History of foreign literature XIX - early XX centuries. Honore de Balzac's life and career, biography of Honore de Balzac interesting biography

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Biography, life story of Honore de Balzac

Honore de Balzac is a famous French writer of the 19th century, one of the creators of the realistic trend in European literature.

Origin

Honoré de Balzac was born on 05/20/1799 in Tours, located near the Loire River. The daughter of a merchant from Paris gave birth to a boy. His father, Bernard Francois, was a simple peasant, but he was able to become quite a rich man thanks to his ability to trade.

Bernard so successfully bought and then resold the land seized from the nobles during the revolution that he was able to break out into the people. The real name of Balsa, for some reason, did not suit Honore's father, and he changed it to Balzac. In addition, having paid officials a certain amount of money, he became the owner of the “de” particle. Since then, he began to be called more noble, and by the sound of his name and surname he could easily pass for a representative of the privileged class. However, in those days in France, many ambitious commoners who had at least some francs for their souls did this.

Bernard believed that without studying law, his offspring would forever remain the son of a peasant. Only advocacy, in his opinion, could somehow bring the young man closer to the circle of the elite.

Studies

In the period from 1807 to 1813, following the will of his father, Honoré took a course at the College of Vendôme, and in 1816-1819 learned the basics of science at the Paris School of Law. Young Balzac did not forget about the practice, acting as a scribe at a notary.

At that time, he firmly decided to devote himself to literary creativity. Who knows, his dream could come true if the father paid more attention to his son. But the parents did not pay due attention to what young Honore lived and breathed. The father was busy with his own affairs, and the mother, who was younger than him by as much as 30 years, was distinguished by a frivolous character and often found delight in the chambers of strange men.

It should be noted that the future famous writer did not want to become a lawyer at all, so he studied in these institutions, overcoming himself. Moreover, he amused himself by mocking the teachers. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that a negligent student was repeatedly locked in a punishment cell. In Vendôme College, he was generally left to himself, because there parents could visit their children only once a year.

CONTINUED BELOW

College ended for 14-year-old Honore with a serious illness. It is not known why this happened, but the administration of the institution insisted that Balzac immediately went home. The disease lasted for a long five years, during which the doctors, all as one, gave very disappointing forecasts. It seemed that recovery would never come, but a miracle happened.

In 1816, the family moved to the capital, and here the disease suddenly receded.

The beginning of the creative path

Beginning in 1823, the young Balzac began to make himself known in literary circles. He published his first novels under fictitious names, and tried to create in the spirit of extreme romanticism. Such conditions were dictated by the fashion that prevailed then in France. Over time, Honore was skeptical about his attempts at writing. So much so that I tried to continue to not remember them at all.

In 1825 he tried not to write books, but to print them. Attempts with varying success lasted for three years, after which Balzac finally became disillusioned with the publishing business.

writing craft

Honore again returned to creativity, having finished work on the historical novel "Chuans" in 1829. By that time, the novice writer was so confident in his strength that he signed the work with his real name. Then everything went very smoothly, there were "Scenes privacy”,“ Elixir of longevity ”,“ Gobsek ”,“ Shagreen leather ”. The last of these works is a philosophical novel.

Balzac worked to the last of his strength, spending 15 hours a day at his desk. The writer was forced to write at the limit of his abilities, because he owed creditors a large amount of money.

Honoré needed considerable finances for various kinds of dubious enterprises. At first, cherishing the hope of buying a silver mine at a reasonable price, he rushed to Sardinia. Then he acquired a spacious estate in the countryside, the contents of which pretty ruffled the pockets of the owner. Finally, he founded a couple of periodicals, the release of which was not a commercial success.

However, such hard work brought him good dividends in the form of fame that came. Balzac published several books each year. Not every of his colleagues could boast of a similar result.

At the time when Balzac loudly declared himself in French literature (the end of the 1820s), the direction of romanticism blossomed in a riotous color. Many writers have portrayed the image of an adventurous or lonely hero. However, Balzac sought to move away from the description of heroic personalities and focus on the society of the bourgeoisie as a whole, which was the France of the July Monarchy. The writer depicted the life of representatives of almost all strata, from rural hard workers and merchants to priests and aristocrats.

Marriage

Balzac repeatedly visited Russia, in particular, in St. Petersburg. During one of his visits, fate brought him together with Evelina Ganskaya. The Countess belonged to a noble Polish family. A romance began, which ended in a wedding. The solemn event took place in the church of St. Barbara in the city of Berdichev in the early morning, without strangers.

Beloved Balzac had an estate in Verkhovna, a village located in Ukraine on the territory of the Zhytomyr region. The couple settled there. Their love lasted almost 20 years, at the same time Balzac and Ganskaya often managed to live separately and not see each other for several years.

Balzac's hobbies

Previously, Balzac, despite his shy nature, clumsiness in behavior and rather small stature, had many women. All of them could not resist the energetic pressure of Honore. The young man's partners were mostly ladies much older than him.

As an example, we can recall the history of his relationship with the 42nd Laura de Berni, who raised nine children. Balzac was 22 years younger, however, this did not stop him from achieving a mature woman. And this can be understood, because in this way he tried, albeit very late, to receive a portion of maternal caresses due to each child. The ones he was deprived of as a child.

Writer's death

In the last years of his life, the writer was often ill. Apparently, a disdainful attitude towards one's own body made itself felt. Balzac never sought to lead a healthy lifestyle.

The famous writer found his last earthly shelter at the famous Parisian cemetery of Père Lachaise. Death came on August 18, 1850.

Honore de Balzac is a French writer and one of the best prose writers. The biography of the founder of realism is similar to the plots of his own works - wild adventures, mysterious circumstances, difficulties and striking achievements.

On May 20, 1799, in France (the city of Tours), a child was born in a simple family, who later became the father of the naturalistic novel. Father Bernard Francois Balssa had a law degree, was engaged in business, reselling the lands of the poor and ruined nobles. This way of doing business brought him profit, so Francois decided to change his native surname in order to become “closer” to the intelligentsia. As a "relative" Balssa chose the writer - Jean-Louis Gez de Balzac.

Mother Honore, Anne-Charlotte-Laure Salambier, had aristocratic roots and was 30 years younger than her husband, adored life, fun, freedom and men. She did not hide her love affairs from her husband. Anna had an illegitimate child, to whom she began to show more concern than to the future writer. Care for Honore lay on the nurse, and after the boy was sent to live in a boarding house. The childhood of the novelist can hardly be called kind and bright, the problems and stresses experienced later manifested themselves in the works.

Parents wished Balzac to become a lawyer, so their son studied at Vendôme College with a legal bias. The educational institution was famous for its strict discipline, meetings with loved ones were allowed only during the Christmas holidays. The boy rarely adhered to local rules, for which he gained a reputation as a robber and sloven.

At the age of 12, Honore de Balzac wrote the first children's work, which was laughed at by classmates. The little writer read books by French classics, composed poems and plays. Unfortunately, it was not possible to save his children's manuscripts, school teachers forbade the child to develop literary, and once, in front of Honore, one of his first essays, A Treatise on the Will, was burned.

Difficulties associated with communication among peers, with teachers, lack of attention served as the appearance of diseases in the boy. At the age of 14, the family took the seriously ill teenager home. There was no chance of recovery. In this state, he spent several years, but still got out

In 1816, Balzac's parents moved to Paris, where the young novelist continued his studies at the School of Law. Together with the study of science, Honore got a job as a clerk in a notary's office, but did not get pleasure from this. Literature attracted Balzac like a magnet, then the father decided to support his son in the direction of writing.

François promised him funding within two years. During this period, Honore must prove the ability to earn money on his favorite business. Until 1823, Balzac created about 20 volumes of works, but most of them were expected to fail. His first tragedy "" was severely criticized, and later Balzac himself called the young work erroneous.

Literature

In the first works, Balzac tried to follow the literary fashion, wrote about love, studied publishing, but unsuccessfully (1825-1828). The subsequent works of the writer were influenced by books written in the spirit of historical romanticism.

Then (1820-1830) writers used only two main genres:

1. Personal romanticism, aimed at heroic achievements, for example, the book "Robinson Crusoe".
2. The life and problems of the hero of the novel associated with his loneliness.

Rereading the works of successful writers, Balzac decided to move away from the novel of personality, to find something new. "In the main role" of his works began to play not a heroic personality, but society as a whole. In this case, the modern bourgeois society of his native state.

Draft of the story "Dark matter" by Honore de Balzac

In 1834, Honore creates a work aimed at showing the "picture of manners" of that time and has been working on it throughout his life. The book was later called The Human Comedy. Balzac's idea was to create an artistic philosophical history of France, i.e. what the country has become after the revolution.

The literary edition consists of several parts, including a list of various works:

1. "Etudes on Morals" (6 sections).
2. "Philosophical Investigations" (22 works).
3. "Analytical research" (1 work instead of 5 planned by the author).

This book can safely be called a masterpiece. It describes simple people, the professions of the heroes of the works and their role in society are noted. "The Human Comedy" is filled with true facts, all from life, all about the human heart.

Artworks

Honore de Balzac finally formed life positions in the field of creativity after writing the following works:

• "Gobsek" (1830). Initially, the composition had a different name - "The Dangers of Debauchery." The qualities are clearly displayed here: greed and greed, as well as their influence on the fate of the heroes.
• Shagreen Leather (1831) - this work brought success to the writer. The book is imbued with romantic and philosophical aspects. It describes in detail the vital issues and possible solutions.
• "Thirty-year-old woman" (1842). main character the writer has far from the best properties in character, leads a life that is condemning from the point of view of society, which indicates to readers the mistakes that have a destructive effect on other people. Here Balzac wisely expresses thoughts about the human essence.

• "Lost Illusions" (publication in three parts 1836-1842). In this book, Honore, as always, managed to approach every detail, creating a picture moral life French citizens. Vividly displayed in the work: human egoism, passion for power, wealth, self-confidence.
• "Shine and poverty of courtesans" (1838-1847). This novel is not about the life of Parisian courtesans, as its title initially suggests, but about the struggle between secular and criminal society. Another brilliant work, included in the "multi-volume" "Human Comedy".
• The work and biography of Honore de Balzac is one of the materials required for study in schools around the world according to the educational program.

Personal life

One can write a separate novel about the personal life of the great Honore de Balzac, which cannot be called happy. As a child, the little writer did not receive maternal love and conscious life I was looking for care, attention and tenderness in other women. He often fell in love with ladies much older than himself.

The great writer of the 19th century was not handsome, as you can see from the photo. But he had exquisite eloquence, charm, knew how to conquer arrogant young ladies in a simple monologue with just one remark.

His first woman was Mrs. Laura de Berni. She was 40 years old. She was suitable for young Honore as a mother, and, perhaps, managed to replace her, becoming a faithful friend and adviser. After the end of their romance former lovers saved friendly relations maintained a correspondence until his death.

When the writer achieved success with readers, he began to receive hundreds of letters from different women, and one day Balzac came across an essay mysterious girl, admiring the talent of a genius. Her subsequent letters turned out to be clear declarations of love. For some time, Honore corresponded with a stranger, and after that they met in Switzerland. The lady turned out to be married, which did not embarrass the writer at all.

The stranger's name was Evelina Ganskaya. She was smart, beautiful, young (32 years old) and immediately liked the writer. After Balzac awarded this woman the title of the main love in his life.

The lovers rarely saw each other, but often corresponded, made plans for the future, because. Evelina's husband was 17 years older than her and could have passed away at any moment. Having sincere love in his heart for Hanskaya, the writer did not restrain himself from wooing other women.

When Wenceslas of Hansky (husband) died, Evelina pushed Balzac away, because a wedding with a Frenchman threatened her with separation from her daughter Anna (threat), but a few months later she invited her to Russia (her place of residence).

Only 17 years after they met, the couple got married (1850). Honore was then at the age of 51 and was the happiest man in the world, but they did not manage to live a married life.

Death

A talented writer could have died at the age of 43, when various diseases began to overcome him, but thanks to the desire to love and be loved by Evelina, he held on.

Literally immediately after the wedding, Ganskaya turned into a nurse. Doctors gave Honore a terrible diagnosis - cardiac hypertrophy. The writer could not walk, write or even read books. The woman did not leave her husband, wanting to fill his last days with peace, care and love.

On August 18, 1950, Balzac died. After himself, he left his wife an unenviable inheritance - huge debts. Evelina sold all her property in Russia in order to pay them off and went with her daughter to Paris. There, the widow took custody of the prose writer's mother and devoted the remaining 30 years of her life to perpetuating the works of her lover.

Bibliography

• Chouans, or Brittany in 1799 (1829).
• Shagreen leather (1831).
• Louis Lambert (1832).
• Nucingen Banking House (1838).
• Beatrice (1839).
• The constable's wife (1834).
• Salvation Shout (1834).
• Witch (1834).
• The Persistence of Love (1834).
• Bertha's Repentance (1834).
• Naivete (1834).
• Facino Canet (1836).
• Secrets of the Princess de Cadignan (1839).
• Pierre Grasse (1840).
• The Imaginary Mistress (1841).

The father of the future writer was a peasant from Languedoc, who managed to make a career during the French bourgeois revolution and get rich. The mother was much younger than her father (she even outlived her son) and also came from a wealthy family of a Parisian cloth merchant.

The surname Balzac was taken by the father of the future writer after the revolution, the real family name was the surname Balsa.

Education

The writer's father, who became an assistant to the mayor of Tours, dreamed of making his son a lawyer. He gave it first to the College of Vendôme, and then to the Paris School of Law.

Honoré did not like it at once at the Vendôme College. He studied poorly and could not establish contact with teachers. Contact with the family during studies was prohibited, and living conditions were excessively harsh. At the age of 14, Honoré fell seriously ill and was sent home. He never returned to college, graduating in absentia.

Even before his illness, Honore became interested in literature. He avidly read the works of Rousseau, Montesquieu, Holbach. Even after entering the Paris School of Law, Honore did not give up his dream of becoming a writer.

Early work

From 1823 Balzac began to write. His first novels were written in the spirit of romanticism. The author himself considered them unsuccessful and tried not to remember them.

From 1825 to 1828 Balzac tried publishing but failed.

Success

According to a short biography of Honore de Balzac, the writer was a real workaholic. He worked 15 hours a day and published 5-6 novels a year. Gradually, fame began to come to him.

Balzac wrote about what surrounded him: about the life of Paris and the French provinces, about the life of the poor and aristocrats. His novels were rather philosophical short stories, revealing the full depth of the social contradictions that existed then in France and the severity of social problems. Gradually, Balzac combined all the novels he wrote into one big cycle, which he called "The Human Comedy". The cycle is divided into three parts: “Etudes on Morals” (this part, for example, included the novel “The Shine and Poverty of Courtesans”), “Philosophical Studies” (this included the novel “Shagreen Skin”), “Analytical Studies” (this part the author included partly autobiographical works, such as, for example, "Louis Lambert").

In 1845, Balzac was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor.

Personal life

The writer's personal life did not develop until he entered into correspondence (at first anonymously) with the Polish aristocratic Countess Evelina Hanska. She was married to a very wealthy landowner who had large land holdings in Ukraine.

A feeling flared up between Balzac and the Countess of Ghana, but even after the death of her husband, she did not dare to become the writer's legal wife, as she was afraid of losing her husband's inheritance, which she wanted to pass on to her only daughter.

Writer's death

Only in 1850, Balzac, who, by the way, stayed with his beloved for a long time, visiting Kyiv, Vinnitsa, Chernigov and other cities of Ukraine with her, and Evelina were able to officially get married. But their happiness was short-lived, because immediately upon returning to his homeland, the writer fell ill and died of gangrene, which developed against the background of pathological vascular arthritis.

The writer was buried with all possible honors. It is known that his coffin was carried in turn during the funeral by all the prominent literati of France of the time, including Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo.

Other biography options

• Balzac became very popular in Russia during his lifetime, although the authorities were wary of the writer's work. Despite this, he was allowed to enter Russia. The writer visited St. Petersburg and Moscow several times: in 1837, 1843, 1848-1850. He was received very warmly. At one of these meetings between the writer and readers, the young F. Dostoevsky was present, who, after a conversation with the writer, decided to translate the novel "Eugene Grande" into Russian. It was the first literary translation and the first publication made by the future classic of Russian literature.
• Balzac loved coffee. He drank about 50 cups of coffee a day.

LECTURE 12-13

THE WORKS OF HONORE DE BALZAC

1. The Life of a Writer.

2. The universality of the idea, thematic and genre composition, the basic principles for constructing the epic "The Human Comedy" by O. de Balzac.

3. Ideological and artistic analysis of the works "Eugenie Goandet", "Shagreen leather".

1. Life path of the writer

The first half of the 19th century did not know a more striking figure than HONORE BALZAC (1799-1850), who has rightly been called "the father of modern realism and naturalism." His life is a living embodiment of the conditions in which the European, and especially the French writer of the 19th century was. Balzac lived only 51 years, leaving the reader 96 works. He planned to write about 150 of them, but did not have time to complete his grandiose plan. All his works are interconnected by cross-cutting characters, who acted as the main characters in some novels, and minor characters in others.

In Balzac, everyone finds his own. Some were impressed by the completeness and coherence of the picture of the world that he outlined. Others were worried about Gothic mysteries, inscribed in this objective picture. Still others admired the colorful characters that the writer's imagination created, raised above reality by their greatness and their baseness.

Honore Balzac (he added the “de” particle to his surname later and quite arbitrarily) was born on May 20, 1799 in the city of Tours. His father Bernard Francois, a peasant son who fought hard and for a long time, married only at the age of fifty, taking a young girl from a wealthy family (she was 32 years younger than him). The mother hurried to sell the first-born out of her hands. The baby was given to the village nurse, where he spent 3 years. Mother didn't visit often. Social life and a love affair with one of the local aristocrats completely absorbed her. Even after returning to the parental home, the mother saw her son only on Sundays. Honore's childhood was difficult and joyless. The family almost did not take care of his upbringing.

Parents considered themselves educated people, so they did not spare money for the education of their children. At the age of 8, Honore was sent to study at the Vendome College, which became a “spiritual prison” for him, because strict supervision of the pupils reigned here, they were not even allowed to go home for the holidays. All letters were reread by the censor, resorting even to corporal punishment. Young Balzac felt neglected and oppressed in college, apparently because he studied mediocrely and had a reputation among his educators as an undisciplined and poorly gifted student. Here he first began to write poetry and became interested in literature.

Having received a secondary education, with great difficulty, Balzac signed up as a free student at the Paris School of Law. In November 1816, he entered the faculty of law at the Sorbonne and became seriously interested in philosophy and fiction. And at the same time he had to work as a clerk in the office of a notary. The experience gained during the service became the source of many plot conflicts in the works of The Human Comedy.

In 1819, Balzac graduated from the Faculty of Law and received a bachelor's degree in law. However, Honore had no desire to vegetate in a notary's office, he wanted to become a writer (this happened in 1819, when the Napoleonic escapades ended irrevocably and the restored Bourbons already ruled the country). The mother did not want to hear about such a dubious career, but the old Bernard Francois unexpectedly agreed to give his son something like a two-year probationary period. He even concluded a kind of deal with him on this, which provided for meager monetary assistance; after all, as A. Morois wrote, "Balzac was born in a family where money idolized."

When the military quartermaster Bernard-Francois Balzac was dismissed, the family settled in Villepariz, and Honore remained in Paris, where he experienced creative torments, sitting in his attic in front of a blank sheet of paper. He wanted to become a writer without having the slightest idea what he would write about; and took up the heroic tragedy - the genre of his talent is most contraindicated. Inspired by hopes, the young man worked on the tragedy "Cromwell", but the work came out weak, secondary, oriented not to life, but to the canons of art of the 17th century. The tragedy was not recognized even in the family circle.

In 1820 - 1821. Balzac began work on the novel in the letters Walls, or Philosophical Wanderings, focusing on the work of J.-J. Russo and I. W. Goethe, as well as on the experience of personal experiences and impressions. However, this work remained unfinished: the writer lacked skill and maturity.

The spring of 1822 brought him a meeting with a woman who played an important role in his future destiny. Lara de Berni, goddaughter of Louis XVI, was married and older than Balzac by 22 years. This is the angel of friendship that accompanied Honore for 15 years. She helped him with money and advice, was his critic. She became for him that maternal beginning that he had been looking for from his mother all his childhood. Balzac thanked her with love, but this did not mean that he was faithful. Young girls rarely became his passions. It is no coincidence that in his work, exploring the evolution of the female soul with young years and to a ripe old age, the writer drew attention precisely to the 30-year-old, "Balzac" age. After all, it was at this time that a woman, in his opinion, reaches the peak of her physical and spiritual capabilities, is freed from the illusions of youth.

Honoré Balzac was Madame Bernie's children's tutor. “Soon the Balzacs begin to notice something. First, Honore, even when he is not giving lessons, goes to Bernie's house and spends his days and evenings there. Secondly, he began to dress carefully, became friendlier, more accessible and much more welcoming. When the mother found out about Madame Bernie's relationship with her son, she aroused a feeling of jealousy, and soon rumors began to circulate in the city about Honore's frequent visits. To protect her son from this woman, the mother sent him to her sister.

From 1821 to 1825, Honore de Balzac, first in collaboration with others, and then on his own, began to write and publish novels full of secrets, horrors and crimes. He settled down in the attic along Ledig "єr Street and, cheering himself up with coffee, scribbled novels one by one: "Biragskaya Heiress" (1822), "The Last Fairy, or New Magic lamp”(1822) and others. The young prose writer signed with various pseudonyms and later refused to include in the collection of his works. However, the work did not bring either fame or fees for a comfortable life.

In 1836, already well-known, he republished some of them, but under the pseudonym Horace de Saint-Aubin. Although the pseudonym was nothing more than a secret, Balzac did not dare to publish these books as his own. He wrote in 1842 in the Preface to the Human Comedy: “... I must draw the attention of readers to the fact that I recognize as my own only those works that came out under my name. In addition to The Human Comedy, I own only One Hundred Playful Stories, two plays and several articles - and by the way, they are all signed.

Researchers have often been tempted to ignore the early works writer. And it is hardly worth giving in to this temptation. Without them, the image of the writer would not be complete. In addition, they became a kind of testing field for him.

For some time, Honore Balzac generally turned into a literary day laborer, did not disdain any order that brought money. And that money was considerable at that time (especially for a novice writer, unknown to anyone, anonymous), and the family stopped believing that Honore was wasting time on stupid things. However, he himself was dissatisfied, because he hoped that literary work would immediately bring him pennies, fame and power. And the young Balzac, pushed by ardent impatience, resorted to commercial speculation: he began to publish the classics, bought a printing house, and then a type foundry. He devoted almost three years to this activity - from 1825 to 1828, and as a result - bankruptcy and a huge debt, which was partly covered by his elderly mistress, Madame de Berni. But Honore did not completely get rid of his debt until the end of his days, because over time he only increased it.

“For Balzac,” wrote another of his biographers, Stefan Zweig, “Midas is the opposite (because everything he touched turned not into gold, but into debts) - everything always ended in financial collapse ...”. He repeatedly embarked on adventures (published newspapers and magazines, bought shares of abandoned silver mines, worked for the theater to earn money), and all with the same result: instead of gold, debts that gradually grew to truly astronomical numbers.

In the second iol. 20s 19th century articles and essays by Balzac appeared in the Parisian press, which were talented sketches of typical characters and scenes from the life of different sections of French society. Many of them became the basis for images and situations in the works of The Human Comedy.

"The Last Chouan, or Brittany in 1800" (1829) - the first work of Balzac, signed by his last name (he generally called this novel his first work), - was published a year before Stendhal's "Red and Black". But "Red and Black" is a masterpiece, a great monument of new realism, while "The Last Shuang" is something in between, immature.

Undoubtedly, Stendhal and Balzac are very different artistic personalities. The creativity of the first is, first of all, two peaks: "Red and Black" and "Parma Monastery". Even if he didn’t write anything else, he would still remain Stendhal. Balzac had things that worked out better for him, and some worse. And yet, above all, he is the author of The Human Comedy as a whole. He knew and spoke about it himself: “The work on which the author is working will receive recognition in the future, primarily due to the breadth of its concept, and not the value of individual details.”

Real Balzacian creativity began on the threshold of the 1830 revolution, which the writer accepted, but very quickly realized that the people were deceived. And yet, a significant part of his works revealed the theme of the Restoration (“Gobsek”, “Shagreen Skin”, “Colonel Chabert”, “Father Goriot”, “Museum of Antiquities”, “Shine and Poverty of Courtesans”).

In 1833, the novel "Eugene Grande" was published, which defined a new era in the creative development of O. de Balzac. The subject of the image in the new work was bourgeois everyday life with its external and real course. Immediately after the publication of the book, Balzac had an idea to combine all his works into an epic.

In 1834, Jules Sando found temporary shelter in Balzac's apartment, Aurora's companion Dupin was torn away. The writer offered him the post of secretary. Sando witnessed the dinner parties. But after a year and a half, he fled from Balzac, because he believed that it was better to die of hunger than to work like that.

After 30 years, Balzac began to dream of marriage with a noble, beautiful, young and rich woman, which would help him fix his financial and personal problems.

In 1832 he received a letter with an Odessa stamp, which was signed "Outlander". The secret correspondent turned out to be Countess Evelina Hanska (born Rzhevusskaya), who belonged to a well-known Polish family and was only a year younger than Honore. She was married to Venueslav Gansky, a wealthy landowner in Volhynia. Correspondence soon grew into love, which was destined to continue until the death of the writer. At first glance, Ganskaya did not occupy a special place in Balzac's life. Between meetings with his beloved, which took place in Switzerland, then in Germany, then in Italy, Balzac courted women, wrote novels ... However, everything changed when, in 1841, Evelina became a widow. They spent more and more time together. Balzac often traveled to Russia, Ukraine, to Evelina's estate. In 1845 he was greatly shocked by the news of her pregnancy. In his dreams, the writer saw himself as a father, without any doubt that he would have a son. The artist even named him Victor-Honore and began to make plans for the future. But the dreams were not destined to come true, because the child was born 6 months old and died. March 14, 1850 Balzac and Ganskaya got married in Berdichev. She knew perfectly well that she was waiting for the care of her sick husband and the position of the writer's widow, and yet she agreed to the marriage.

In 1835, after the publication of the novel "Father Goriot", the real fame and recognition came to the writer. Short stories and novels appeared one after another. Early 30s. marked not only by the intensive literary activity of Balzac. His successes opened the doors of aristocratic salons for him, which flattered his pride. Material affairs stabilized, old dreams of a house, a carriage, a shoemaker came true. The artist lived widely and freely.

When fame came, when he became the ruler of thoughts, his huge fees could no longer change anything. Money disappeared before it appeared in the wallet; gobble up debts, they poured down, as if into an abyss, not satisfying even a small part of creditors. Great Balzac he ran away from them like a frivolous rake, and once (though not for long) even ended up in a debtor's prison.

All this radically changed his life. In order to pay off his debts, he had to work at a feverish pace (in about two decades he wrote 74 novels, many stories, essays, plays, articles), and in order to maintain the glory of a solvent dandy spoiled by success, he had to get into debt again and again.

However, Honore did not look for a way out of this vicious circle. Apparently, the eternal haste, the atmosphere of an increasing number of falls and adventures were indispensable conditions for his existence, and only under such circumstances, probably, could Balzac's genius manifest itself. So, at first, Balzac quite soberly set himself the goal of becoming a writer, and only then, "after ten years of searching at random ... discovered his true vocation." He wrote 12 to 14 hours a day non-stop in an almost somnambulistic state, turning night into day and fighting sleep and fatigue with giant black coffees; coffee in the end and brought him to the grave.

40s of the XIX century. - last period creativity of Balzac and no less significant and fruitful. 28 new novels by the prose writer have been published. However, from the autumn of 1848 he worked little and printed almost nothing, because his health deteriorated sharply: heart disease, liver disease, and severe headaches. The mighty organism of the creator of the "Human Comedy" was broken by overwork. Balzac actually burned out in labor, having lived to be almost 50 years old. This happened on August 18, 1850. However, the conclusion of his creative activity and skill was the "Human Comedy", which brought him real recognition and immortality through the ages.

In his funeral speech, V. Hugo said: “This powerful and tireless worker, this philosopher, this thinker, this genius lived among us a life full of dreams, struggles, battles - a life that all great people live at all times.”

2. The universality of the idea, thematic and genre composition, the basic principles for constructing the epic "The Human Comedy" by O. de Balzac

The range of literary interests of O. de Balzac was evidence that he felt the need to develop his own reasoned view of the world. The result of such searches was the formation of the philosophical foundation of Balzac's future grand epic: the concept of the world and man, realized in the "Human Comedy" even before he approached its creation.

"Congratulate me. After all, it only got worse that I am a genius, ”- so, according to the memoirs of Balzac’s sister Surville, the writer himself announced the emergence of a new idea, which had no analogues in world literature. In 1833, he openly declared his desire to combine his novels into one epic. A peculiar feature that symbolized the beginning of the creation of a new book was the novel "Father Goriot", which the author completed in 1835. Starting from this work, Balzac began to systematically take the names and characters of the characters from his previous works.

The power of gold has become one of the cross-cutting themes of world literature. Almost all prominent writers XIX-XX centuries addressed her. The outstanding French prose writer Honore de Balzac, the author of a cycle of novels under the general title "The Human Comedy", which he wrote for more than 20 years, was no exception. In these works, the writer sought to embody the artistic generalization of the life of French society in the period 1816-1848.

The connection between the artist's prose and the real life of France during the Restoration era is complex and numerous. He skillfully intertwined references to historical details and real events with the names of the heroes of the "Human Comedy" and the events described in it. But Balzac did not aim to recreate an exact copy of reality. He did not hide the fact that France, which appeared in the "Human Comedy", lay the imprint of his ideas about the meaning and content of human life and the history of civilization as a whole. But we can say for sure that he consistently realized in his work a humanistic view of the history of civilization. The history of morality that Balzac wrote is a history seen through people with all their dreams, passions, sorrows and joys.

The writer decided in his works to show the widest possible panorama of the life of France of his era, but later became convinced that this could not be done within the framework of one novel. This is how the cycle began to take shape, which in 1842 was called the "Human Comedy".

Divine Comedy Dante	Balzac's The Human Comedy
In form, this work is a kind of journey into other world, carried out by the poet in the artistic imagination, vision	In form - an image of the life of France in all its manifestations
The purpose of the work is to show the medieval man and all mankind the path to salvation.	The purpose of comedy is the desire to explain the patterns of human reality
Called a comedy because it started out sad but had a happy ending	Called a comedy because it showed the concept of the human world from many different angles
Genre - poem	It's hard to define a genre. Most often there are two definitions: a cycle of novels and an epic
Divided into three parts ("Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise") - these are the three worlds where Dante lived for a time: real life, the purgatory of inner strife and the paradise of faith	Divided into three parts, each of which included certain works

Since the plan of the Balzacian epic matured gradually, the principles for classifying the works included in it changed many times. Initially, the artist planned to name main job of his life "Social Studies", but later "The Divine Comedy" by Give led him to another thought regarding the title of the work. A grandiose work demanded a majestic title. She came to the writer not immediately, but much later (by analogy with " Divine Comedy» Dante). 18th century tragedy was replaced by comedy of the mid-19th century. The writer himself explained the chosen name as follows: “The huge scope of the plan, simultaneously covers the history and criticism of society, an analysis of its shortcomings and a discussion of its foundations allows, I think, to give it the title under which it will appear -“ The Human Comedy. Or is he pretentious, only correct? It will be up to the readers to decide when the work is finished.

The first step towards the "Human Comedy" was Balzac's appeal to the genre of "physiological essay", which had nothing to do with physiology in the medical sense of the word. It was a kind of study of certain social phenomena. "Physiological essay" - artistic journalism affecting contemporary themes and developed rich material of social and psychological observations.

The first drafts of the grandiose work appeared in 1833 (“Shagreen Skin”), work on the last pages ended shortly before the death of the author (“the wrong side of modern history”, 1848). In 1845, the writer compiled a list of all the works of the Human Comedy, which included 144 titles. But he did not have time to realize his plan in full.

In a letter to Madame Carro, he wrote: “My work must incorporate all types of people, all public states, he must embody all social changes so that not a single life situation, not one person, not one character, male or female, not one way of life, not one profession, not one's views, not one French province, not even anything from childhood, old age, adulthood, from politics, law or military affairs were not forgotten.

Balzac gave no less weight to ordinary phenomena - both secret and overt - as well as to the events of personal life, their causes and fundamental foundations, than historians attached to the events of the public life of peoples. “It is not an easy job to describe 2-3 thousand people who stand out in some way against the background of their era, because approximately so many types will eventually be typed that represent each generation, and “L. To." will contain them all. So many faces, characters, so many destinies needed a certain framework and - forgive me for this statement - galleries.

The society, which was the fruit of the writer's creative energy, had all the signs of reality. “Common characters” passed from one work to another, which, along with the universality of the creative method and the author’s concept, strengthened the writer’s idea, giving it the scale of an architectural structure. Gradually, Balzac got his own doctors (B "yanchon, Desplein), a detective (Corentin, Perade), lawyers (Derville, Deroche), financiers (Nusingen, the Keller brothers, du Tillet), usurers (Gobsek, Palme, Bidault), know ( Listomery, Kergarueti, Monfrinesi, Granlier, Ronkeroli, Rogani), etc.

The Preface to the Human Comedy made it possible to comprehend the grandiosity of Balzac's general idea. "The original idea for The Human Comedy came to me like a dream, like one of those nebulous ideas you grow but can't visualize clearly..."

The main provisions of the "Foreword ..."

The idea of ​​this work was born as a result of comparing humanity with the animal world.

The desire to find a single mechanism in society, since, in his opinion, it is similar to Nature.

The writer singled out three forms of human existence: "men, women and things."

The main idea of ​​the plan is to give a huge panorama of society based on the law of egoism.

Balzac did not profess Russian ideas about the "natural goodness of man."

"The Human Comedy" is divided into three parts, each of which Balzac called etudes (vicennas): "Etudes on Morals", "Philosophical Studies", "Analytical Studies". The central place in it was occupied by "Etudes on Customs", which the writer divided into different scenes of life. This scheme was conditional, some works moved from one section to another. According to the scheme, the author arranged his novels in this way ( the most important works):

1. "Studies on Morals".

A) Scenes of private life. "The House of the Cat Playing Ball", "A Ball in So", "Matrimonial Consent", "Sub-Family", "Gobsek", "Silhouette of a Woman", "A 30-Year-Old Woman", "Colonel Chabert", "Abandoned Woman" , "Father Goriot", "The Marriage Contract", "Lust of the Atheist", "Eve's Daughter", "Beatrice", "First Steps into Science".

B) Scenes of provincial life. "Eugenia Grande", "The illustrious Godissard", "Provincial Muse", "The Old Maid", "Pierrette", "The Bachelor's Life", "Lost Illusions".

C) Scenes of Parisian life. "The Story of Thirteen", "Shine and Poverty of Courtesans", "Facino Canet", "Business Man", "Prince of Bohemia", "Cousin Betta".

D) Scenes of political life. "The underside of modern history", "Dark matter", "Episodes of the era of terror."

D) Scenes of military life. "Shuani", "Passion in the Desert".

E) Scenes of rural life. "Village Doctor", "Village Priest", "Peasants".

2. "Philosophical Studies".

"Shagreen leather", "Forgiven Melmoth", "Unknown masterpiece", " Cursed child”, “Search for the Absolute”, “Farewell”, “Executioner”, “Elixir of Longevity”.

3. "Analytical Studies".

"Philosophy of marriage", "Small hardships of married life".

"Studies on Morals" were common history society, where all events and deeds are collected. Each of the six sections corresponded to one of the main thoughts. Each had its own meaning, its own meaning and covered a certain period of human life:

“Scenes of private life depict childhood, adolescence and the mistakes inherent in this age.

The scenes of provincial life show passions in their adulthood, describing calculations, interests and ambitions.

The scenes of Parisian life paint a picture of the tastes, vices and irrepressible manifestations of life associated with the customs that flourish in the capital, where one can meet both unique good and unique evil at the same time.

The scenes of political life reflect the interests of many or all - that is, we are talking about life that flows as if not in the general direction.

The scenes of military life show a grandiose picture of the Society in a state of highest voltage when it goes beyond the limits of its existence - when it defends itself from an enemy invasion or goes on conquest campaigns.

The scenes of village life are like the evening of a long day. In this section, the reader will for the first time meet the purest characters and will be shown how to implement the high principles of order, politics and morality.

It is difficult to name all the themes of the works of Honore de Balzac. The author took to attention, it would seem, anti-artistic topics: the enrichment and bankruptcy of a merchant, the history of the estate changed its owner, speculation in land allotments, financial scams, the struggle over the will. In the novels, it was these main events that determined the relationship of parents - children, women - men, lovers - mistresses.

main topic, which united the works of Balzac into one whole, is the desire to explain the patterns of reality. The author was interested not only in specific topics and problems, but also in the relationship of these problems; not only individual passions, but also the formation of a person under the influence of the environment.

These methods allowed the writer to draw certain conclusions in the book about the degradation of man in bourgeois society. However, he did not absolutize the influence of the environment, but led the hero to an independent choice of his life path.

The following united such a huge number of works and characters: Balzac developed an important motive for human actions - the desire for enrichment.

The internal construction of the "Human Comedy" is such that great novels and short stories alternated in it with short stories - "crossroads" - "Prince of Bohemia", "Business Man", "Comedians Unknown to Himself". These are, rather, involuntarily written etudes, the main value of which is a meeting with well known to the writer characters who were briefly reunited by intrigue.

The writer built the "human comedy" on the principle of cyclicality: most of the characters moved from work to work, acting as the main actors in some and episodic in others. Balzac boldly abandoned the plot, where the biography of a particular hero was given in full.

Thus, an important compositional principle of the "Human Comedy" is the interaction and interconnection of various parts of the cycle (for example, the actions of "Gobsek" and "Father Goriot" took place almost simultaneously, they also had a common character - Anastasi de Resto - the daughter of Father Goriot and the wife of the Count de Resto).

It is very problematic to accurately and unambiguously define the genre of this work. Two definitions are most often given: a cycle of novels and an epic. It is unlikely that they can be attributed to the "Human Comedy". Formally, this is a cycle of novels, more precisely, works. But many of them have no means of communication with each other - for example, no plots, no problems, no common heroes the novels "Shuani", "Peasants", "Shine and Poverty of Courtesans" and the story "Shagreen Skin" did not connect with each other. And there are many such examples. The definition of "epopee" also only partially applies to the "Human Comedy". The epic, in its modern form, is characterized by the presence of core characters and a common plot, which Balzac did not have.

The most complex variant of cyclic unity is the unification of works of different genres (novels, short stories, short stories, essays, short stories) within the framework of one concept. In this case, a huge material of life, a huge number of characters, the scale of the writer's generalizations also made it possible to speak of an epic. As a rule, in such a context, first of all, they recall Balzac's The Human Comedy and E. Zola's Rougon-Maccari, created under the influence of Balzac's masterpiece.

3. Ideological and artistic analysis of the works "Eugenie Grandet", "Shagreen leather"

In 1831, Balzac published Shagreen Skin, a novel that "was supposed to formulate modernity, our life, our egoism." The main theme of the work is the theme of a talented but poor young man who lost the dreams of his youth in a collision with a selfish and soulless bourgeois society. Already in this book has been outlined main feature The writer's work - fantastic images did not contradict the realistic depiction of reality, but, on the contrary, gave special intrigue and philosophical generalizations to the stories.

Philosophical formulas are revealed in the novel on the example of the fate of the protagonist Raphael de Valentin, who is faced with the dilemma of the century: “to wish” and “to be able”. Infected with the disease of time, Raphael, who originally chose the path of the scientist, give it up for the sake of brilliance and pleasure secular life. Having experienced a complete collapse in his ambitious intentions, rejected by the woman he was so fond of, left without a minimum means of subsistence, the hero was already ready to commit suicide. It was at this time that fate brought him together with an amazing old man, an antique dealer, who handed him an all-powerful talisman - shagreen leather, for the owner of which desire and possibilities became a reality. However, the payback for all desires was the life of Raphael, which very quickly began to emerge along with a decrease in the size of shagreen leather. There was only one way out of this situation for the hero - to satisfy all desires.

Thus, the novel reveals two systems of being: a life full of pleasures and passions, which led to the destruction of man, and an ascetic life, the only pleasure of which was knowledge and potential power. Balzac portrayed both strong and weak sides both of these systems on the example of the image of Raphael, who at first almost did not destroy himself in the mainstream of passions, and then slowly died in a “vegetative” existence without desires and emotions.

"Rafael could do everything, but did nothing." The reason for this is the selfishness of the hero. Desiring to have millions and having received them, Rafael, previously overwhelmed with desires and dreams, was immediately reborn: "a deeply egoistic thought entered his very essence and swallowed up the universe for him."

All the events in the novel are strictly motivated by a natural confluence of circumstances: Raphael, having received shagreen skin, immediately wished for entertainment and orgies, and at the same moment stumbled upon his old friend, who invited him to “a luxurious party at Tyfer’s house; there, the hero accidentally met with a notary who had been looking for the heir of the deceased millionaire for two weeks already, and he turned out to be Rafael, etc. So, the fantastic image of shagreen leather acted as “a purely realistic reflection of experiences, moods and events” (Goethe).

In 1833, the novel Eugenie Grandet was published. The subject of the image in the new work was the bourgeois everyday life with its usual course of events. The scene is typical for the French province of the town of Saumur, which is revealed against the backdrop of rivalry between two noble families of the city - Kruchon and Grassiniv, who argued for the hand of the heroine of the novel Eugenie, the heiress of the multimillion-dollar property of "father Grande".

The protagonist of the novel is Eugenie's father. Felix Grande is the image of a provincial rich man, an exceptional personality. The thirst for money filled his soul, destroyed all human feelings in him. The news of his brother's suicide left him completely indifferent. He did not take any family part in the fate of the orphaned nephew, quickly sending him to India. The miser left his wife and daughter without the most necessary things, saving even on doctor visits. Grande changed his habitual indifference to his dying wife only after he learned that her death threatened the distribution of property, since it was Eugenie who was the legitimate heiress of her mother. The only one to whom he was not indifferent in his own way was his daughter. And that was only because he saw in it the future shore of accumulated wealth. “Take care of the gold, take care of it! You will give me an answer in the next world, ”- these are last words father to child.

The passion for accumulation not only dehumanized Felix Grande, it contains the causes of the premature death of his wife and lost life Eugenie, who was denied by his father the natural right to love and be loved. Passion also explained the sad evolution of Charles Grandet, who came to his uncle's house as an unspoiled youth, and returned from India cruel and greedy, having lost the best features of his "I".

Building a biography of Grande, Balzac analytically exposed the “roots” of the hero’s degradation in a wide exposition, thereby drawing a parallel with bourgeois society, which asserted its greatness with the help of gold. This image was often compared with the image of Gobsek. But the greed of Gobseck and Grandet was of a different nature: if Gobseck's cult of gold was invested in philosophical reflection greatness of wealth, then Grande simply loved money for the sake of money. The realistic image of Felix Grande is not endowed with romantic features, which alone made their way in Gobsek. If the complexity of Gobsek's nature impressed Balzac in some way, then Father Grande, in his primitiveness, did not arouse any sympathy in the writer.

Somyursky millionaire is opposed by his daughter. It was Eugenie, with her indifference to gold, high spirituality and desire for happiness, who decided to come into conflict with her father. The origins of the dramatic collision are in the love of the heroine for her young cousin Charles. In the struggle for Charles - beloved and in love - she showed rare perseverance and audacity. But Grande took a cunning path, sending his nephew to distant India for gold. If Eugenie's happiness never came, then Charles himself became the reason for this, betraying youthful love for the sake of money and social status. Having lost the meaning of life with love, Eugenie, internally devastated at the end of the novel, continued to exist, as if fulfilling her father’s covenant: days when her father allowed her... Always dressed like her mother used to dress. Saumur house, without sun, without heat, is constantly filled with melancholy - a reflection of her life.

This is how sad the story of Eugenie appeared - a woman created by nature for the happiness of being a wife and mother. But due to her spirituality and dissimilarity to others, for the despot-father, she "... did not receive a husband, or children, or a family."

Writer's creative method

Introduced Balzac heroes: bright, talented, extraordinary personalities;

Tendency to contrasts and exaggerations;

Balzac worked on the character in three stages:

I sketched the image of a person, starting from one of my acquaintances or from literature,

He collected all the material into a single whole;

The character became the embodiment of a certain passion, an idea that gave him a certain form;

Everything that happened in his works is the result of numerous causes and consequences;

A significant place in the works was given to descriptions.

Questions for self-control

1. Why is Honore de Balzac called "the father of modern realism and naturalism"?

2. Reveal the main intent of the writer of The Human Comedy.

3. What unites such a mass of Balzac's works into one whole?

4. What are the basic principles for constructing the epic "The Human Comedy"?

Honore de Balzac, French writer, "the father of the modern European novel", was born on May 20, 1799 in the city of Tours. His parents didn't have noble birth: father came from peasants with a good commercial streak, later changed his surname from Balsa to Balzac. The particle "de", indicating belonging to the nobility, is also a later acquisition of this family.

The ambitious father saw his son as a lawyer, and in 1807 the boy, against his will, was sent to Vendôme College, an educational institution with very strict rules. The first years of study turned into a real torment for young Balzac, he was a regular in the punishment cell, then he gradually got used to it, and his internal protest resulted in parodies of teachers. Soon, the teenager was overtaken by a serious illness, which forced him to leave the college in 1813. The forecasts were the most pessimistic, but five years later the disease receded, allowing Balzac to continue his education.

From 1816 to 1819, while living with his parents in Paris, he worked as a clerk in a judicial office and at the same time studied at the Paris School of Law, but did not want to associate his future with jurisprudence. Balzac managed to convince his father and mother that a literary career was exactly what he needed, and from 1819 he took up writing. In the period up to 1824, the novice author published under pseudonyms, giving out, one after another, frankly opportunistic novels that did not have great artistic value, which he himself later defined as “real literary disgusting”, trying to recall as rarely as possible.

The next stage in the biography of Balzac (1825-1828) was associated with publishing and printing activities. His hopes to get rich did not materialize, moreover, huge debts appeared, which forced the failed publisher to pick up the pen again. In 1829, the reading public learned about the existence of the writer Honore de Balzac: the first novel, Chouans, signed by his real name, was published, and in the same year it was followed by The Physiology of Marriage (1829) - a manual written with humor for married people men. Both works did not go unnoticed, and the novel "The Elixir of Longevity" (1830-1831), the story "Gobsek" (1830) caused quite a wide response. 1830, the publication of "Scenes of Private Life" can be considered the beginning of work on the main literary work - a cycle of stories and novels called "The Human Comedy".

For several years the writer worked as a freelance journalist, but his main thoughts until 1848 were devoted to composing works for The Human Comedy, which included a total of about a hundred works. Schematic features of a large-scale canvas depicting the life of all social strata of contemporary France, Balzac worked in 1834. The name for the cycle, which was replenished with more and more new works, he came up with in 1840 or 1841, and in 1842 the next edition came out already with new heading. Fame and honor outside the homeland came to Balzac during his lifetime, but he did not think to rest on his laurels, especially since the amount of debt left after the failure of publishing was very impressive. A tireless novelist, correcting a work in Once again, could significantly change the text, completely redraw the composition.

Despite the intense activity, he found time for secular entertainment, trips, including abroad, did not ignore earthly pleasures. In 1832 or 1833 he began an affair with Evelina Hanska, a Polish countess, who at that time was not free. Beloved gave Balzac a promise to marry him when she became a widow, but after 1841, when her husband died, she was in no hurry to keep him. Mental anguish, impending illness and great fatigue caused by many years of intense activity made the last years of Balzac's biography not the happiest. His wedding with Hanska nevertheless took place - in March 1850, but in August, Paris, and then the whole of Europe, spread the news of the writer's death.

Balzac's creative heritage is huge and multifaceted, his talent as a narrator, realistic descriptions, ability to create dramatic intrigue, convey the most subtle impulses of the human soul, put him among the greatest prose writers of the century. Both E. Zola, M. Proust, G. Flaubert, F. Dostoevsky, and prose writers of the 20th century experienced his influence.

Biography from Wikipedia

Honore de Balzac Born in Tours in the family of a peasant from Languedoc Bernard Francois Balssa (Balssa) (06/22/1746-06/19/1829). Balzac's father made a fortune by buying and selling confiscated noble lands during the years of the revolution, and later became assistant to the mayor of the city of Tours. Has no relation to the French writer Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac (1597-1654). Father Honore changed his surname and became Balzac. Mother Anna-Charlotte-Laura Salambier (1778-1853) was much younger than her husband and even outlived her son. She came from a family of a Parisian cloth merchant.

The father prepared his son for advocacy. In 1807-1813, Balzac studied at the College of Vendome, in 1816-1819 - at the Paris School of Law, at the same time he worked as a scribe for a notary; however, he abandoned his legal career and devoted himself to literature. Parents did little for their son. He was placed at the College Vendôme against his will. Meetings with relatives there were forbidden all year round, with the exception of the Christmas holidays. During the first years of his studies, he repeatedly had to be in a punishment cell. In the fourth grade, Honore began to come to terms with school life, but he did not stop mocking teachers ... At the age of 14, he fell ill, and his parents took him home at the request of the college authorities. For five years, Balzac was seriously ill, it was believed that there was no hope of recovery, but soon after the family moved to Paris in 1816, he recovered.

The director of the school, Maréchal-Duplessis, wrote in his memoirs about Balzac: "Starting from the fourth grade, his desk was always full of writings ...". Honore was fond of reading from an early age, he was especially attracted by the work of Montesquieu, Holbach, Helvetius and other French enlighteners. He also tried to write poetry and plays, but his childhood manuscripts have not been preserved. His essay "Treatise on the Will" was taken away by the teacher and burned before his eyes. Later, the writer will describe his childhood years in an educational institution in the novels “Louis Lambert”, “Lily in the Valley” and others.

After 1823, he published several novels under various pseudonyms in the spirit of "violent romanticism". Balzac strove to follow the literary fashion, and later he himself called these literary experiments "real literary disgust" and preferred not to think about them. In 1825-1828 he tried to engage in publishing activities, but failed.

In 1829, the first book signed with the name "Balzac" was published - the historical novel "Chuans" (Les Chouans). The formation of Balzac as a writer was influenced by the historical novels of Walter Scott. Balzac's subsequent works: "Scenes of Private Life" (Scènes de la vie privée, 1830), the novel "The Elixir of Longevity" (L "Élixir de longue vie, 1830-1831, a variation on the themes of the legend of Don Juan); the story "Gobsek" ( Gobseck, 1830) attracted the attention of the reader and critics.In 1831, Balzac published his philosophical novel La Peau de chagrin and began the novel La femme de trente ans (La femme de trente ans). stories "(Contes drolatiques, 1832-1837) - an ironic stylization of Renaissance short stories. In part autobiographical novel"Louis Lambert" (Louis Lambert, 1832) and especially in the later "Seraphite" (Séraphîta, 1835) reflected Balzac's fascination with the mystical concepts of E. Swedenborg and Cl. de Saint-Martin.

His hope of getting rich had not yet materialized (heavy debt is the result of his unsuccessful business ventures) when fame began to come to him. Meanwhile, he continued to work hard, working at his desk for 15-16 hours a day, and annually publishing 3 to 6 books.

In the works created during the first five or six years of his writing activity, the most diverse areas of contemporary French life are depicted: the village, the province, Paris; various social groups- merchants, aristocracy, clergy; various social institutions- family, state, army.

In 1845, the writer was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor.

Honore de Balzac died on August 18, 1850, at the age of 52. The cause of death is gangrene, which developed after he injured his leg on the corner of the bed. However, the fatal disease was only a complication of several years of excruciating ailment associated with the destruction of blood vessels, presumably arteritis.

Balzac was buried in Paris, at the Pere Lachaise cemetery. " All the writers of France came out to bury him". From the chapel where he was said goodbye to the church where he was buried, among the people carrying the coffin were Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo.

Balzac and Evelina Ganskaya

In 1832, Balzac met Evelina Ganskaya in absentia, who entered into correspondence with the writer without revealing her name. Balzac met with Evelina in Neuchâtel, where she arrived with her husband, the owner of vast estates in Ukraine, Wenceslas of Gansky. In 1842, Wenceslas Gansky died, but his widow, despite many years of romance with Balzac, did not marry him, because she wanted to pass on the inheritance of her husband to her only daughter (having married a foreigner, Ganskaya would have lost her fortune). In 1847-1850, Balzac stayed at the estate of Ganskaya Verkhovnya (in the village of the same name in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region, Ukraine). Balzac married Evelina Hanska on March 2, 1850 in the city of Berdichev, in the church of St. Barbara, after the wedding the couple left for Paris. Immediately upon arrival home, the writer fell ill, and Evelina looked after her husband until his last days.

In the unfinished "Letter about Kyiv" and private letters, Balzac left mention of his stay in the Ukrainian towns of Brody, Radzivilov, Dubno, Vyshnevets visited Kyiv in 1847, 1848 and 1850.

Creation

Composition of The Human Comedy

In 1831, Balzac had the idea to create a multi-volume work - a "picture of manners" of his time - a huge work, later entitled by him "The Human Comedy". According to Balzac, The Human Comedy should have been art history and the artistic philosophy of France - as it developed after the revolution. Balzac worked on this work throughout his later life; he includes in it the majority of already written works, specially for this purpose he reworks them. The cycle consists of three parts:

• "Etudes on Morals"
• "Philosophical Studies"
• "Analytical Studies".

The most extensive is the first part - "Etudes on Morals", which includes:

"Scenes of Private Life"

• "Gobsek" (1830),
• "Thirty-year-old woman" (1829-1842),
• "Colonel Chabert" (1844),
• "Father Goriot" (1834-35)

"Scenes of Provincial Life"

• "Turkish priest" ( Le curé de Tours, 1832),
• Evgenia Grande "( Eugenie Grandet, 1833),
• "Lost Illusions" (1837-43)

"Scenes of Parisian Life"

• trilogy "The Story of Thirteen" ( L'Histoire des Treize, 1834),
• "Caesar Birotto" ( Cesar Birotteau, 1837),
• Nucingen Banking House ( La Maison Nucingen, 1838),
• "Shine and poverty of courtesans" (1838-1847),
• "Sarrasin" (1830)

"Scenes of Political Life"

• "A case from the time of terror" (1842)

"Scenes of military life"

• "Chuans" (1829),
• "Passion in the Desert" (1837)

"Scenes of village life"

• "Lily of the Valley" (1836)

Subsequently, the cycle was replenished with the novels "Modesta Mignon" ( Modeste Mignon, 1844), "Cousin Betta" ( La Cousine Bette, 1846), "Cousin Pons" ( Le Cousin Pons, 1847), as well as, in its own way summing up the cycle, the novel The Reverse Side of Modern History ( L'envers de l'histoire contemporaine, 1848).

"Philosophical Studies"

They are reflections on the laws of life.

• "Shagreen Skin" (1831)

"Analytical Studies"

The cycle is characterized by the greatest "philosophy". In some works - for example, in the story "Louis Lambert", the volume of philosophical calculations and reflections many times exceeds the volume of the plot narrative.

Balzac's innovation

The end of the 1820s and the beginning of the 1830s, when Balzac entered literature, was the period of the greatest flowering of Romanticism in French literature. The big novel in European literature by the arrival of Balzac had two main genres: a novel of a personality - an adventurous hero (for example, Robinson Crusoe) or a self-deepening, lonely hero (The Suffering of Young Werther by W. Goethe) and a historical novel (Walter Scott).

Balzac departs both from the novel of personality and from historical novel Walter Scott. He aims to show the "individualized type". In the center of his creative attention, according to a number of Soviet literary critics, is not a heroic or outstanding personality, but modern bourgeois society, the France of the July Monarchy.

"Studies on Morals" unfold the picture of France, paint the life of all classes, all social conditions, all social institutions. Their leitmotif is the victory of the financial bourgeoisie over the landed and tribal aristocracy, the strengthening of the role and prestige of wealth, and the weakening or disappearance of many traditional ethical and moral principles associated with this.

In the Russian Empire

Balzac's work found its recognition in Russia during the life of the writer. Much was published in separate editions, as well as in Moscow and St. Petersburg magazines, almost immediately after the Paris publications - during the 1830s. However, some works were banned.

At the request of the head of the Third Department, General A.F. Orlov, Nicholas I allowed the writer to enter Russia, but with strict supervision..

In 1832, 1843, 1847 and 1848-1850. Balzac visited Russia.
From August to October 1843, Balzac lived in St. Petersburg, in Titov's house on Millionnaya Street, 16. That year, a visit by such a famous French writer Russian capital caused a new wave of interest in his novels among local youth. One of the young people who showed such interest was Fyodor Dostoevsky, a 22-year-old second lieutenant of the St. Petersburg engineering team. Dostoevsky was so delighted with the work of Balzac that he decided immediately, without delay, to translate one of his novels into Russian. It was the novel "Eugene Grande" - the first Russian translation, published in the magazine "Pantheon" in January 1844, and the first printed publication of Dostoevsky (although the translator was not indicated during publication).

Memory

Cinema

Feature films and television series have been made about the life and work of Balzac, including:

• 1968 - "Mistake of Honore de Balzac" (USSR): director Timofey Levchuk.
• 1973 - Balzac's Great Love (TV series, Poland-France): director Wojciech Solyazh.
• 1999 - "Balzac" (France-Italy-Germany): director José Diane.

Museums

There are several museums dedicated to creativity writer, including in Russia. In France they work:

• house museum in Paris;
• Balzac Museum in the Chateau Sacher of the Loire Valley.

Philately and numismatics

• In honor of Balzac were issued stamps many countries of the world.

Postage stamp of Ukraine, 1999

Postage stamp of Moldova, 1999

• In 2012, the Paris Mint as part of the numismatic series “Regions of France. Famous people”, minted a 10 euro silver coin in honor of Honore de Balzac, representing the Center region.

Bibliography

Collected works

in Russian

• Collected works in 20 volumes (1896-1899)
• Collected works in 15 volumes (~ 1951-1955)
• Collected works in 24 volumes. - M.: Pravda, 1960 ("Spark" Library)
• Collected works in 10 volumes - M .: Fiction, 1982-1987, 300,000 copies.

in French

• Oeuvres completes, 24 vv. - Paris, 1869-1876, Correspondence, 2 vv., P., 1876
• Letters à l'Étrangère, 2 vv.; P., 1899-1906

Artworks

Novels

• Chouans, or Brittany in 1799 (1829)
• Shagreen leather (1831)
• Louis Lambert (1832)
• Eugenia Grande (1833)
• The History of Thirteen (Ferragus, leader of the devorants; Duchess de Langeais; Golden-eyed girl) (1834)
• Father Goriot (1835)
• Lily of the Valley (1835)
• Nucingen Banking House (1838)
• Beatrice (1839)
• Country Priest (1841)
• Balamutka (1842) / La Rabouilleuse (fr.) / Black sheep (en) / alternative titles: Black Sheep / Bachelor's Life
• Ursula Mirue (1842)
• Thirty Years Old Woman (1842)
• Lost Illusions (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843)
• Peasants (1844)
• Cousin Betta (1846)
• Cousin Pons (1847)
• The Luster and Poverty of the Courtesans (1847)
• MP for Arcee (1854)

Novels and stories

• House of a Cat Playing Ball (1829)
• Marriage Contract (1830)
• Gobsek (1830)
• Vendetta (1830)
• Goodbye! (1830)
• Country Ball (1830)
• Marital Consent (1830)
• Sarrazine (1830)
• Red Hotel (1831)
• Unknown Masterpiece (1831)
• Colonel Chabert (1832)
• The abandoned woman (1832)
• Belle of the Empire (1834)
• Involuntary Sin (1834)
• The Devil's Heir (1834)
• The constable's wife (1834)
• Shout of salvation (1834)
• Witch (1834)
• The Persistence of Love (1834)
• Bertha's Remorse (1834)
• Naivety (1834)
• The Marriage of the Belle of the Empire (1834)
• Forgiven Melmoth (1835)
• Mass of the Godless (1836)
• Facino Canet (1836)
• Secrets of the Princess de Cadignan (1839)
• Pierre Grasse (1840)
• The Imaginary Mistress (1841)

Screen adaptations

• Shine and Poverty of Courtesans (France; 1975; 9 episodes): director M. Kaznev. Based on the novel of the same name.
• Colonel Chabert (film) (fr. Le Colonel Chabert, 1994, France). Based on the story of the same name.
• Don't Touch the Ax (France-Italy, 2007). Based on the story "The Duchess de Langeais".
• Shagreen leather (French La peau de chagrin, 2010, France). Based on the novel of the same name.

Data

• In the story of K. M. Stanyukovich "A Terrible Disease" the name of Balzac is mentioned. The main character Ivan Rakushkin, an aspiring writer who does not have creative talent and doomed to failure as a writer, are comforted by the thought that Balzac, before he became famous, wrote several bad novels.