What type of musical instrument is the zurna? The oldest musical instrument, or what a zurna is, modern oboe reeds are very similar to it, which not only makes them related instruments, but also suggests that the zurna has become.
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What type of musical instrument is the zurna?
IN folk music when performing, 2 zurnas are applied at once. Weaving sound is produced by nasal breathing. To play, the instrument is placed in front of you with a slight inclination. For short music, the musician breathes through his mouth. With prolonged sounding, the performer must breathe through the nose. Zurna has a range from "B-flat" of a small octave to "to" of the third octave.
Zurna (surnay, Karach.-Balk. sarnay, raw, literally - a festive flute) - a reed woodwind musical instrument with a double reed, common in the Near and Middle East, the Caucasus, India, Asia Minor, the Balkans, Central Asia.
- brass
- strings
- drums
- keyboards
As you can see, the correct answer to the question of the game is: brass.
On this moment zurna is one of the instruments brass band. At the same time, it can play the role of a solo instrument.
This is a festive flute, common in the Near and Middle East, Transcaucasia, India, Anatolia, the Balkans, Iran, and Central Asia. Like any flute, it has the appearance of a tube with holes and a small beep. Usually there are up to nine holes on the tube, one of which is on the opposite side.
A close relative of the zurna is the oboe, which has the same double reed. Note that the oboe is still longer than the zurna, it has more side holes, and, in addition, it is equipped with valve mechanics, like a clarinet, flute, bassoon. However, the zurnas and the double oboe reed are so similar in terms of the arrangement of the zurnas that sometimes zurnachi musicians buy an oboe reed in a store for their instrument.
Zurna has a special specific sound. Its range is up to one and a half octaves, and the timbre is bright and piercing.
Zurna sounds good as part of an instrumental ensemble. Musicians often perform in threes. The first musician is called the mouth (or master), he plays the main melody. The second musician, as it were, complements the playing of the first and echoes him with lingering sounds. The third musician plays percussion instrument and performs a varied rhythmic basis.
The oldest zurna is more than three thousand years old. During excavations on the territory of the Armenian Highlands, the oldest copy of the zurna was discovered. It is known that such a tool exists in Ancient Greece. He accompanied gymnastic exercises, theatrical performances, sacrifices, military campaigns. True, it had a different name then - avlos, but it differed little from the current zurna.
The basis for the manufacture of zurna is a tree - apricot, walnut or mulberry. The diameter of the tool barrel is about twenty millimeters. The tool expands downwards to sixty millimeters in diameter. The average length of a zurna is three hundred millimeters.
A bushing (“masha”) is inserted into the upper end of the barrel. Its length is about one hundred millimeters. It is carved from willow, walnut or apricot wood. It is the sleeve that regulates the setting of the plate. The mouthpiece of the zurna is made of dry reeds, its length is ten millimeters.
The performer blows air through the mouthpiece and thus sounds are obtained. The zurna range is quite large for such small tool- from "B-flat" of a small octave to "to" of the third octave. However, a professional musician can extend this range to several sounds. Experienced performers know how to make the zurna sing softly and gently.
Zurna is a folklore instrument, it is widely used during folk festivals in the open air. Zurna, as a rule, is a part of ensembles of wind instruments, but can also be a solo instrument. In such cases, it is used to perform some dance melodies. Very often in folk music a duet of these instruments sounds. Then one zurna leads the melody, and the other draws low long sounds. It turns out a very original melody, sometimes complicated by the fact that zurnachi can draw bourdon sounds as much as they like: while air is being consumed from the mouth, they inhale air into the lungs with their nose. This skill comes after a thorough training.
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It is a wooden tube with a socket and several (usually 8-9) holes (one of which is on the opposite side). Zurna is closely related to the oboe (has the same double reed) and is considered one of its predecessors.
Story
Many varieties of zurna have found wide distribution among the peoples of the Middle East, the Caucasus and China. In one of the most ancient places of human residence, on the territory of Mingachevir, during archaeological excavations, 4 copies of zurna made from deer antlers were discovered. It is believed that these tools were made 3 thousand years ago.
Description
Zurna is mainly carved from apricot, walnut or wood. The barrel of the tool, having a diameter of 20 mm at the upper end, expands downwards to 60-65 mm in diameter. The total length of the tool is 302-317 mm.
7 holes are drilled on the front side of the barrel, and one on the back. A bushing (“masha”) is inserted into the upper end of the trunk, having a length of 120 mm and is machined from wild willow, walnut or apricot. The purpose of the bushing is to adjust the setting of the insert. The mouthpiece, made in a special way from reeds that grew in a dry place, is 7-10 mm long. To extract sound from the instrument, the performer draws air into the mouth cavity and blows it out in the appropriate way through this mouthpiece.
The range of the zurna covers sounds from “b flat” of a small octave to “do” of the third octave; with the skill of the performer, this range can be extended to several more sounds. These sounds among the performers are referred to as "sefir seslar".
The zurna is mainly used for sample performance. folk music during folk festivals in the open air. In history, there were such varieties of this instrument as “gara zurna”, “arabi zurna”, “dzhura zurna”, “adjami zurna”, “gaba zurna”, “shekhabi zurna”. Zurna, as a rule, is part of ensembles of wind instruments. As a solo instrument, the zurna is used in ensembles or orchestras to perform some dance melodies, including "dzhangi" and other musical samples.
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Notes
Links
- Solovyov N. F. Zurna // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing Zurn
This ended (or rather, was exterminated) the most gifted dynasty in Europe, which brought light and strength to the unenlightened European people. As you can see, Isidora, cowards and traitors at all times did not dare to fight openly, knowing for sure that they never had, and will never have, even the slightest chance of winning honestly. But on the other hand, with lies and meanness, they defeated even the strongest, using their honor and conscience in their favor ... without worrying about their own “perishing in a lie” soul. Thus, having destroyed the "interfering enlightened ones", the Thinking Dark ones then came up with a "history" that pleased them. And the people for whom such a “history” was created immediately accepted it with ease, without even trying to think ... This, again, is our Earth, Isidora. And I am sincerely sad and hurt that I can’t make her “wake up” ...My heart suddenly ached bitterly and painfully ... So, nevertheless, at all times there were bright and strong people, courageously, but hopelessly fighting for the happiness and future of mankind! And they all, as a rule, died... What was the reason for such a cruel injustice? death?
– Tell me, Sever, why do the purest and strongest always die? life, would they listen to at least one of those who fought so fiercely for them?! Are you really right, and the Earth is so blind that it is too early to root for it?!.. Is it too early to fight?..
Sadly shaking his head, Sever smiled affectionately.
– You yourself know the answer to this question, Isidora... But you won’t give up, even if such a cruel truth frightens you? You are a Warrior and you will remain so. Otherwise, you would betray yourself, and the meaning of life would forever be lost to you. We are what we ARE. And no matter how hard we try to change, our core (or our foundation) will still remain the same as our ESSENCE really is. After all, if a person is still "blind" - he still has a hope to see the light someday, right? Or if his brain is still asleep, he may still wake up someday. But if a person is inherently "rotten" - then no matter how good he tries to be, his rotten soul still crawls out one day ... and kills his every attempt to look better. But if a Person is truly honest and courageous, neither the fear of pain nor the most evil threats will break him, since his soul, his ESSENCE, will forever remain as brave and as pure, no matter how mercilessly and cruelly he suffers. But his whole misfortune and weakness lies in the fact that since this Man is truly Pure, he cannot see betrayal and meanness even before it becomes obvious, and when it is not too late to do something ... He cannot foresee, since these low feelings are completely absent in him. Therefore, the brightest and most courageous people, Isidora, will always perish on Earth. And this will continue until EVERY earthly person begins to see clearly and understands that life is not given for nothing, that one must fight for the beautiful, and that the Earth will not become better until he fills it with his goodness and decorates it with his labor, no matter how small or insignificant it may be.
But as I already told you, Isidora, this will have to wait a very long time, because so far a person thinks only about his personal well-being, without even thinking why he came to Earth, why he was born on it ... For every LIFE , no matter how insignificant it may seem, comes to Earth with a specific purpose. For the most part - to make our common HOUSE better and happier, more powerful and wiser.
- You think, ordinary person ever interested in the common good? Indeed, for many people this concept is completely absent. How to teach them, Sever? ..
– This cannot be taught, Isidora. People should have a need for Light, a need for Good. They must want to change themselves. For what is given by force, a person instinctively tries to quickly reject, without even trying to understand anything. But we digress, Isidora. Do you want me to continue the story of Radomir and Magdalena?
I nodded in the affirmative, deeply regretting that I could not have a conversation with him so simply and calmly, without worrying about the last minutes of my crippled life allotted to me by fate and not thinking with horror about the trouble looming over Anna ...
The Bible says a lot about John the Baptist. Was he really with Radomir and the Knights of the Temple? His image is so surprisingly good that sometimes it made one doubt whether John was a real figure? Can you answer, Sever?
Sever smiled warmly, apparently remembering something very pleasant and dear to him...
– John was wise and kind, like a big warm sun... He was a father to all those who went with him, their teacher and friend... He was valued, obeyed and loved. But he was never that young and surprisingly handsome young man, as artists usually painted him. John at that time was already an elderly sorcerer, but still very strong and persistent. Gray-haired and tall, he looked more like a mighty epic warrior than an amazingly handsome and gentle young man. He wore very long hair, as well as all the others who are with Radomir.
Zurna - musical instrument rich history. This word is found in many languages: Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish and even Persian. It literally translates as "holiday flute". This tool is very common in the countries of Asia Minor, the Middle and Near East, Central Asia, India and the Caucasus. Instruments related to the zurna existed in almost all countries of the world, from Japan and China to the Balkans.
What is zurna
It is a hollow wooden tube with a fairly wide socket and several holes (usually 8-9). One of the holes is on the back, like a recorder.
The Armenian zurna is no different from the Indian one. This is very interesting, usually musical instruments undergo different countries changes, they are adjusted to the music of one or another people, but not in the case of zurna.
Range
But the zurna has a double reed, modern oboe reeds are very similar to it, which not only makes them related instruments, but also suggests that the zurna became the predecessor of the oboe. In addition, she has a bright and piercing timbre, which also puts her on a par with such instruments as the pity and cor anglais.
Zurna is a musical instrument with a range of one and a half octaves, and, importantly, both in the diatonic and chromatic scales. The lowest note that can be played on the zurn is B-flat of a small octave, and the top note is considered to be up to the third octave, but it is possible to expand the range by a few more tones. This requires special skill, and these notes beyond the usual range are called "sefir seslar" by performers.
About tree
If you ask about what a zurna is, music masters, they will say that it is wooden. Therefore, the most important thing in it is wood. As a rule, zurna is made from mulberry, hazel or apricot. At the upper end (where the cane is attached) the tube has a diameter of 20 mm, and at the bottom it expands sharply to 60-65 mm. In this case, the total length usually ranges from 30 to 32 centimeters. Also in the design there is an essential detail - "masha". This is a bushing usually made from the same wood (but wild willow may be used) and is inserted into the upper end of the instrument, allowing the blade to be tuned. The mouthpiece is made of reeds and has a length of seven to ten millimeters, which is almost half as long as that of a modern oboe.
Story
What is zurna can be judged from archaeological excavations. If you believe them, then it existed already three thousand years ago: a find on the territory of modern Mingachevir, the fourth largest city in Azerbaijan, dates back to this age. Archaeologists have found four copies of the zurna, but the material was not wood, but deer antler. Copies of a related instrument, the balaban, were also found there.
The musician who plays the zurna is called zurnachi. "Usta" is a zurnachi playing a melody in an ensemble. As a rule, the group consists of three musicians, and the second zurnachi plays lingering, main notes in harmony, which makes the music related to Scottish and Irish music, where bagpipe bourdons accompany the melody with continuous monotonous sounds that create a chord. The third musician in the ensemble is the drummer, he creates a complex, intricate rhythm. In such ethnic ensembles, archaic ones, such as nagara or dhol, are used, which are large or medium drums. The drummer can beat the rhythm with one hand or use sticks.
Varieties
The question of what zurna is cannot do without a story about its varieties. As a rule, the differences between the species are insignificant and do not affect the specifics of sound extraction. Gara zurna, jura zurna, shekhabi zurna and some others are especially famous.
The zurna was commonly used for playing outdoors, due to its piercing timbre and unpretentious weather. Zurnachi alone or in an ensemble played music for rhythmic, fast dances, but indoors they preferred zurna balaban or duduk - related reed wooden wind instruments, but with a softer, velvety and mesmerizing sound. They are somewhat different from the zurna: they do not have a wide bell, the wood is more capricious, and the cane is also much wider. However, all related instruments have similar playing techniques, so it is not difficult for a skilled zurnachi to master several instruments. In 2005 music Armenian duduk was listed by UNESCO as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage.
Now zurna is used to perform folklore, for example, in mughamat, one of the genres of traditional Azerbaijani music, as well as during outdoor folk festivals, when dancing melodies, such as jangi, are required. In such folklore musical samples zurna is usually the soloist in an orchestra or ensemble.
Zurna - reed woodwind instrument
Zurna -reed woodwind musical instrument with a double reed, common in the Near and Middle East, the Caucasus, India, Asia Minor, the Balkans, Central Asia. Persian name— " surnay", literally translated as - festive flute. The zurna is closely related to the oboe, has the same double reed and is considered one of its predecessors, although it sounds much more piercing and expressive. This ancient tool now widely used in Armenia and Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In different countries, zurna is made in different ways, they can differ in their shape, local materials and wood species (apricot, mulberry, cherry, walnut and others)
In Armenia, zurna is made from apricot wood. The instrument is a wooden tube smoothly expanding towards one end with nine holes for playing - eight on the front and one on the back. The dimensions of the tool can be from 320 to 340 mm in length, the diameter of the wide part of the zurna is about 55-60 mm. The range of its sound is small - about one and a half octaves, and the timbre is bright and piercing. Therefore, they usually play the zurn in the open air, accompanying folk dances, festive ceremonies and solemn processions. As a rule, one zurnachi (the so-called performer on the zurna) plays a melody, and the other echoes him with long drawn-out sounds. There is also a third musician in this ensemble: he beats out a complex, whimsical rhythm on a percussion instrument (dhole). In Armenian folklore, the zurna is often mentioned as a favorite instrument of various characters, sometimes endowed with magical properties.
Pku - Armenian horn
Pku- an unusual Armenian reed wind instrument that adorns any composition in ethnic style, not to mention the performance of folk music.
If we compare the pka with other wind instruments, then we can call it something in between zurnoy And duduk, but, however, such a comparison is unlikely to be correct.
The basis of the originality of pku is the combination of materials from which it is made: it is the horn of a young bull or buffalo and the wood of an apricot tree. This combination allows you to achieve an exclusive, unique sound created by skillfully selected materials and the shape of the instrument. Apricot wood gives an unusual, incomparable resonance, and its use can be considered a feature of Armenian wind instruments. The horn of a young bull does not have a very large diameter, so the distribution of the “soft” resonance from the apricot tube with holes occurs evenly.
Compared to the pku, the duduk sounds softer, and the zurna, on the contrary, is more expressive, so there is literally nothing to replace the Armenian horn! Of the classical wind instruments, the English oboe is closest to the pka and zurna in terms of timbre and sound features, but in terms of expression armenian instruments are far superior to calm oboes.The number of holes on the PC can vary from five to seven or even eight, depending on the capabilities of the tool. You can adjust the PC only manually, if you carefully, literally to microscopic dimensions, expand the holes in the PC tube. You can entrust such a responsible procedure only to a qualified master.
How to take care of the instrument?
In order for the pku to serve for a long time, it must be carefully looked after, then the sound of this instrument will be close to perfection. High temperature and high humidity are strictly contraindicated for this tool, so you need to store the pack in an unsealed case with ventilation holes, in a cool, dry place. To prevent drying out, the wooden part of the pacu can be treated with fresh walnut oil. The technology is as follows: put a few kernels of ripe walnuts, peeled, into a piece of soft natural cloth (it is advisable to use soft, lint-free material). After that, the nuts are softened with a hammer or pestle until the cloth is soaked with the protruding nut oil. Then the crushed nuts must be carefully shaken off, and gently wipe the wooden surface of the wood with a soft oiled cloth.
The “horny” part of the PC also needs careful care. Do not overdry the horn or leave it in direct sunlight, this may cause the material to crack. When leaving, it is necessary to avoid any chemistry that can contribute to overdrying of the horn; accidental dirt is best cleaned mechanically using a soft cloth. In no case should you scrape the horn or try to process it with sandpaper. Particular attention should be paid to the junction of wood and horn, as well as fastening the mouthpiece.
With regular maintenance, the instrument for a long time will sound flawless, captivating the hearts of listeners with amazing expressiveness and melodious sounds.
