Read stories of ancient Russian literature. Old Russian literature

But otherwise opens secret... (A. Akhmatova) Who says we will die? - Leave these Judgments in themselves - Falsehood twists in them: We live for many centuries In this world, And for many centuries we still have to live. We did not come from the void, And in years We are not destined to go into the void One day. We are part of Nature, We are part of the Universe, part of the world - Specifically, everyone! Billions of years ago We already breathed, I don’t know what, I don’t know how, But it was the case. The universe arose, We didn’t interfere with it, We did who, what could In other limits. And billions of years will pass - In the corona of the Sun The weary Earth will burn In its greatness, We will not burn! We will return to another life, We will return to ourselves In a different guise! I tell you: a person does not disappear! I tell you: a person is invested in immortality! But we still don’t know the evidence, And we can’t confirm immortality yet. But after a few years Oblivion weights We will throw off our memory And boldly remember: Why did we end up here - In the sublunar world? Why immortality is given to us And what to do with it? Everything that we will do in an hour, In a week and even a year, All this is not far from us In its own world lives. many floors, In one - we are going to Mars, In the other - we have already flown. Awards, praise and more ranks are waiting for us, lining up, And with them - our slaps in the neighboring worlds are burning. We think: life in hundreds of years This is God knows him: where? And it's nearby - invisible light Those years are scattered everywhere. Try to pierce the moon with your finger! It won’t work - the hand is short, It’s even more difficult to touch the country, Abandoned for centuries. But it’s so arranged: every moment From the streets, offices and apartments We move with the whole world To the real neighboring world. Wandering through space with the Earth With ideas fresh and old, We are new time - layer by layer - We rent from the world. And we are not in a hurry to live on loan, We do not speed up the year, We know with a distant memory That we have come to life forever. That our borders are not in milkiness, That our era is not an hour, In stock We have infinity, and Eternity is in store for us. And as on an excursion - only forward, Encrypting and theorem days, The Universe leads us by the hand Along the corridor of time. Turn on the light in the past and future! And you will see with a new vision how the city, which does not yet exist, is already appearing in time. In the future time, where so far only clouds of our hopes and our dreams float almost without color and outlines. the pulp of blue life smiled at warmth and light, turning on the lighting, you will meet a hedge that no longer exists. when eccentrics in a good mood turn on the sound in the past and future, turn on the light in the future and the past. And life, as if circles on water, knits links for millennia, and there are no dead people anywhere, there are only those who fell asleep for a moment. Peace is only temporary silt .People are eternal! Look at their faces on each page - in the past and in the future - the same faces. There are no other people in nature, and the same people walk in circles of past and future squares, grinding stones with elastic steps. Turn on the light in the past and future, and you will see doubts instead, that in the future, where you are not yet, a place has already been prepared for you. https://www.stihi.ru/avtor/literlik&;book=1#1

Explanatory text to the general map of the Moscow state that has not survived to our time. When this map was first compiled, researchers judge this differently. Butkov and after him Ogorodnikov were inclined to attribute the beginning of the Book of the Big Drawing to the end of the 15th century. Tatishchev argued that "Tsar John IV Vasilievich in 1552 ordered a drawing of the state to be made," and Khodakovsky and Spassky accepted his opinion. Karamzin believed that the Book of the Big Drawing, in its present form, was compiled under Feodor Ivanovich, and Lerberg pointed more precisely to 1599; By this time ("about 1600") Spassky was ready to attribute "if not its compilation, then at least its addition." Finally, Ogorodnikov found that “it is almost more correct to recognize the text of K. B. Ch. as such a geographical chronicle for which no chronological index has yet been found and in which the initial layer of geographical indications (perhaps very brief) is closed to us by numerous amendments and additions and presents several chronological steps, several editions that supplement one another. From the Book of B. Ch. we only learn that from the Moscow fire of 1626, "an old drawing of the entire Moscow state for all neighboring states" survived, that this drawing was "made a long time ago - under the former sovereigns" and fell into such disrepair that "from now on it is not possible to look at the natural boundaries Can"; therefore, from the dilapidated drawing, a new drawing was taken "to the same extent", and at the same time another drawing was drawn up - apparently on a much larger scale, "from the reigning city of Moscow to Ryazan and Seversk and Polish cities, and from Liven by three roads to Perekop. The material for the last drawing was the "old bit painting" made "under the former sovereigns." The inscriptions of both new drawings were then copied into a book, which is known as the Book of B. Ch. The drawings on which the Book of the Big Drawing is based were, apparently, in the nature of route maps; so the book got the character of a road builder. When describing the most important roads for the Moscow state - to the Crimea, to the port of Arkhangelsk and to Siberia - the Book of B. Ch. keeps the order of the routes; but in other cases, the presentation is carried out in the order of rivers and basins, thus taking on the character of an orohydrographic description. The book begins with a description of three Tatar roads - Muravsky, Izyumsky and Kalmiussky ways (obviously, this part corresponds to the second drawing, specially designed to serve for "sovereign parcels" for guard and stanitsa service). This is followed by a description of the Donets and Don basins; a description of the Caucasian rivers is attached here; then come the Terek, Yaik, the rivers of the Kirghiz steppe, Crimean horde, basins of the Dnieper with the Desna, the Oka with Moscow and the Klyazma, the Volga with the Kama and the Vyatka, the Pomor basin in connection with part of the lake basin, border cities with the Lithuanian-Polish state, in connection with the Dvina basin, the lake basin, the continuation of the Pomeranian basin from the Oka to the Ob , the Pechora and Dvina basins, the left tributaries of the Volga from Kostroma to Unzha, the road to Arkhangelsk and Siberia; The book ends with a description of the Ob basin. The first edition of the Book of the Big Drawing was made by Novikov in 1773 (St. Petersburg), under the title "Ancient Russian hydrography containing a description of the Muscovite state of rivers, channels, lakes, wells and what cities and tracts are on them, and at what distance they are." This was followed in 1792 by the anonymous edition of A. I. Musin-Pushkin: "The Book of the Big Drawing or ancient map Russian State, updated in the Discharge and written off in the book of 1627. "In 1838, the Book of B. Ch. was published for the third time by D. I. Yazykov, and in 1846 - for the fourth time by G. I. Spassky ("Book verb B. Ch., ed. on behalf of the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities).

Old Russian literature is a historically regular First stage development of all Russian literature as a whole, and includes the literary works of the ancient Slavs, written from the 11th to the 17th century. The main prerequisites for its appearance can be considered a variety of forms oral art, legends and epics of the pagans, etc. The reasons for its occurrence are associated with the formation of the ancient Russian state Kievan Rus, as well as with the baptism of Rus', it was they who gave impetus to the emergence Slavic writing, which began to contribute to a more accelerated cultural development East Slavic ethnic group.

The Cyrillic alphabet, created by the Byzantine enlighteners and missionaries Cyril and Methodius, made it possible to open for the Slavs Byzantine, Greek and Bulgarian books, mostly church books, through which Christian teaching was transmitted. But due to the fact that in those days there were not so many books, for their distribution there was a need for their correspondence, this was mainly done by the ministers of the church: monks, priests or deacons. Therefore, all ancient Russian literature was handwritten, and at that time it happened that texts were not just copied, but rewritten and reworked for completely different reasons: literary tastes of readers changed, various socio-political rearrangements arose, etc. As a result of this, on this moment survived various options and editions of the same literary monument, and it happens that it is rather difficult to establish the original authorship and a thorough textual analysis is required.

Most of the monuments ancient Russian literature have come down to us without the names of their creators, they are essentially anonymous, and in this regard, this fact makes them very similar to the works of oral ancient Russian folklore. Old Russian literature is distinguished by the solemnity and majesty of the style of writing, as well as traditionalism, ceremoniality and repetition. storylines and situations, various literary devices (epithets, phraseological units, comparisons, etc.).

The works of ancient Russian literature include not only the usual literature of that time, but also the historical records of our ancestors, the so-called annals and chronicle narratives, notes of travelers, according to ancient walking, as well as various lives of saints and teachings (biography of people ranked by the church as saints) , essays and messages of oratorical character, business correspondence. All monuments literary creativity ancient Slavs are characterized by the presence of elements artistic creativity and emotional reflection of the events of those years.

Famous Old Russian works

At the end of the 12th century, an unknown storyteller created a brilliant literary monument of the ancient Slavs "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", it describes the campaign against the Polovtsy of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich from the Novgorod-Seversky Principality, which ended in failure and had sad consequences for the entire Russian land. The author is concerned about the future of all Slavic peoples and their long-suffering homeland, past and present historical events are recalled.

This work is distinguished by the presence only of its inherent characteristic features, here there is an original processing of "etiquette", traditional techniques, the richness and beauty of the Russian language surprises and amazes, the subtlety of rhythmic construction and special lyrical elation fascinates and inspires the essence of the people and high civic pathos.

Epics are patriotic songs-tales, they tell about the life and exploits of heroes, describe events in the life of the Slavs in the 9th-13th centuries, express their high moral qualities and spiritual values. The famous epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber" written by an unknown storyteller tells about the heroic deeds of the famous defender of the common Russian people mighty hero Ilya Muromets, whose meaning of life was to serve the motherland and protect it from the enemies of the Russian land.

Main negative character epics - the mythical Nightingale the Robber, half man, half bird, endowed with a destructive "animal cry", is the personification of robbery in Ancient Rus', which brought a lot of trouble and evil ordinary people. Ilya Muromets acts as a generalized image the perfect hero, howling on the side of good and defeating evil in all its manifestations. Of course, there are a lot of exaggerations and fabulous fiction in the epic, with regard to the fantastic strength of the hero and his physical capabilities, as well as the destructive effect of the whistle of the Nightingale-Rozboynik, but the main thing in this work is the highest goal and meaning of the life of the protagonist of the hero Ilya Muromets - to live and work peacefully on native land, V Hard time always be ready to help the Fatherland.

A lot of interesting things about the way of life, way of life, beliefs and traditions of the ancient Slavs can be learned from the epic "Sadko", in the image of the main character (merchant-guslar Sadko) all the most best features and features of the mysterious “Russian soul”, this is nobility, and generosity, and courage, and resourcefulness, as well as boundless love for the Motherland, a remarkable mind, musical and singing talent. In this epic, both fairy-tale-fiction and realistic elements are surprisingly intertwined.

One of the most popular genres of ancient Russian literature is Russian fairy tales, they describe fantastic fictitious plots, unlike epics, and in which morality is necessarily present, some obligatory teaching and instruction for the younger generation. For example, the fairy tale “The Frog Princess”, well-known since childhood, teaches young listeners not to rush where it is not necessary, teaches kindness and mutual assistance and the fact that a kind and purposeful person on the way to his dream will overcome all obstacles and difficulties and will definitely achieve what he wants. .

Old Russian literature, consisting of a collection of the greatest historical manuscripts, is National treasure several peoples at once: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, is "the beginning of all beginnings", the source of all Russian classical literature And artistic culture generally. Therefore, everyone must know her works, be proud of the great literary talent of their ancestors. modern man who considers himself a patriot of his state and respects its history and the greatest achievements of his people.

Old Russian literature can rightfully be considered the basis of all genres and all books ever written in Ukrainian, Belarusian or Russian.. From the moment the alphabet was invented by Cyril and Methodius, from the moment when civilized writing replaced the archaic devils and resi, this literature marked the beginning of all book, printed and educational work in our country. Therefore so it is important to pay attention to it and get to know the works of ancient Russian literature closer. On our website you will find best books of this interesting and ancient genre.

History of the genre of ancient Russian literature

Old Russian literature began to develop, as already noted, with the invention of a convenient and practically modern alphabet. Thessalonians did it brothers Cyril and Methodius who were even canonized for such a high achievement. Indeed, it is difficult to overestimate their contribution to the history of all Slavic countries.

The genre of Old Russian literature is heterogeneous. In it you can find legends about the lives of saints, annalistic data, office records and much more. For example, you can often find chronicle data that is a myth, legend or legend, written down as if it were in fact. This is of great interest and uniqueness. Old Russian works for the modern reader. Especially such books. carefully collected on our website (they can be read online) will be relevant for historians, philologists, students and schoolchildren.

Features of Old Russian literature

First of all, it is language. Old Russian legends, chronicles and(lives of saints) not written topics easy to understand language to which the modern reader is accustomed. This ancient the language is rich in comparisons, hyperbole and many other tricks, behind which it is sometimes difficult to understand the meaning of the story. That's why our online library contains only adapted, translated into modern language texts, which retained some of the terms available for understanding. Thus, you can safely read books online and learn ancient history free. You may also be interested in reading books about Ancient Rus' in the popular science genre.

Another feature of Old Russian literary works there was a lack of idleness, that is, books were not secular. They were serious, they have neither humor nor too extended plots. This is partly due to the psychology of the ancient monk writers. who had to write down certain events on paper for the first time. But most often the stinginess and severity of the genre is explained by the high cost of materials for books. Thus, writers simply did not have the opportunity to record jokes and other “frivolous” things.

The development of the genre of the lives of the saints, also called hagiography, served as a kind of catalyst for ancient Russian literature. Lives replaced the ancient reader and, and, and even. By the way, all these genres originate precisely from the innocent biblical and gospel stories about the life and adventures of the saints.

The best books of the genre of ancient Russian literature

Despite all the interestingness and originality of the genre, not so many books have been preserved in it. Thematically, they can be divided into several groups.

literary works (11th-17th centuries), covering various types of narration. In the literature of Kievan Rus (See Kievan Rus), translated stories with moralizing tendencies and developed plots were widespread (the story of Akira the Wise; the story "About Barlaam and Joasaph"; the military narrative "History of the Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius; "Alexandria"; "Devgeniev act", etc.). The original Russian stories were originally of a legendary-historical nature and were included in the annals (about Oleg Veshchem, about Olga's revenge, about the baptism of Vladimir, etc.). In the future, P. d. developed in two main directions - historical-epic and historical-biographical. The first cultivated the principles of narration about the events, mainly military ones (tales about internecine wars of princes; about wars with the Polovtsians of the 11th-12th centuries; about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of the 13th-14th centuries; “The Tale of Mamaev massacre", 15th century). Military tales often turned into extensive fictionalized “stories” (“The Tale of Tsar-Grad”, 15th century; “The History of the Kazan Kingdom”, 16th century, etc.), in some cases acquired a folklore-epic coloring (“The Tale of about the ruin of Ryazan by Batu”, 14th century; “The Tale of the Azov Seat”, 17th century, etc.). Stories of this type include the retinue epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign (12th century) and Zadonshchina (14th century). Military stories are characterized by patriotic ideals, colorful battle descriptions. Among the narratives about events, there are also stories dedicated to the problems of statehood. Legendary and historical narratives of the period of formation of the Russian centralized state were devoted to the succession of world monarchies and the origin of the Rurik dynasty (the stories “On the Kingdom of Babylon”, “On the Princes of Vladimir”, etc., 15-16 centuries). Then main theme stories becomes a historical and journalistic description of the crisis of Moscow statehood in " Time of Troubles"And the change of reigning dynasties ("The Tale of 1606", "The Tale" by Avraamy Palitsyn, "Chronicle Book" by I. Katyrev-Rostovsky, etc.).

Another direction of P. d. developed the principles of narrative about heroes, originally based on a Christian providential, solemnly rhetorical description of the deeds of prominent princes in the struggle against external enemies (the lives of Alexander Nevsky, Dovmont of Pskov, 13th century; Dmitry Donskoy, 15th century) ; these works occupied an intermediate position between traditional military stories and the lives of saints. Gradually, the historical and biographical narrative began to move its heroes into everyday situations: the story of Peter and Fevronia of Murom (15-16 centuries), imbued with fairy-tale symbols; the story of the noblewoman Juliana Lazarevskaya (17th century), etc. Interest in the exploits of the heroes is supplanted by attention to the relationships of people, to the behavior of the individual in everyday life, which, however, was still determined by church ethical norms. The stories of the biographical type branched into instructive autobiographical lives (the lives of Avvakum, Epiphanius) and narratives of a semi-secular, and then secular nature, imbued with medieval-traditional morality (the folklore-lyrical "The Tale of Grief-Misfortune", the book-fictional "The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn ", 17th century). The narrative increasingly breaks away from the historical canvas and masters the art of plotting. At the end of the 17th century there are satirical stories with an element of literary parody ("The Tale of Yersh Ershovich", "Shemyakin Court", etc.). Acute difficult everyday situations are equipped with naturalistic details characteristic of the early short story (the stories about the merchant Karp Sutulov and his wife, 17th century; The Tale of Frol Skobeev, early 18th century). Translated stories are again in vogue, the characters of which are Russified in a fairy-tale spirit (“About Bova-Korolevich”, “About Yeruslan Lazarevich”, etc.), collections of Western European short stories (“Great Mirror”, “Facetia”, etc.). P. d. make a natural evolution from the medieval historical narrative to the fictional story of the new time.

Lit.: Pypin A. N., Essay literary history old Russian stories and fairy tales, St. Petersburg, 1857; Orlov A. S., Translated stories of feudal Rus' and the Moscow state of the XII-XVII centuries, [L.], 1934; Old Russian story. Articles and research. Ed. N. K. Gudziya, M. - L., 1941; The origins of Russian fiction. [Resp. ed. Ya. S. Lurie], L., 1970; History of Russian literature, vol. 1, M. - L., 1958.

A. N. Robinson.

• - see Izborniki ...

  encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron

• - TAKE | STI, DOW, CHILD ch. 1. Lead, take away kudal .: and more importantly, lead m˫a to tsr҃kvi glorious h҃vѹ mch҃nkѹ. SKBG XII, 23b; lead me to see all the pain. SatTr XII/XIII, 34...

  Dictionary Old Russian language(XI-XIV centuries)

• - the main person in it, on which the interest of the story is especially focused. The novel began with a description of a brilliant ball at which the two main characters of the novel appear, or the hero and heroine ... Goncharov. Literary evening. 1...
• - B/B ch. see _Appendix II conducted by A/B pr...

  Dictionary of Russian accents

• - see respect, lead ...

  Dictionary Dalia

• - ́, -going, -going; -ate, -ate; - eating; behaved; - eating; sovereign 1. whom. Start leading. P. of the patient under the arm. P. tourists in the mountains. P. highway to the north. P. car. P. conversation. P. assembly. P. with a bow on the strings ...

  Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

• - I'll lead, you'll lead, past. led, led; led, owl. 1. someone. To do, to begin to do, to manifest. in accordance with all the values. vb. lead. Lead someone. down an unfamiliar street...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

• Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

• - the story of I owls. transition and indefinitely. 1. transition Direct the movement of someone, something, showing the way; help go. ott. Force to go together, forcefully pull along. 2. transition...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

• - the story of I owls. transition and indefinitely. 1. transition Direct the movement of someone, something, showing the way; help go. ott. Force to go together, forcefully pull along. 2. transition...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

• - story "and, -ed" y, -goes; past temp. -eat, -eat "...

  Russian spelling dictionary

• - as a sign of attention, participation, anxiety Cf. "You are a steely and soulless woman!" She at least raised an eyebrow. Pisemsky. The churning sea. 6, 18. Cf. Ita supercilium salit. Plaut. Pseudol. 107. See an eyebrow not blink. See eyebrows move...

  Explanatory-phraseological dictionary of Michelson

• - as a sign of attention, participation, anxiety. Wed “Steel and soulless woman you are!” She at least raised an eyebrow. Pisemsky. The churning sea. 6, 13. Cf. Ita supercilium salit. Plaut. Pseudol. 107. See. Do not blink an eyebrow ...
• - The hero of the story is the main person in her, - on which the interest of the story is especially focused. Wed The novel began with a description of a brilliant ball, at which the two main characters of the novel, or the hero and heroine, appear .....

  Michelson Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original orph.)

• - ...

  Word forms

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  Synonym dictionary

"Tales of Old Russian" in books

Old Russian dumplings with cottage cheese

From the book Vareniki, dumplings, dumplings author Melnikov Ilya

Syrniki "Old Russian"

From the book Most delicious recipes. Supersimple cooking recipes author Kashin Sergey Pavlovich

Old Russian magi

From the book Slavic Encyclopedia author Artemov Vladislav Vladimirovich

Ancient Russian sorcerers Since ancient times, the Slavs had sorcerers, carriers of folk religious ideas and mysterious knowledge, who conjured and predicted, healed and performed various religious rites. Magi - representatives of the old, pagan religion,

CHAPTER 2 OLD RUSSIAN LANDS IN THE XII - BEGINNING OF THE XIII

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the 16th century. 6th grade author Chernikova Tatyana Vasilievna

CHAPTER 2 OLD RUSSIAN LANDS IN THE XII - BEGINNING OF XIII in § 10. POLITICAL DIVISION OF Rus' 1. The beginning of fragmentation In the XII century, Rus' entered into new period historical development- a period of fragmentation. It lasted 300 years - from the 12th to the end of the 15th century. In 1132, the son of Vladimir Monomakh

Original old Russian norms

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author

Original Old Russian Norms In Old Russian legal, predominantly ecclesiastical-legal writing, we encounter lonely articles of Russian origin, as if they had accidentally fallen into the place where we find them, without organic connection with a monument

Chapter 3 Old Russian "principalities"

From the book Russian Middle Ages author Gorsky Anton Anatolievich

Chapter 3 Old Russian "principalities" When in various works on history - scientific, popular science or educational - we are talking about political development medieval Rus', the most common terms are two - these are "state" and "principality". Both words -

From the book The Mystery of the Baptism of Rus' author Froyanov Igor Yakovlevich

OLD RUSSIAN SOURCES Metropolitan Hilarion (42) “The Roman country praises Peter and Paul with a voice of praise, by which they were led to faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of God; (praise) Asia, Ephesus and Patmos of John the Theologian, India - Thomas, Egypt - Mark. All countries, cities and peoples honor and

From book Short course on Russian history author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Old Russian Lives of the Saints as a Historical Source In order to prevent requirements that the author could not and did not think to satisfy, he finds it useful to explain the origin of his work. He turned to ancient Russian hagiographies as to the most abundant and fresh source,

Old Russian pagan sanctuaries

From the book Resurrection of Perun. To the reconstruction of East Slavic paganism author Klein Lev Samuilovich

Old Russian pagan shrines archaeological sites. The so-called "Old Russian pagan sanctuaries" constantly appear in literature - a complex,

From The Tale of Bygone Years. Translated by A. G. Kuzmin according to the publication “Se Tales of Bygone Years” (Laurentian Chronicle) (Arzamas, 1993)

From the book HISTORY OF RUSSIA from ancient times to 1618. Textbook for universities. In two books. Book one. author Kuzmin Apollon Grigorievich

From The Tale of Bygone Years. In the translation of A. G. Kuzmin according to the publication of “Behold the Tale of Bygone Years” (Laurentian Chronicle) (Arzamas, 1993), after the flood, the three sons of Noah divided the earth, Shem, Ham, Japhet. And Shem got the East... Ham got the South... Chiafet got the northern countries

Two migration flows to the Old Russian lands

From the book The Beginning of Russian History. From ancient times to the reign of Oleg author Tsvetkov Sergey Eduardovich

Two migration flows to the ancient Russian lands Ornaments of the Slovenes of NovgorodSo, the East Slavic ethnos did not know either tribal or dialectal unity, or a common “ancestral home”, which, until recently, the Middle Dnieper region was unconditionally recognized. IN

Old Russian or Scandinavian roots?

From the book Russian land. Between paganism and Christianity. From Prince Igor to his son Svyatoslav author Tsvetkov Sergey Eduardovich

Old Russian or Scandinavian roots? Historians and philologists discovered the folklore and literary roots of the chronicle of Olga's revenge as early as the first half of the 19th century, and the Normans, of course, hastened to attribute them to borrowings from the Scandinavian epic.

Old Russian princes

From the book From Hyperborea to Rus'. Non-traditional history of the Slavs author Markov German

Old Russian princes The list of princes given below, compiled according to the texts of the Book of Veles and Russian chronicles, in connection with unconfirmed data on kinship and chronology, can only serve as references for this review. The mythological ancestors of the Aryans (according to the Book

Old Russian lands and Pskov in the IX-XIII centuries

From the book Holy Defenders of Rus'. Alexander Nevsky, Dovmont Pskovskiy, Dmitry Donskoy, Vladimir Serpukhovskoy author Kopylov N. A.

Old Russian lands and Pskov in the 9th-13th centuries, the 13th century brought ancient Russian history significant changes. The dependence of most of the Russian lands on the Golden Horde, the growth of their fragmentation into autonomous destinies, the differences in the forms of statehood, fixing on the thrones

Tales of Old Russian

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(PO) author TSB