From prima to Andreev's octave. Musical intervals - the first acquaintance

Type of lesson: studying and primary consolidation of new educational material.

Type of lesson: traditional.

Purpose: mastering theoretically and practically the concepts of major and minor.

• reveal the features of musical modes, find out the main differences between major and minor;
• develop visual and auditory representations of students;
• to cultivate the "art of hearing" - to perceive creatively - to learn a piece of music.

Form of work: group.

Scroll visual aids, handouts, sources of information:

• Visual aids: reproductions of paintings by I.I. Levitan.
• Technical means: music center.
• Educational equipment: board.
• Handout:
• dictionary "How does music sound" from the collection of Pervozvanskaya T. "World of Music" Grade 2;
• major and minor scale with illustrations from the collection of Alexandrova N.L. " Workbook" 1 class;
• musical material: "Song of Masha and girlfriends" from the collection of Andreeva M. "From prima to octave".
• Literature: A.S. Pushkin's poem "Winter Morning".
• Musical works for listening: Sviridov G.V. "Spring and autumn".

Teaching methods: verbal, visual, practical.

Lesson structure:

1. organizational moment - 3 min.
2. communication of new material, awareness and comprehension of educational information, primary consolidation of new material - 15 min.
3. application of knowledge ( practical work) - 5 minutes.
4. Information about homework- 1 min.
5. summarizing the work - 1 min.

Bibliography

1. Alexandrova, N.L. Workbook on solfeggio Grade 3./N.L. Aleksandrova. - Novosibirsk.: Okarina, 2006. - 60 p.
2. Andreeva, M.P. From prima to octave./M.P. Andreeva.-M.: Soviet composer, 1976.-113p.
3. Bogolyubova, N.Kh. Secrets of the musical world./N.Kh. Bogolyubova.- S-P.: Composer, 2006.-95s.
4. Dadiomov, A.V. Initial theory of music./A.V. Dadiomov.- M.: V. Katansky, 2002.- 241p.
5. Pervozvanskaya, T.E. Music theory for little musicians and their parents. / T.E. Pervozvanskaya.- S-P.: Composer, 2001.- 77p.
6. Fridkin, G.A. Practical guide on musical literacy./ G.A. Fridkin.- M., 1987.- 270s.

Weeded out Children's music school and DSHI for various reasons. Choral lessons class pass only... school age. – M.: Composer, 1992. Andreeva M. From prima before octaves: Collection of melodies For singing and musical analysis on ...

Intervals in music are the distance between two sounds, and also the consonance of two notes. Here is a simple definition of this concept. At solfeggio lessons, they sing and listen to intervals, so that later they can be recognized in musical works, but first you need to learn how to build them from different notes.

There are only eight simple intervals, they are denoted by the usual numbers from 1 to 8, and are called special Latin words:

1 - prima
2 - second
3 - third
4 - quart
5 - fifth
6 - sixth
7 - seventh
8 - octave

What do these names mean? Translated from Latin, prima is the first, second is the second, third is the third, etc.

Interesting facts about interval names

You have probably heard many of the interval names more than once, even if the conversation did not touch on music. For example, the word "prima" is in the phrase "prima donna" (this is the name of the first, that is, the main actress-singer of the theater).

The word "second" is very similar to the English numeral "second" (that is, the second), and the name of the sixth interval "sixth" is similar to the English "six" (six).

Interesting from this point of view are the intervals "septim" and "octave". Remember how to say "September" and "October" in English? It's "September" and "October"! That is, these names of months have the same roots as the names of intervals. “But after all, the seventh is seven, and the octave is eight, and the indicated months are the ninth and tenth in a year,” you say, and you will be absolutely right. The fact is that there were times when everyone New Year they counted not from January, as now, but from March - the first spring month. If you count like this, then everything falls into place: September will be the seventh month, and October the eighth.

We have not yet said a word about the fourth and third. With a third, everything is clear - you just need to remember it, but especially observant ones will probably notice that if you read the word "third", skipping every second letter, you get an ordinary "three".

In Russian, there are words similar to "kvarta": for example, this is an apartment or a quarter. What is a "quarter"? This word has two meanings: 1) division of the year into 4 equal parts; 2) a plot of urban development, which is surrounded by streets on four sides. One way or another, the number 4 appears here, and if you remember this association, then you will never confuse a quart with any other interval.

How to build intervals from different notes up and down?

Intervals are made up of two notes, which can be close or far apart. And about how far they are, we are told by the number of the interval by which it is indicated (from 1 to 8).

You know that every sound in music is a rung on a great musical ladder. So the number of the interval shows how many steps you need to go through in order to get from the first sound of the interval to the second. The larger the number, the wider the interval, and the further its sounds are from each other.

Let's look at specific intervals:

Prima- denoted by the number 1, which tells us: two sounds are on the same level. So, prima is an ordinary repetition of a sound, a step in place: before and again before, or re and re, mi-mi, etc.

Second- is denoted by a deuce, because this interval already covers two steps: one sound is on any note, and the second is on the next, that is, the second step in a row. For example: do and re, re and mi, mi and fa, etc.

Third- spans three levels. The second sound is in relation to the first at a distance of three steps, if you go in a row along the musical ladder. Examples of thirds: do and mi, re and fa, mi and salt, etc.

Quart- now the interval is expanded to four steps, that is, the first sound is on the first step, and the second sound is on the fourth. For example: do and fa, re and salt, etc. Let us explain again that you can start counting steps from any note: at least from to, at least from re - we choose what we need.

Quint- the designation by the number 5 indicates that the width of the interval is 5 steps. For example: do and salt, re and la, mi and si, etc.

Sexta and Septima - the numbers 6 and 7, by which they are indicated, indicate that you need to count six or seven steps in order to get a sixth or a seventh. Examples of sixths: do and la, re and si, mi and do. Examples of sevenths (all up the stairs): do and si, re and do, mi and re.

Octave– the last interval, as easy as the prima. This is also a repetition of the sound, only at a different height. For example: up to the first octave and up to the second octave, re and re, mi and mi, etc.

And now let's build all the intervals in order from the note TO and the note, for example, SALT. You can listen to examples. Do it!

Intervals from D to up

Intervals from G up

Intervals from note to down

Intervals from LA down

Exercises: playing intervals on the piano

When studying intervals, exercises on the piano or on the drawn are equally useful for both adults and children. A piano or a synthesizer with sound is, of course, better, because the goal of studying intervals on solfeggio is not to remember the name of the interval, not the notes that make it up (although this is also important), but the sound.

So if not the right tool at hand, you can use the virtual keyboard or the Piano app on your phone (tablet). It is important that you work not in silent mode, but with sound (preferably).

Exercise 1. Playing prims

Prima is easy to play, because prima is the repetition of the same note twice. So, you just need to hit any key twice and you will already get an interval. Prima is a very important interval that occurs in many songs, so you should never forget about it (usually they forget because it is easy).

Exercise 2. Playing seconds

A second is always formed by two adjacent steps, two notes that are nearby. And on the piano keyboard, to play a second, you also need to take two adjacent keys. Play seconds from different notes - up and down, memorize the sound, you can also practice solfeggio in parallel, that is, sing the notes you play.

Exercise 3. Playing Thirds

Third is the favorite interval of little V.A. Mozart - the genius of world music. It is known that in childhood Mozart the kid approached his father's harpsichord (the instrument is the forerunner of the piano), he did not see the keys (by height), but reached out to them with his hands. Mozart played all sorts of harmonies, but most of all he was happy when he managed to “catch” a third - this interval sounds so beautiful and melodious.

Try to play thirds and you. Take the “DO-MI” third and remember this distance: the sounds are located on the keyboard through one key (through one step). Play thirds up and down from different notes. Play the sounds of thirds at the same time or alternately, that is, at random.

Exercise 4. Playing fourths and fifths

Fourths and fifths are intervals that sound militant, inviting and very solemn. No wonder our Russian anthem begins with a quarter. Take a fourth of "DO-FA" and a fifth of "DO-SOL", compare them in sound, remember the distance. Play fourths and fifths from different notes. Try to learn to instantly find these intervals with your eyes on the keyboard.

Exercise 5. Playing sixths

Sexts, like thirds, are also very melodic and beautiful in sound. To quickly play a sixth, you can mentally imagine a fifth (its number is 5) and add one more step to it (to make it 6). Play sixths up "DO-LA", "RE-SI" and from all other notes and down "DO-MI", "RE-FA", etc.

Exercise 6. Playing octaves

An octave is the repetition of a sound in the next octave. Such a paradoxical and ridiculous definition can be given to this interval. Find two identical notes on the keyboard that are as close as possible: two DO (one in, the second in the second), or two PE. These will be octaves. That is, an octave is the distance from one sound to its repetition on the musical ladder. Octaves must be seen immediately. Practice.

Exercise 7. Playing sevenths

For example: we need a seventh from PE. Imagine an octave - RE-RE, and now let's lower the top sound by one step: we get the seventh RE-DO!

Another example: let's build a seventh from MI down. We put down the octave - MI-MI, and now, attention, let's raise the lower sound one step up and get the seventh MI-FA down. And why did we raise the lower sound, and not lower it? Because intervals built down are like a reflection in a mirror, and therefore all actions must be done in reverse.

Dear friends, if you have completed the proposed exercises, then you are just great! You have learned a lot, but this is only the beginning, the first acquaintance with intervals. Intervals in this form usually take place in grades 1-2 of music schools, and then everything gets a little more complicated. And we invite you to go for new knowledge with us.

In the next issues, you will learn about what it is, what it is and how you can get it. See you soon!

intervals in music play a very important role. Musical intervals- the fundamental principle of harmony, the "building material" of the work.

All music is made up of notes, but one note is not yet music - just like any book is written in letters, but the letters themselves do not yet carry the meaning of the work. If we take larger semantic units, then in texts they will be words, and in a piece of music - consonances.

Harmonic and melodic intervals

The consonance of two sounds is called interval, and these two sounds can be played both together and in turn, in the first case the interval will be called harmonic, and in the second melodic.

What means harmonic interval and melodic interval? The sounds of the harmonic interval are taken simultaneously and therefore merge into a single consonance - harmony, which can sound very soft, or maybe sharp, prickly. In melodic intervals, sounds are played (or sung) in turn - first one, then another. These intervals can be compared to two connected links in a chain - any melody consists of such links.

The role of intervals in music

What is the essence of intervals in music, for example, in melody? Imagine two different melodies and analyze their very beginning: let them be well-known children's songs “Like under a hill, under a mountain” and “A Christmas tree was born in the forest.”

Let's compare the beginnings of these songs. Both melodies start with "before", but develop in completely different ways. In the first song, we hear that the melody is climbing the steps in small steps - first from the note before to the note re, then from re To mi etc. But on the very first words of the second song, the melody immediately jumps up, as if jumping over several steps at once ( "in the forest" - move from to to la). Indeed, between notes do and la would fit perfectly still re mi fa and salt.

Moving up and down stairs and jumping, and repeating sounds at the same height is everything. musical intervals, from which, ultimately, the total melodic pattern.

By the way. If you are willing to study musical intervals, then you probably already know the notes and now you understand me well. If you don’t know the music yet, check out the article.

Spacing properties

You already understood that the interval is a certain interval, the distance from one note to another. Now let's figure out what this distance can be measured in, especially since it's time to find out the names of the intervals.

Each interval has two properties (or two quantities) - these are The step value depends on how many musical steps does an interval cover- one, two, three, etc. (and the sounds of the interval themselves are also considered). Well, the tone value refers to the composition of specific intervals - the exact the number of tones (or semitones) that fit in the interval. These properties are sometimes referred to differently − quantitative and qualitative value, their essence remains unchanged.

Musical intervals - names

For naming intervals, use numerals in latin, the name is determined by the properties of the interval. Depending on how many steps the interval covers (that is, from a step or quantitative value), names are given:

1 - prima
2 - second
3 - third
4 - quart
5 - fifth
6 - sixth
7 - seventh
8 - octave.

These Latin words are used to name the intervals, but it is still more convenient to use digital designations. For example, a quart can be denoted by the number 4, a sixth by the number 6, and so on.

Intervals are pure (h), small (m), large (b), reduced (mind) and increased (sw). These definitions come from the second property of the interval, that is, the tone composition (tone or quality value). These characteristics are attached to the name, for example: pure fifth (abbreviated as h5) or small seventh (m7), major third (bz), etc.

Pure intervals are pure prima (ch1), pure octave (ch8), pure fourth (ch4) and pure fifth (ch5). Seconds (m2, b2), thirds (m3, b3), sixths (m6, b6) and sevenths (m7, b7) are small and large.

The number of tones in each interval must be remembered. For example, in pure intervals, as follows: in a prime there are 0 tones, in an octave 6 tones, in a quart - 2.5 tones, and in a fifth - 3.5 tones. To repeat the topic of tones and midtones - read the articles and where these issues are discussed in detail.

Intervals in music - results

In this article, which could be called a lesson, we have analyzed it, found out what they are called, what properties they have, and what role they play.

In the future, you will expand your knowledge on this very important topic. Why is she so important? Yes, because musical theory is the universal key to understanding any piece of music.

What to do if you can't figure out the topic? The first is to relax and read the entire article again today or tomorrow, the second is to look for information on other sites, the third is to contact us in the VKontakte group or ask your questions in the comments.

If everything is clear, then I am very happy! At the bottom of the page you will find buttons for various social networks - share this article with your friends! Well, after that you can relax a little and watch a cool video - pianist Denis Matsuev improvises on the theme of the song "A Christmas Tree Was Born in the Forest" in the styles of different composers.

Denis Matsuev “A Christmas tree was born in the forest”