Bashkir yurts. Outline of the lesson "Traditional dwellings of the Bashkirs" A sacred and honorable place in the yurt of the Bashkirs
Kochetkova Lyubov
Abstract of the excursion to the museum corner "Bashkir Yurt"
SUBJECT: "Peoples of the Volga region"
VIEW: Excursion to the Museum Corner« bashkir yurt»
TARGET: To form in children the knowledge that all people on earth should live in friendship and peace, despite national and racial differences.
To acquaint children with the peculiarities of culture, life, traditions Bashkir people;
Expand the horizons of children, enrich vocabulary;
Develop cognitive interest, the desire to learn more about the culture, ecology, traditions of the republic Bashkortostan;
Bring up humane attitude to nature, love to the Motherland.
Formation of national tolerance towards people different nationalities living in Tolyatti
Cultivate a sense of patriotism, interest in history and life Bashkir people
Respect for the cultural past of the peoples of the Volga region.
vocabulary work: exercise in the description of household items. words for active assimilation: tirme - yurt, koumiss, meal, dome-shaped, hike - bunks, sharshau - curtain.
Materials and manuals: museum exposition« bashkir yurt» (Houseware Bashkir) ; an album with photographs, illustrations, audio recordings, videos, Internet resources.
PRELIMINARY WORK: Creation museum corner« bashkir yurt»
Socio-communicative development: Did. a game "Russia is a big country".
Artistic - aesthetic development: Did. a game "Fold Ornament" Making and painting bowls.
Drawing: "Honey barrel decoration", « Yurt» , "Skullcap"
Application: "Bowl decoration Bashkir ornament» .
Physical development:
Movable national games « Yurt» , "Copper Stump", "Sticky Stumps"
cognitive development: Conversations: My land Bashkortostan», "Salavat Yulaev"; "Kurai - a plant and a musical instrument"; « bashkir yurt» , "Singing Spring", "Medicinal plants Bashkortostan» , "About the city of Ufa",
Speech development: Reading books (fairy tale "About Kurai", legend about the origin of shihans, legends about rivers Bashkortostan, fairy tale "The Bear and the Bees");
memorization folk proverbs and sayings; Guessing national mysteries; Reading stories about the peoples of the Volga region.
The course of the EXCURSION.
Educator at the national Bashkir suit meets children at the entrance to museum corner« bashkir yurt»
caregiver: Hello children. Today I invite you to an unusual house. Ancient dwelling of nomadic peoples Bashkiria is called a yurt, or "tirme".
And first I want to tell you a legend about the origin of the people - Bashkirs.
- Bashkir the tribe came from the Turkish lands. Four brothers lived in the Turkish city of Garbale. They lived together, and each of them possessed clairvoyance. One day the eldest of the brothers had a dream. In a dream, a man said to him So: "Get out of here. You are not the people who should live here, you are saints. Go to the east, there you will find a better share for yourself.
In the morning he told his brothers about his dream. “Where is the best share? Which direction is east? they asked in bewilderment. Nobody knew anything.
On the second day, the older brother had another dream. The same person speaks again to him: “Leave this city. Get your cattle out of here. As soon as you start off, a wolf will come across you. He will not touch you or your cattle - he will go his own way. You follow him. When it stops, you stop too.”
In the morning the brothers set off. Before they could look back, a wolf ran out to meet them. They followed him. They walked east for a long time, and when they reached the place, the wolf stopped. The four brothers who followed him also stopped. They chose land for themselves in four places and settled there. The brothers had three sons, they also chose the land for themselves. So they became the owners of seven plots of land. And from here among Bashkir spread the word "semirod". Since their leader was a court (a wolf, the Sevenrods were called « Bashkorts» (main wolf). So from these seven brothers went Bashkirs.
In those days there were no big houses, cars, shops. People could not buy anything from clothes and food, so they dressed and fed themselves. For this, people raised domestic animals. They gave people milk, meat, wool. Sour cream, katyk, koumiss, cottage cheese were made from cow's milk. Koumiss is a drink made from horse milk.
This is a very useful drink and with its help many diseases are treated. Sheep and rams give man meat and wool.
What kind of things do you have knitted from wool?
Animals need to be looked after, fed with fresh and juicy grass, watered clean water. To find meadows and fields with such grass, Bashkirs the whole family had to move from place to place, so Bashkir people led a nomadic lifestyle.
In order not to constantly build new houses in a new place, people had
light, strong, portable and very comfortable at home. These houses were called
tirme, which is translated from Bashkir language means yurt.
At Bashkir there were customs yurts: you can’t enter a yurt with weapons, you can’t step on the threshold of a house, before it was tantamount to a declaration of war. The door curtain must be moved only with the right hand, enter the house with the right foot. Entering the yurt, you need to take off your shoes on the left and walk along the sun to the place that you will be offered. You cannot leave the house without tasting the bread, it is considered an insult. It is forbidden to make noise or talk loudly in the yurt. A yurt should not be insulted, because it is a temple, a real temple that accompanies the Kyrgyz all their lives
And now we'll play bashkir game« Yurt» .
A game « Yurt»
Children are divided into four groups and form circles in the corners of the hall. In the center
each circle is a chair on which a large scarf. In the beginning everything is
and form a circle, walk in a circle with a simple step and sing:
We are funny guys
Let's all gather in a circle.
Let's play and dance
Let's run to the meadow.
Chorus: La-la-la
Having finished singing, the children quickly run to their chairs, take the scarf by the ends and pull it over their heads in the form of a tent. It turns out yurt. The group of children who made the yurt the fastest wins.
caregiver: And now we will go into the yurt and listen about its structure and interior decoration. The yurt had three levels: floor (personified the Earth, domed roof (personification of the sky, the inside (air)
Yurts Bashkirs built from wool, wood and leather. In its lower part there was a lattice fastened with straps. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, above it - a smoke hole. If the hearth was in the yard, then a tablecloth was spread in the center of the dwelling, pillows, soft bedding, saddlecloths were laid out around it. The entrance to the yurt was located on the south side. All things
inside the yurt are located according to certain rules. A curtain (sharshau) divided the yurt into two parts: male and female.
Guys, what do you think was in the female half?
Well done! Right.
The right, smaller part was female, it had a bedroom with household items, kitchen utensils, "tursuks" with cereals and supplies. A cradle for a baby was hung closer to the center. kitchen accessories: wooden halves, ladles, also hung on the walls.
Opposite the entrance to the yurt or slightly to the left of the center stood a chest. A bed and pillows are neatly folded on it, decorated on top with a cape - selter.
The left part was for men - a guest room. The male half was decorated more brightly and ornate: starting from the door (along the walls of the yurt) horse harness, saddles were hung; then festive clothes; embroidered towels. Under the towels, in the most visible place, chests stood on stands, on which neatly folded blankets, pillows, rugs, tied with an embroidered ribbon, stood in a heap. The wealth and well-being of the family was determined by the height of the things stacked on the chests. Opposite the exit hung weapon: sabers, bow and arrows, daggers.
In the guest half of the yurt there was always a keg of koumiss covered with a tablecloth. Cups for drinking koumiss were placed around the barrel.
All household items bashkirs - chests, coasters, cradles, dish shelves are made of wood.
Meals and rest were also arranged on wide wooden bunks - hike. "Hike" served as both a table and a seating area. Sleeping in a yurt was healthy and healing. Its domed shape, as well as the felt environment, contributed to this. The main colors that prevail in the interior bashkir yurt(tirme) were red, green, yellow and black.
Now let's remember:
1) What were the portable houses called? Bashkir?
2) What shape was yurt?
3) As translated into Bashkir language will« yurt» ?
4) What parts was divided into yurt?
5) What covered yurt?
6) How were the objects arranged inside the yurt?
Well done boys!
And now I invite you to have tea with Bashkir honey and with baursaks and listen to a melody performed in the folk Bashkir musical instrument- kurai
Abstract directly educational activities in the preparatory school group "Yurt - the dwelling of the Bashkirs"
Target: the formation of children's ideas about the yurt - the dwelling of the Bashkirs.
Tasks: Educational: to introduce children to the yurt - a dwelling in which Bashkirs - Bashkorts lived in ancient times. What does this word mean in translation into Russian.Developing: develop interest in the life of the Bashkirs; tolerance. To develop the speech of children: the ability to respond with common sentences, using adjectives and adverbs, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions.Educational: to cultivate curiosity, the desire to learn new, interesting things about the life of other peoples of the Urals.Vocabulary: Dictionary Enrichment: uk, sagarmak, felt, lasso, yurt, auldictionary activation: bashkorts,nomads, pastoralists, farmers.Integration educational areas: cognitive development, speech, artistic - aesthetic, social - communicative, physical development.preliminary work : looking at illustrations about the Bashkirs; the teacher's story about the Bashkirs - the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals. Examination of expositions about the Bashkirs in the Rodnichok Museum of our kindergarten.Material and equipment: presentation "Yurt - the dwelling of the Bashkirs"; interactive board, 4 chairs, 4 large scarves, landscape sheets of paper, colored pencils;NOT progress : Organizing time : Bashkir music sounds.
About what people southern Urals did we talk in the last lesson? How do the Bashkirs call themselves? What does the word bashkort mean in Russian? What interesting things did you learn about the Bashkorts in the last lesson? How do you understand the words: cattle breeder, nomad, farmer? Today we will talk with you about the dwelling of the Bashkirs. Maybe one of you knows what it's called? (children's answers). Listen:Yurt, yurt - a round house,
visit house tom,
Father and mother are working
What should I do? Rest.
I don't like being idle
I'll light the fire soon
Let it burn brighter. Guessed the name of the dwelling of the Bashkirs? Yes, this is a yurt or, in Bashkir, tirme.Listen to the riddle: “There are no corners in this house. This is heaven for the ignorant! And this is the dwelling you always find in the mountains? This is a yurt. Yurt- house (tirma - in Bashkir) portable framedwellingwith felt covering among nomads. The yurt fully satisfies the needs of the nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by the forces of one family within one hour. It is easily transported on camels, horses, its felt covering does not let rain, wind and cold through.Yurts were built from poles - uk, thin, flexible rods, the rods were intertwined, a lattice was obtained, a yurt was built from lattices - tirme (lattice yurt). The upper part of the yurt was called sagarmak. What does the top of the yurt look like? (for the sun, for a flower, etc.). And in the middle is a hole. What was it for? (for air, smoke exit from the hearth,the appearance of the sun in the yurt).The opening at the top of the dome is used for daylight and allows light and air to easily enter.The yurt had no windows, why do you think? (to keep warm). But there was a door. In winter it was made of wood. Why? (to be warm). In summer, spring, autumn she wasfelt, fabric. Why? (not to be hot). Outside, the yurt was covered with felt. Felt is a very dense material made from pressed sheep's wool. Let's play the game "Find the felt" (you need to find felt among the many pieces of fabric). In winter, the yurt was covered with 5-7 layers of felt, and in the warm season with 1-2 layers. To prevent the wind from tearing off the felt, it was tied with long ropes - a lasso.Yurts were everyday and festive.In everyday life lived constantly. The festive one was very beautiful, elegant, it was for guests, holidays, weddings. Today we will go on a trip to the village. Do you know what it is? Yes, this is a settlement of Bashkirs - nomads. What was the main building in the village? (of course, a yurt). There were several yurts in the village. Guessed why? Yes, the Bashkirs roamed from one pasture to another not individually, but in small groups. Someone grazed cattle, someone guarded the village, someone was looking for wild honey. But, the main thing in the village was the yurt.
I suggest you play the Bashkir game "Tirme".The game involves four subgroups of children, each of which forms a circle in the corners of the site. In the center of each circle there is a chair on which a scarf with a national pattern is hung. Hand in hand, everyone walks in four circles with alternating steps and sings:
We are funny guys
Let's all gather in a circle.
Let's play and dance
And rush to the meadow.
To a melody without words, the guys move in variable steps to general circle. At the end of the music, they quickly run to their chairs, take a scarf and pull it over their heads in the form of a tent (roof), resulting in a yurt.
Rules of the game . With the end of the music, you must quickly run to your chair and form a yurt. The first group of children to build a yurt wins.
The yurt and the space adjacent to it is the place where the Bashkirs spent all free time, worked, ate, slept and received guests. According to eyewitnesses, the reception of guests and relatives on the occasion of holidays or family events- a favorite pastime of the Bashkirs.
This is how the Chinese poet Wo Ju described the yurt in the 7th century
The poem "White Yurt", a fragment of which I will read to you:
The storm will not tear the yurt off the ground,
Heavy rains won't seep into it
There are no corners in a yurt set round,
It is so warm when you fall asleep lying in a yurt.” I suggest you draw a yurt of nomads - Bashkorts, remember everything that I told you about it and try to reflect this in your drawing. And now the game"Find a home for the Bashkirs".
Among the many different dwellings, find the one that, in your opinion, is most suitable for the Bashkirs and explain why? (Bashkir music plays). You have correctly found the Bashkir dwelling of nomads - Bashkir cattle breeders.Summary of the lesson:
What interesting things did you learn in class? What would you tell your parents? What knowledge would you share with the children of other kindergartens in our city? Let's go to our museum. What is it called? In the museum we will see exhibits about the yurt.
The Bashkirs are a nomadic people, so they spend most of their lives not in the houses they built, but in small temporary structures. The most common dwelling was the yurt.
History and description of the yurt
The yurt has played a huge role in the development of mankind, this invention is often compared to a sail. The fact is that the creation of the yurt made it possible to quickly move over long distances, which is very important for nomadic peoples.
The first nomads made their travels in wagons and tents, which they put on wheels. However, these wagons were not as comfortable as yurts, which could be collected and transported at any time in the form of a pack. This form of the assembled yurt made it possible to move where peoples could not move before. For example, on narrow paths or in dense forests. For those who travel in road carts, obstacles such as a river or a forest were practically insurmountable, while at the same time a horse carrying a rolled up yurt could easily pass along the narrowest path.
If the yurt is four meters in diameter, it is carried by two horses. The latter can overcome with such a load up to several tens of kilometers a day, while not overworking and resting in sufficient quantities. Since most families had many horses, if necessary, several tens of kilometers turned into almost a hundred. Thus, literally in two weeks, nomads could cover up to a thousand kilometers. This played a role in the conquests of the nomads, which they carried out very quickly and over long distances.
The yurt existed for several thousand years, during which time it was improved and unnecessary elements were cut off. Each part of the yurt can be replaced by another, each part is universal.
bashkir yurt
Despite the fact that the yurt was invented several thousand years ago, its use remains relevant today. This popularity is due to low weight, and good compactness. At the same time, it does not interfere with the mobility of movement and can be used in almost any weather.
In addition to the above qualities, the yurt has another very important quality- low cost. The materials are quite cheap, and the installation and maintenance of such housing does not require special skills. The cost of a yurt is one-third of that of other structures that can be erected very quickly.
Bashkir woman in a yurt
Yurts are used in modern world, for example, in Bashkiria. This region has a wonderful nature that attracts many tourists. However, if there is a question about the construction of a special tourist base, everything depends on cash. Tour operators are not ready to offer their clients tents, as the latter do not provide the necessary degree of comfort. This is where the yurt can be used. It is in the middle category of price and quality and is thus a necessary compromise.
Thus, tour operators can organize mobile tourist bases. For example, one truck can bring up to several yurts; each portable house can accommodate several people comfortably. It turns out almost a full-fledged tourist base, which can be placed every time in different places with absolutely no effort.
Bashkir yurt. Design
The yurt itself is a portable house with a collapsible frame. The walls of the house, as a rule, were made of felt. The installation of the yurt took place in stages, with strict observance of simple technology. If from the last otoi, there is a danger of freezing or extinguishing the hearth. First of all, we determined the place in which you want to install a portable house. It was in this place that all the necessary property was located. After that, the door frame and gratings were installed, which were fastened together with ropes. This frame was covered with felt. The latter was attached to the frame with small strings of hair. It is worth noting that the felt covering was installed in accordance with certain order. First of all, they threw a felt mat from the southwest, then from the southeast. After that, the remaining felt mats were thrown over so that their edges could press down the edges of the first ones.
The design of the Bashkir yurt
The best pieces of felt were used for walls and roofing. It was important to better insulate the side facing north. This was done, obviously, to protect against cold winds. In addition, it was necessary to ensure that rainwater did not flood the altar. The size of the yurt spoke of the wealth of its owner.
The design of the Bashkir yurt
Thanks to the semi-nomadic way of life, various household items appeared in the everyday life of the Bashkirs, which could not appear in any other way of life. For example, carpet products aimed at various uses. They were used to insulate housing, as furniture, suitcases or covers. The carpet has never played only a decorative role, it has always been used for practical purposes.
The design of the Bashkir yurt
For example, large carpets were used to cover the floor. Clothes and other accessories were stored in carpet bags that were hung on the wall. A carpet cape was used to cover the entrance to the yurt, that is, as a door.
Distribution of living space
According to tradition, the entrance is located to the south. It has practical value- the north side needs to be insulated and strengthened, the door will only get in the way. The part of the dwelling, which is located near the northern wall, is considered the most important. As a rule, it is allocated to the host's guests. In the photo of the Bashkir yurt, you can see that this dwelling is always turned in one direction.
There is a hearth in the center. This arrangement of the heat source allows you to heat the round dwelling evenly. In addition, there is a hole in the roof directly above the fire to remove smoke. In another part of the yurt, this hole would be inconvenient. When the hearth is taken outside, a tablecloth is placed in the center of the dwelling, which plays the role of a dining table. Family members and guests are seated around the impromptu table, sitting on special cushions that are previously spread around.
I travel regularly. Approximately three trips per year for 10-15 days and many 2 and 3 day hikes.6th grade
Subject: Bashkir yurt.
Purpose: - repeat and consolidate knowledge about the types of decorative and applied
arts;
To acquaint students with the decoration and decoration of the Bashkir yurt;
To instill respect and love for the culture of the Bashkir people,
To develop the aesthetic taste of students.
Equipment: books, notebooks, pens, Syromyatnikov's painting “Kibitka
on a nomad camp (Yurt)”, a drawing of a Bashkir yurt, drawings “Types of Bashkir ornaments”, “Meeting guests”, “Decoration of a Bashkir yurt”, a laptop.
Lesson plan: 1. Organizational moment.
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3. Repetition of the material covered.
4. Presentation of new material.
5. Fixing.
6. Summing up.
7. Homework.
8. Evaluation.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Hello, have a seat.. I would like to start our lesson with a poem.slide1
IN
Bashkir pattern
- the color of honey, wheat,
Beauty of endless meadows and steppes,
The color of the blue sky, fertile land,
The color of red flowers, purity of springs.
We hear the lingering song of kurai
In the interweaving of the colors of the nature of the canvas.
In the Bashkir pattern - sesen legend
And the generosity of the people, their kindness
What is the name of the pattern that the people used to decorate clothes and household items? (Ornament)
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson. slide2
Today we will consolidate knowledge about decorative and applied art, about
types of decorative and applied arts, get acquainted with the decoration,
decoration of the Bashkir yurt.
3.Repetition of the material covered .
1) What is arts and crafts?slide3
(Decoration of household items with an ornament)
2) What is an ornament?slide4
(from the Latin word "decorated")
3) What functions did the ornament perform in antiquity and what functions does it perform now?(The ornament played the role of talismans and protected a person from the evil eye, from the effects evil forces. and now they have become just decorations.)
4) Which shapes combine to form bashkir ornament? (formed by a combination of geometric, zoomorphic and plant figures and elements).slide5
What are the main figures used in the Bashkir ornament? (Geometric and floral elements, and zoomorphic ornament was used in embroidery)
5) What colors are used more often in the Bashkir ornament?
(V color scheme the most common colors were red, yellow, green) slide6
6) Each color worn certain meaning. What does each color mean?
( red is the color of heat and fire
yellow is the color of abundance and wealth
black is the color of earth and fertility
green is the color of evergreen,
white - the color of purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue is the color of freedom,
brown - the color of old age wilting)slide7
7) What ornamental complexes can you name?
(Children draw the simplest patterns of ornaments on the board)
1st - geometric;
slide8
2nd - kuskarny, (curvilinear patterns: spirals, heart-shaped and horn-shaped figures, waves);
slide9
3rd - vegetable;
Slide 10
4th - carpet (a group of complex patterns - multi-stage rhombuses, triangles);
slide11
5th - jewelry in the form of women's headbands, applications on shoes in the form of paired images of animals and birds);
slide12
6th -
geometric patterns of weaving and embroidery:squares and rhombuses, simple jagged curls, eight-pointed rosettes, etc.
slide13
8) How is the pattern located in the Bashkir ornament? (Symmetrical)
9) What kinds of arts and crafts do you know?slide14
(Wood carving, carpet weaving, leather embossing, embroidery, jewelry).
10) Where can you find the Bashkir ornament? Slide 15-21
Conclusion: Decorating their products, the people told about themselves, about their kind, about surrounding life, nature.
4. New theme. Teacher's message.
The household items that we have just talked about and that you have named are intended for daily use. Therefore, they should be not only beautiful, but, first of all, convenient to use.
The very organization of housing was also subordinated to this goal.
slide 1
The topic of our lesson today: Slide 22
“Decorative and applied art in the organization of housing for the Bashkirs”.
Record the date and topic of the lesson in a notebook.
One of the original occupations of the Bashkirs is semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding. The life of the nomads could not but leave its mark on the whole way of life: on the methods of building housing, on the peculiarities of cooking and storing food. Together with their belongings (i.e. property) and cattle, the Bashkirs moved from one place to another: in summer - to a summer pasture -jailau, and in winter - for winter -qishlau. IN winter time Bashkirs lived in houses. slide 23
The traditional dwelling of the ancient Bashkirs is calledtirme - yurt.slide 24
This is a portable home. Very strong, light and easy to transport. Easy to assemble and disassemble (in 1 hour).
Its area is 15-20 square meters. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt.
Slide 25
Yurts were of two types:
Turkic type - conical shape, the roof is dome-shaped (has the shape of a cone)
Mongolian type - sphericalshape, the roof is in the shape of a low cone (has the shape of a ball)
slide 26
wooden frame yurts consisted of:
shanrak – circular top of the yurt – symbol family well-being, peace, tranquility.
uyk - domed poles, evenly diverging from the center, resemble the rays of the sun - a source of life and heat
rope – collapsible-sliding grate
The rich Bashkirs had 3-4 yurts each:
for housing;
for cooking food;
for guests - it was covered with white felt and decorated with ornaments and was calledactirme - white yurt.Slide 27
Visiting guests were received in such yurts, family celebrations were celebrated.
Slide 28 The space of the guest half was filled with the brightest and most colorful items: bedding, patterned tablecloths, towels.
It was cool in the yurt in summer. When it rained, she did not get wet, and the wind did not blow through her. So what is this miracle cover?
It's calledfelt. ( from Turks. ojlyk - bedspread) - a dense material made of felted wool.Slide 29
The felt mats that cover the wagon (yurt) are tied to the frame with special ropes sewn to them in the corners and in the middle of the edge, and for greater strength, the entire wagon is entangled on the outside with long hair ropes (lasso) and tied to two or three small pegs driven into the ground outside it” (Rudenko S.I.)
Now we have an idea of what a yurt is, how it looks, what area it occupies.slide 30
And what does she have inside? Let's take a look. Interior decoration yurts depended on the degree of prosperity of the family: the richer it was, the more numerous, more colorful were household items.
Description of the decoration of the yurt:There is almost no furniture in the yurt, but there are a lot of fabrics and various
items made of soft materials: carpets, rugs, pillows, blankets, tablecloths, etc.
The entrance is closed with wooden shutters or animal skins.
In the center there was a hearth for heating the yurt. Food was rarely prepared in the yurt itself. For this, a special yurt with a small fireplace for cooking was adapted.
The most important element of the Bashkir yurt was the curtain (sharshau), which divided the dwelling into
two parts: male and female. On the floor of the yurt they slept, ate, rested, received guests, here
holidays, weddings, commemorations took place, people were born and died. Therefore, the floor of the yurt
covered with patterned felt mats, woolen rugs, carpets.
Slide 31 The male half was more brightly and richly decorated: starting from the door (along the walls of the yurt), horse harness and saddles were hung; then festive clothes; embroidered towels. And in the place of honor, opposite the entrance, weapons. Under the towels, in the most conspicuous place, chests stood on stands, on which neatly folded blankets, pillows, rugs, tied with an embroidered ribbon, were stacked in a heap. The wealth and well-being of the family was determined by the height of the things stacked on the chests.
slide 32 On the women's side there were kitchen utensils, tursuks with cereals and products, cupboards for dishes.. In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden backs.
Why were many things in the yurt hung on the wall?
(Things in the yurt were placed in such a way that as little as possible
occupy floor space and leave it free for people. Therefore, things seem to "cling" to the walls).
Slide 33 Before you is a picture of V.S. Syromyatnikov "Kibitka on a roam / Yurt /". She
written in 1929. What do you see here? (student answers)
Where is the kibitka? (In the steppe. Not far from the yurt there are trees. The wagon was fenced with a fence of poles so that the cattle would not approach the wagons)
Yurts on roaming camps were always lined up and fenced off in several pieces or all together with a fence of poles so that the cattle did not come close to the tents.
5. Consolidation of the material covered.
Practical work.slide 34
Guys, today we will also try ourselves as masters of artists. Before you is a Bashkir yurt.
What is missing here? (ornaments, i.e. patterns) Now we will decorate the yurt with an ornament.
Children, what colors are usually used in Bashkir ornaments? (red, yellow, green)
Slide 35 In front of you are green strips of colored paper measuring 10X8. Let's make a piecey element. And then we will glue your patterns on the yurt.
slide 36 Video how to assemble a Bashkir yurt.
1. Fold a sheet of paper in four with the colored side inward.
2. Draw a quarter of the ornament.
3. Cut out the work along the contour without closing the scissors.
4. Expand the work, straighten the fold line.
6. Summing up.
Questions:
Where can we find yurts now? (during the holidays)
The Bashkir ornament is very ancient, but even now it has not lost its relevance. If you walk through the city, or any village, you can see the Bashkir ornament on houses, posters.
The multinational people of Bashkiria highly honor the traditions of the region and love their culture - the culture of our ancestors. We think that the Bashkir ornament will be passed down from generation to generation.
7. Homework : read the text in the textbook on pages 97-102, answer the questions orally, draw a yurt.
8. Evaluation.
Slide 37
I want to finish the lesson with a poem that reflects the beauty and wealth of our land.
Bashkortostan, your fields
May they be fertile
Let your sons be
Brave, noble!
You are famous, Bashkortostan,
With his gray ridge,
Let the oil fountain with her
Comparable in height.
Let your apple trees to the ground
Bow down from gravity.
And let in any of your family
Happiness will come 5 times!
What else do we want?
So that in our Fatherland
Bashkiria was ours
Happier and more beautiful!
The lesson is over. Thank you for the lesson!
Yurt — this is a portable home. Very strong, light and easy to transport. Easy to assemble and disassemble. Its area is 15-20 square meters. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt. It was cool in the yurt in summer and warm in winter. When it rained, she did not get wet, and the wind did not blow through her. So what is this miracle - coverage? It's called felt. Felt was specially made to cover the yurt, made only from the wool of the autumn shearing of special breeds of sheep.
Wealthy pastoralists covered their dwellings with white felt. Wedding yurts were also covered with white felt mats. On solemn occasions, the side walls of the yurt were decorated with beautiful decorative fabrics and Chinese silk. The top of the yurt was also covered over felt tires with light silk. Kazakh and Bashkir yurts have double-leaf wooden doors, but often a felt canopy is also used.
And what does she have inside? Let's take a look. From the inside, the yurt is divided into two halves. North - female, and south - male and was separated by a curtain - shershau. In the center of the yurt is a hearth. The floor was covered with dry grass, then with mats and sackcloths, and then with woolen rugs and carpets, which were most often made of felt.
DISCUSS TOGETHER
What peoples do we classify as nomadic tribes?
What was the dwelling of nomadic peoples like?
What was it made from?
How did felting masters decorate it?
What was the center of the yurt?
EXPLAIN, is it possible to imagine the way of life of nomadic peoples by the interior of the yurt? What is the peculiarity of the inner space of the yurt? give 
description of the organization of the internal space of the yurt.
If in the northwestern agricultural regions most villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding dominated, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago.
They settled in tribal groups of 25-30 households. From the 20s of the nineteenth century. the administration began redevelopment of the Bashkir auls according to the type of Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain plots of land on which they are engaged in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being.
One thing that could give rise to assigning the name of a semi-nomadic tribe to the Bashkirs is the custom, with the onset of spring, to move to the so-called koshi, that is, to felt wagons, which they set up in the form of a camp in their fields or meadows.
In treeless places, these summer rooms are made of wooden lattices 2 arshins high, covered with felt around, and others are placed on them with a vault, putting them at the top in a wooden circle, which is not closed with a felt mat, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from a hearth dug cat in the middle.
However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while people of average condition live in alasyks (a kind of popular hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felt mats. In places abounding in forests, summer quarters consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, which always remain in the same place.
The villages of the Bashkirs in terms of external architecture are no different from Russian or Tatar villages.
The type of hut is the same, as well as the layout of the streets, but for all that, an experienced eye will distinguish a Bashkir village from a Russian one from the very first time, even if you do not take into account the mosque. On turn of XIX-XX centuries
Abstract of the excursion to the museum corner "Bashkir Yurt"
among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from felt yurt to log huts, which is explained by the complexity ethnic history people, features of the economy and diversity natural conditions. The houses of the Bashkirs everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or dilapidation; they do not show that economic comfort and care, as in Russian houses.
This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor housekeeping, and, on the other hand, by negligence, lack of housekeeping and that love for one's home, with which the Russian peasant decorates it.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using log cabin equipment, from brick, cinder concrete, concrete blocks. The interior retains traditional features: division into household and guest halves, arrangement of bunks.
Housing of the Bashkirs Wikipedia
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"Bashkir morning"
Authentic jury from Bashkortostan
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The internal layout of the houses also has some features. First, it's amazing - a stove or Chuvaev, reminiscent of a flat-chimney fireplace and a large hole for wood.
This very often leads to the death of children.
When winter falls next to a big fire, the dress catches fire, or just falls into Chuvaev.
False history of mankind. Bashkir morning.
In Chuvalevo there is a cauldron where food is cooked immediately and clothes are washed, if that word can be called dirty and worn out.
The salon furniture consists of beds arranged around the walls and covered with felt; Here are richer feathers and pillows. If we do this, join one or more fats to give yourself a samovar with tea things, so that you get all the furniture for a wealthy Bashkir house; most of the poor are not just a samovar, they are not even at home.
When eating food, the Bashkirs do not know knives or forks, which are replaced by fingers.
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