World machine-building complex. Economic and geographical characteristics of mechanical engineering

Export of machinery, equipment and vehicles (according to the methodology of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service of Russia) in 2017 amounted to 28.1 billion dollars, showing an increase of 14.6% or 3.57 billion dollars. This was the second result in Russian history slightly less than in 2013 ($28.8 billion). At the same time, deliveries to non-CIS countries reached 19.8 billion dollars, which became the absolute maximum, and if in 2013 non-CIS countries and the CIS were exported as 58:42, then in 2017 the ratio was 70:30.

Russian export of engineering products has its own specifics. Large export contracts for most industries are not business as usual, and therefore from year to year, deliveries can fluctuate greatly. For this reason, in most cases we talk about achievements in relation to the period since 1996, for which there are quite detailed statistics, although with a high probability it can be extended to the entire period of independent Russia (since 1992). Comparison with Soviet era hampered by fundamentally different approaches to the formation of groups of machine-building products in foreign trade statistics and its general scarcity; nevertheless, for a number of goods we had reason to assert historical highs.

It is no secret that a significant part of Russian exports of engineering products is associated with the military-industrial complex and the nuclear complex. This is our specificity, and we did not try to get away from it in the analysis, there is a record for a product, which means that there is a record, regardless of the purpose of the product. By the way, Europe, America and many other countries take into account the export of military products along with similar civilian goods in the same way.

Represented in Russian deliveries are both re-export operations and sales of used equipment (for example, they are very active various ships). This is typical for many countries, there is nothing special about it. But having reason to believe that this is the nature of the record, we did not talk about it - after all, this is not an achievement in the “Made by us” category. The fact that imported components are actively used in the production of our products and their share can sometimes be large is irrelevant to the essence of the matter - this is how the entire world mechanical engineering works.

In the analysis, we tried to simplify the official long and complex names of commodity items without losing their essence. Goods were distinguished by 4 or 6 TNVED signs.

Energy and power equipment

Export turbojet engines in 2017 grew by 28% to USD 1,547 mln. second result in history, slightly inferior to the maximum of 2013 (1603 million dollars). At the same time, in quantitative terms, the record has been updated - 447 pieces. In addition, exports of parts for turbojet and turboprop engines amounted to $246 million, the third largest in history after the peak of 2009-2010. Russia is one of the world's top five exporters of turbojet engines (excluding re-export operations).

Export jet engines grew by 40% to $292 million in 2017. This is a new absolute record! At the same time, the threshold of $100 million was first overcome only in 2011, $200 million - in 2015. Russia is the world's largest exporter of jet engines.

Export nuclear reactors and their parts increased by 2.7 times in 2017 to USD 283 million. the best result V recent history Russia, the previous record was $243 million in 2010. According to the available international foreign trade statistics, Russia should take first place in the world in 2017, but it is possible that part of the supplies foreign countries may be classified.

Export central heating boilers in 2017 grew by 37% to $31 million. best result in the recent history of Russia, and it is quite possible that in general in Russian history, because. in the mid-1990s, exports averaged only $2 million a year. The previous record was $25.9 million in 2010.

Export auxiliary equipment for boilers in 2017 grew by 2.9 times to $99 million. best result since 1996, the previous record was $96 million in 1998. According to our estimates, in 2017 Russia ranked seventh in the world in exports of boiler accessories.

Export electric accumulators in 2017 grew by 18% to $77 million. second result since 1996, second only to the high of 2004 ($106 million), when there was a strange surge in supplies to Belarus.

Industry and universal equipment

Export thermal equipment grew 2.5 times in 2017 to $518 million. This is a new absolute record, the previous Russian achievement was USD 381 million in 2015. The record was achieved by a threefold increase in the supply of heat exchangers, which accounted for more than 80% of exports of the products in question (USD 419 million). Also, thermal equipment includes industrial water heaters, dryers, sterilizers, apparatus for distillation and rectification, cooling towers, etc., as well as parts.

Export liquid pumps(including parts) in 2017 increased by 32% to $361 million. third result in the recent history of Russia, after 2008 ($569 million, a very large shipment to Kazakhstan) and 2013 ($382 million).

Export filtering equipment in 2017 grew by 37% to $212 million. best result in the recent history of Russia, the previous record was $211 million in 2013.

Export refrigeration equipment(excluding household refrigerators) grew by 49% in 2017 to $141 million. best result in the recent history of Russia, the previous record was USD 127 million in 2013. The largest part of deliveries is formed by refrigerated display cases (USD 78 million), which have seen a significant increase for the third year in a row.

Export mechanical sprayers grew by 92% to $73 million in 2017. This is a new absolute record! Last year's record result was almost doubled.

Export tillage machines(seeders, planters, rippers, harrows, etc., including parts) in 2017 grew by 62% to $58 million. best result in the recent history of Russia, the previous record was $37 million in 2014.

Export air conditioners(including parts) in 2017 increased by 28% to $47 million. best result in Russia's recent history, the previous record was $41 million in 2000. Exports are growing for the seventh year in a row!

Export poultry farming equipment in 2017 increased by 2.6 times to $35.1 million. This is a new absolute record! True, there is a possibility of error in the current indicator for Kazakhstan, but even its adjustment to the average level will give a total indicator of more than $20 million, which will also be a record. For a long time there was practically no export of these products, the mark of 5 million dollars was surpassed by Russia for the first time in 2013.

Devices

Export lasers and special optics(including parts) in 2017 increased by 84% to $490 million. This is another update historical maximum! Exports have been growing for the fourth year in a row, the previous peak of 2012 has already been exceeded by 3.1 times.

Export automatic control devices in 2017 grew by 18.7% to $242 million. second result in the recent history of Russia, second only to the maximum of 2013 ($277 million).

Export measuring instruments for electrical quantities and radiation in 2017 increased by 36% to $119 million. Since the mid-1990s, only exports in 2001 ($151 million) and 2008 ($122 million) have been more significant.

Export demo devices and models in 2017 grew by 5.1% to $105 million. second result in the recent history of Russia, second only to the maximum of 2013 ($125 million). Russia is among the top ten world exporters of these products.

Export medical devices and instruments(excluding X-ray equipment) in 2017 grew by 16.9% to $75 million. the best result in the recent history of Russia, the previous record was $66 million in 2011 and 2013. In addition, another $9.5 million (+26%) was the export of devices for mechanotherapy and respiratory equipment, $22.3 million (+52%) - orthopedic devices and artificial body parts; both figures are only slightly below the 2008 high.

Export apparatus for physical or chemical analysis in 2017 increased by 28% to $62 million. Since the mid-1990s, only exports in 2001 ($66 million) have been more significant. The most noticeable export product is gas and smoke analyzers, which accounted for half of the increase.

Vehicles and accessories

Export cars in 2017 amounted to 84.4 thousand units (+23%) for $1,320 million (+19.4%). In quantitative terms, the overall result is modest, and in terms of value, this is the third result in history, second only to the peak of 2013-2014. (about $1.5 billion each). At the same time, for the third year in a row, exports of passenger cars to non-CIS countries show significant growth — in 2017 it reached 32.4 thousand units (+42%), which was the highest since 2006.

Export trailers in 2017 grew by 29% to 8 thousand units. This second result since the mid-90s, slightly inferior to the peak of 2007 (approximately 8.4 thousand pieces). In value terms, exports amounted to $141 million (+21%), which is the second result in recent history, second only to 2008 ($152 million).

Export auto parts(the main nomenclature classified in the TNVED position 8708) in 2017 increased by 44% to $518 million. Since the mid-90s, only exports in 2007-2008 and 2012-2013 have been more significant. At the same time, in 2017, deliveries of individual components, such as bumpers, brakes, mufflers and exhaust pipes, clutches, became the maximum for the entire period under review, and the export of gearboxes was second only to the indicator of 2012.

Export car bodies in 2017, it amounted to 36 thousand pieces for $108 million. In terms of quantity, deliveries increased by 4.2 times, in terms of cost - by 2.7 times. Over the past 20 years, exports were larger only in the mid-2000s, when Lada was assembled in Ukraine: the peak figures in 2006 amounted to $ 141 million and about 58 thousand units. Now bodies for passenger cars again prevail in Russian exports, only now it is Renault to Algeria.

Export automotive lighting devices in 2017 grew by 64% to $31.9 million. second result in the recent history of Russia, second only to the record of 2013 ($36.7 million).

Railway engineering

Export freight wagons in 2017 grew by 43% to 9943 units. It practically repeats second ever result 2015 (9947 units), exports were larger only in 2012 (11-12 thousand units, adjusted for Kazakhstan). In the USSR, the export of freight cars was small: for example, in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s. deliveries of their most massive type, gondola cars, amounted to a little more than 500 pieces at the peak. In value terms, Russian exports of freight cars in 2017 amounted to $250 million (+58%), which is much lower than the peak in 2012 ($693 million) due to a change in the commodity structure of deliveries in favor of cheap gondola cars and a general decline in prices on wagons in the post-Soviet space. Of the total export volume in 2017, 5989 units were gondola cars, 2563 self-unloading cars, 304 covered cars, 248 tanks, 839 other types. For the past three years, Russia has been among the top three world exporters of freight cars in quantitative terms and in the top five in terms of value.

Export passenger cars in 2017 amounted to USD 53 million. second result since 1996, second only to the 2008 record ($79 million). Compared to the previous year, exports increased by 3.8 times, but this product is characterized by strong fluctuations in supplies from year to year. In quantitative terms, 61 wagons were exported - this is far from a record, because. this position takes into account not only mainline railway cars, but also tram, mine, etc.

Prepared based on the analysis of data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

All countries that are traditionally considered developed in terms of engineering have a share of engineering products in the export structure of at least 15%. Of course, a number of developing countries also have a significant share of engineering in their exports. However, it is a fact that not a single country with a developed (in the normal sense) mechanical engineering has this figure below 15%.

This article serves as a further continuation of the study of world engineering in each individual country. Now not only exports are considered, but also imports and domestic production of selected countries.

Target indicators are:

1.The share of imports in engineering resources. Calculated according to the classical scheme without taking into account export:

100% X (AND)

P+I

Where AND- the amount of imports of machinery and equipment in the monetary units used;

P- the volume of domestic machine-building production within the country in the monetary units used.

In order to assess dependence on imports, one point needs to be clarified. Machine tools are imported to some extent in any country, even the most developed one. Like Japan or Germany. At the same time, it would be foolish to say that Germany or Japan are countries dependent on machine tool imports. Traditionally, commodity balance sheets calculate the share of imports in consumption as the ratio of imports to apparent consumption (including stocks), excluding exports, while exports are reported separately. Therefore, we in Russia have a certain share of imports in the consumption of oil, timber, etc., which can be traced from the balance sheets. But such a calculation does not very clearly reflect the current state of dependence on the import of a certain resource, since it does not take into account its export. This approach does not seem very logical in the case of the machine tool industry in Japan or Germany. In my opinion, it is more correct to use the trade balance indicator, rather than the value of imports. And to assess the dependence on imports, it is necessary to calculate the ratio of the balance of trade in machine-tool industry products to its apparent consumption.

Apparent consumption in this case is a simple mathematical calculation based on statistics: production plus imports minus exports. True, this calculation does not separately take into account stocks at the beginning / end of the year, since there is no way to find them out for the case with machine tools. But it is unlikely that reserves are large in comparison with consumption, and excluding them from calculations cannot thus introduce any significant error. In addition, stocks are formed, among other things, due to imports, which the balances of commodity resources do not reflect.

The calculation is carried out according to the formula:

100% X (I-E)

P+I-E

Where AND- the size of imports of engineering products in units used;

E- the size of exports of engineering products;

P- the volume of own machine-building production within the country.

Readers are free to choose the most suitable option in their opinion for comparison. However, it seems to me that the second method is more suitable for real description situation, since it takes into account both production and foreign trade. It is logical that the first indicator is always greater than 0%, and the second one can take both positive and negative values ​​(negative - when exports exceed imports). The lower each of the indicators, the more competitive the machine-building industry of the selected state can be considered.

Whenever possible, national statistics of the countries studied are used rather than data international organizations. If there is a choice, preference is given to settlements in the state's own currency. If necessary, the conversion of national currencies into dollars was carried out according to http://freecurrencyrates.com/ru/, http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/, http://ru.investing.com/currencies/ and also according to data of national statistics of the studied countries. For example, for Russia, domestic production is given in rubles, foreign trade- in dollars. The conversion of dollars into rubles was carried out on the basis of the geometric average exchange rate of the dollar according to the Central Bank for each year.

1. The share of imports in engineering resources

Figure 1 - the share of imports in the resources of mechanical engineering of the countries of the world (the ratio of the size of imports to the sum of domestic production and imports),%

Table 1 - the share of imports in the resources of mechanical engineering of the countries of the world (the ratio of the size of imports to the sum of domestic production and imports),%

empty cells - no data

Conventionally, according to the share of imports in the resources of mechanical engineering, the countries of the world can be divided into several categories in table 2:

The list of “leaders” includes Brazil, which is not at all famous for mechanical engineering, which is quite unexpected. And Iran, which is a little short of the "leaders", obviously, due to sanctions, simply cannot make significant purchases of machinery and equipment.

This calculation does not take into account re-export and the involvement of countries in international technological chains (export is not taken into account). Therefore, for example, Singapore has got one row with Ukraine. And Russia - with Finland and Italy.

2. Ratio of trade balance (imports minus exports) to apparent consumption (production plus imports minus exports)

Figure 2 and Table 3 more objectively (from my point of view) reflect the situation. the demand for engineering products of each country in the world market, as well as the participation of countries in the international division of labor. Negative values ​​in the figure and in the table mean that exports of machines exceed their imports. And the lower the indicator, the more exports prevail over imports. And the more competitive can be considered the products of the machine-building industry of a given country in the world market.

Figure 2 - ratio of trade balance (imports minus exports) to apparent consumption (production plus imports minus exports), %

Table 3 - ratio of trade balance (imports minus exports) to apparent consumption (production plus imports minus exports), %

empty cells - no data

In relation to the balance of trade (imports minus exports) to apparent consumption, the countries of the world can be divided into several categories in table 4:

As you can see, the second approach put Singapore in the 1st place instead of the middle of the list of machine builders. The list of “leaders” was left by Brazil. Movements of other countries are not so noticeable.

The results were mostly as expected. The situation with Iran is clear - because of the sanctions, it is probably impossible to buy more. Therefore, imports of engineering products are not so large in comparison with domestic production. The rather high position of Brazil is somewhat puzzling, since it has never been considered any significant manufacturer in the world of engineering. However, before the start of the Brazilian crisis, the country ranked 8th-9th in the world in terms of consumption of machine tool products (see Table 1), which explains the situation.

During the period under study (2000-2014), Germany, the Netherlands, China, and Poland achieved great success in import substitution and promotion of their products to foreign markets in the engineering field. Leader - Poland (24% in 2000; - 20.36% in 2014).

On the contrary, in the following countries, mechanical engineering was losing competitiveness in the domestic and (or) world markets: Russia, Canada, Ireland, Finland, Belarus. "Leader among outsiders" - Ireland ( - 25.64% in 2001; 38.95% in 2014).

In other countries included in the review, the changes were not so noticeable.

Now the mechanical engineering of the world is a huge industry, but it originated in the 18th century. Great Britain can be called its ancestor. Over time, they spread into our century - this is one of the main components of the industry of the entire planet.

general information

In world trade, engineering products bring 38% of the profit from all production. At the same time, most branches of the industry are independent of the remoteness of raw materials, except for mining, metallurgical and similar enterprises.

In mechanical engineering itself, there is a tendency to increase in the raw material demand for non-ferrous metal and chemical industry, and work with black metal is on the decline.

The total mechanical engineering of the world confidently ranks first in terms of the cost of final products, which is 35% of the entire industry, and the number of jobs, numbering more than 80 million people.

In view of the rapid progress, the sectoral composition of mechanical engineering is subject to regular changes. Some industries disappear, while others appear, increasing production. The range of their products is simply huge and includes many types: from airplanes to wristwatches.

In complex areas of mechanical engineering, such as instrumentation, the nuclear industry and the aerospace industry, knowledge-intensive resources and qualified specialists are required. Here are constantly introduced latest developments scientists aimed at improving the quality of products. This shows that developed mechanical engineering is inherent in more successful and economically established countries than in developing ones.

Branches of mechanical engineering

They are divided into three groups:

• general engineering;
• transport engineering;
• electrical engineering.

General engineering includes heavy engineering, the nuclear industry, the production of agricultural equipment, and others. Product diversity is an original feature of this industry.

Transport engineering is divided into several narrow-profile industries, including the automotive industry, shipbuilding, the aerospace industry, and the production of railway equipment. Transport engineering has both a civilian focus and a military one.

Mechanical engineering of the world

Automotive

The beginning of the assembly line production of cars was laid by Henry Ford. Together with the division of labor, this allowed the company to reduce the assembly time of the car by eight times. So the United States firmly established itself in the car market and for more than half a century, sales of American cars accounted for 80% of the total world turnover.

By the end of the last century, the United States lost its leading position to the countries of Western Europe and Japan. The latter successfully relied on small cars. During the oil crisis, when saving gasoline was of no small importance, such a move turned out to be very advantageous. Since the late 90s, the geography of car production has changed. Less successful countries in Asia and Latin America took up the automotive industry.

In the same period, large companies began not only to conquer the domestic market, but also actively open branches in competing countries. American cars began to be sold in Europe and Japan, European and Japanese firms entered the US market. The Japanese got the opportunity to purchase a car under a European or American brand.

Industry at present

Today, Japan's national car market sells 4.5 million cars a year. In Western Europe, the amount of cars sold reaches 15 million. Americans are the leaders in domestic sales. In the US, the number of cars sold is approaching 17 million. But experts note the rapid growth of car production in China and India, which in the future may create competition for well-known companies.

The total production of cars in the world is measured by 60 million units per year. The same number of millions of workers are involved in this industry. Of the total number of cars produced by all countries, only 25% are trucks. These include:

• buses;
• specialist. transport;
• small trucks.

90% of the cars in the world are produced by large car companies.

Many brands did not survive the struggle that took place in last years. These enterprises were absorbed by the sharks of the automotive market, such as the American General Motors and Ford Motor, the German-American Dymler AG. German Volkswagen and BMW, French Renault and PSA, Italian Fiat have established themselves on the European continent. In Japan, Toyota Motor and Honda became the main automobile concerns.

Aerospace industry

At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany dominated the aircraft industry. After the Second World War, the USSR and the USA became the main aviation powers.

The Americans relied on general development aviation, both military and civil. Policy Soviet Union was not so pragmatic and the main research in the air and missile sphere was reduced to the defense of the state.

Engines created by Soviet designers were intended for military aircraft. Super-fast and very uneconomical such engines were absolutely no good civil aviation. Therefore, American companies have become leaders in the production of liners, and passenger aircraft The USSR, even after the collapse of the country, could not compete with them.

The types of products of the aerospace industry are extensive:

• aircraft;
• aircraft engines;
• avionics;
• helicopters;
• launch vehicles;
• space vehicles.

The scientific capacity of this industry is the highest and requires qualified specialists. As before, the USA is the leader here, and the products of its companies Boeing-McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed Martin Corporation, General Dynamics, United Technologies are the most demanded in the world.

Shipbuilding

In recent years in construction passenger liners noticeable decline. The launching of special vessels such as tankers, icebreakers and container ships has increased. The production of ships was smoothly relocated from Europe to Asia and the USA. South Korea and Japan are now the undisputed leaders in the construction of ships.

Railway production

The oldest of the industries, which includes the production of locomotives, passenger and freight cars, railway equipment, is now experiencing problems. This is due to the changed geography of production. Now trains are being built more and more in Asian countries such as India and China. Europe, on the other hand, relies on modern high-speed trains.

Electrical engineering is the most science-intensive industry and the most progressive. IN Lately there is a decline in the production of household electrical appliances and an increase in the production of microcircuits.

The leaders in this industry are US, Japanese and South Korean firms. China, Taiwan and other Asian countries are rapidly developing in this direction.

Geography of engineering industries

The successful development of mechanical engineering requires certain resources.

• Scientific centers. They will allow new technologies to be introduced into production.
• Developed infrastructure. Excellent raw material base and sales of products.
• Consumer. Businesses need stable demand for their products.
• Work force. Qualified specialists reduce the risk of defects and affect the speed of production.

The engineering industry is conditionally divided into 4 regions: North America, Western Europe, Asia, countries former USSR.

The North American region includes major manufacturers such as the US, Canada and Mexico. The cost of products sold is 1/3 of the global value. Another 1/3 falls on Europe, where the main exporters are Germany, France and Britain. Japan is the leader in the Asian region. China has also been considered a major eastern exporter in recent years.

Russia is the undisputed leader and main producer among the countries of the former USSR, but on the world stage, domestic engineering is best known in the military sphere. Aviation and space developments of Russian scientists consistently attract foreign consumers. In other industries, Russia lags far behind foreign competitors.

Until recently, large companies were located in fairly developed countries and accounted for 90% of the entire world engineering industry. Now there is a reverse trend in developing countries are already 25% of production.

New geography driven by inexpensive labor force attracting leading companies to open in Asian countries branches. Usually, at such enterprises, the work is simple and often comes down to a simple assembly of equipment from the provided components.

The largest exporting countries of engineering products

The mechanical engineering of the leading countries brings tangible capital to the state budgets. For example, the share of the value of products sold by the United States is 30% of the world's. Japan sells goods at 15%. Germany about 10%. Other producing countries are less successful: France, Canada, China, Great Britain.

• United States - $405 billion;
• Japan - 310 billion;
• Germany - 302 billion;
• France - 141 billion;
• Great Britain - 138 billion;
• China - 120 billion;
• Canada - 105 billion

Leading countries in some industries:

• Automotive industry - USA, Japan, Germany, France, South Korea.
• Machine tool industry - Japan, Germany, USA, Italy, China.
• Tractors - Russia, Japan, India, USA, Belarus.
• Televisions - China, South Korea, USA, Brazil, Malaysia.
• Shipbuilding - South Korea, Japan, Germany, Brazil, Taiwan.

The main countries exporting engineering products:

• Japan;
• Germany;
• Great Britain;
• France;
• Italy;
• Canada;
• Korea.

Of the developing countries on this list:

• China;
• Taiwan;
• Singapore;
• India;
• Türkiye;
• Mexico;
• Brazil.

In terms of exports, mechanical engineering of the Republic of Belarus ranks second after the fuel and energy complex.

According to the results of 2003, the enterprises increased their total export volume by 22%. At the same time, deliveries to Russia increased by 18%, while exports to other CIS countries increased by about 30%. At the end of the year, the positive trade balance of the Ministry of Industry amounted to more than $1 billion.

Last year's tendencies testify to outstripping growth of deliveries of industrial products to other CIS countries in comparison with Russia, he noted. According to him, in 2003, the volume of exports to Ukraine increased significantly, which willingly buys Belarusian engines, tractor sets, etc. According to Gennady Svidersky, the most competitive in the Belarusian industry is such a structure-forming industry as mechanical engineering, which produces automobiles and tractors. “In the CIS, no manufacturer has such a volume of production and turnover of models of automotive equipment. Now more than 500 models can be produced to order with individual requirements for carrying capacity, cross-country ability and other technical specifications", - said the Deputy Minister. The situation is similar in the tractor industry, where, along with traditional orders for agriculture and communal services, there appeared models with attached woodworking equipment for sawing wood, harvesting, loading and other operations.

In our republic this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost industrial production and 25-35% employed in industry, much less in developing countries.

Currently machine-building complex The Republic of Belarus is in a deep crisis, which could not but affect the export potential of the industry. The general decline in the export opportunities of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors:

external factors - the destruction of subject specialization within the framework of the former USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of producer prices for products from the raw materials and manufacturing industries.

Internal factors - low, in comparison with foreign analogues, competitiveness of products, as well as unwillingness to vigorous activity in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.

Products of the republican engineering are exported to 48 countries of the world.

The priority export directions of the industry belong to the countries of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community (China, South Korea), they account for 80% of exports of engineering products. Export operations with the CIS countries have acquired a new impetus. The CIS countries accounted for 25.7 million dollars. exports of mechanical engineering, which is more than 2 times higher than the level of 2000.

Kazakhstan and Ukraine are among the top five countries - the largest consumers of these products, they account for 11.3 and 2.4% of the industry's exports, respectively.

The export of the machine-building complex in 2001 was characterized by positive dynamics that was different from most other industries. An increase in deliveries to the foreign market is observed in almost all leading enterprises in the industry.

In 2002, the export of engineering products increased by 31% compared to the previous year and amounted to 202.8 million dollars.

Increasing the competitiveness of the domestic engineering industry in comparison with imported analogues in terms of prices stimulated the expansion of the production of equipment for the sectors of the consumer complex; 58 enterprises of the republic exported machine-building products to 50 countries of the world.

An increase in deliveries to the foreign market is observed in almost all leading enterprises in the industry.

Mechanical engineering is one of the most capacious branches of Russian industry. It includes the production of all kinds of machines, equipment and instruments. Modern mechanical engineering consists of more than 200 sub-sectors and industries. In total, more than 80 million people are employed in mechanical engineering in the world, and the number of individual products produced reaches 3 million. Russian Federation more than 3.5 million people work in the field of mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the world industry. The world machine-building complex accounts for about 35% of the value of all products manufactured in the world. The main centers of mechanical engineering are the USA, China, Japan and the countries of Western Europe.

In the Russian Federation, the output of machine-building enterprises in 2014 amounted to more than 5.74 trillion. rubles. This is 5.2% less than in 2013. But even despite such a drop, the result of 2014 is one of the best in the engineering industry. The share of mechanical engineering accounts for about 20% of the output of the entire manufacturing industry in Russia.

The enterprises of the machine-building complex of Russia are located mainly in the European part of the country. About 78% of all products are produced in three federal districts. Central is the leader federal district, whose enterprises produce about 1/3 of all engineering products. In percentage terms, the share of each of the Federal Districts is as follows:

• Central Federal District - 31%
• Privolzhsky Federal District - 26%
• Northwestern Federal District - 21%
• Ural Federal District - 8%
• Siberian Federal District - 7%
• Southern Federal District - 4%
• Far Eastern Federal District - 2%
• North Caucasian Federal District - 1%

The sectoral structure of Russian mechanical engineering consists of three main industries:

• Manufacture of machinery and equipment;
• Production of electrical equipment;
• Vehicle production.

The largest share in the volume of production in 2014 falls on the production of vehicles - a little less than 51%, which in monetary terms is 2,925 billion rubles. The share of production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment accounted for 28% or 1,611 billion rubles, and the share of production of machinery and equipment amounted to 21% or 1,202 billion rubles.