Brass music instr in Bulgaria. Gadulka - musical instrument - history, photo, video

Music in Bulgaria is an integral part of not only family and calendar holidays but also the whole life of the Bulgarians. She accompanies them on weekdays, on holidays, during periods of historical dawn and trials, in moments of joy and sorrow. The paradox that a Bulgarian sings when he cries is not accidental. This impulse to the melody contributed to the creation of songs for any everyday occasion - ritual (carols, Easter, birthday, when divining on the rings or praying for rain), labor (during harvest, gatherings, grape harvest, haymaking), refectory songs, dance, chorus and a number of others.

Music in Bulgaria can be geographically divided into the following musical dialects: Northern Bulgarian, Dobrujan, Thracian, Shops, Pirin, Srednogorsk and Rhodopes.

What is the difference between the Bulgarian folk song? She is predominantly monophonic. Even when two sides sing (choir and choir, soloist and choir), even when they call to each other or one side leads and the other side supports, the song sounds with one voice. The rhythmic richness of the folk song in Bulgaria lies in the breadth, which experts define "from states that are fantastic for a foreigner to primitive monotony". It is achieved through a variety of clock combinations on the basis of an extended sound in time.

The style of the Bulgarian folk song is defined as firm due to the strong performing voice preferred by the people. In women, it is clear and pure, gives rise to a feeling of silver ringing.

Bulgarians prefer recitative - they perform mostly everyday and epic haidut songs. The declamation is melodic, strict or ornamented, and the meaning of the verse is in tune with the melody. With a laudatory and benevolent content of carols, for example, the melody is peppy, optimistic. In the haidut songs it is wide and free, in the songs of the reapers it is lingering, in the songs of those who go to work, elongated tones resemble the pain of past youth.

Despite the fact that Bulgarian music is predominantly vocal, musical instruments are varied. They are represented by three groups: single-voiced and two-voiced wind pipes, kaval (a type of flute), bagpipes, strings (gadulka, tambura) and percussion (drum). Favorite national instruments- gaida (Bulgarian bagpipe), used as an accompanying and solo instrument; koval - solo pipe; gadulka - a stringed instrument with a pear-shaped soundboard, and a gusla - a single-string plucked instrument.

At present, the Folklore Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences has collected more than 70,000 folk songs. Folk song is the basis of modern Bulgarian music in all its genre diversity. Compositions built and stylized in the folk spirit are distinguished by originality, are highly valued in Europe, and are gaining success on the international stage.

In the last few decades, the melodies and lyrics of many old folk songs have been collected and recorded in Bulgaria. As a result, a vast collection of folklore appeared, numbering more than 100 thousand songs. In some villages there were performers who knew and sang more than 1000 songs by heart! This so-called authentic music, performed by non-professionals, formed the basis of a special musical genre. Feature Bulgarian singing, which sounds somewhat strange and mysterious to an unaccustomed ear, is the use of throat and nasal sounds. Asymmetric rhythms (5/8, 7/8, 11/8), unusual amplification and extension of some parts (10/8, 12/8, etc.) are also very often used.

Bulgaria is famous for three major folklore music festivals. Two of them are annual, and the third is the Big Folklore Festival in Koprivshtitsa, held every five years. The Great Folklore Festival is the largest gathering of musicians, dancers and singers in Bulgaria. This is a cross between a pop music festival and a medieval fair. There is simply no other such spectacle: thousands of musicians and singers settle for several days on the slopes of the mountain above the picturesque town.

Main characters festival - performers from all over Bulgaria, acquainting the audience with the culture of their region. There are no professional artists among them. The participants of the festival perform in old colorful Bulgarian costumes, which today you can no longer see on the streets of Bulgarian villages. On a huge field on the outskirts of the city, theatrical stages are being built, on which musicians and dancers perform, and dramatic scenes are played out.

This three-day festival in Koprivshtitsa attracts thousands of guests from all over the country and numerous foreign tourists. Bright trade tents appear around, folk Bulgarian music sounds. But perhaps the most interesting and purely national phenomenon can be seen on the periphery of the festival: itinerant performers and soloists play just like that, for their own pleasure, and wonderful melodies are continuously pouring from the slopes of the mountain.

Bulgarians are very proud of their culture and heritage. History and folklore are still important part their lives, where legends and traditions are passed down from generation to generation.

The Bulgarian lands are a historical crossroads inhabited since ancient times different nations. In their "memory" live ancient civilizations that left an indelible imprint on the culture of the Bulgarian people.

What is it, Bulgarian culture?

According to statistics, this is the third country after Greece and Italy in terms of the number of archaeological sites and places. Bulgarian culture and traditions are a mixture of Thracian, Slavic, Byzantine, Turkish, Greek, Roman and Gypsy cultures.

For 1300 years of its existence, the land of Orpheus and Spartacus has become the cradle of the Slavs and gave the world many brilliant people. For example, Clement of Orchid, a Bulgarian educator, canonized as a saint. In honor of him, on May 24, Bulgaria celebrates the day of culture, Slavic writing and enlightenment.

Architecture

Church and religion have always been in the first place for the Bulgarian people. It was the need for the construction of temples and cathedrals that served as the first impetus for the emergence and development of architecture as such. The most notable cultural monuments and examples medieval architecture are:

Ivanovo rock churches, carved from solid rocks, and representing a group of monolithic churches, chapels and monasteries on the high rocky bank of the Rusensky Lom River at a height of 32 m. The construction of churches was carried out from the 13th to the 14th century.

The complex is known for its beautiful and well-preserved medieval frescoes.

Boyana Church- a medieval Orthodox brick church located on the outskirts of Sofia in the village of Boyana. It consists of an east and a central wing and a west porch. Construction began in the 11th century, and completion took place already in the 19th century. The church owes its world fame to frescoes dated 1259.

They form a second layer above paintings from earlier centuries and are considered among the most valuable monuments of medieval art. of Eastern Europe. In total, the church has 89 different scenes, which depict about 240 human figures.

Rila Monastery- the largest and most famous Orthodox monastery in Bulgaria. It is located 117 km. from Sofia in the southwest of the Rila mountains at an altitude of 1147 m. above sea level. This monastery named after the hermit John of Rila, and built in the 11th century. by his students.

The Rila Monastery is considered one of the most important cultural, historical and architectural monuments country and is a key attraction for Bulgaria and Southern Europe. In 2008 alone, it attracted 900,000 visitors. The Rila Monastery is depicted on the reverse side of the 1 lev banknote issued in 1999.

* All three of these architectural structures recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Art

A striking example of the fine arts of Bulgaria are frescoes and icons. The Thracian tombs of Kazanlak offer fine examples of well-preserved ancient Thracian art.

Fresco in the tomb "Kazanlak" - "Thracian king and queen"

The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral houses the most big collection medieval icons. The most ancient icon dates from the 9th century. AD Art school Tarnovo, founded at the turn of the 13th century. and 14 c. takes its name from the capital and main cultural center Second Bulgarian Kingdom- Tarnovo.

Late 18th century was marked by the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which dominated the territory of Bulgaria from 1396-1878. This contributed to the period of the National Revival of the country in the 18th century. and 19th c. Bulgaria has experienced "reincarnation" in all spheres of culture. After release in 1878 art quickly recovered and fell under the influence of European artistic movements, for example, late romanticism.

Music is an integral living part Bulgarian culture. Music mainly found its development after the liberation from domination from Byzantium with the beginning of the formation of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.

AND oann Kukuzel- Bulgarian singer of that time, famous for his soulful voice.

During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, music, as an art, completely freezes until the Liberation of Bulgaria. Later, the first Bulgarian Opera was created. It is believed that Bulgarian voices are shrouded in mystery. Experts are still trying to find an explanation for the incredible range of the Bulgarian voice and song variety.

The song "Delyu haiduk came out" by Valya Balkanskaya was recorded on a gold disc in 1977 And sent into space on the Voyager spacecraft. Quite a bit - and the song is in literally crosses the physical boundary of the solar system.

One of the most popular and large-scale folklore festivals in Bulgaria are "Pirin sings" and "Rozhen sings", which gather up to 150,000 guests annually.

"Pirin sings" and "Rozhen sings" are one of the biggest festivals of Bulgarian folk music

Typical Bulgarian musical instruments:

• Gadulka- like a violin
• Hyde- bagpipe prototype;
• Kaval - longitudinal flute;
• tambura- a stringed plucked instrument resembling a guitar;
• Tapan- a large double-sided drum.

Most of the population, to be exact 78%, profess Christianity, of which 76% are Orthodox. However, few of them attend churches and services - only 14%.

In Bulgaria religion is free and no one feels any religious oppression.

The national language is "Bulgarian". In the process of its formation, many words were borrowed from Turkish (during the reign of Ottoman Empire), Latin, Greek, Russian, French, Italian, German.

Family values

In Bulgaria, the family is very important. Bulgaria is characterized big families. Moreover, not only parents with their children and families, but also several generations can live under one roof. Families in Bulgaria are usually very friendly and close-knit: family members always come to each other's aid.

In Bulgaria, they give special honor and respect to the elderly: they are the first to be greeted, they are the first to be seated at the table and served the best food, they are given a seat. Their opinion is very valuable and important to everyone else.

It is customary in Bulgaria to give gifts for birthdays, Christmas and when they go to visit. The main rule when choosing a gift: the present should express attention more than represent some value.

Do not make overly expensive gifts, this can put the owner of the house in an awkward position. Usually the mistress of the house is given a bouquet of flowers, and the owner is given a bottle of good wine or other alcoholic drink. It is better not to buy chrysanthemums, lilies and gladioli - these flowers are usually used at funerals. A sign of good taste is the opening of a gift while receiving it.

Traditions

The country still has ancient traditions and customs that originated in those times when people believed in the unknown forces of nature. Mystical Bulgarian voices, together with wildly colorful costumes and wild dances, accompanied by sincere fun - all this makes up a huge layer in Bulgarian culture called "traditions".

Very popular is Nestinar dance on coals" - the present ancient art. The dancers perform their dance barefoot on embers.

"Nestinar dance on coals" - an ancient mystical rite for health and fertility

It is designed to rid the participants of diseases.

"Rose Festival"- another great event in Bulgaria, climbers near the town of Kazanlak in the Valley of Roses on the first weekend of June.

Festive costume procession at the "Festival of Roses"

Bulgarian rose is a unique producer of essential oil raw materials, which provides 70% of the volume of rose oil in the world.

Experts say that Bulgarian roses and rose oil owe their unique properties local climate and generous land. Flowers are harvested in May-June, when high humidity reigns, which is important for this process.

The beginning of spring is marked by carnival "Kukeri" wearing religious character. It takes place in the Bulgarian cities of Pernik and Dupnitsa. Each participant prepares for this day a chic costume and a bright mask embroidered with beads, ribbons and sewn on with woolen tassels.

The festival "Kukeri" for the first time people who visited it may seem like a rather frightening act.

The kukers, with their swaying step, symbolize the wheat, sagging under the weight of the grains. And the bells tied around the waist should frighten away evil spirits with their ringing.

Bulgarian folk music is dominated by the diatonic system. A feature of her harmony is bourdon - the reception of accompaniment or accompaniment of the main melody with a continuously sounding low tone. Natural frets are the most common. There are melodies built on the pentatonic scale - a scale consisting of five whole tones. The melody of Bulgarian songs moves within small intervals.

The song remains the most enduring genre of folk musical creativity, although in the last 30 years there has been a fading of the popular musical tradition. Singers who know 200-300, and some even more than 500-600 songs are not uncommon. New songs are created in the spirit of traditional musical creativity.

Several “dialects” are distinguished in Bulgarian folk melodies: Thracian, Rhodope, Middle Mountain, Shops, Northern Bulgarian and Dobrujan.

Most of the Bulgarian folk melodies are free, without time division. Some of them are slow, lingering; others are recitative, with more or less melismas (decorations). Often recitative songs begin with an appeal to the listeners. Free improvisation in a recitative style is crying.

The 2/4 measure is very common, many round dance melodies are built on this measure, but rhythms with elongated beats are more typical. So, for example, an ordinary share contains two sounds J " J , and the elongated one - three tons, while not being a triplet. From the combination of elongated and ordinary beats, characteristic rhythms are obtained with the numerals 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 - and up to 17. For example, the beat of the dance ruchenitsa 7/16 has one elongated and two ordinary beats:

Folk musical instruments

Bulgarian folk musical instruments are divided into wind, string and percussion instruments. The richest group of wind instruments is kaval, svirka, oyuoyuk, dvoyanka and eaida.

Kaval - a kind of flute. Made from wood. It occurs in two forms: consisting of one trunk or three, inserted one into the other. The most common three-barreled kaval. This is the most lyrical and most technical Bulgarian folk instrument. It is found throughout the country, but is typical of Thrace and Dobruja. The kavals are played mainly by shepherds.

Svirka is a genus of small single-barreled kaval. Produces higher-pitched sounds. Distributed throughout the country.

Dudyuk is similar to a swirl, but unlike it, a wooden plug is stuck into the upper end of its trunk, leaving a gap. Thanks to this, in order to extract one or another tone, it is not necessary to resort to manipulation of the lips. Nadiuduke can be easily played even by children. Dudyuk is more common in the west and southwest of Bulgaria.

Dvoyanka is a dudyuk with two trunks, one of which is melodic and the other is bourdon. Dvoyanka is common in those areas where there is a two-voice song.

Hyde is a bagpipe. It consists of leather fur and wooden parts: a windpipe - a barrel for inflating the fur, a gaidunica - a melody barrel with a reed whistle and holes for fingers, and a handle - a bourdon barrel, also with a reed whistle. Hyde is a very sonorous instrument. People say: "From the guide you will find out where the wedding is." It occurs throughout the country, but is especially typical of the Rhodopes.

To the group string instruments includes bowed - gadulka and gusla - and plucked - tambura. The pear-shaped body of the gadulka is made from a whole piece of wood (acacia, mulberry, maple) and covered with a thin pine resonator board. Gadulki have from three to six veined or metal strings, some, like the ancient Western European viola d'amore, have free-sounding strings. With the left hand, the musician lightly presses the strings without pressing them against the fretboard, which results in a specific sound. The melody is accompanied, as in the haida and dvyanka, by a continuous or from time to time sounding bourdon voice. The musician holds the gadulka vertically: sitting - leaning it on his knee, and standing - at the waist. Gadulka is typical for the whole of Bulgaria, except for the Rhodopes.

Gusla - a one-stringed or two-stringed instrument similar to a gadulka; was common in western Bulgaria 60-70 years ago.

The tamboura is a balalaika-like instrument with 2 to 12 metal strings. They play the tambura with a pinch made from cherry bark. The sound of the tambura is gentle and melting, so it is played only in the house. The tambura is common in southwestern Bulgaria.

Percussion instruments are represented by drums of various sizes (t'pan). The musician strikes the drum on one side with a thick stick and on the other with a thin stick. In the southwestern region, the drum is also played solo, accompanying round dances.

Folk musicians in Bulgaria, with rare exceptions, are men, usually shepherds. They learn to play from childhood.

Not only solo performance is widespread among the people, but also playing in an ensemble on homogeneous or different instruments.

Masters folk instruments very often there are musicians themselves, but there are also specialist artisans. The historical village of Shipka has long been famous for the production of musical instruments.

The wide development of amateur art activity after 1944 and the expansion of its repertoire gave impetus to the improvement of folk instruments. The most important achievement in this sense is the creation of a kind of viola, cello and double bass from the gadulka. This group occupies a central place in the modern orchestra of folk instruments. Among wind instruments, the main role in the orchestra belongs to the kaval and gaida, from which the bourdon stem has been taken away. Also included are the chromatic svirka, the closely related piccolo flute, and the tambura. We are currently working on the design of the bass guide.

WITH early XIX V. some Western European instruments penetrated into Bulgaria and spread among the people: violin, clarinet, trombone, etc. modern times The accordion became very popular.

Folk dances

Folk round dances (chord) and dances are still one of the most favorite entertainments of the Bulgarians. Many rituals are accompanied by music and dances. Folklore dance traditions are very actively supported by amateur performances.

The dancers close and open the round dance chain at will, line up in a spiral or column. The dancers usually hold each other by the hands, by the belt, or join hands through one person either in front or behind the back. Much less often they dance in a circle without holding - hands on their belts or freely swinging. Horo moves most often to the right. A smaller part of the choro is performed almost on the spot. best dancers- with a handkerchief in hand. In many cases, the tail dancer plays an equal role with the leader. At weddings, the brother-in-law with the wedding banner leads well. There are not many dancers in the choro column; dance more often under the command.

During the dance, the Bulgarians usually keep their hands and body calmly, and only in some well do they make characteristic movements with their torso, shoulders and arms. The legs, on the contrary, move very quickly, and are very diverse.

The most common solo and pair dance is the ruchenitsa, very lively with an endless variety of pas and free movement of the hands. Often the handicraft turns into a mass dance. The Dobrudzhan handcuff is developed in some figures rather grotesquely; in the quadruple handcuff, the dancers intertwine their hands and crawl under them. The dances of the zayeshkat (hare), like se sadi cher piper (as black pepper is planted), mhlchanoto (silent) and kuklenskat (puppet) are full of humor and dramatic action.

There are several local styles of Bulgarian horos: Shops, Severnyash, Dobrujan, Middle Mountains, East Thracian, Middle Thracian and Pirin.

Most of the Bulgarian folk choros are in 2/4 time. They dance at different speeds. Many Bulgarian dances performed in irregular rhythms. They are very lively, playful, and often at a whirlwind pace.

Bulgarian folk music is part of the Balkan musical tradition, which has its own distinctive features.

Folk Bulgarian instruments:
(pictures are clickable :-)

Many Bulgarian folk instruments are varieties of Turkish folk instruments, for example, the tambura comes from the saz and the gadulka from the kemenche.

Gaida is a folk bagpipe made of goatskin.

The Thracian Hyde is tuned in D or A.

Rhodope gaida or kaba gaida is more, has more deep sound and tuned in Fa.

Kaval is a longitudinal flute, very close to the Turkish kaval and Arabic nay.

Gadulka - stringed bowed instrument, probably derived from the rebec, which is held vertically when played and which has melodic and resonant strings.

Tamboura is a stringed plucked instrument with a long neck, which is used both for accompaniment and solo parts.

Tarabuka is a drum with a single membrane and a conical resonator, related to the Turkish or North African tarabuka and the Greek dumbeleki.

In "wedding bands" instruments such as accordion, clarinet, saxophone, electric acoustic guitars and bass, drum set, etc. can be used.

Bulgarian folk music varies by region. Dobruzhdan, Sofia, Rhodope, Macedonian (Bulgarian Macedonia) Thracian and Danubian styles have their own distinctive features. Like many other peoples, Bulgarian folk music is strongly tied to calendar rites and holidays, such as Christmas, New Year, midsummer, the feast of St. Lazarus, as well as the unusual rituals of Nestinar in the Strandzha region during the double feast of St. Constantine and Helena on May 21, during which the villagers fall into a trance and dance on hot coals.

The song tradition, male and female, as well as choral, is also very developed.

The most famous ensemble in Soviet time was in Bulgaria State Ensemble Folk Song and Dance under the direction of Philip Kutev. Kutev was probably the most influential musician of the 20th century in Bulgaria, he modernized folk music to a certain extent, which achieved great recognition at home. In 1951 Kutev founded what is now known as Female Choir Bulgarian State Television, which became known throughout the world after the release of a series of recordings called Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares.

A feature of the Bulgarian choral music are its unusual rhythms, polyphony and harmonies, for example, a large number of intervals, such as a major second, as well as the bourdon accompaniment of the melody (part of the choir sings the melodic part, and the other pulls one tone throughout this melody or a large part of it), especially characteristic for the Shopska area around the Bulgarian capital Sofia and the Pirin area.

In Soviet times, some musicians existed outside the sphere of state support. Not being under the official “wing”, such “wedding orchestras” also had no restrictions and could perform what they themselves wanted, often interacting with foreign musicians and styles. important center such interaction was Trakia, which was underground until 1986, when a festival of similar music was established in Stambolovo. Among the musicians who gained fame, for example, is the clarinetist Ivo Papazov.

A distinctive feature of Balkan dance music is complex rhythms (compared to Western music), which consist of combinations of simpler rhythmic groups - 2 (fast) and 3 (slow). All basic dances are based on combinations of these elements. Examples:
"Forest" (slow) - 7 beats: 3-2-2
"kopanitsa" - 11 shares: 2-2-3-2-2
"rychenitsa" - 2-2-3
"paidushko" - irregular rhythm 2-3
"right horo", which can be both 4/4 and 6/8

Some rhythms with the same number of beats can be counted differently, for example: 8 beats can count as 2-3-3, 3-2-3, 3-3-2, 2-2-2-2, 2-2-4 2-4-2, 4-2-2 and even 4-4.

loosely translated by Viking
special thanks to the Bulgarians)

P.S. a wonderful album of Bulgarian folk music can be downloaded

Almost every country there is a certain set of musical instruments that cannot be found in any other country. With their help, that unique folk music, which is so admired by foreign tourists, is often performed. What is unfamiliar is often attractive, therefore, when we travel around the world, we strive to see and try something that we could not find in our homeland.

Folk musical instruments, by the way, are an excellent souvenir that no one is ashamed to give or keep as a keepsake, and if you learn to play at least a little, you can conquer your friends solo concert. Probably largely due to tourists in some countries there is still the production of folk musical instruments and the skills of playing on them are not lost.

What Russian folk musical instruments do you know? First of all, it is, of course, a balalaika. It is even difficult to imagine how many balalaikas left our country together with foreign tourists. It remains only to believe that somewhere on the other end the globe you can hear the sounds of this native musical instrument. But Russians are famous not only for balalaikas folk ensembles. But what about the psaltery, pity, rattles and, finally, spoons?

But in this article we will not talk about Russia, but about Bulgaria. If you are going to visit this beautiful country or decide to buy your own home there, then you will certainly need expert advice. Employees of Atlantis Bulgaria are ready to provide you with all the necessary information and help you buy property in Bulgaria. We can also introduce you to the culture and traditions of Bulgaria so that you feel at home in this country. Atlantis Bulgaria specialists will become your reliable guides in Bulgaria. Today's article will be devoted to Bulgarian folk musical instruments.

To begin with, it must be said that the people musical instruments in Bulgaria are divided into several types, in fact, like all musical instruments. They can be wind, string and percussion. Bulgarian culture is characterized by the predominance of wind musical instruments, among which are: kaval, svirka, dudyuk, double and gaida.

- This , which is essentially a flute. It is believed that the name of this instrument comes from the Turkish word, which means "a long wooden shepherd's whistle". The kaval is made of wood. There are two forms of this tool, it can consist of one barrel or three, inserted one into the other. Such compound kavalas are especially common. The qakwal is a very lyrical instrument, but at the same time it has great technical capabilities and is found all over the country. The kaval is considered a shepherd's instrument because it used to be played mainly by shepherds in the meadow. Svirka is a kind of small single-barreled kaval, but the sound of a svirka can be distinguished from a kaval, since it makes sounds in a higher register. Svirki are also common throughout Bulgaria.

Dudyuk resembles a pipe in shape, but they can be distinguished by one feature: a kind of wooden plug is stuck into the upper end of the barrel of this musical instrument, but it does not fit tightly, forming a gap. Thanks to this gap, to extract sounds of a certain tone, it is not even necessary to touch the instrument with your lips. It is very easy to play the dudyuk, even children brilliantly cope with such a task. The dudyuk is distributed mainly in the west and south-west of the country.

One from the varieties of dudyuk - double. The main difference between a double-double and a traditional dudyuk is that a double-double has two trunks, not one. One of the barrels is melodic, the other is bourdon. Dvoyanka is common in those parts of the country where two-voice songs are popular.

Another popular in Bulgaria wind musical instrument- guide. Hyde is a bagpipe. It consists of leather fur and wooden parts: a duhal (barrel for inflating the fur), a gajdunitsa (a melody barrel with a reed whistle and finger holes) and a ruchil (bourdon barrel). The guide is a very resonant instrument, it traditionally accompanies events that are joyful for Bulgarians, there is a saying: “From the guide you will find out where the wedding is.” Indeed, the sounds of the guide are carried very far, notifying everyone about the holiday.

If you want to take a walk at a Bulgarian wedding and hear the sound of folk musical instruments with your own ears, come and buy real estate in Bulgaria with the help of the Atlantis Bulgaria holding. So you can visit Bulgaria at any time of the year, and someday, perhaps, stay here forever. After all, having seen Bulgaria once, it is impossible not to fall in love with it!