Theater and everything about it. Theatrical art and its features

The first theatrical productions were once staged right on the street. Basically, itinerant performers put on performances. They could sing, dance, put on various costumes, depicting animals. Everyone did what he did best. A new kind of art gradually developed, the actors improved their skills.

The first theater in the world

The word "theatre" in Greek means a place for holding spectacles and the spectacle itself. The first such cultural institution, presumably, arose in Greece. It happened in V-IV centuries BC e. This era is called "classic". Characterized by harmony and balance in all elements and components. ancient greek theater appeared due to the worship of various gods.

The Theater of Dionysus is the oldest theatrical building. The god of winemaking, vegetation and nature was highly revered by the ancient Greeks. Dionysus was dedicated to cult rites, which gradually developed into real tragedies and comedies. Ritual festivities have turned into real theatrical performances. The building was a space open sky. Spectators were originally located on wooden seats. so revered in Ancient Greece that poor citizens of power were given money for performances. It was forbidden to watch performances by married women.

The first temple of the arts had three main parts:

• orchestra - dancers and a choir performed on it;
• auditorium- located around the orchestra;
• skene building, where rooms for artists were located.

There was no curtain and the usual scene, but all female roles men played. Actors changed roles several times in one performance, so they had to dance and sing perfectly. The appearance of the actors was changed with the help of masks. Next to the building was the temple of Dionysus.

The ancient theater laid the foundations and essence of the modern. The theater of drama can be called the closest in genre. Over time, more and more different genres appeared.

Theatrical genres

Theatrical genres in modern world so varied. This art synthesizes literature, music, choreography, vocals, art. They express different emotions and situations. Humanity is constantly evolving. As a result, there are various genres. They depend on the country in which they originate, on cultural development population, on the mood of the audience and their requests.

We list some types of genres: drama, comedy, monodrama, vaudeville, extravaganza, parody, mime, farce, morality, pastoral, musical, tragicomedy, melodrama and others.

Genres of theatrical art cannot compete with each other. They are interesting in their own way. Spectators who love the opera theater visit the comedy theater with no less pleasure.

Most popular species theatrical genres are drama, comedy, tragicomedy, musical, parody and vaudeville.

The drama has both tragic and comic moments. It's always interesting to watch the actors at work here. The roles of this genre are not simple and easily involve the viewer in empathy and analysis.

Comedy performances have the main goal - to cause laughter in the viewer. To make fun of certain situations, the actors also have to try hard. After all, the viewer must believe them! Comedy roles are just as difficult to play as dramatic roles. The element of satire at the same time makes it easier to watch the performance.

Tragedy is always associated with conflict situation, about which the production tells. This genre was one of the first to appear in Ancient Greece. Just like comedy.

The musical has a lot of fans. This is always a bright action with dances, songs, an interesting plot and a share of humor. The second name of this genre is musical comedy. It appeared in the USA at the end of the 19th century.

Varieties

Types of theaters are directly related to the genres that are presented in them. Although they express not so much a genre as a form of acting. We list some of them:

• operatic;
• dramatic;
• children;
• author's;
• theater of one actor;
• theater of light;
• musical comedy;
• theater of satire;
• theater of poetry;
• dance theater;
• pop;
• theater of robots;
• ballet;
• theater of animals;
• theater of the disabled;
• serf;
• shadow play;
• pantomime theater;
• song theater;
• street.

Opera and Ballet Theatre

Opera and ballet appeared in Italy during the Renaissance. The first appeared in Venice in 1637. Ballet was formed as a separate theatrical genre in France, having been transformed from dances at the courts. Very often these types of theaters are combined in one place.

Opera and ballet are accompanied by symphony orchestra. Music becomes an integral part of these productions. It conveys the mood, the atmosphere of everything that happens on the stage and emphasizes the performances of the actors. opera singers they work with voice and emotions, and ballet dancers convey everything through movement. Opera and ballet theaters are always the most beautiful theatrical establishments. They are located in the richest city buildings with unique architecture. Luxurious furnishings, beautiful curtain, large orchestra pits- this is what it looks like from the inside.

Drama Theater

Here the main place is given to the actors and the director. It is they who create the characters of the characters, transforming into the necessary images. The director conveys his vision and leads the team. Drama theater is called the theater of "experiences". K. S. Stanislavsky wrote his works, studying the work of dramatic actors. Not only performances are staged - plays from complex plots. The Drama Theater includes comedies, musicals and others in its repertoire. musical performances. All productions are based only on dramatic literature.

Theater for every taste

Musical Theatre- a place where you can see any of theatrical performances. Operas, comedies, operettas, musicals and all those performances in which there is a lot of music are staged in it. Ballet dancers, musicians and actors work here. The musical theater combines the theater of opera, ballet, operetta theater. Any kind of theatrical art associated with pop or classical music, can find its fans in this theatre.

Puppet show

This is a special place. Here you plunge into the world of childhood and joy. The decoration here is always colorful, attracting the attention of the smallest viewers. The puppet theater is often the first theater that children enter. And the future attitude of the kid to the theater depends on what impression he will make on the inexperienced spectator. A variety of theatrical performances is based on the use of various types of puppets.

IN Lately puppeteers do not hide behind screens, but interact with puppets on stage. This idea belongs to the famous S. V. Obraztsov. He put on his hand a glove puppet named Tyapa and played superb miniatures on stage, acting as his father.

The origins of this type of theater are far in ancient Greece. Creating dolls for rituals, people did not know that this would develop into real art. Puppet theater is not only an introduction to art, but also a method of psychological correction for the smallest.

comedy theater

Combined actors who can sing and dance. They should easily get used to comedic images and not be afraid to be funny. Very often you can see "Drama and Comedy Theatres", "Musical Comedy Theatres". Combining several genres in one theater does not interfere with preserving its flavor. The repertoire may include operettas, satirical comedies, musicals, dramas, musical performances for children. People go to the comedy theater with pleasure. The hall is always full.

Variety theater

Replenished types of theaters relatively recently. And immediately fell in love with the audience. The first variety theater appeared in the middle of the last century. They became the theater in Leningrad, which was opened in 1939. In 2002, it was named "Variety Theatre. A. I. Raikin. Variety artists include contemporary singers, dancers, presenters. Variety artists are show business stars, dancers and showmen, as they are now called.

Variety theaters often hold solo concerts, concerts dedicated to any anniversaries, plays productions of contemporary authors. Comedians hold concerts here, put on performances-comics, performances on classical works. Musical theater can offer similar performances.

Theater of satire

We love the audience! From the time of his appearance, he displayed the life of the townspeople, showed all the shortcomings and ridiculed them. The actors were always known by sight, they perfectly performed comic roles not only on stage, but also in the cinema. Satire theaters have always been in the forefront of those who were forbidden to stage certain productions. It had to do with censorship. making fun of negative sides human behavior, it was often possible to cross the line of permissibility. The bans only attracted more viewers. Magnificent actors of the theater of satire, who are well known: A. A. Mironov, Olga Aroseva, Spartak Mishulin, Mikhail Derzhavin, Alexander Shirvindt. Thanks to these people, satire theaters became loved by the audience.

Over time, types of theaters appear that are either long forgotten or completely unlike anything that exists.

New trends

New types of temples of art surprise the most sophisticated viewer. Not so long ago, the first Theater of Robots appeared in Poland. It is played by robot actors who convey their emotions through their eyes and gestures. The performances are designed for a children's audience, but the project leaders intend to constantly expand the repertoire.

During the summer, theater productions take to the streets. It has already become a tradition. This year, many festivals were held outdoors. Right next to the theaters, small stages were built, on which the performance was fully played. Even opera and ballet dancers are already moving beyond the theater to attract as many spectators as possible.

Modern cultural society in its present form owes much to the theatrical art, which arose long before the advent of etiquette and familiar moral norms. Let's dive into the ancient times of history. During this, you will be able to Interesting Facts about theatrical art, when the first theater was created and everything connected with the first acting performances.

The creation of the first theater in the world is impossible to know for sure, because it was back in the 5th century BC in ancient Greece, when the theater of Dionysus appeared. It was made from wood. Twice a year there were solemn performances of actors on the stage, during which the most talented authors of those times fought for the right to be called the best in different genres. The person who sold the tickets and supervised the performances was called the archon. VIPs were seated behind chic marble chairs (installed over time), from which there was an excellent view. The theater of Dionysus still exists today. Its last reconstruction should be completed in 2015.

The very first stone theater arose in 52 BC in Rome. The stage was a raised platform with a screen in the background. There were seats in front of the stage (in the stalls). Over time, Roman theatrical art ceased its development due to the influence of Christianity on culture.

Who invented theater in Russia?

The first domestic theater is an academic Theatre of Drama named after F.G. Volkov, founded in Yaroslavl. The year of its creation is 1750. On one of the warm summer days young temperamental Fyodor Volkov, together with his comrades, spoke to the public. The performance consisted of works by Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Rostovsky and the young genius Volkov's own plays. By the way, F. Volkov was part-time decorator, translator, performance director and architect. The actors even visited Empress Elizabeth (according to a decree specially issued by her) during a tour in St. Petersburg. It is noteworthy that at that time there were other acting troupes. But the performances were closed and were not available to the general public.

What was the first modern theater?

In 1618 italian city Parma gave the world the first modern theater - Farnesi. The stage was constructed rather unusually - along one of the walls. The actors and the audience were separated by a wide curtain, which also helped to change the scenery unnoticed by the guests of the performance.

Did you know? The longest theatrical performance (about 10 hours) took place in 1672 in the Moscow region.

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC. In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Prior to this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings.
The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand as a performance today. Only one actor could be on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

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Educator - Dementieva S.A. MDOU d / s "Fairy Tale" preparatory group

William Shakespeare is an outstanding English poet and playwright. Years of life: 1564 - 1616. The great playwright William Shakespeare said: "The whole world is a theater, and people are actors in it"

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC

In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Prior to this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings. The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand as a performance today. Only one actor could be on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

Theater is a union of all arts, it includes music, architecture, painting, cinematography, photography, etc.

There was no theater in Russia until the 17th century. Over the centuries, this cultural niche has been filled with rites and public holidays, which included elements of theatrical action, and buffoons, musicians, dancers, puppeteers, bear guides.

Theater types

On October 17, 1672, the first performance took place. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was so delighted that he did not get up for 10 hours in a row while the performance was going on. The boyars stood: in the presence of the sovereign they were not allowed to sit down. On the eve of the monarch received the blessing of his confessor Archpriest Andrei Savinov, who assured that even the Byzantine emperors staged theatrical performances. Alexei had to be convinced for a long time that he would allow the use of music, without which it is impossible to arrange a choir. The king reluctantly agreed. The court theater had no permanent premises. The authorities did not skimp on the cost of costumes for actors and scenery for theatrical productions, but saved on paying Russian actors.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

Portrait of the founder of the first court theater Artamon Sergeevich Matveev. 1801.

In the life of the ancient Greeks, theatrical art was given the first place as a way to have fun. Performances were organized at the state level to pay tribute to the god Dionysus during the holidays.

The structure of performances

Ancient Greek dramatic performances differed from modern ones. They consisted of several speeches by rival poets working in the tragic and comic direction. Each participant presented one funny story to the audience. When staging, a choir of satyrs and three tragedies, united by a storyline, were necessarily used. Performances ended only on the fourth day. They lasted from early morning until late at night. The action began with tragic productions, followed by a satyr drama. The evening ended with a comedy.

Musical accompaniment

The choir was provided by the state, since it was impossible to prepare it on your own. Over time, the number of speakers changed from 6 to 15 people. And the singers were trained by wealthy citizens. The person who prepared the choir for theatrical competitions, provided it with costumes, was called a choir. Along with actors, singers, choreges were exempted from military service for the time necessary for preparation and performance.

Stage structure

The ancient Greek theater consisted of several parts, among which there is an orchestra (a place for performing singers), a teatron (auditorium) and a skene (a kind of props necessary to achieve greater plausibility). In order for the audience to hear the words of the actors better, special vessels were used to help amplify the spoken sounds.

Distinctive features

ancient greek performing arts 90% were men. In addition to the uncomplicated performance of their roles, the artists demonstrated vocal ability, ideal diction, flexibility, plasticity. The faces of the people performing on the stage were hidden behind masks. Their widespread use is associated with the veneration of Dionysus, the absence of female actresses, and the enormous size of the arena. The masks could be tragic or comic, which exactly conveyed the author's idea to the viewer.

Special clothes for the participants of the performances helped to portray heterogeneous characters. Being long, spacious, it hid the necessary pillows or linings used to change the natural proportions of the body. If the performance interested the audience, they vigorously expressed positive emotions. Disapproval was no less lively. Often, such a negative reaction was provoked by people specially hired by competitors.

ancient roman arena

The birth of theater in Ancient Rome associated with the magnificent celebrations of the harvest, which were organized at first as playful competitions of small choirs. The jokes that they exchanged were sometimes caustic, containing ridicule of the vices of society, especially the top.

The birth of theatrical art

The early representations of ancient Roman theatrical art include atellani, which received the name of the city of the south. modern Italy. It was a light comedy show. Many young Romans took part.

Literary drama came to the ancient Roman theater from Greece. Here such creations were staged in Latin.

The Greek Livius Andronicus ended up in Rome as a prisoner of war. The Greek was appointed chief for the production of the first dramatic performance. It just gave impetus further development theatrical art. It could not, just like in Greece, indicate problems in the life of society, so it became more complicated storylines, the spectacle of Greek originals increased. Despite this, the Romans found it difficult to perceive traditional dramatic plots.

gladiatorial spectacles

Performances were staged during public holidays. They were accompanied by circus, gladiatorial performances, which drew attention to themselves, being popular with the people.

Initially, no place was allocated for staging plays, there was only a miserable platform with a ladder. Actors became more professional, played without masks. Spectacles were arranged by agreement of the manager of the ancient Roman theater. In other words, simply a troupe of actors, with ruling circles. Suits actors were no different from the Greeks. Only individual accents, such as the height of the platform in shoes, the size of wigs, create a majestic impression.

The first permanent Roman theater was built by Pompey. Spectators huddled on semicircular benches arranged in several rows. There were separate seats for senators. Roof, intricately decorated facades and curtain.

Origins of theatrical art of ancient India

Ancient Indian theatrical art was divided into two areas - folk and literary. There are several versions of the origin, the most popular of which ascribes this fact to Emperor Bharata. Through him, the fifth Veda was transmitted to people, connecting the Word, Action, Lad. More likely is the version of the combination of funny productions with the traditional mystery that existed during major holidays.

On this occasion, accompanying competitions of strongmen, programs of magicians, musicians, and dancers were organized. The performance began with dance numbers. The dancers adorned the performance with pantomime introductions, recitations of the Vedas. Gradually, the dance was replaced by the performance of artists.

social system

Complex social system ancient india positioned the actors at the lowest level.

They were considered people of a disrespectful caste, as they ridiculed the gods in their speeches. Despite this circumstance, most of them were the most educated and honorable people.

The performances were dance performances. Sign language was used freely, rooted in the special rituals of clergy. Theater Indian dance borrowed key features from the ancient mysteries. Therefore, the artists required special plasticity and the ability to use an abundant arsenal of pantomime.

Growing popularity

By the end of the second half of the first millennium BC. e. Indian theatrical art has gained the highest popularity. Despite the coincidence of the time of the performance of the plays with the main religious holidays, their entertaining essence came to the fore, displacing the ritual component.

Acting groups are becoming more professional. Each participant acquires a creative role. The gender composition of the troupes varied - it is known about the existence of same-sex and heterosexual groups. Most of them were nomads. At a meeting in the joint territory, spectacular competitions were organized. In addition to monetary rewards, the winners received a number of honors.

The arena of Indian dance was sometimes located in a certain building - a small but relatively high one, capable of accommodating 300 people. The length of the performances varied from two to three hours to a couple of days.

Shadow theaters

The Indian shadow theater often depicted scenes from the legendary and revered myths of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The audience knew the stories of the characters, so they could guess the missing elements on their own. The action took place behind a transparent screen big size where actors and puppets were placed. For greater realism, the dolls were cut into pieces, and then even complex movements could be easily imitated. They were made of cardboard, leather or papier-mâché.

In Indian beliefs, the god Shiva was assigned the role of the patron of dolls, so plays were staged near his temple. According to legend, the Indian shadow theater arose as a result of the fact that Shiva himself and his wife Parvati once looked into the shop of a master puppeteer who carved figures from wood.

She was so impressed by the skill of the artisan that soon, at her request, Shiva allowed the toys to be revived so that they could dance on their own. Soon after the departure of the divine couple, this magic ceased to work, but the master restored the miraculous gift, controlling the characters with the help of threads. This gave rise to the Indian shadow theater, the interest in which is currently fading due to the development modern technologies.

The beginning of the theatrical life of ancient China

Chinese theater born to beginning of XII century. Initially, these were spectacles in the squares, timed to coincide with religious festivities. The basis of the performances were circus elements, unusual dances with figures of animals, acrobatic numbers, fencing.

Gradually, peculiar roles appear, which were used in each play, acquiring new character traits, details of the biography. The most popular were can-jun and cangu. Artists of Chinese theaters are no longer self-taught, but trained at special schools that operated at the court of the emperor. Bright costumes decorated with traditional paintings and numerous props are freely used.

First poster

Plays are staged in booths - platforms under a canopy, equipped with seats for spectators. Or on protruding platforms adjacent to the central temples. This is where the concept of a poster comes from - a special sheet listing the actors involved and the characters performed by them. The genres of Chinese theater are expanding and becoming more complex. They describe the details important events in the life of the state and individuals, giving the audience examples to follow.

Musical accompaniment theatrical productions were transformed from folk melodies. The performances were damn colorful, contained elements of dancing, circus performances. The interpretation of some actions was given by the artists themselves or playwrights. Most of the roles were performed by women, including men. The acting troupe included members of the same family, outsiders were rare.

puppet shows

The traditional Chinese stage developed in parallel with the no less popular puppet theater. He lived in a mass of varieties. To date, information about them has been lost, so the study presents some difficulties.

The popularity of this type of art is associated with the custom of laying special figurines in the grave, designed to help the deceased in the afterlife. Scenes with the participation of such characters were played out during the funeral, gradually turning into an attribute Everyday life. Preserved information about the wonderful multi-tiered sample puppet theater, whose characters moved with the help of water.

Chinese puppet theater has developed in many directions. It is worth highlighting the performances with flat paper figures, in which the actors and the characters controlled by them participated. Gunpowder, floating scenes and others, about which only fragmentary information has been preserved.

It began in ancient times. Suppose that in those days slavery reigned and there was no education. But people knew what theater was. Growing out of the depths of a long human history, it is rooted in the mysteries of the most ancient folk mass rituals, games and festivities. The traditional primary acts of a comic and tragic nature (such as saturnalia, mysteries) that arose on this basis contained elements of a dramatic (in mythological design) plot, included dances, dialogue, choral songs, disguise, masks. Gradually, there was a separation of action and ritual and cult foundations, the selection of a choir of heroes from the crowd, the transformation of a mass significant festival into an organized spectacle. All this created the preconditions for the appearance of the beloved by all literary drama. The forced division into spectators and actors revealed the important social functions of this

This process was clearly expressed in the theater of ancient Greece, which had a huge impact on the active development European art. In the city-states he became an important head public life. What is theater in ancient Greece? Representations then were a great nation-wide festival. In the huge, gigantic open-air amphitheaters, as many as tens of thousands of bewitched spectators gathered. In addition to existing professional actors the performance could be played out by the citizens themselves - directly by the participants in the choir. Dance and music remained essential, the main elements of the action.

What is theater in ancient Rome? Here the staging side of most performances developed more actively, even the type of stage changed, professional theatrical equipment increased, various types of performances arose (musical and dance performances on mythological subjects - pantomimes, which, having reached their heyday in the era of the Empire, remained until the 5th century. popular theatrical genre).

European theater The Middle Ages practically ceased to exist. William Shakespeare and several other playwrights in the 15th century. revived it. Then, without exception, the roles in the performances were played by boys and men. Actresses first appeared in the popular troupes of Italian itinerant actors who acted out comedies "cel arte" (small comic plays with the obligatory participation of masked characters).

The humanistic culture of the Renaissance period revived the traditions of ancient theatrical art, combining them with the rich traditions of folk art. national treasure. In the plays of famous playwrights of this era, history was revealed in the most acute political and social conflicts.

The rise of the theater is associated with the active spread of classicism, the social basis of which is the strengthening of certain absolutist regimes in some European countries. The task of the actors was to create a complex image of a hero who, in the course of internal struggle and severe trials, overcomes his own split between the requirements of society and private interest. Contemporary Issues during this period acquired both abstract and generally significant character. That's what the theater of classicism is.

In the second half of the 18th century, he became the main spokesman for the ideas of the stormy bourgeois Enlightenment. In the art of the actors of that time, high civic consciousness was perfectly combined with an active desire to create new integral characters, showing an interest in historical truth.

Romanticism became the expression of the aspirations of the democratic masses and humanistic ideals. Under the banner of this era, a serious struggle unfolded in the drama against such epigone classicism - for nationality, historicism, national identity.

Realism, which was prepared by the theater and then by romanticism, acquired worthy independent forms in the 30s and 40s. 19th century and reached its highest dominant position by the middle of the century.

IN contemporary theater a synthesis of very many types of art, social problems and emotions is made - psychological analysis, high moral issues, immediacy of the emotional state, authenticity and grotesque, experience and detachment, lyrics and satire. All this comes in the most daring and unexpected combinations. What is contemporary theater? This is a pronounced tendency to strive for increased activity of images, for saving important artistic means as well as their content. Today this kind of art is unthinkable without a director. Also significant now is the scenography.