home › Cooling system › A large-scale study of the genes of the Russian ethnic group has been completed. Genetic studies have shown that Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia. To which European people are Russians genetically closer?

A large-scale study of the genes of the Russian ethnic group has been completed. Genetic studies have shown that Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia. To which European people are Russians genetically closer?

By nature, the genetic code of all people is arranged in such a way that each has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents. The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes about half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal, which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery, it is completely transmitted from father to son like a baton. I will clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.
In each successive generation certain areas Y chromosomes, called loci, undergo mutations that will be passed on to all subsequent generations masculine. It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. There are only about 1000 loci on the Y chromosome, but for comparative analysis haplotypes and genera reconstruction is used only a little more than a hundred.
In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, overall picture which is unique to each individual. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus it will be seen on the common tree that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for the haplotype group.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

peoples	qty, Human	R1a1,	R1b1,	I1,	I2,	N1c1,	E1b1b1,	J2,	G2a,
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2	1	1
Russians(center)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4	1	1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5	4	3
Russians (All Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	2	2
Ukrainians	93	54	2	5	16	8	8	6	3
Russians(together with Ukrainians and Belarusians)	1874	48	7	4	13	16	4	3	3
Poles	233	56	16	7	10	8	4	3	2
Slovaks	70	47	17	6	11	3	9	4	1
Czechs	53	38	19	11	12	3	8	6	5
Slovenians	70	37	21	12	20	0	7	3	2
Croatians	108	24	10	6	39	1	10	6	2
Serbs	113	16	11	6	29	1	20	7	1
Bulgarians	89	15	11	5	20	0	21	11	5
Balts, Finns, Germans, Greeks, etc.
Lithuanians	164	34	5	5	5	44	1	0	0
Latvians	113	39	10	4	3	42	0	0	0
Finns (east)	306	6	3	19	0	71	0	0	0
Finns (west)	230	9	5	40	0	41	0	0	0
swedes	160	16	24	36	3	11	3	3	1
Germans	98	8	48	25	0	1	5	4	3
Germans (Bavarians)	80	15	48	16	4	0	8	6	5
English	172	5	67	14	6	0.1	3	3	1
Irish	257	1	81	6	5	0	2	1	1
Italians	99	2	44	3	4	0	13	18	8
Romanians	45	20	18	2	18	0	7	13	7
Ossetians	359	1	7	0		0	1	16	67
Armenians	112	2	26	0	4	0	6	20	10
Greeks	116	4	14	3	10	0	21	23	5
Turks	103	7	17	1	5	4	10	24	12

Particularly noteworthy are the 4 most common haplogroups among Russians:
R1a1 47.0%, N1c1 20.0%, I2 10.6%, I1 6.2%
talking in simple words: genetic composition Russians along the straight male lines of the Y-chromosome is as follows:
Eastern Europeans - 47%
Baltics - 20%
And two haplogroups of original Europeans since the Paleolithic
Scandinavians - 6%
Balkans - 11%

The names are conditional and given in accordance with the territorial maximums European subclades for haplogroups R1a1, N1c1, I1 and I2. The fundamental point is that there were no descendants of the Mongols after the two hundred year Tatar-Mongol yoke. Either left, but a very small number of direct genetic heirs from such relationships. With these words, I do not want to question historical sources about the Mongols in Rus', but only to pay attention to the supposed genetic influence from the Mongol-Tatars on the Russians - it is not there, or it is insignificant. By the way, there are also a large number of carriers in the genome of the Bulgar Tatars haprogroups R1a1(about 30%) and N1c1(about 20%), but they are mostly non-European.

Another important point, southern Russians do not differ from Ukrainians within the margin of error, and northern Russians, having one of the predominant haplogroups R1a1, also have a higher percentage of haplogroup N1c1. But the percentage of N1c1 haplotypes is on average 20% in Russians.

Emperors. Nicholas 2
The first known ancestor of the Grand Ducal House of Oldenburg was Egilmar, Count of Lerigau (d. 1108), mentioned in the annals for 1091.
Nicholas II turned out to be the carrier of the haplogroup R1b1a2- a representative of the Western European line, from the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. This German dynasty is characterized by the terminal snip U106, which is most common in northwestern Europe in places of settlement of the Germanic tribes. It's not exactly typical Russian people DNA marker, but its presence among Russians could also be associated with early contacts between Germans and Slavs.

natural princes. Rurikovichi
Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants, referred to as "Monomachis" belong to the haplogroup N1c1-L550, which is widespread in the South Baltic region (subclade L1025) and in Fennoscandia (subclades Y7795, Y9454, Y17113, Y17415, Y4338). The Rurik dynasty is characterized by the terminal snip Y10931.
Some of those whom historians call the Olgoviches (named after Oleg Svyatoslavich - the main rival of Vladimir Monomakh in the feudal struggle - and, as all sources assure, his cousin) are not related to the Rurikovichs from the Monomashich family (in a direct male line). These are the descendants of Yuri Tarussky

Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2

In ancient times, about 8-9 thousand years ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages (in initial stage most likely these are haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as the Indo-Iranians ( South Asia), Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), Celts (Western Europe), Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, who about 7 thousand years ago, as a result of migrations, ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages (largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and part remained on the territory of Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51), including the Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). On different stages formations already in antiquity were the intersections of migration flows, which caused the presence of a large number of haplogroups among all European ethnic groups.

The Slavic languages emerged from the once unified group of Balto-Slavic languages (presumably the archaeological culture of the late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of the linguist Starostin, this happened about 3.3 millennia ago. Period from the 5th century BC to the 4th-5th century AD can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, tk. The Balts and Slavs had already split up, but there were no Slavs themselves yet, they will appear a little later, in the 4th-6th centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of the migrations of the Balts and Slavs was from the very beginning, because in many respects this division is arbitrary, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details.

The Iranian languages are Indo-European, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to the 4th century BC, the middle one - from the 4th century BC. to the 9th century AD, and a new one - from the 9th century AD. Until now. That is, the oldest Iranian languages appear after the departure of part of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bfrom Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages appeared later, around the 5th century BC.

Thus, the Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is absolutely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of the Indo-Europeans is striking both in Y-haplogroups and in autosomes. The Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Western Asian genetic influence of BMAC.

According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and legends that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, let's touch on linguistics, because this Russian language (and its related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with Celtic, Germanic and other languages of the large Indo-European family . But in the genetic plan, the Indo-Aryans were already to a greater extent Western Asians, as they approached India, the Vedoid influence also intensified.

So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy, this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (because naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups in their environment), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain, they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is a subclade of Z93) during migrations they brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, by the labors of the great Panini, it was converted into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed: DNA genealogy and linguistics are correlated here.

Large part haplogroups R1a1-Z93 even in ancient times, they joined the Turkic ethnic groups and today mark the migration of the Turks in many ways, which is not surprising in view of antiquity haplogroup R1a1 while the representatives haplogroups R1a1-Z280 were part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, but during the settlement of the Slavic colonists, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now among many peoples, for example, the Erzya is still the dominant haplogroup R1a1-Z280.
All this new data was able to provide us DNA genealogy, in particular, the approximate dates of the migrations of haplogroup carriers in the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times.
So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name of the Indo-Europeans, which is true from the point of view of linguistics.
Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, there were Indo-European languages long before the migrations to India and Iran, all over the Russian Plain and as far as the Balkans in the south, and as far as the Pyrenees in the west. Later, the language was spread to South Asia - both to Iran and India. But in genetic terms, the correlations are much smaller.
“The only justified and accepted at the present time in science is the use of the term “Aryans” only in relation to the tribes and peoples who spoke the Indo-Iranian languages.”

So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one of the versions it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was introduced about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, such as R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc.

Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe

Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate path of migration of R1a1 ancestors in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that almost throughout Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1 was one approximately 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a relay race, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, dispersing in the process of migration from the same historical place - which turned out to be presumably the Urals or the Black Sea Lowland. On the modern map, these are countries mainly eastern and central Europe- Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the range of more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads to the east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first ancestor, which is indicated by the most ancient, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts.

The disadvantage of the method
If you did the test, and it pleased you greatly, then I hasten to bring in my ladle of tar. Yes, the Y chromosome is transmitted from father to son practically unchanged, but there is no actually genetically useful information in it, there are much more genes in other pairs of chromosomes.
And these other 22 are shuffled in a very random way, with no trace of such mixing left on Y.
Imagine. Anglo-Saxon sailors captured the Negro state. Women are not taken on such trips, and you have to establish contact with the local population. What are the options?
1) The Anglo-Saxons have children from black women, but the nationality is transferred only to boys. In this case, the Y chromosome will be transferred to the European one, but the proportion of actually significant European genes will decrease. The first generation will be half blacks and the former "aristocracy" in such a case will quickly dissolve, although Y will be from this ethnic group. It just won't make much sense. Perhaps something similar happened to the Finns and Indians. The Yakuts and Finns have the highest percentage of the N1c1 haplogroup characteristic of them, but genetically this is completely different nations with various subclades of the N1c1 haplogroup with their own unique history, separated more than 6 millennia ago. And vice versa, Indians - having a high percentage haplogroup R1a1 genetically they have very little in common with the European representatives of this haplogroup, tk. also various subclades with their own history, separated more than 6 millennia ago.
2) Indo-Aryans are satisfied caste system. The first generation will also be semi-Negro, but then, if the aristocracy interbreeds only among themselves, then the percentage of original genetics will float around 50%. But in practice, marriages will be mainly with local women, and even more so it will be impossible to get the original gene pool of the conquerors. And this happened in the history of the Earth. The upper castes of Hindus from 20% to 72% have haplogroup R1a1(an average of 43%), but genetically they have very little in common with the European or Turkic representatives of the same haplogroup R1a1, and again the reason is the various subclades with their own special history.
A similar situation probably occurred in Cameroon, a Central African country where Y is up to 95% common. haplogroup R1b-V88, but at the same time among a typical anthropologically African Negroid population.
It can be concluded that the presence of a marker and a haplogroup is an important condition for determining nationality, but not sufficient. To determine the national-territorial origin of a person, Family Tree DNA has an autosomal test called Family Finder

Alexey Zorrin

Scientists have recently come close to deciphering the human genetic code. In many ways, this made it possible to take a fresh look at the history of the Russian ethnos, which turned out to be more ancient and not as homogeneous as previously thought.

In the depths of centuries

The human genome is a variable thing. In the course of the evolution of mankind, its haplogroups have undergone mutations more than once. Today, scientists have already learned to determine the approximate time when this or that mutation arose. So, American geneticists found out that one of these mutations occurred about 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born who had a different set of nucleotides from his father - he was assigned the genetic classification R1a1, which arose instead of the paternal R1a.

This mutation, unlike many others, proved to be viable. The R1a1 genus not only survived, but also settled in a significant part of the Eurasian continent. Currently, approximately 70% of the male population of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are carriers of the R1a1 haplogroup, and in old Russian cities this number reaches 80%. Thus, R1a1 serves as a kind of marker of the Russian ethnic group. It turns out that in the veins of most men modern Russia the blood of an ancient boy who lived in the late Neolithic era flows.

Approximately 500 years after the birth of the R1a1 haplogroup, the migration flows of its representatives spread to the east - beyond the Urals, to the south - to Hindustan and to the west - to the territory of modern European countries. The fact that the inhabitants of the Central Russian plain went far beyond their original range is also confirmed by archaeologists. Analysis of the bone remains of burials in Altai of the 1st millennium BC. e. showed that in addition to the Mongoloids, pronounced Caucasians also lived there.

There is no Tatar

In one of the issues of the popular science publication The American Journal of Human Genetics, an article was published about the research by the Russian-Estonian team of scientists of the gene pool of the Russian people. The findings of the researchers were quite unexpected. First: the Russian ethnos is heterogeneous by its genetic nature. One part of the Russians living in the central and southern regions of the country is close to the neighboring Slavic peoples, the other part - in the north of Russia - is genetically closely related to the Finno-Ugric peoples.

The next conclusion is more interesting. Scientists have not been able to detect the notorious Asian element in the Russian genome. There is no Tatar-Mongolian set of genes in any noticeable amount in any of the Russian populations. It turns out that the stable expression "Scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar" is erroneous.

Professor Oleg Balanovsky, head of the laboratory of genomic geography at the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, considers the Russian gene pool “almost completely European”, and calls its differences from the Central Asian one “really great”, as if they are two different worlds.

Academician Konstantin Skryabin, head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute, agrees with Balanovsky. He says the following: "We did not find noticeable Tatar introductions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke." In addition, Siberians, according to the scientist, are genetically identical to the Old Believers - they have the same "Russian genome".

Researchers also pay attention to a slight difference in the genotype between Russians on the one hand and neighboring Slavic peoples- Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles - on the other. The difference between the southern and western Slavs from the inhabitants of the Russian North is more pronounced.

Special Markers

According to anthropologist Vasily Deryabin, the Russian genotype also has its own clear physiological markers. One of them is the predominance of light shades of eyes in Russians: gray, blue, gray-blue, blue. We have 45 percent of them, in Western Europe less - about 35 percent. Many among Russians and fair-haired. According to anthropologists, Russians with natural black hair color are no more than 5 percent. In Western Europe, the chance of meeting a black-haired one is 45%.

Contrary to popular belief, there are not so many snub-nosed people among Russians - about 7%, in about 75% of cases the nose is straight. Also, among Russians, epicanthus is not found - a fold typical of representatives of Mongoloid peoples at the inner corner of the eye.

The Russian ethnic group is characterized by the predominance of I and II blood groups, among Jews, for example, group IV is more common. Biochemical studies also showed that in the blood of Russians, as well as other European peoples, there is a special gene PH-c, but it is absent in the Mongoloids.

Northerners are closer

Research Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Anthropology. D.N. Anuchin Moscow State University conducted an in-depth study of the gene pool of the Russian people, during which a difference in the genotype between the Russians and our northern neighbors, the Finns, was established - it amounted to thirty conventional units. But the genetic differences between the Russian ethnic group and the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Veps, Karelians, Komi-Zyryans, Izhors), who traditionally lived in the north of our country, correspond to only three units.

Scientists are talking not just about the genetic unity of Russians with the Finno-Ugric peoples, but about their common origin. Moreover, the specific structure of the Y-chromosomes of these ethnic groups is largely identical to the peoples of Hindustan. But this is not surprising, given the direction of the settlement of the genetic ancestors of the Russian people.

Something again began to observe a surge of Ukroslavian vyalichiya, too often from the lips of dill patriots statements began to sound that they, black-browed, are the mega-Slavic people, but the Russians are only a Bulgarian-speaking chukhna and a mixture of different nations, and the Ukrainians are not an example of them just example of ethnic purity. Since the only witness to ethnic frequency can only be such a science as genetics, let's turn to it and check how large the proportion of Slavic and non-Slavic blood is in our two ethnic groups.

According to Y-DNA (male), the main Slavic marker is the haplogroup R1a1 (mutations M-458 and Z-280), inherited by the Slavs from the Proto-Indo-European ancestors - of all Indo-European peoples R1a1 is most often found among the Slavs, and it is among the northern Slavs - the southern Slavs are genetically closer to the Romanians and Albanians and R1a1 is rare among them. Data on the distribution of R1a1 among the Slavic peoples is given by Europedia:

As we can see, the representation of R1a1 (43%) among Ukrainians is lower than among Poles, Belarusians and Russians (46%), but higher than among Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs. Thus, "genetically pure" Slavic peoples do not exist at all, and the Ukrainians are slightly inferior to the Russians in terms of the representation of the Slavic fundamental principle.

This is the data that official genetics gives us. But if you do not trust the sampling and the conclusions of official science, then everyone can independently verify their ethnic origin through DNA analysis, for these purposes there is an international project in the field of molecular genealogy and population genetics -

The description of this project says: "Involving specialists from various sciences (historians, geneticists, linguists, archaeologists) for cooperation, genetic genealogists help to confirm or refute this or that hypothesis (ethnogenesis of peoples). Conclusions and assessments are largely comparative in nature, depend on the availability and completion of statistical data. This project is intended to contribute to this (accumulation of statistical data). "And these are the statistics, that is, the Y-DNA haplogroups, of real people from three Slavic countries accumulated the project:

Ukraine Russia Poland

R1a1 101(21.1%) 322(39.4%) 433(41.35%)

total 478 819 1049 members.

Amazing stats! Russia with its large non-Slavic population - let me remind you once again that these are data by country, not by ethnic groups- only slightly behind Poland in terms of the representation of the Slavic haplogroup R1a1 and twice overtook Ukraine, in which 97% of the population are Slavs. Almost a mockery is the assertion that Ukrainians, unlike Russians, were able to maintain the purity of the ethnic group - almost all genetic markers found among Russians were also found among Ukrainians, and the most exotic haplogroups are more often found precisely in the territory between the Don and San, and in greater numbers. And the myth about the supposedly Finno-Ugric origin of Russians is completely dispelled upon close examination: the main haplogroup of the Ural-speaking peoples - N1 - was found only in 14.7% of Russians; for comparison, E1b alone - the Western Balkan haplogroup of African origin - was found in 16.5% of Ukrainians.

In general, genetic studies show that the influence of the Balkans on the gene pool of Ukrainians was simply enormous - in the aggregate, the main haplogroups of the Balkans - E1b, I2, T and J2 - make up 37.5% of the Ukrainian gene pool according to official science (see the European table) and 38.7 % according to SEMARGL statistics - two to three times more than the Russians and Poles; however, Ukrainians could also get J2 from the Caucasus, through the Turkic tribes - the subclade J2a4b, characteristic of the Vainakh peoples, is often found in Ukraine.

(The map of representation of haplogroup I2 - Ukraine lies entirely in the distribution area of this haplogroup characteristic of the Balkans.)

(Haplogroup E1b1b and its distribution in Africa, Europe and Asia)

It is even more interesting to study the representation of East Asian (Mongoloid) haplogroups in the gene pool of the Slavs. Myth about Mongolian origin Russians, although already dilapidated, still remain popular among some unpretentious Ukrainians, but alas, genetics testify otherwise - the Mongoloid haplogroups C, O and especially Q are more often found not in Russia, but in Ukraine; according to Europedia, it is Ukraine that shows largest number haplogroup Q finds in Europe (4%, see table and map):

It should be noted here that in Ukraine there is almost only one subclade of this haplogroup -Q1b1, also found among the Uyghurs, Khazarians and 5% of Ashkenazi Jews - it seems that only one people could award related East Eurasian genes to both Jews and Ukrainians at once - they were Turkic Khazars.

Thus, according to SEMARGL statistics, the East Eurasian (Mongoloid) component of the gene pool (according to Y-DNA) is 5.64% for Ukrainians, 3.17% for Russians, 4% for Ukrainians and 1.5% for Russians. It is also interesting that the typical Negroid haplogroup E1a was also found among the Slavs, and in Ukraine, again, this is found more often. Western and South Asia also left their mark on the genetic history of the Slavs - haplogroups J1, R2 and H; according to SEMARGL, they generally give 12.34% of the Ukrainian and 6.06% of the Russian gene pools - and again, the Asian influence is more clearly manifested in Ukrainians, and not in Russians.

But the Russians, on the other hand, got more West European and North European genes, the R1b and I1 haplogroups together give 11% of the Russian and 7% of the Ukrainian gene pools according to Europedia, and 15.26% and 11.5% - according to SEMARGLE statistics.

(The prevalence of haplogroup R1b in Europe).

Another evidence of the Northern European influence on the Russian gene pool is the N1 haplogroup - this is a generic marker of the Finno-Ugric peoples, but its presence in the gene pool of the Baltic peoples is also great (they also inherited it from the Finno-Ugric peoples), it was also found among the Scandinavians - the study of the DNA of Russian nobles from the tribe of Rurik showed that the legendary Varangian was also a carrier of the haplogroup N1c1. The distribution of haplogroup N1 among Russians is uneven - it is most densely represented in the Russian North, on the lands of the former Novgorod and Pskov republics, in Central Russia it is already much less common, and in Southern Russia it is even less common than in Ukraine. According to Europedia, N1 in total gives 23% of the Russian gene pool (two times less than the Slavic haplogroup R1a1), according to SEMARGL - 14.7% (2.5 times less than R1a1). According to mtDNA (female), the Finno-Ugric influence is slightly more noticeable, but nothing more:

Boris Malyarchuk's table: Russian regional populations by mtDNA (upper table) and Y-DNA (lower) - as we can see, according to Y-DNA, only Russians of the Pskov region are close to the Finno-Ugric peoples and Balts, and the rest of the groups of Russians are closer to each other and others Slavic peoples; according to mtDNA, the genetic distance of Russian populations from each other is wider. The East Eurasian (Mongoloid) influence on the Russian mtDNA gene pool is also insignificant and is associated not with the Tatar or Mongolian, but with the Finno-Ugric influence:

Even in the Russian North, the East Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups in total give only 4-5%, and the Russians of the Center and the South have even slightly less Mongoloid mtDNA haplogroups than the Western Slavs. In total, according to a study by Malyarchuk and K "the East Eurasian component of mtDNA Russians is 1.9% , Ukrainians - 2.3% (gentis.ru/info/ mtdna-tutorial/freq). In general, the mtDNA gene pool of Russians and Ukrainians is quite close and is characterized by the predominance of haplogroups H, U, V, and J, typically European.

So, the representation of the Slavic haplogroup R1a1 among Russians is higher than among Ukrainians, and the representation of non-Slavic ones is lower. Of the extraneous influences in Russians, the genetic influence of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as Western and Northern Europe, is most noticeable, while the influence of the Balkans and Western and East Asia is more noticeable among Ukrainians - most likely the Asian genes went to the Ukrainians from the Turkic peoples, since the Turks of the Black Sea The Caspian steppes themselves have a genetic mixture of East and West Asia, the Caucasus and Europe. So make a conclusion which of the two Slavic peoples is more Slavic. In conclusion, I place one more table - the "average" faces of athletes from different European countries; don't you think that the faces of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian athletes are surprisingly similar?

In the depths of centuries

The human genome is a variable thing. In the course of the evolution of mankind, its haplogroups have undergone mutations more than once. Today, scientists have already learned to determine the approximate time when this or that mutation arose. So, American geneticists found out that one of these mutations occurred about 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born who had a different set of nucleotides from his father - he was assigned the genetic classification R1a1, which arose instead of the paternal R1a.

This mutation, unlike many others, proved to be viable. The R1a1 genus not only survived, but also settled in a significant part of the Eurasian continent. Currently, approximately 70% of the male population of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are carriers of the R1a1 haplogroup, and in old Russian cities this number reaches 80%. Thus, R1a1 serves as a kind of marker of the Russian ethnic group. It turns out that the blood of an ancient boy who lived in the late Neolithic era flows in the veins of most men in modern Russia.

Approximately 500 years after the birth of the haplogroup R1a1, the migration flows of its representatives spread to the east - beyond the Urals, to the south - to Hindustan and to the west - to the territory of modern European countries. The fact that the inhabitants of the Central Russian plain went far beyond their original range is also confirmed by archaeologists. Analysis of the bone remains of burials in Altai of the 1st millennium BC. e. showed that in addition to the Mongoloids, pronounced Caucasians also lived there.

There is no Tatar

In one of the issues of the popular science publication The American Journal of Human Genetics, an article was published about the research by the Russian-Estonian team of scientists of the gene pool of the Russian people. The findings of the researchers were quite unexpected. First: the Russian ethnos is heterogeneous by its genetic nature. One part of the Russians living in the central and southern regions of the country is close to the neighboring Slavic peoples, the other part - in the north of Russia - is genetically closely related to the Finno-Ugric peoples.

The researchers also draw attention to a slight difference in the genotype between the Russians on the one hand and the neighboring Slavic peoples - Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles - on the other. The difference between the southern and western Slavs from the inhabitants of the Russian North is more pronounced.

Special Markers

According to anthropologist Vasily Deryabin, the Russian genotype also has its own clear physiological markers. One of them is the predominance of light shades of eyes in Russians: gray, blue, gray-blue, blue. We have 45 percent of them, in Western Europe it is less - about 35 percent. Many among Russians and fair-haired. According to anthropologists, Russians with natural black hair color are no more than 5 percent. In Western Europe, the chance of meeting a black-haired one is 45%.

Northerners are closer

Research Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Anthropology. D.N. Anuchin Moscow State University conducted an in-depth study of the gene pool of the Russian people, during which a difference in the genotype between the Russians and our northern neighbors, the Finns, was established - it amounted to thirty conventional units. But the genetic differences between the Russian ethnic group and the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Veps, Karelians, Komi-Zyryans, Izhors), who traditionally lived in the north of our country, correspond to only three units.

Russian blood - the descendants of the Aryans.Haplogroup R1a1.

The scientific data obtained by American scientists, although not classified, have already been published in scientific journals, but, for strange reasons, a Conspiracy of Silence persists around them... What is this discovery? This is a mystery connected with the origin of the Russian people and the thousand-year historical path of the Slavic ethnos.
What is the essence of the discovery of American geneticists?

Genetic code- a method inherent in all living organisms to encode the amino acid sequence of proteins using a sequence of nucleotides. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, each person inherits half of the chromosomes from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation unchanged for thousands of years.

Geneticists call this set of DNA haplogroup.

DNA research has united all people on Earth into genealogical groups and marked them with letters. People of the same haplogroup have one common ancestor for them in distant prehistory.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup different from the haplogroups of other peoples. In fact, this is the genetic marker of the entire nation.
The goal is to trace the path of one ethnic group, one people over the millennia of its history.

DNA studies have shown that Asians and Europeans diverged about 40,000 years ago. Most scientists believe that about 10,000 or 8,000 years ago the Indo-Europeans still spoke the same language! Over time, the Indo-European community begins to fragment and migrate to different parts of the world.
American scientists found that 4,500 years ago, the people of the Central Russian Plain had a mutation in their R1a haplogroup, which resulted in a person with a new modification of R1a1, which turned out to be unusually hardy.

Approximately 5000 years ago, there was an archaeological Pit culture (more precisely, the Ancient Yamnaya cultural and historical community (3600-2300 BC) This archaeological culture of the Late Copper Age - Early Bronze Age. During the archaeological excavations of burial mounds in this area, human remains were found subclade from Y-DNA R1a1, copper and bronze tools were found, people believed in an afterlife.

A characteristic feature of the Yamnaya culture is the burial of the dead in pits under the mounds in the supine position, with bent knees. The bodies were covered in ochre. Burials in mounds were multiple, and were often made in different time. Fragments of animal bones (cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses) were also found. burial mounds characteristic of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Andronovo archaeological culture(2300 - 1000 BC) comes from an older Pit culture (3600 BC) and is the culture of the proto-Indo-European community. American scientists analyzed the ancient remains on the territory of the Andronovo archaeological culture(2300 - 1000 BC) and found the predominance of the subclade from Y-DNA R1a1. Out of 10 men, 9 people have Y-DNA R1a1a - a type of blond and fair-skinned people with blue (or green) eyes. The Maikop culture (3700-2500 BC), in the North Caucasus, is also represented by the haplogroup R1a1 and R1b1.

American geneticists have found that R1a Y-DNA subclades are common throughout Europe and northern India. The Aryans, who first settled in northern India, also influenced the building of statehood. ancient india dividing society into castes.

It is known that the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in northern India 3500 years ago. At that time in the north of India there was Harappan civilization, it was replaced by a more advanced Aryan civilization. The Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan, the Indo-Aryans appeared, and the civilization of the Saraswati river valley appeared. It is known that the Indo-Aryans spoke Vedic Sanskrit, the Rig Veda, the oldest part of the Vedas, is written in this language. The Aryans considered themselves to be high caste society - to the Brahmins - it was they who owned the secret knowledge (Rig-Veda) and secret language which the Indians did not know. Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Saescrit are two different languages.

In those days there was no concept of "Aryan race". Word Arias translated from other Ind. Arya, ari ̯ a meant "lord", "master of the house". With the prefix "a-" the word acquired a negative meaning: anārya - anarya - “non-Aryan”, “ignoble”, “barbarian” or “dasyu”, “robber, enemy, demon, alien”. The word "Arya" was never used in a racial or ethnic sense. "Arya" meant "spiritual", "noble person". Aristoi - aristoi - "the most noble", hence the word "aristocrat". Etymology words arya - ari ̯ a emanates roots of Vedic Sanskrit kars (ar), - “plow, cultivate the land”, and the word “Aryan”, in original meaning words, meant "tiller", in Old Russian preserved word "yell" - plow, "yell" - a plowman.

Vedic Sanskrit is the most ancient language, on which the Rig Veda is written (3900 BC). In Vedic Sanskrit are the origins of the Indo-European group of languages.

The founder of comparative-historical linguistics. William Jones (1746 - 1794) the creator of the theory of the Indo-European family of languages in 1786 said about Sanskrit: “No matter how ancient Sanskrit is, it has an amazing structure. Sanskrit, whatever its origin, reveals an amazing structure: being more perfect than Greek and richer than Latin, it is more refined than both.At the same time, it has such a noticeable similarity with these languages in the roots of verbs and grammatical forms that it could not have arisen by chance.The similarity is so strong that not a single philologist who has studied all three languages will doubt their origin from a common ancestor, perhaps no longer existing.

People with the haplogroup R1a1 then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists recreated from the bone remains appearance a young woman with the haplogroup R1a1, who lived several thousand years ago, turned out to be a portrait of a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

The connection between haplogroup R1a1 and speakers of Indo-European languages was noticed in the late 1990s. Spencer Wells and his colleagues concluded that R1a1 was widespread in the Caspian steppes.

Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up a high percentage among the male population of Russia (47), Ukraine (48) and Belarus (52, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. The haplogroup R1a1 has the greatest distribution in Eastern Europe: among Lusatian Germans (63 , Poles (57 .

R1a1 - is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group.

A set of DNA nucleotides called a haplo

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike the language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or mixed with genetic codes other peoples. The genetic hereditary biological sign is not washed off, therefore the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.

American geneticists began to take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of the Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, the ethnic focus of the Russian people arose 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain - this is the place of maximum concentration of R1a1, from here it came out and spread to the territories of Eastern Europe and Siberia. The question of that “area of the ancient Indo-European territory where the Slavs originated” remains controversial. (Lyubor Niederle).

The history of the development of haplogroups R1a and R1b are inextricably linked with each other.

Subclades R1a and R1b are closely associated with the spread of Indo-European languages, as evidenced by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in antiquity, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to India. Almost all of Europe (with the exception of Finland and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, the European part of Russia, southern Siberia, many areas around Central Asia(in particular, Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), not forgetting Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal.

The settlement of peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European languages, which are Subclades of haplogroups R1a and R1b settled to the west (from the Don to the Dniester, Danube) and to the east (in the Volga-Ural region).In the Pontic steppes, men of both haplogroups R1a and R1b probably lived.

In Poland, the owners of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%, and in England - the least (3.

It is known that the European tribal aristocracy has Aryan roots. One of the royal houses of Europe, the house of the Germanic Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsor is a branch, has Aryan roots. Windsor dynasty- the current ruling royal dynasty of Great Britain, a junior branch of the ancient Saxon house of Wettin (until 1917 the dynasty was called Saxe-Coburg-Gotha).
The Wettins (German Wettiner, English House of Wettin) are a German princely family, now represented by the Windsor dynasty, ruling in Great Britain, as well as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty of the kings of Belgium. The Wettin dynasty dominated for more than 800 years in the Central German space in the southeastern foothills of the Harz in Saxony in the 10th century. Vitekind, leader of the Saxons, who converted to Christianity under Charlemagne, is considered the legendary founder and ancestor
Vettinov

63% of Lusatian Germans - Lusatians - a national minority in Germany, have a haplogroupR1a1. It is known that 60 thousand German citizens have Serbian Lusatian roots: 40 thousand live in Upper Lusatia (Saxony) and 20 thousand live in Lower Puddle (Brandenburg).

the R1a1 group is "Russian" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4500 years ago.

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