The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is a mirror of French history. New Age Arches: Restoration and Reconstruction

Since the time of Peter the Great, the brightest victories of the Russian people have been marked by some kind of majestic construction, which will remind of the feat of the country. Just such a monument is the Arc de Triomphe or the Moscow triumphal gates, erected in the early thirties of the XIX century in honor of the 1812 victory over Napoleon Bonaparte.

The history of the monument

The history of the monument goes back to the first half of XIX century to the distant Tver outpost, where it was originally erected, but not from stone, but from wooden materials. crowned architectural structure the chariot of glory, the cornice towered on monumental columns, which were majestic gates, decorated with statues of liberators, and images of the departure of enemy troops. But, since the monument quickly deteriorated and fell into disrepair, they soon decided to replace the wooden arch with a stone one in order to preserve it for a longer period.

Nicholas I and the Triumphal Arch

Initially, the idea of ​​​​creating the Arc de Triomphe belonged to the Russian Emperor Nicholas I, who was inspired by the projects being built at that time in St. Petersburg, and wished to build a similar one in Moscow. The project was entrusted to the then-famous Osip Ivanovich Bove. But the lack of finances and the lack of assistance from the authorities were a centuries-old scourge of Russia, so the construction was stretched out for several years.

More than a century legendary monument great victory Fatherland existed on Tverskaya Zastava, and only in 1936, in connection with the reconstruction and expansion of Moscow streets and squares, it was decided to move the famous gate.

Transfer of the Arc de Triomphe

Tverskaya Zastava and the Triumphal Gates in the 1920s. In the background - Belorussky railway station

The arch was carefully disassembled, the museum architects made careful measurements for subsequent restoration work, and the details were placed in storage in the museum. It was not restored immediately, but only thirty years later. One can only imagine how complex and painstaking work fell to the lot of architects and engineers of that time.

According to the remaining drawings, drawings and old photographs, it was necessary to restore the monument in its original form, filling in those details that had irretrievably disappeared. On the cornice of the arch alone, it was necessary to place more than a thousand independent parts!

A huge team worked on recreating the lost fragments: plaster casts were used to recast the forms of parts of military armor and emblems of ancient cities. The panorama of the Battle of Borodino helped a lot in this process, from the paintings of which some compositions were also used.

There was also a lot of controversy over the choice of location. Undoubtedly, when the arch was originally erected in the 19th century, it looked majestic anywhere in Moscow, since the nearby houses did not differ in their height, and after a century the capital changed beyond recognition, and it was difficult to preserve the architect’s original idea among the skyscrapers and highways.

They installed the Arch on Kutuzovsky Prospekt not far from Victory Park, where it perfectly fit into the hustle and bustle of Moscow life, reminding people of the great feat of the Russian people, who have been guarding the Fatherland from time immemorial.

Triumphal Arch- is one of the most significant monuments Patriotic War of 1812, which silently recalls those great events sung by many writers of the past.

In the photo: the process of transferring the arch from the Tverskaya Zastava, 1939.
1974 Kutuzovsky prospect

Moscow Triumphal Gates (Triumphal Arch) - built in 1829-1834 in Moscow according to the project of architect O. I. Bove in honor of the victory of the Russian people in Patriotic War 1812. Now they are located on Victory Square (Kutuzovsky Prospekt) in the area of ​​Poklonnaya Gora. The nearest metro station is Park Pobedy.

The triumphal arch in Moscow replaced the old wooden arch of 1814 on Tverskaya Zastava Square, which was built to meet Russian troops returning from Paris after the victory over the French. The walls of the newly built arch were faced with white stone, and the columns and sculpture were cast from cast iron. Initially, the arch was called the Moscow Triumphal Gates.

On both sides of the triumphal arch, a commemorative inscription was made, on the one hand in Russian, on the other in Latin: "To the blessed memory of Alexander I, who raised from the ashes and adorned this city with many monuments of paternal care, during the invasion of the Gauls and with them twenty languages , devoted to fire in the summer of 1812, 1826", but after reconstruction it was changed to another: "These Triumphal Gates were laid as a sign of remembrance of the triumph of Russian soldiers in 1814 and the resumption of the construction of magnificent monuments and buildings of the capital city of Moscow, destroyed in 1812 by the invasion of the Gauls and with them twelve languages.

The first wooden Arc de Triomphe, intended for the solemn entry into Moscow of Russian troops returning from Western Europe after the victory over Napoleon, was built in 1814 on the site of the coronation gates of Paul I (modern Triumphal Square).

The wooden building quickly fell into disrepair, and in 1826 Emperor Nicholas I wished to build a stone Triumphal Arch in front of the Tverskaya Zastava at the entrance to the capital.
As a model, the architects used triumphal arches Ancient Rome.
All sculptures are cast from cast iron using a unique technology, the secret of which is now lost, and covered with a special composition that emphasizes the decorative and plastic qualities of the sculpture.

In 1936, in connection with the redevelopment of the area of ​​the Belorussky railway station and the expansion of the transport highway, the Triumphal Arch was dismantled and in 1968 restored in a new location, on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Its brick ceilings were replaced with reinforced concrete, and the 12-meter cast-iron columns were cast anew, following the example of the only column of the old arch that had survived until that time ...

Kutuzovsky Prospekt, view from the Arc de Triomphe

After 1968, no large-scale restoration work was carried out at the site.
In 2008-2010, by order of the Moscow Department of Cultural Heritage, research and design work on the object, the results of which revealed its extremely unsatisfactory condition.

Chariot of Glory

The Moscow government decided to restore the Arc de Triomphe.
The decision is all the more urgent because this year we are celebrating the 200th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The specialists had a very large amount of work ...
All works on the restoration of the arch will be completed, and its Grand opening will be held on September 8 on the day of the Battle of Borodino ...

Chariot of Glory

After the examinations, it became obvious that the arch was in a critical condition. Experts literally gasped when they saw traces of corrosion on metal elements. When we climbed onto the scaffolding, it became clear that only the chariot and the goddess of Victory could and should be restored in the factory. All other sculptures are too massive and too dilapidated.

The Nike sculpture was all cut up and put back together. Assembled by welding. Somewhere rags were planted instead of putty, all this was with a lot of sand inside. It is difficult to call it a restoration, the chariot was dismantled, and the horses were also dismantled. The task was to “unharness” the chariot at the top and lower it down for the necessary work ... But they could only lower the goddess of Victory, Nike, and the horses had to be dismantled on the spot .. They did not dare to lower them from a height of 21 meters.

According to the contract, the total cost of the work on the restoration of the Arc de Triomphe is 220 million rubles. The maximum price of the contract for the restoration of the arch is 234.42 million rubles. “We have the great honor to put in order this, without a doubt, an important and significant object, a symbol of the Russian victory. As a descendant of a participant in the Battle of Borodino, I am doubly pleased that I was involved in this,” A. Kibovsky said. (head of department cultural heritage Moscow)...

The triumphal arch is a beautiful symbol of victorious Moscow, imbued with the idea of ​​the triumph of the Russian people, it is the main monument of the Patriotic War of 1812 in the capital, it is a visible embodiment of the descendants' deep gratitude to the victorious heroes. “Russia should solemnly remember the great events of the Twelfth Year!” - wrote V. G. Belinsky. And the recreated Arc de Triomphe on Victory Square - the best of that confirmation.

Speech development lesson in grade 8.

Preparation for writing a description of an architectural monument.

Teacher of Russian language and literature

MOU secondary school in the village of Berdyuzhye, Tyumen region

Shukalovich Ekaterina Petrovna

Purpose: to improve oral speech skills; extension vocabulary students, teaching the description of an architectural monument.

Equipment: m/m presentation.

During the classes.

Working with phrases. Read. Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. Where can these phrases be used?

Russian architecture, erect temple, author sculptures, intricate details, ancient monument, modern monument, chariot of glory, bronze high relief, intricate ornament, great architect, Old Russian architecture.

vocabulary work. Read the words below

Architecture is the art of construction, the erection of buildings.

Erect - build, construct.

Sculpture - view visual arts, whose products have a volumetric, three-dimensional form.

Intricate - complex, intricate, original.

High relief - a sculptural image protruding above the background plane by more than half of its volume, a convex wall sculptural image.

Ornament - a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements.

An architect is an architect, a builder.

Architecture is the art of architecture and construction.

Apotheosis - glorification, exaltation of someone or something.

Allegory is an allegory.

A monument is a big monument.

Monumental - majestic, impressing with its size, power.

A pedestal is the basis of a monument, a column, a statue.

A pedestal is the foot of a statue.

Landmark - a place or object that deserves special attention due to some of its qualities.

Art - 1. creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images; 2. Skill, skill, knowledge of the matter.

Skilled - skillful, well knowing his job.

With 2-3 words, make and write sentences.

Working with the text "Arc de Triomphe". Read. Determine the subject of the text and the correspondence between subject and heading. Determine the type of speech in this text. Which sentences in the last paragraph are linked by a chain link? Write them out. What means of communication are used in these proposals? Explain the meaning of the wordsGaul, "twelve languages".

Triumphal Arch.

A row of tall houses on Kutuzovsky Prospekt ends, a wide square suddenly appears around the corner, and in the center of the square - the Triumphal Arch ...

This solemnly majestic arch, 28 meters high, was built according to the project of the famous Russian architect Osip Bove in 1827-1834 in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. The authors of the sculptures are Ivan Vitali and Ivan Timofeev.

Creating the project of the Triumphal arches, Beauvais dreamed of installing them at Poklonnaya Hill, from where Napoleon looked at the city spread out before him. Then the emperor did not yet know that the capture of Moscow was not the apotheosis of his glory, but the beginning of the complete defeat of his army of many thousands ...

But the "fathers of the city" decided to install the arch not on the old Smolenskaya road, but near the Tverskaya Zastava, and there it stood for almost a hundred years, more and more interfering with traffic.

And in 1968, the beautiful creation of Osip Bove was restored and transferred to Kutuzovsky Prospekt, to Victory Square, as if specially created for him, where the Borodino Battle panorama had already been built.

The triumphal arch opens to your eyes unexpectedly. At its top is a cast-iron chariot of Glory, in which the goddess of Victory proudly stands. The facades of the arch are lined with white stone; 12-meter-high cast-iron columns effectively stand out against its background. Along the perimeter of the cornice there are 48 coats of arms of the Russian provinces, the population of which fought with the Napoleonic army. The monument is decorated with bronze high reliefs “The Expulsion of the Gauls from Moscow”, “The Beating of “Twelve Languages”, “Liberated Moscow”. Between them are figures of severe warriors in armor, allegorical female figures, symbolizing firmness, courage and glory. (According to Ya. Biletsky).

Retelling the text according to the plan, “along the chain”: each student tells one point of the plan.

Detailed plan.

Where is the Arc de Triomphe located in Moscow?

In honor of what event was it built?

Where did the author plan to place his work and why?

Where was the arch originally installed?

What is on top of it?

What else is the monument decorated with?

Oral description illustration.

An example of a description of the Arc de Triomphe from an illustration.

Triumphal Arch.

The triumphal arch looks like a majestic building towering on Victory Square. The vast space of the square highlights the monument, emphasizes its grandeur and grandeur. The arch gives the impression of solemnity and power. Its top is decorated with a cast-iron chariot of Glory, which is harnessed by six horses. The goddess of Victory drives the chariot, holding a laurel wreath on her outstretched hand, symbolizing victory. White stone cladding contrasts with black cast-iron columns, sculptures of warriors and high reliefs located in niches. The cornice is decorated with forty-eight coats of arms of Russian provinces. Allegorical female figures symbolize the power, strength, courage, glory of Russian weapons.

The triumphal arch, despite the fact that Victory Square is bordered by tall buildings, does not lose its majesty and dominates the surrounding space.

Commentary on the comparison of the description with the text of the exercise.

Models of descriptions of monuments of architecture.

Read and orally answer the questions: 1) Where and when was the monument to A.S. Pushkin erected in the city on the Neva? 2) Who is its author? 3) How is the poet depicted? 4) What style does this text belong to?

In 1935 The great city on the Neva solemnly celebrated its 250th anniversary. On the eve of the holiday, a monument to Alexander Pushkin was unveiled on the Arts Square.

The author of this wonderful work is the famous Russian architect M.K. Anikushin. The artist showed Pushkin enthusiastically and passionately reading his poems. We see a lively sharp look, a high forehead, a clearly defined line of lips. The slenderness of the lines of the figure, the slightly raised head, especially the gesture of the right hand, the turn of the hand, the fingers - all emphasize the inspiration of the poet.

The sculpture is set on a red granite pedestal. The monument stands in greenery, majestic buildings are located around it. Pushkin era: Russian Museum, Museum of Ethnography, Maly Opera theatre, philharmonic.

(According to L. Simonenko.)

Temple-monument Basil the Blessed in Moscow. Read the text. Title the text. Determine the style and type of speech of the text. Make a plan, reflecting micro-themes in each paragraph.

In October 1552, Moscow witnessed an unprecedented nationwide celebration. Troops led by Ivan the Terrible returned from under the walls of Kazan, taken by storm. In commemoration of this great victory, the tsar decided to build a memorial church in Moscow. Two years later, the construction of the stone Cathedral of the Intercession began. Later it was named St. Basil's Cathedral, named after the holy fool who was buried near its walls.

This amazing building is striking in its originality. An unusual flower of its bizarre forms, united by a central tent, not only resembles a multi-domed group of Kremlin cathedrals, but also hovers over the wide expanse of the square. The cathedral consists of nine pillars surrounding the ninth. Pillars-temples stand on a wide basement of a complex star-shaped outline. This unusually elegant, festive building looks like a giant plant or a flowering bush.

The central temple is crowned with a tent, the chapels, located on the cardinal points, are tower-shaped, somewhat reminiscent of the bell tower of Ivan the Great. When walking around the temple, a slender grandiose pyramid of the temple, crowned with a tent, along the edges of which gilded spirals run upwards, sometimes grows in front of the viewer, then its tower-like volumes growing upwards become more distinct. Intricate details give the temple an elegant and fabulous look. Undoubtedly, this temple embodies folk ideas about the great poetic beauty of architecture.

The names of the creators of St. Basil the Blessed were forgotten over time, and only at the end of the 19th century were old manuscripts discovered with a story about many details of the construction of the temple, including its builders - Barma and Postnik, talented Russian architects. Legend has it that after the construction was completed, Ivan the Terrible asked the architects if they could build another one exactly like the temple. They replied that they could. And then the king ordered them to be blinded, so that no rival to his temple could arise.

Read a fragment of D. Kedrin's poem "Architects". Compare two texts describing the same monument. Find words in the text that are architectural terms. Name synonyms for the word architect.

Paperwork. Description of the architectural monument of the native village.

Base your description on the following questions:

On what occasion was the monument erected?

Where it is located?

What is special about it? What attracts?

What impression does it make on the beholder? Do you like this monument?

Triumphal Arch or Triumphal Gate in Moscow – a cultural heritage site located on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. The monument was erected to commemorate the victory of the Russian people over the French in 1812. The attraction is one of the most famous triumphal gate and arches of the world.

Story

The triumphal arch was built in the middle of 1814 and was originally made of wood. The construction at Tverskaya Zastava turned out to be short-lived, so in 1826 the question arose of erecting a stone arch. The project was developed by the architect O.I. Beauvais, famous for the reconstruction of Moscow after the fire in 1812.

The solemn laying of the arch took place in August 1829. A bronze plaque with an inscription about the exaltation of the Russian people was built into the monument.

Construction took five years and was completed in 1834. And two years later, during the reconstruction of the square near the Belorussky railway station, the Moscow Triumphal Gates were dismantled, the decoration was transferred to the Museum of Architecture. Thirty years later, the building decided to restore.

The new address of the Arc de Triomphe in Moscow is Kutuzovsky Prospekt. The restorers were tasked with recreating the original appearance of the arch. They have created over 150 models – exact copies all decorative items.

From fragments of the only remaining column, 12 cast-iron twelve-meter columns were cast. According to the plan for the reconstruction of Kutuzovsky Prospekt, the arch was solemnly opened on November 6, 1968. Today, the arch is located on Victory Square not far from the Park Pobedy metro station. Nearby is also Poklonnaya Hill.

Description

The triumphal arch on Kutuzovsky Prospekt in Moscow is a single-span arch with two arched pylons. Around them are twelve columns. The front side of the building faces the entrance to Moscow.

Niches are provided between the columns - they placed cast figures of warriors dressed in ancient Russian armor on high pedestals. Along the perimeter of the cornice are the coats of arms of the administrative regions of the country, whose inhabitants took part in the fight against the invaders.

Medallions with the initials of Nicholas I were also placed there. Above - seated statues of the goddesses of Victory with scepters and wreaths in their hands. War trophies are collected at their feet.

The arch is crowned with six horses and a chariot with the winged goddess of Victory. In her right hand is a laurel wreath in honor of the winners. On the main facade there is a cast-iron plate with a text about the victories of the Russian people.

sculptures

The two main sculptures of the Arc de Triomphe are "The Expulsion of the French" and "Liberated Moscow". The first depicts hand-to-hand combat, against which the battlements of the Kremlin wall can be seen. Russian soldiers are irresistibly advancing on the enemy, who, under their onslaught, flees, throwing his weapons.

Warrior on foreground holds a round shield with the coat of arms of Russia. In his right hand is a sword raised over a defeated enemy. The high relief embodies the full power of the Russian people, who rose up against the conqueror. The figure of a dead enemy with a naked chest is executed very expressively.

Due to the spatial depth of the structure, the movement seems especially impressive. The figures in the foreground and background differ in size, while the nearest ones are almost independent sculptures.

Another high relief - "Liberated Moscow" looks more calm. A reclining woman leans on a shield depicting the ancient Moscow coat of arms. It shows St. George the Victorious slaying a dragon. She personifies Moscow. The figure is dressed in a sundress and a mantle, a small crown on his head. The right hand reaches out to Emperor Alexander I. Around - images of Minerva, Hercules with a club on the right shoulder of a woman, an old man and a young man. All of them are located against the background of the battlements of the Moscow Kremlin.

Restoration

In February 2012, the Arc de Triomphe in Moscow was restored to coincide with the 200th anniversary of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. Prior to the start of work, the mayor said that the monument was in disrepair. During the repair work, the main part of the cladding that had fallen into disrepair was replaced, the sculptural groups and stone walls were cleared, as well as restoration work on metal elements. At the same time, they had to remove the chariot crowning the gate, and the sculpture of the goddess Nike. Subsequently, they were installed in place.

The grand opening of the Arc de Triomphe after restoration took place in September 2012. In the near future, the construction of an observation deck at the gate.

• The Moscow metropolitan refused to consecrate the monument due to the fact that sculptural images of mythological gods were installed on it.
• Triumphal Arch - main character Filevsky bus and trolleybus depot.
• White stone for lining the walls of the arch was mined near the village of Tatarovo near Moscow.
• Not far from the arch is a skating rink with artificial ice- the most popular place among children and youth of Moscow.

Moscow Triumphal Gates - triumphal arch in Moscow, built in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. As a rule, Muscovites do not use the full name of the monument and simply call it the Arc de Triomphe.

Triumphal Arch - restored monument: it was originally erected in 1829-1834 according to the project Osip Bove on Tverskaya Zastava Square, then dismantled in 1936 during the reconstruction of the square and rebuilt in 1966-1968 on Kutuzovsky Prospekt near Poklonnaya mountain.

Triumphal Arch at Tverskaya Zastava

In 1814, when Russian and allied troops entered Paris and peace was achieved, Russian cities began to prepare for the meeting of the troops returning from France. On their way, triumphal gates were erected in the cities, and Moscow was no exception: near the Tverskaya Zastava, where the emperor was traditionally met with honors, they began to build a temporary triumphal arch made of wood.

In 1826, Emperor Nicholas I ordered the erection of the Triumphal Gates in Moscow as a monument to the victory of Russian weapons, similar to the Narva Triumphal Gates, which were being built at that time in St. Petersburg. The development of the project was entrusted to a prominent Russian architect Osip Bove; the master developed it in the same year, but the need to redevelop the area slowed down the process, and the project required changes.

The triumphal gates according to the new Beauvais project were built in 1829-1834, laying a bronze mortgage plate and a handful of silver rubles "for good luck" in the base - which, by the way, did not help at all: the construction was delayed for 5 years due to lack of funds. The sculptural decoration of the arch was made by sculptors Ivan Vitali And Ivan Timofeev, working from drawings by Bove. The columns and sculptures were cast from cast iron, and the gates themselves were erected from white stone from the village of Tartarovo ("Tartar marble") and stone from the Samotechny canal being dismantled.

On the attic of the gate there was an inscription (in Russian and Latin from different sides):

In 1899, the first electric tram line in Moscow passed right under the arch, and in 1912 and in the 1920s they were even cleaned and restored.

Unfortunately, in 1936, according to the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow, the gates were dismantled for the reconstruction of the square. Initially, they were planned to be restored near their original location, so during the dismantling, careful measurements were taken and some sculptural and architectural elements were preserved, but in the end they did not restore the gates.

Triumphal Arch on Kutuzovsky Prospekt

In the 1960s, taking into account the artistic value and historical significance of the gates, it was decided to return to the idea of ​​their restoration, and in 1966-1968, a copy of them was built on Kutuzovsky Prospekt near Poklonnaya Gora and the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum.

The project was carried out under the guidance of the architect-restorer Vladimir Libson by a group of architects (I. Ruben, G. Vasilyeva, D. Kulchinsky). During the construction, drawings and measurements made during the dismantling of the gate, as well as the author's model of the structure, provided by the Museum of Architecture, were used.

Generally Triumphal Arch on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, it is an external copy of its predecessor, but with a number of design changes: instead of brick, reinforced concrete was used in the construction of walls, vaults and plinth, white stone was replaced with Crimean limestone, and it was decided not to restore the guardhouses and gratings. The surviving sculptures and design details were not used, and everything was cast from cast iron again. In addition, the texts on the attic were changed - instead of words about Emperor Alexander I, lines from the order of Mikhail Kutuzov to Russian soldiers and an excerpt from the inscription on the mortgage board of 1829 appeared there:

In 2012, the Triumphal Arch was restored in preparation for the celebrations on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Russian Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The triumphal arch was placed in a public garden divided between oncoming traffic lanes of Kutuzovsky Prospekt. In 1975, in honor of the 30th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, this square became known as Victory Square.

To date Triumphal Arch has become one of the recognizable symbols of Moscow: popular postcards and calendars adorn the views of the monument, the arch is depicted in the paintings of artists and a large number of souvenirs with its image are produced.

You can get to the Arc de Triomphe on foot from the metro station "Victory Park" Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line.