riot in the late 60s of the XX century, which declared the death of the Protestant work ethic as a moral one. foundations of Western industrial civilization.

Table 4.1. Comparison of industrial and post-industrial society

Scientists fruitfully worked on the development of the concept of a post-industrial society: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Alvin Toffler, Aron, Kennep Bouldinga, Walt Rostow and others. True, some of them used their own terms to name a new type of society that is replacing the industrial one. Kenneth Boulding calls it "post-civilization". Zbigniew Brzezinski prefers the term "technotronic society", thereby emphasizing the crucial importance of electronics and communications in the new society. Alvin Toffler calls it a "super-industrial society", referring to a complex mobile society based on highly advanced technology and a post-materialist value system.

Alvin Toffler in 1970 He wrote: "The inhabitants of the Earth are divided not only along racial, ideological or religious lines, but also, in in a certain sense, and in time. studying modern population planet, we find a small group of people who still live by hunting and fishing. Others, most of them, rely on agriculture. They live in much the same way as their ancestors lived hundreds of years ago. These two groups together make up about 70% of the world's population. These are the people of the past.

More than 25% of the world's population lives in industrialized countries. They live modern life. They are a product of the first half of the 20th century. shaped by mechanization and mass education, brought up on memories of the agro-industrial past of their country. They are modern people.

The remaining 2-3% of the world's population cannot be called either people of the past or modern people. Because in the main centers of technological and cultural change, in New York, London, Tokyo, millions of people can be said to live in the future. These pioneers, without realizing it, live the way others will live tomorrow. They are the scouts of humanity, the first citizens of a super-industrial society."

We can add to Toffler in only one thing: today, almost 40 years later, more than 40% of humanity lives in a society that he called superindustrial.

The transition from industrial to post-industrial society is determined by the following factors:

change in the economic sphere: the transition from an economy focused on commodity production to an economy focused on the service and information sector. Moreover, we are talking first of all about highly qualified services, such as the development and general accessibility of banking services, the development of mass communication and the general availability of information, health care, education, social care, and only secondarily - services provided to individual clients. In the mid 90s. 20th century in the production sector and in the service sector and the provision of information services, respectively, the following were employed: in the USA - 25% and 70% of the working population; in Germany - 40% and 55%; in Japan - 36% and 60%); what is more - even in the manufacturing sector in countries with a post-industrial economy, representatives of intellectual labor, production organizers, technical intelligentsia and administrative personnel account for about 60% of all employees;

a change in the social structure of society (professional division replaces class division). For example, Danielle Bell believes that the capitalist class disappears in a post-industrial society, and a new ruling elite, which has a high level of education and knowledge, takes its place;

the central place of theoretical knowledge in determining the main vectors of the development of society. The main conflict, then, in this society lies not between labor and capital, but between knowledge and incompetence. The importance of higher educational institutions A: The university has entered an industrial enterprise, the main institution of the industrial era. In the new conditions, higher education has at least two main tasks: to create theories, knowledge that become the main factor in social change, and also to educate advisers and experts;

creation of new intellectual technologies (among others, for example, genetic engineering, cloning, new agricultural technologies, etc.).

Control questions and tasks

1. Define the term "society" and describe its main features.

2. Why is society considered a self-reproducing system?

3. How does the system-mechanical approach to understanding society differ from the system-organic one?

4. Describe the essence of the synthetic approach to understanding society.

5. What is the difference between the traditional community and modern society(terms of F. Tjonnies)?

6. Describe the main theories of the origin of society.

7. What is "anomie"? Describe the main features of this state of society.

8. How does R. Merton's anomie theory differ from E. Durkheim's anomie theory?

9. Explain the difference between the concepts of "social progress" and "social evolution".

10. What is the difference between social reform and revolution? Do you know the types of social revolutions?

11. Name the criteria of the typology of societies known to you.

12. Describe the Marxist concept of the typology of societies.

13. Compare traditional and industrial societies.

14. Describe the post-industrial society.

15. Compare post-industrial and industrial societies.

Sociology distinguishes several types of society: traditional, industrial and post-industrial. The difference between the formations is enormous. Moreover, each type of device has unique characteristics and features.

The difference lies in the attitude towards the person, ways of organizing economic activity. The transition from the traditional to the industrial and post-industrial (information) society is extremely difficult.

Traditional

The presented type of social system was formed first. In this case, the regulation of relationships between people is based on tradition. An agrarian society, or traditional, differs from industrial and post-industrial ones primarily by low mobility in the social sphere. In such a way, there is a clear distribution of roles, and the transition from one class to another is almost impossible. Example − caste system in India. The structure of this society is characterized by stability and a low level of development. The basis of the future role of a person is, first of all, his origin. Social elevators are absent in principle, in some way they are even undesirable. The transition of individuals from one layer to another in the hierarchy can provoke the process of destruction of the entire habitual way of life.

In an agrarian society, individualism is not welcome. All human actions are aimed at maintaining the life of the community. Freedom of choice in this case can lead to a change in formation or cause the destruction of the entire structure. Economic relations between people are strictly regulated. Under normal market relations, there is an increase in citizens, that is, processes that are undesirable for the entire traditional society are initiated.

Basis of the economy

The economy of this type of formation is agrarian. That is, the land is the basis of wealth. The more allotments an individual owns, the higher his social status. The tools of production are archaic and practically do not develop. This also applies to other areas of life. In the early stages of the formation of a traditional society, natural exchange prevails. Money as a universal commodity and a measure of the value of other items are absent in principle.

There is no industrial production as such. With the development, handicraft production of the necessary tools and other household items arises. This process is long, since most citizens living in a traditional society prefer to produce everything themselves. Subsistence farming predominates.

Demography and life

In an agrarian system, most people live in local communities. At the same time, the change of place of business is extremely slow and painful. It is also important to take into account the fact that at a new place of residence, problems often arise with the allocation of a land allotment. Own site with the ability to grow different crops - the basis of life in a traditional society. Food is also obtained through cattle breeding, gathering and hunting.

In a traditional society, the birth rate is high. This is primarily due to the need for the survival of the community itself. There is no medicine, so often simple diseases and injuries become fatal. Average life expectancy is low.

Life is organized according to the foundations. It is also not subject to any changes. At the same time, the life of all members of society depends on religion. All canons and foundations in the community are regulated by faith. Changes and an attempt to escape from habitual existence are suppressed by religious dogmas.

Change of formation

The transition from a traditional society to an industrial and post-industrial one is only possible with a sharp development of technology. This became possible in the 17th and 18th centuries. In many ways, the development of progress was due to the plague epidemic that swept Europe. A sharp decline in population provoked the development of technology, the emergence of mechanized tools of production.

industrial formation

Sociologists associate the transition from traditional type society to industrial and post-industrial with a change in the economic component of the way of life of people. The growth of production capacities has led to urbanization, that is, the outflow of part of the population from the countryside to the city. Large settlements in which the mobility of citizens increased significantly.

The structure of the formation is flexible and dynamic. Machine production is actively developing, labor is automated higher. The use of new (at that time) technologies is typical not only for industry, but also for agriculture. The total share of employment in the agricultural sector does not exceed 10%.

The main factor of development in an industrial society is entrepreneurial activity. Therefore, the position of the individual is determined by his skills and abilities, the desire for development and education. The origin also remains important, but gradually its influence decreases.

Form of government

Gradually, with the growth of production and the increase of capital in an industrial society, a conflict is brewing between a generation of entrepreneurs and representatives of the old aristocracy. In many countries this process has culminated in a change in the very structure of the state. Typical examples are French Revolution or occurrence constitutional monarchy in England. After these changes, the archaic aristocracy lost its former opportunities to influence the life of the state (although in general they continued to listen to their opinion).

Economics of an industrial society

The economy of such a formation is based on the extensive exploitation of natural resources and work force. According to Marx, in a capitalist industrial society, the main roles are assigned directly to those who own the tools of labor. Resources are often developed to the detriment of the environment, the state of the environment is deteriorating.

At the same time, production is growing at an accelerated pace. The quality of the staff comes first. Manual labor also persists, but to minimize costs, industrialists and entrepreneurs are beginning to invest in technology development.

A characteristic feature of the industrial formation is the fusion of banking and industrial capital. In an agrarian society, especially in its early stages development, usury was pursued. With the development of progress, interest on loans became the basis for the development of the economy.

post-industrial

Post-industrial society began to take shape in the middle of the last century. The countries of Western Europe, the USA and Japan became the locomotive of development. Features of the formation are to increase the share in the gross domestic product of information technology. Transformations also affected industry and agriculture. Productivity increased, manual labor decreased.

locomotive further development was the formation of a consumer society. The increase in the share of quality services and goods has led to the development of technology, increased investment in science.

The concept of post-industrial society was formed by the teacher Harvard University After his work, some sociologists also brought out the concept of the information society, although in many ways these concepts are synonymous.

Opinions

There are two opinions in the theory of the emergence of a post-industrial society. From a classical point of view, the transition was made possible by:

1. Production automation.
2. The need for a high educational level of staff.
3. Increasing demand for quality services.
4. Increasing the incomes of the majority of the population of developed countries.

Marxists put forward their own theory on this matter. According to it, the transition to a post-industrial (information) society from industrial and traditional became possible due to the global division of labor. There was a concentration of industries in different regions of the planet, resulting in an increase in qualifications service personnel.

Deindustrialization

The information society has given rise to another socio-economic process: deindustrialization. In developed countries, the share of workers involved in industry is declining. At the same time, the influence of direct production on the economy of the state also falls. According to statistics, from 1970 to 2015, the share of industry in the US and Western Europe in the gross domestic product decreased from 40 to 28%. Part of the production was transferred to other regions of the planet. This process gave rise to a sharp increase in development in the countries, accelerated the pace of transition from the agrarian (traditional) and industrial types of society to the post-industrial one.

Risks

The intensive path of development and the formation of an economy based on scientific knowledge is fraught with various risks. The migration process has grown sharply. At the same time, some countries lagging behind in development begin to experience a shortage of qualified personnel who move to regions with an information type of economy. The effect provokes the development of crisis phenomena, which are more characteristic of the industrial social formation.

Demographic skew is also causing concern among experts. Three stages of the development of society (traditional, industrial and post-industrial) have different relationships to family and fertility. For an agrarian formation, a large family is the basis of survival. Approximately the same opinion exists in industrial society. Transition to new formation was marked by a sharp decline in the birth rate and an aging population. Therefore, countries with an information economy are actively attracting qualified, educated youth from other regions of the planet, thereby increasing the development gap.

Experts are also concerned about the decline in the growth rates of post-industrial society. The traditional (agrarian) and industrial sectors still have room to develop, increase production and change the format of the economy. The information formation is the crown of the process of evolution. New technologies are being developed all the time, but breakthrough solutions (for example, the transition to nuclear energy, space exploration) appear less and less often. Therefore, sociologists predict an increase in crisis phenomena.

Coexistence

Now there is a paradoxical situation: industrial, post-industrial and traditional societies coexist quite peacefully in different regions of the planet. An agrarian formation with an appropriate way of life is more typical for some countries in Africa and Asia. Industrial with gradual evolutionary processes towards information is observed in Eastern Europe and CIS.

Industrial, post-industrial and traditional society are different primarily in relation to human personality. In the first two cases, development is based on individualism, while in the second, collective principles predominate. Any manifestation of willfulness and an attempt to stand out are condemned.

Social elevators

Social lifts characterize the mobility of the population within society. In traditional, industrial and post-industrial formations they are expressed differently. For an agrarian society, only the displacement of an entire stratum of the population is possible, for example, through a revolt or revolution. In other cases, mobility is possible even for one individual. The final position depends on the knowledge, acquired skills and activity of a person.

In fact, the differences between traditional, industrial and post-industrial types of society are enormous. Sociologists and philosophers study their formation and stages of development.

The theory of stages of economic growth is the concept of W. Rostow, according to which history is divided into five stages:

1- "traditional society" - all societies before capitalism, characterized by a low level of labor productivity, dominance in the agricultural economy;

2- "transitional society", coinciding with the transition to pre-monopoly capitalism;

3- "shift period", characterized by industrial revolutions and the beginning of industrialization;

4- "period of maturity", characterized by the completion of industrialization and the emergence of highly industrialized countries;

5- "an era of high-level mass consumption."

A traditional society is a society governed by tradition. The preservation of traditions is a higher value in it than development. The social structure in it is characterized (especially in the countries of the East) by a rigid class hierarchy and the existence of stable social communities, a special way of regulating the life of society based on traditions and customs. This organization of society seeks to preserve the socio-cultural foundations of life unchanged. The traditional society is an agrarian society.

For a traditional society, as a rule, are characterized by:

the traditional economy

the predominance of the agrarian way of life;

the stability of the structure;

class organization;

· low mobility;

· high mortality;

· high birth rate;

low life expectancy.

The traditional person perceives the world and the established order of life as something inseparably integral, holistic, sacred and not subject to change. A person's place in society and his status are determined by tradition (as a rule, by birthright).

In a traditional society, collectivist attitudes prevail, individualism is not welcome (because the freedom of individual actions can lead to a violation of the established order that ensures the survival of society as a whole and is time-tested). In general, traditional societies are characterized by the primacy of collective interests over private ones, including the primacy of the interests of existing hierarchical structures (state, clan, etc.). It is not so much individual capacity that is valued, but the place in the hierarchy (bureaucratic, class, clan, etc.) that a person occupies.

In a traditional society, as a rule, relations of redistribution, rather than market exchange, prevail, and elements market economy are tightly regulated. This is due to the fact that free market relations increase social mobility and change the social structure of society (in particular, they destroy estates); the system of redistribution can be regulated by tradition, but market prices are not; forced redistribution prevents "unauthorized" enrichment/impoverishment of both individuals and classes. The pursuit of economic gain in a traditional society is often morally condemned, opposed to selfless help.

In a traditional society, most people live all their lives in a local community (for example, a village), ties with the "big society" are rather weak. At the same time, family ties, on the contrary, are very strong.

The worldview (ideology) of a traditional society is conditioned by tradition and authority.

The traditional society is extremely stable. As the well-known demographer and sociologist Anatoly Vishnevsky writes, “everything is interconnected in it and it is very difficult to remove or change any one element.”

An industrial society is a type of economically developed society in which the predominant sector of the national economy is industry.

An industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and automation of production, the development of mass media, the service sector, high mobility and urbanization, and the growing role of the state in regulating the socio-economic sphere.

· Approval of the industrial technological structure as dominant in all social spheres (from economic to cultural)

Change in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of people employed in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and the service sector (up to 40-45%)

Intensive urbanization

The emergence of the nation-state, organized on the basis of common language and culture

· Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation national systems education

· Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (ex. all suffrage)

Growth in the level of consumption ("revolution of consumption", formation of the "welfare state")

Changing the structure of working and free time (the formation of a "consumer society")

· Changes in the demographic type of development (low birth rate, low mortality, increased life expectancy, aging of the population, i.e., an increase in the proportion of older age groups).

Post-industrial society - a society in which the service sector has a priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production. In the social structure of the post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector increases and new elites are formed: technocrats, scientist.

This concept was first proposed by D. Bell in 1962. It recorded the entry in the late 50s and early 60s. developed Western countries, which have exhausted the potential of industrial production, into a qualitatively new stage of development.

It is characterized by a decrease in the share and importance of industrial production due to the growth of the service and information sectors. The production of services becomes the main area of ​​economic activity. Thus, in the United States, about 90% of the employed population now works in the field of information and services. Based on these changes, there is a rethinking of all basic characteristics industrial society, a fundamental change in theoretical guidelines.

The first "phenomenon" of such a person is considered the youth riot of the late 60s, which meant the end of the Protestant work ethic as the moral basis of Western industrial civilization. Economic growth ceases to act as the main, much less the only guideline, goal of social development. The emphasis is shifting to social and humanitarian problems. The priority issues are the quality and safety of life, self-realization of the individual. New criteria for well-being and social well-being are being formed. The post-industrial society is also defined as a "post-class" society, which reflects the collapse of sustainable social structures and identities characteristic of an industrial society. If before the status of an individual in society was determined by his place in the economic structure, i.e. class belonging to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of an individual is determined by many factors, among which an increasing role is played by education, the level of culture (what P. Bourdieu called "cultural capital"). On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of ​​a new "service" class. Its essence lies in the fact that in a post-industrial society, not economic and political elite, and to the intellectuals and professionals who make up new class, belongs to the power. In reality, there was no fundamental change in the distribution of economic and political power. Claims about the "death of the class" also seem clearly exaggerated and premature. However, significant changes in the structure of society, associated primarily with a change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly taking place (see information society). Thus, we can agree with D. Bell's statement that "the changes that are fixed by the term post-industrial society may mean the historical metamorphosis of Western society."

Information society - a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge.

Scientists believe that in the information society, the process of computerization will give people access to reliable sources of information, save them from routine work, and provide a high level of automation of information processing in the industrial and social spheres. driving force development of society should be the production of information, not a material product. The material product will become more information-intensive, which means an increase in the share of innovation, design and marketing in its value.

In the information society, not only production will change, but the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values ​​will increase. Compared to an industrial society, where everything is directed to the production and consumption of goods, in the information society, intellect and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. The ability to be creative will be required from a person, the demand for knowledge will increase.

The material and technological basis of the information society will be various systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, and telecommunications.

SIGNS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

· Society's awareness of the priority of information over another product of human activity.

· The fundamental basis of all areas of human activity (economic, industrial, political, educational, scientific, creative, cultural, etc.) is information.

· Information is a product of modern man's activity.

· Information in its pure form (in itself) is the subject of purchase and sale.

· Equal opportunities in access to information for all segments of the population.

· Security of the information society, information.

· Protection of intellectual property.

· Interaction of all structures of the state and the states among themselves on the basis of ICT.

· Management of the information society by the state, public organizations.