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A.P. Chekhov. About the writer

In the 80s of the 19th century, when the story “The Horse Family” was created, cheerful and cheerful laughter reigned supreme in the works of A.P. Chekhov. This is partly due to the circumstances: the beginning of the 80s is not so favorable for the development of caustic satire. Censorship is tightened in the country as a result of the government reaction. The most successful is light and cheerful laughter at the small incidents of everyday everyday life. However, one cannot say that Chekhov's talent begins to develop in humorous magazines of an entertaining nature. The writer widely uses his knowledge in the field of Russian classics.

Chekhov's laughter at this time is hyperbolic, the grotesque is often used. However, there are also such stories where the authenticity of life is not violated. In such stories, the writer pays attention to everyday trifles, but snatches out the most significant and impressive ones. Nevertheless, the laughter of A.P. Chekhov is still cheerful and carefree. This is what happens in the story "Horse Name". Speaking about this work, researchers most often use the expression "warm humor".

As in many early stories by A.P. Chekhov, the subject of the image is a small everyday detail, a piece of life. "Major General Buldeev has a toothache." Then a whole story unfolds, worthless, but surprisingly important for the heroes of the story. For almost the whole day, all the inhabitants of Buldeev’s house painfully recalled the name of the doctor, who “talked his teeth - first class. It used to turn away to the window, whisper-even, spit - and as if by hand! Such power has been given to him ... ". But here's the bad luck - this healer went to live with his mother-in-law in Saratov. And for the heroes there is nothing surprising in the fact that the miracle doctor treats people from other cities “by telegraph”. General Buldeev was distrustful of Ivan Evseich's advice. Yes, the toothache was too strong, and he decides to send a telegram. And again, the obstacle is the memory of the clerk. He only remembers that the surname is "like a horse." For a whole day the crowd followed Ivan Evseich, inventing various options doctor's name.

Indeed, Chekhov's "warm humor" makes itself felt. Well, how not to smile at them - who come up with the name of a charlatan healer that no one needs; them - hoping for such an illusory healing? In the story there is no evil grin at the characters, no satirical ridicule, so characteristic of the later Chekhov. The author laughs at the tense and painful state of Ivan Evseich, who goes over in his mind the most diverse different variants. One can only say: “How little is needed for happiness!” at the sight of the clerk running towards the estate "with such speed, as if a mad dog was chasing him."

However, all the hard work of his memory was in vain: the tooth was pulled out by a doctor who arrived at the request of the general. The situation is comical through and through, riddled with sparkling laughter. The writer does not ridicule anyone, he simply describes a life incident that could happen to anyone. material from the site

A.P. Chekhov can rightly be called the successor of the traditions of N.V. Gogol. But Chekhov does not stop and develops his artistic method. And if Gogol had "laughter through tears", then Chekhov has "laughter to tears".

Plan

Major General Buldeev had a toothache.
The clerk's story about a healer from Saratov. Buldeev decides to send a telegram.
The clerk Ivan Evseich has forgotten the doctor's name, he only knows that it is connected with horses.
In the morning the general calls the doctor and pulls out the tooth.
The clerk remembers the surname, but too late.

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On this page, material on the topics:

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Chekhov horse surname which means "to feed with teeth"

Chekhov managed to create a story, the title of which became catch phrase. The phenomenon, when the word is spinning on the tongue, but cannot be remembered, is called the “horse name”. This speaks of the universal significance of creativity. this writer, part of which became the object of our analysis.

As you know, A.P. Chekhov had abilities not only in literature, but also in medicine. Doubts about the choice of the main activity made the author hesitate, perhaps that is why he signed his early stories pseudonym Antosh Chekhonte. The story "Horse Family" refers to just such a period of creativity. The work was published on July 7, 1885 in the Petersburg newspaper.

The reason for writing was an anecdote heard by the writer, where they recalled the bird's surname. It turned out that this is Verbin, and the associative series was explained by the fact that the bird sits on a willow.

Genre and direction

The direction of the first prose of Chekhov - natural school. IN early work the author continues gogol traditions, but in a special author's manner. This is manifested even at the level of searching for material for a work - an everyday situation, an anecdote. Another common feature is to ridicule the stereotypes of the behavior of people of certain positions and positions: officials, clerks, etc.

Genre - humorous story. In addition, Chekhov's interest in the European short story is reflected in the story "Horse Name", as evidenced by the parallel development of the everyday line (a toothache) and a paradoxical fact (the medicine man's surname).

The writer makes his story humorous and absurd, mostly a play on words. For example, a healer “feeds with his teeth”, “talks with his teeth”.

The story is not without folklore overtones: it is no coincidence that the clerk's name is Ivan, and his advice - to turn to a healer - can hardly be called wise.

The meaning of the name

The author competently builds his game with the reader. At the beginning, the sad situation of the retired Major General Buldeev is presented, then all possible and impossible methods of treatment are listed. And only in the second half of the story does a motif appear that goes back to the name - a horse surname.

Enumeration of guesses of heroes is one of the compositional bases. But the essence of the title lies not only in this.

In fact, the surname refers to the animal only indirectly. The characters mistakenly choose the goal, lose the right path - and this is the meaning of the story's title. Just as the forgotten name was not a horse, so the help was needed not from the healer, but traditional.

Main characters and their characteristics

The central character of the story Buldeev, major general retired. Chekhov, creating his heroes, also uses the vaudeville tradition, naming them speaking names. The consonance of the name of a person of such a high rank with a bulldozer works for a ridiculous decrease in his position. Buldeev is naive, trusting, he is driven to despair by incessant pain. An unpleasant situation reveals another property that discredits the name of the general - cowardice. If he had decided to immediately pull out a tooth, there would not have been this whole story around the healer.
clerk simple-minded, he sincerely wants to help. Selflessness can be identified as positive quality, but Ivan Evseich is stupid, and this is again a ridiculing component in the portrait of the hero.
In the medicine man, the traditional set of qualities of an official is humorously presented. He has a taste for vodka Ovsov contains a mistress. And the very transformation of an excise official into a healer speaks eloquently of many things.
Only doctor presented as exclusively positive hero, rationally thinking, honestly doing his job. Perhaps such an author's sympathy for the doctor is not accidental, because this profession is not alien to Chekhov himself.

Topics and issues

Professionalism. The situation described by Chekhov is absurd. The clerk is stupid, the general is cowardly, and the official becomes a healer. If in Buldeev his fear of pulling out a bad tooth is ridiculed, then in Ovsov it is the inaction of managers and business executives. Officials often promise only in words - they speak their teeth to their petitioners. In the same place, the healer literally does it, but is this what an excise official should do?
Superstition. The story contrasts the doctor and the healer. This conflict is not central, but Chekhov shows in The Horse Family all the pointlessness of postponing the necessary medical procedure. The author makes fun of how the major general, it would seem, man of sense, succumbs to the provocations of the clerk who believes in conspiracies.
Cowardice. Being afraid of an ordinary medical procedure, a person looks ridiculous and behaves stupidly. How can such a general defend the country if necessary? This problem is a cross-cutting one in Chekhov's work, his heroes are often afraid of trifles, but they do not see really terrible things.

Meaning

The idea of the story is self-discipline, the ability to pull yourself together in a difficult situation. Otherwise, you will have to suffer in vain and make others suffer. So, the clerk does absolutely unnecessary work - he remembers the name of the healer, and all family members try in vain to help him with this. the main problem the heroes of the story is that they cannot concentrate on the main thing, as a result of which everyone does something wrong. This applies both directly to the events of the narrative, as well as to what they do in life.

The main idea of the story is obvious: each person must responsibly engage in his own business, only in this way will order be established. But as long as generals are afraid of doctors, healers talk their teeth as officials, and clerks chat in the workplace, everything will go topsy-turvy, as the author shows. The way to get rid of all this vulgar senselessness lies through honest work.

What does it teach?

The story teaches us not to retreat from the inevitable. A person should overcome his fears and temptations in favor of correct, reasonable actions. Chekhov calls not to cheat, not to resort to charlatanism, but to do their job conscientiously.

In addition, a person should be in his place: brave - in generals, reasonable - in clerks, commitment - in officials. If personal qualities do not correspond to the profession, then such a ridiculous and awkward situation is obtained, as in the “Horse Family”. What would happen if the doctor did not cope with his duties? Perhaps this story contains personal searches and doubts of Chekhov himself, who has not yet decided which activity, medical or writing, to choose as the main one.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

desire to help the sick? What does it say?

(In this case, Chekhov shows his contemporary life, in which people occupy an unequal position.

I. Sher writes: “But Chekhov did not always laugh merrily; very often his stories, as if simple and ordinary, about simple and ordinary affairs and days, will only seem ridiculous. One has only to think about them, to look deeper into them, and it becomes sad. Here is the story "Horse Name" ... Think carefully, and behind this funny story you will see such a dull and gray life of such rude, ignorant people that surely none of you would like to live with them?

Do you agree with the opinion of I. Sher?

Are the people in the story really rude and ignorant?

Remember the composition of the story - an anecdote (there are no descriptions, reasoning, and the role of dialogue becomes key. With this in mind, choose from the proposed list the means that is most effective for revealing the character of our hero).

Means of revealing the character of the hero.

Prove by text that the general

capricious -

self-confident -

treats servants with contempt, uses abusive harsh expressions.

Make a conclusion. What is it like to live next to such a person. Would you like to live like this? Is it funny or sad?

The general is suffering from a toothache, and we are experiencing

pity him? (The writer does not seek to arouse sympathy for him, he makes the reader laugh at the comical situation in which Buldeev finds himself).

How does the general feel about conspiracies? (counts them

nonsense and quackery), and he impatiently demands from the clerk that he remember the “Horse name” of the healer, categorically refuses the doctor’s offer to pull out the tooth, and then sends for him himself, as for a savior).

Which of the servants is closest to the master? (Bailiff)

Can he be called a comic character?

Why? (Gives advice to turn to a healer, takes the liberty to suggest the text of the dispatch. Then he loses his courage and swagger, feels fear of an angry general (he slowly left, sighed heavily), remembering his last name when she was no longer needed, regains self-confidence and hope to deserve position of the general).

What ways of creating a comic do you know? (hyperbole, inconsistency, surprise). Give examples.

Limitation, ignorance of the clerk

excellently rendered by Chechov. Through the grammatically incorrect speech of Ivan Evseich. Prove it with text.

Ignorance - a proposal to contact the excise, so that he would cure his teeth over the phone.

Speech errors: fed with teeth

Violation of the logic in the presentation:

("served excise ... teeth spoke")

Assertion mismatch

The excise taxer has "power given", and praise him with the fact that he was fired from the excise tax.

Do you agree with the statement that A.P. Chekhov is one of the brilliant masters of the word?

Chekhov said about language:

“The language should be simple and elegant…”

“The phrase“ (...) must be done - this is art. It is necessary to throw out the superfluous, to clear the phrase from “as far as”, “with the help”, it is necessary to take care of its musicality and not to allow “became” and “stopped” in one phrase almost next to each other.

“I don't want to accept stories without blots. You have to rub hard. In a letter to Gorky, Chekhov gave the following advice: “... when reading the text, cross out the definitions of nouns and verbs where possible ... It is clear when I write“ A man sat down on the grass; it is understandable because it is clear and does not hold attention. On the contrary, it is incomprehensible and heavy for the brain when I write: “A tall, narrow-chested, medium-sized man with a red beard sat down on the green grass, already crushed by pedestrians, sat silently, looking around timidly and timidly.”

noun ch noun

The man sat down on the grass.

What are the favorite parts of speech used by Chekhov (noun and verb). The phrase must be precise and understandable - this is the second feature of Chekhov's style.

Chekhov said: "Brevity is the sister of talent"

What is another feature of Chekhov's handwriting?

(Handwriting - manner of writing) The fourth feature is brevity.

Guys, in the composition of the story - an anecdote, there are almost no descriptions, reasoning, and the role of dialogue becomes key.

Dramatization (trained students)

What is the significance of this dialogue in the development of the plot?

(Dialogue is the beginning of the action)

What role in the story - an anecdote does

joke word?

(It attracts attention either by the brilliance of wit, or, on the contrary, by its absurdity, it takes part in the development

Find the climax in the plot of the story.

Take a look at the textbook illustration

(p. 283). Find a quote that matches the Kukryniksy illustration.

("Tormenting thoughts" of the clerk and the doctor's neutral behavior, the joy of the clerk and the uselessness of turning to the excise)

Find the denouement in the plot of the story (2 cookies)

Chekhov's ending is always unexpected. This is the II style feature.

Does the character differ in the situation of life

casus (casus-complex confusing case) from oneself to ordinary life? (Answer: charlatanism is different - with contempt brought 2 figs)

Did the character manage to overcome the curious situation

without moral loss? How did he return to normal life?

(He returned to his existence, to his stable ideas about the world, which he abandoned out of fear of a momentary test. Buldeev himself created and himself overcame an anecdotal situation, showing 2 figs with contempt).

It turns out that the story is not only funny, but also serious. This reminds us that under all circumstances "among people one must be aware of one's dignity."

With his work, Chekhov asserted not only best qualities people, but also their shortcomings.

Is laughter a serious matter?

When you laugh, your body rejoices. Fifteen muscles in the face and several dozen in the body first contract and then relax. The pulse accelerates, breathing quickens, the blood is enriched with oxygen. The brain is also on the alert - it reduces sensitivity to pain, as endorphins are produced - substances that kill pain and give pleasure. It is no coincidence that some doctors introduce jokes and laughter into the treatment of various diseases.

Did Chekhov know about this? (Of course he was a doctor).

Summary of the lesson.

What did you learn in class? What did you like? Let's go back to the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Homework.

Writing a story on your own is a joke.

A.P. Chekhov said that a person will become better if he is shown what he really is. They say the writer has always experienced heartache for humanity. He expressed it in the depiction of social and moral situations, using comic and satirical devices. About this early humorous stories Chekhov. He often portrayed a way of life that was presented as something ridiculous, and therefore funny. In these small-scale works, there is an external comic (the comic of the situation), which resembles an anecdote.

An example of such prose is the story "Horse Name". His analysis clearly characterizes early prose author. Story line extremely simple: General Buldeev had a toothache. He tried everything to no avail. folk remedies. The clerk Ivan Evseevich offers to turn to a person who heals with conspiracies, even "by telegraph". Since this "doctor" lives in another city, you need to send him a telegram. But the clerk forgot the name of the addressee. He claimed that the surname "horse". All household members began to offer their options, Ivan Evseevich painfully recalled. In the end, the doctor removed the tooth, and the clerk, under random circumstances, remembered the last name - Ovsov.

The genre of the text can be defined as an anecdote story (a work of topical content containing a playful coloring). In this story, as in a joke, an unexpected ending. It is she who emphasizes his humorous nature.

The composition of the work is characterized by an impetuous beginning (a feature of Chekhov's style), the absence of reasoning and descriptions. The key is the role of dialogues. This is the link to the action. The denouement is two figs, which the general expressively demonstrates to the clerk.

The heroes of the story are ordinary, unremarkable people: a retired major general, a general's wife, their children, a clerk, and servants. The general is tormented by a tooth, but he does not cause pity. The writer makes you laugh at the current situation, at his comical position.

Comic are the ways in which they offer to get rid of pain. Coming up with variants of a “horse surname” also looks comical: Kobylkin, Loshadkin, Zherebchikov, Konyavsky, Uzdechkin, etc. Here the author makes extensive use of associativity, but at the same time respects a sense of proportion.

In general, the comic is the main artistic technique story. The author uses the discrepancy between external manifestations and the inner essence. So, the clerk many times recalls the name of the so-called "doctor", more and more distorting the different options. A real name Ovsov can only conditionally be considered a "horse". Or, for example, this: major general, but afraid; despises conspiracies, and is going to treat a tooth by phone; excise "strength given" and was fired from office. The story also uses such methods of the comic: hyperbole (the commotion in the house is exaggerated), surprise (a situation in which a surname is remembered).

Of particular importance are anecdotal words, speech errors: "teeth and feeds", "if which","uses at home", "use", "scold", "smile wildly" etc. Lively speech complements the characters of the characters.

The retired major general himself created, and then he himself overcame (called the doctor) an anecdotal situation, demonstrating two figs to the clerk. The author shows us a capricious, ignorant general (and this is the title of the highest command staff). Buldeev uses swear words, treats the servants with disdain. And involuntarily the question arises: who are the judges? This makes me sad. So there are two concepts side by side in Chekhov - comic and tragic. They make you think about life, about its moral and social issues.

Analysis of the story by A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
"Tosca", analysis of Chekhov's work, essay

Chekhov the master ...... (humorous story) ... artist ... (life)

Epigraph : Is laughter a serious matter?

Have an idea about the features ... (style) ...... Chekhov;
To be able to identify (ways)......... creating a humorous narrative;
To try to understand: is it capable of (laughter).........become a source of...(health).......

A master is a specialist who has achieved high art in his field.

An artist is a person who does something with great artistic taste, skill.

Orgmoment

We are glad of our new meeting. Good day and good mood everyone.

By the way, about your mood... How do you usually feel in the morning? Write in the margins your mood at the beginning of the lesson.

I'll try to cheer you up.

There is a crowd on the street. A man approaches and asks:

What's happened?

Yes, the monument is open.

Who wrote "Mumu"?

No, Turgenev wrote Mumu.

Wonderful! “Muma” Turgenev wrote, and a monument to some Chekhov is being opened.

Here you are smiling.

Determine the genre of this text. (Joke)

An anecdote is a short story of topical content with a humorous or satirical coloring and an unexpectedly witty ending. Sometimes it can become the basis of a literary plot.

What makes a joke funny, gives it a humorous coloring? (Witty ending).

The anecdote, no doubt, came up with a witty man. But let's look at the text.

In what form is it presented? (in dialogue form)
What is a dialogue? What does it consist of?
How many people are in the conversation?
Can we characterize them based on their speech? Why? (Yes. Speech is a means of characterizing heroes.)
Reread the last line.
Can this person be called witty? (No, he is an ignorant person, poorly educated, uncultured)

Mark these words in the margins. Perhaps they will still be useful to us.

For some reason, I felt sad. Who shares my feelings? Those. you are sad too... But why?

(Shame on the people who......... Shame on Chekhov)

Let's try to correct this injustice.

But Chekhov is also a playwright, his playwriting was born along with the birth of the Moscow Art Theater. "The Seagull", "Three Sisters", "The Cherry Orchard" are staged almost everywhere. Surprisingly, he fit into the cultures of peoples with a special national identity. In Japan, it is valued, perhaps, more than in our country. The inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun taste the soft lyricism of his plays, the twilight wilderness, like the delicate aroma of nectar.

You just laughed, and now you're thinking. Where is the line between funny and tragic? And does it exist at all?

It's time, however, to voice the topic of our lesson. Do you have any suggestions?

And who is Chekhov? (writer)

Good writer?

And if a person is talented, knows his business perfectly, what synonyms can replace the word writer? ( master, artist).

Let's test your guesses!

Chekhov-master ........., artist ..........

There are supporting words, will we try to restore the goals?

Goals:

Have an idea about the features ......... Chekhov.
Be able to identify ......... creating a humorous story.
Repeat ......... (means) of revealing the character of a literary hero.
Try to understand if ......... is capable of becoming a source ..........

Determine the genre of the work. (joke story)

Who are the heroes of the story?

(Major General, Buldeev, clerk, cook Petka, general's wife, servants, children)

Major General is the rank or rank of the highest command of the army (the first seniority rank of general).

How does the story begin?

Read out. (“The retired Major General Buldeev has a toothache”)

Notice the story starts off fast

. The reader is immediately brought up to date. This is the first feature of Chekhov's style.

Imagine that the teeth ached not at the master, but at one of the servants, for example, at the cook Petka. Was such a commotion even possible? Such

universal expression of sympathy; desire to help the sick? What does it say?

(In this case, Chekhov shows his contemporary life, in which people occupy an unequal position.

What is the name of this trope?

I. Sher writes: “But Chekhov did not always laugh merrily; very often his stories, as if simple and ordinary, about simple and ordinary affairs and days, will only seem ridiculous. One has only to think about them, to look deeper into them, and it becomes sad. Here is the story “The Horse Name”... Think carefully, and behind this funny story you will see such a boring and gray life of such rude, ignorant people that surely none of you would like to live with them?

Do you agree with the opinion of I. Sher?

Are the people in the story really rude and ignorant?

Remember the composition of the anecdote story (there are no descriptions, reasoning, and the role of dialogue becomes key. With this in mind, choose from the proposed list the means that is most effective for revealing the character of our hero).

Means of revealing the character of the hero.

Prove by text that the general

rude -
capricious -
self-confident -
treats servants with contempt, uses abusive harsh expressions.

Make a conclusion. What is it like to live next to such a person. Would you like to live like this? Is it funny or sad?

The general is suffering from a toothache, and we feel sorry for him? (The writer does not seek to arouse sympathy for him, he makes the reader laugh at the comical situation in which Buldeev finds himself).

How does the general feel about conspiracies?

(He considers them nonsense and quackery), and he impatiently demands from the clerk that he remember the “Horse name” of the healer, categorically refuses the doctor’s offer to pull out a tooth, and then sends for him himself, as for a savior).

Which of the servants is closest to the master?

(Bailiff)

Can he be called a comic character?

(Gives advice to turn to a healer, takes the liberty to suggest the text of the dispatch. Then he loses his courage and swagger, feels fear of an angry general (he slowly left, sighed heavily), remembering his last name when she was no longer needed, regains self-confidence and hope to deserve position of the general).

What ways of creating a comic do you know? (hyperbole, inconsistency, surprise). Give examples.

The narrow-mindedness, ignorance of the clerk is excellently conveyed by Chechov. Through the grammatically incorrect speech of Ivan Evseich. Prove it with text.

Ignorance - a proposal to contact the excise, so that he would cure his teeth over the phone.

Speech errors

: fed with teeth

Violation of the logic in the presentation:

(“he served as an exciseman ... he spoke with his teeth”)

Assertion mismatch

The excise "force is given", and praise him with the fact that he was fired from the excise.

Do you agree with the statement that A.P. Chekhov - one of the brilliant masters of the word?

Chekhov said about language:

“The language should be simple and elegant...”

“The phrase” (...) must be done - this is art. It is necessary to throw out the superfluous, to clear the phrase from “as far as”, “with the help”, it is necessary to take care of its musicality and not to allow “became” and “stopped” in one phrase almost next to each other.

“I don't want to accept stories without blots. You have to rub hard. In a letter to Gorky, Chekhov gave the following advice: “... when reading the text, cross out the definitions of nouns and verbs where possible... It is clear when I write “A man sat down on the grass; it is understandable because it is clear and does not hold attention. On the contrary, it is incomprehensible and hard for the brain when I write: “A tall, narrow-chested, medium-sized man with a red beard sat down on the green grass, already trampled by pedestrians, sat silently, looking around timidly and timidly.”

Practical work

What are the favorite parts of speech used by Chekhov (noun and verb). The phrase must be precise and understandable - this is the second feature of Chekhov's style.

Chekhov said

: "Brevity is the soul of wit"

What is another feature of Chekhov's handwriting?

(Handwriting - the manner of writing) The fourth feature is brevity.

Guys, in the composition of the story - an anecdote, there are almost no descriptions, reasoning, and the role of dialogue becomes key.

Play a role but matter

Dramatization (trained students)

What is the significance of this dialogue in the development of the plot?

(Dialogue is the beginning of the action)

What role does the anecdotal word play in the story?

(It attracts attention either by the brilliance of wit, or, on the contrary, by its absurdity, it takes part in the development of the plot)

Find the climax in the plot of the story.

Pay attention to the illustration of the textbook (p. 283).

Who are the Kukrvniksy?

Find a quote that matches the Kukryniksy illustration.

("Tormenting thoughts" of the clerk and the doctor's neutral behavior, the joy of the clerk and the uselessness of turning to the excise)

What inconsistencies make the scene comical?

Find the denouement in the plot of the story (2 cookies)

Chekhov's ending is always unexpected. This is the II style feature.

Does the character in the situation of a life incident (an incident is a complicated complicated case) differ from himself in ordinary life? (Answer: charlatanism is different - with contempt brought 2 figs)

Did the character manage to overcome the curious situation without moral loss? How did he return to normal life?

It turns out that the story is not only funny, but also serious. This reminds us that under all circumstances, “one must be aware of one’s dignity among people.”

With his work, Chekhov asserted not only the best qualities of people, but also their shortcomings.

incident- complex confusing case

Is laughter a serious matter?

Did Chekhov know about this? (Of course he was a doctor).

Summary of the lesson.

What did you learn in class? What did you like? Let's go back to the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Homework.

Write your own anecdote story.

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