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Musical instruments of the Circassians. Message: "Traditional musical instruments of the Circassians"

"Traditional musical instruments Circassians".

Tools folk music- is one of the most complex objects studies in musical folklore. The description of tools in the world is contained in the most ancient written monuments. Back in the Middle Ages and early revival attempts were made to systematize the instruments according to the features of the music performed on them. The traditional musical instruments of the Circassians represent the richest layer of the spiritual culture of the people.
During its centuries-old history, it is the instrumental culture that makes up a huge array in the tradition of the ethnic group. This is evidenced by a significant layer of instrumental texts in rituals and the extraordinary development of dance music in this tradition. The peoples have developed characteristic intonational features, rhythmic organizations musical language, differentiation of instrumental timbres.
The Circassians used to and now have a lot of musical instruments of the most ancient and modern, the simplest, and more complex in design. Among them are all groups of the currently accepted classification of musical instruments.
The first group is wind instruments.
kamyl - flute;
cheese-type longitudinal flute;
nakyre - a wind instrument with a single or double reed;
pschyne bzh'emy - mouthpiece wind instrument made of horn.
The second group is stringed musical instruments:
Iapepshchin-plucked instrument of the balalaika type;
pschinetIarko-plucked wind harp-type instrument;
shykIepshchyn- bowed instrument violin type;
pschynekeb-stringed instrument of the cello type.
The third group is membrane instruments:
sh'otIyrpI - drum-type percussion instrument. The name of this instrument comes from the word "shjo" - skin and "tIyrpI" - an onomatopoeic word that imitates the sound of hitting the skin.
The fourth group is self-sounding percussion instruments:
pkhekIych-rattles.
Some of the listed instruments, such as syryn, bzhemy, Iapepshchin, pshchinatIarko and sh'otIyrpI, have not survived to this day. Fragmentary information about them is found only in historical and ethnographic literature and folklore. Instruments such as nakyre and harmonica are borrowed from other peoples, but they are accepted and recognized by the Adygs and turned into national ones. Later they received Adyghe names.
Now I would like to introduce you to some musical instruments in more detail.
The three-row is poured, and the people go to the squat And the three-row is not bad, there are buttons and furs,
It gets fat, then it grows thin, it screams for the whole yard. (pshine)
Pschyne - modern, the most popular and widespread among the people pneumatic keyboard reed instrument, from which sounds are extracted due to the vibration of the tongue under the pressure of an air stream created by stretching or compressing the furs. Pschyne is mainly used to perform dance music.

Name it without mistake, the instrument looks like a violin,
There are strings and a bow, I'm not new to Adyghe music! (ShykIepshchyn)
ShchykIepshchyn is one of the most common and popular in its time among the people of the ancient bowed string instruments, from which sounds were extracted by rubbing a horsehair string, a bow. The name of this instrument comes from two words: "shy" - horse, "kIe" - horse tail, in which the hair of the horse's tail was used to make strings. Shchyk Iepshchyn has an oblong shape in the form of a boat with a neck and a head. It is made from a single piece of strong sonorous wood (pear, linden, alder).

Very ancient and simple, the instrument is empty inside,
The plates beat elastically, they set the rhythm for the ensemble. (PkhekIych)
PkhekIych is a ratchet-type instrument, which is very popular among the people. The source of the sound is the material from which the instrument is made. PkhekIych is designed to clearly tap out the rhythm and maintain an even, constant tempo of the music.

He is small and pot-bellied, but he will speak -
One hundred noisy guys, immediately drown out.

I'll tell you my friend, in ancient times,
A gentle breeze blew into the tube of reeds,
And Adyg suddenly heard a gentle melodic sound,
And was born at that moment, a musical instrument. (qamyl)

And I would like to dwell on kamyl in most detail - this is one of the most ancient and popular musical instruments among the people. This is a thin cylindrical tube open on both sides, from which sounds are extracted by cutting a directed air stream against the sharp edge of the barrel wall. Kamyl is mainly intended for the performance of dance music. Usually three or four musicians performed together or alternately, serving large folk celebrations. historical forms and the material from which kamyl was made changed. For a long time reed was the only material for making tools. Later, the instrument began to be made from harder woods - elderberry, blackthorn, which have a soft core. To give the instrument an elegant look, it was sometimes pasted over with leather or velvet, and for hygiene purposes, the ends were trimmed with horn or silver.
In one of the legends of the Nart epic, the invention of kamyl is attributed to the legendary Nart musician Ashamez. The fame of the exploits of Ashamez thundered everywhere. His life, as befits a sled, he spent in the saddle. Somehow fairly tired Ashamez decided to rest. Dense forest stood in his way, beckoning with coolness and peace. Ashamez hobbled his horse, lay down under an old, spreading tree, and fell soundly into a heroic sleep. Suddenly blew strong wind, it began to rain, a branch broke off with a crash and fell, covering it with leaves. But among this noise of rain and wind, Ashamez heard other, gentle and melodious sounds, unusual for hearing. Nart lay for a long time, listening to these sounds, until he realized that it was a broken branch singing.
He began not only to listen, but also to look closely at the branch. And what did he see? Woodworms ate the core of the branch, and ate many holes in the bark. When the wind flew into them, music sounded. Ashamez cut off part of a hollow branch and blew inside. A melody of amazing beauty spilled through the forest. This is how the Nart kamyl first appeared in the country.
It is said that Ashamez's kamyl was wonderful. It blows into it from the white side - mountains and valleys come to life, gardens and fields bloom, it blows from the black side - the whole world cools down. The winds are blowing. Raging seas and rivers! But he blew only from the white side of the kamyl, which was washed with joy and happiness. Since then, fascinated by the music, Ashamez stopped hiking. He became a famous qamylist, gave people fun and joy.

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Traditional musical instruments and instrumental music represent the richest layer of the spiritual culture of the Adyghe people. Music reflects value orientations people, is closely connected with his religion and secular life, so it is of paramount importance for understanding the culture of the Circassians.

shychepshyn - a traditional stringed bowed musical instrument of the Circassians. It was used to accompany solo and choral singing, often in an ensemble with kamyl and pkhachich. Now it is difficult to accurately determine the time of the appearance of the shichapshin, but archaeological materials indicate the presence of bowed instruments in the Caucasus in the 1st millennium BC.

Zamudin Guchev plays the Shichepshin

From the group of wind instruments of the Circassians kamyl was the most widespread and popular. Before the advent of the pshchyne (Adyghe harmonica), the dance melodies of the Circassians were performed on kamyl. The craftsmen who made the kamyls decorated them by covering them with velvet, leather, and setting the ends of the instrument with silver. The enchanting sounds of kamyl inspire many listeners to this day.

The most popular and favorite percussion instrument Circassians is phachich , it is not customary to do without it on any holiday. Phacic keeps other musicians at an even pace, increases the clarity of the rhythm, inspires the dancers with the power of his beats. To play phachich, you need to have not only an innate sense of rhythm, but also a good physical force, therefore, it is customary to play it for men. The masters who made pkhachich in the past richly decorated it with silver, niello, gilding or just an ornament. Modern masters also try to follow the traditions of the past.

Presentation for the section "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out!" educational field"Music" by the group of authors: E.D. Kritskaya, G.P. Sergeeva, T.S. Shmagin and "Russian folk musical instruments" of the author's program: G.S. Riga.

"... Comprehension of folk musical culture in the initial school goes in two directions: firstly, it is the study of authentic or stylized samples folklore; secondly, it is an acquaintance with musical works composers in which the folklore element is clearly expressed or authentic folk melodies are used.
"Russian folk instruments". The first lesson in the section "Burn, burn brightly so that it does not go out!" can be built on examining and voicing drawings, photographs, paintings on the introductory and subsequent spreads. Children will see a picture of Russians folk instruments, they will hear how the accordion, balalaika, spoons, horn, etc. sound. All this, as well as objects of arts and crafts and a poem by G. Serebryakov, will allow, on the one hand, to continue the theme “Russia is my Motherland”, on the other hand, to start with children talking about the meaning of folklore in the life of every nation , including Russian.

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Russian and Adyghe folk musical instruments

"From under the oak" Russian folk song

HARMONIC

BALALAIKA

PIPE

RATCHET

Pschina (harmonica) - reed keyboard musical instrument. The pshine design consists of a right and a left semi-body, each of them has a keyboard with buttons or keys. The left keyboard is designed for accompaniment - pressing one button sounds a bass or a whole chord; melody is played on the right. Between the half-shells there is a fur chamber for the possibility of pumping air to the sound bars of the instrument. ADYGE HARMONY (PSHYNE)

Shichepshin Shichepshin (shykIepshyn, from shy - “horse”, kIe - “tail”, pshin (e) - “musical instrument”) is an Adyghe folk stringed bowed instrument. The spindle-shaped hollowed body is made from a single piece of wood. Strings from a twisted bun of ponytail hair Sounds muffled. A tuft of ponytail hair is pulled over the slightly curved shaft of the bow. When playing, the Shichepshin is held vertically, resting the bottom of the body on the knee. It is used to accompany solo and choral singing, sometimes in an ensemble with kamyl and pkhachich; The Shichepshin performer is usually also a storyteller.

KAMYL Kamyl is an Adyghe wind musical instrument, a traditional Adyghe (Circassian) flute. Kamyl is a longitudinal flute made from a metal tube (most often from a gun barrel). There are 3 play holes at the bottom of the tube. It is possible that the instrument was originally made of reed (as the name indicates). Kamyl was used by shepherds to perform various tunes and songs (often accompanied by shichepshin), as well as to accompany youth round dances.

SHOTYRP Shotyrp (from skin and onomatopoeia. A word that imitates the sound formed when hitting the skin) is an Adyghe folk percussion instrument. A type of snare drum without a specific pitch. Sound is produced by striking the stretched leather membrane with the palm of the hand, stick or mallet. Shotyrp was traditionally made of wood. it has more musicality and better timbre. For the manufacture of membranes, which were covered on both sides of the wooden cylinder, finely dressed goat or calf skin was used. Today's craftsmen mostly use plastic for the manufacture of membranes, as it is more resistant to any damage.

Pkhachich - Adyghe folk musical percussion (self-sounding) instrument, a kind of rattle. It consists of 5-7 plates of dried hardwood, loosely tied at one end to the same plate with a handle. Pkhachich is held by the handle, pulling the loop on which the plates are strung on the hand, which allows you to adjust how tightly the plates are pulled together. When shaken, a loud clicking sound is heard. Designed to emphasize the rhythm when performing folk songs and dances in an ensemble with kamyl, shichepshin or pshine harmonica. PHACIC

Elbrus Elbrus-handsome man looks through the clouds, In a white cap into the blue. I can't stop looking at this snowy, mighty peak. Orida-raida-oraida, Oraida-raida-oraida, Oraida-raida-oraida, Oraida-raida-oraida... Snow leopards, fast fallow deer They rush quickly through the mountains. Rapidly on the slopes you release the Waters of the Kuban into the open! And in the expanses of high mountains, Above the Caucasian clouds, Songs are heard - songs of happy Our brave shepherds! Losing. Elbrus-handsome looks through the clouds, In a white hat into the blue. I can't stop looking at this proud, mighty peak.

Adyghe folk musical instruments

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Folk music instrumentation is one of the most complex objects of study in musical folklore. The description of tools in the world is contained in the most ancient written monuments. Even in the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, attempts were made to systematize the instruments according to the characteristics of the music performed on them. The traditional musical instruments of the Circassians represent the richest layer of the spiritual culture of the people.

kamyl - flute;

syryn - a type of longitudinal flute;

pkhekIych-rattles.

He is small and pot-bellied, but he will speak -

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"Traditional musical instruments of the Circassians"

"Traditional musical instruments of the Circassians".

During its centuries-old history, it is the instrumental culture that makes up a huge array in the tradition of the ethnic group. This is evidenced by a significant layer of instrumental texts in rituals and the extraordinary development of dance music in this tradition. The peoples have developed characteristic intonational features, rhythmic organizations of the musical language, and differentiation of instrumental timbres.

The Circassians used to and now have a lot of musical instruments of the most ancient and modern, the simplest, and more complex in design. Among them are all groups of the currently accepted classification of musical instruments.

The first group is wind instruments.

kamyl - flute;

syryn - a type of longitudinal flute;

nakyre - a wind instrument with a single or double reed;

pschyne bzh'emy - mouthpiece wind instrument made of horn.

The second group is stringed musical instruments:

Iapepshchin-plucked instrument of the balalaika type;

pschinetIarko-plucked wind harp-type instrument;

shykIepshchyn-bowed instrument like a violin;

pschynekeb-stringed instrument of the cello type.

The third group is membrane instruments:

sh'otIyrpI - drum-type percussion instrument. The name of this instrument comes from the word "shjo" - skin and "tIyrpI" - an onomatopoeic word that imitates the sound of hitting the skin.

The fourth group is self-sounding percussion instruments:

pkhekIych-rattles.

Some of the listed instruments, such as syryn, bzhemy, Iapepshchin, pshchinatIarko and sh'otIyrpI, have not survived to this day. Fragmentary information about them is found only in historical and ethnographic literature and folklore. Instruments such as nakyre and harmonica are borrowed from other peoples, but they are accepted and recognized by the Adygs and turned into national ones. Later they received Adyghe names.

Now I would like to introduce you to some musical instruments in more detail.

A three-row is being poured, and the people are going to squat

A three-row is not bad, there are buttons and furs,

Pschyne is a modern, most popular and widespread keyboard pneumatic reed instrument, from which sounds are extracted due to the vibration of the reed under the pressure of an air stream created by stretching or compressing the bellows. Pschyne is mainly used to perform dance music.

Name it without mistake, the instrument looks like a violin,

There are strings and a bow, I'm not new to Adyghe music! (ShykIepshchyn)

ShchykIepshchyn is one of the most common and popular among the people of ancient bowed stringed instruments, from which sounds were extracted by rubbing a horsehair string, a bow. The name of this instrument comes from two words: "shy" - horse, "kIe" - horse tail, in which the hair of the horse's tail was used to make strings. Shchyk Iepshchyn has an oblong shape in the form of a boat with a neck and a head. It is made from a single piece of strong sonorous wood (pear, linden, alder).

Very ancient and simple, the instrument is empty inside,

The plates beat elastically, they set the rhythm for the ensemble. (PkhekIych)

PkhekIych is a ratchet-type instrument, which is very popular among the people. The source of the sound is the material from which the instrument is made. PkhekIych is designed to clearly tap out the rhythm and maintain an even, constant tempo of the music.

He is small and pot-bellied, but he will speak -

One hundred noisy guys, immediately drown out.

I'll tell you my friend, in ancient times,

A gentle breeze blew into the tube of reeds,

And Adyg suddenly heard a gentle melodic sound,

And was born at that moment, a musical instrument. (qamyl)

In one of the legends of the Nart epic, the invention of kamyl is attributed to the legendary Nart musician Ashamez. The fame of the exploits of Ashamez thundered everywhere. His life, as befits a sled, he spent in the saddle. Somehow fairly tired Ashamez decided to rest. The dense forest stood in his way, beckoning with coolness and peace. Ashamez hobbled his horse, lay down under an old, spreading tree, and fell soundly into a heroic sleep. Suddenly a strong wind blew, it began to rain, a branch broke off with a crash and fell, covering it with leaves. But among this noise of rain and wind, Ashamez heard other, gentle and melodious sounds, unusual for hearing. Nart lay for a long time, listening to these sounds, until he realized that it was a broken branch singing.

He began not only to listen, but also to look closely at the branch. And what did he see? Woodworms ate the core of the branch, and ate many holes in the bark. When the wind flew into them, music sounded. Ashamez cut off part of a hollow branch and blew inside. A melody of amazing beauty spilled through the forest. This is how the Nart kamyl first appeared in the country.

It is said that Ashamez's kamyl was wonderful. It blows into it from the white side - mountains and valleys come to life, gardens and fields bloom, it blows from the black side - the whole world cools down. The winds are blowing. Raging seas and rivers! But he blew only from the white side of the kamyl, which was washed with joy and happiness. Since then, fascinated by the music, Ashamez stopped hiking. He became a famous qamylist, gave people fun and joy.

honed over the centuries musical culture ancient people Circassians. In the harmonious rows of folk melody, stories about glorious deeds, thoughts and aspirations of the Circassians of bygone centuries are stored.

Created in different time the musical instrumentation of the Circassians is rich, varied and original. Adyghe musical instruments can be divided into percussion, wind and string group. Later, a keyboard-pneumatic instrument appeared, which was called Adyge pshchyne.

The most popular and favorite percussion instrument of the Circassians is pkhek1ych, it is not customary to do without it at any holiday. Pkhek1ych keeps other musicians at an even pace, enhances the clarity of the rhythm, inspires the dancers with the power of their blows. To play the pkhek1ych, you need to have not only an innate sense of rhythm, but also good physical strength, so it is customary for men to play it.

IN old days pkhek1ych was used as a sacred attribute in many rituals and symbolized thunder. The Circassians used to say: “We spend our whole life on a horse, we compose songs on a horse, the sound of a horse’s hooves is the sound of our heart.” Therefore, according to another version, it is believed that the roots of the wide popularity of khek1ych lie in the association of its sound with the clatter of horse hooves.

The craftsmen who in the past made pkhek1ych richly decorated it with silver, niello, gilding, or simply ornaments. Modern masters also try to follow the traditions of the past.
The group of wind instruments of the Circassians includes kamyl, syryn and bzhemy. Of these, kamyl was the most widespread and popular. Before the advent of the pshchyne (Adyghe harmonica), the dance melodies of the Circassians were performed on kamyl. Like all other musical instruments, it belonged to khak1eshch - a guest house. The craftsmen who used to make kamyls decorated them by covering them with velvet, leather and setting the ends of the instrument with silver.

Kamyl appeared among the Circassians in ancient times and were attributed to him magical properties. The enchanting sounds of kamyl inspire many listeners to this day.
The so-called Adyghe violin - shyk1epshchyn - is a traditional stringed musical instrument of the Circassians. Shyk1epshchyn was also treated as a sacred instrument with magical abilities. To protect it from evil energies, they played only indoors, kept it in a special case that was not opened in the dark and on the street, in order to protect shyk1epshchyn from evil spirits and " evil eye". The case was covered with a floral ornament - a symbol of a talisman. And if the shichepshchina was not played for a long time or it deteriorated, magical cleansing rituals were performed with it.

To date, the most popular musical instrument of the Circassians is the keyboard-pneumatic instrument pschyne - the Adyghe harmonica. However, pshchyne appeared among the Circassians relatively recently, in the 19th century.

Compared to other Adyghe instruments, the pshchyne sound has more power, but it is too harsh, and therefore does not correspond to the character of the old Adyghe songs. What can not be said about the dance melodies of the Circassians, pschyne is perfect for their performance. Therefore, today not a single festive event can do without the Adyghe harmonica.
The Circassians treated musical instruments with great respect: they decorated the house with them, kept them in the most visible place. However, traditional Adyghe musical instruments do not remain only a manuscript of history, their sound is vital for every Adyghe in our modern time.

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