Download Tolstoy's presentation. Presentation on the topic of Leo Tolstoy
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Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
(1828-1910)
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Origin
Representative of the Count's branch of the noble family of Tolstoy, descended from Peter's associate P. A. Tolstoy. The writer had extensive family ties in the world of the highest aristocracy.
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Childhood
"Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood! No matter how you love or cherish the memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of pleasure for me ...
Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, in the hereditary estate of his mother - Yasnaya Polyana. He was the fourth child in the family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old.
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But according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of \u200b\u200b"her spiritual appearance": some of the features of his mother (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection. Tolstoy's father, participant Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured and mocking character, love for reading, for hunting (he died early (1837)).
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The upbringing of children was carried out by a distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: "she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love." Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, the first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
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Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of P. I. Yushkova, a relative and guardian of the children. In 1844 Tolstoy entered Kazan University in the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy. Then he transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: the classes did not arouse a lively interest in him and he passionately indulged social entertainment.
Slide 7
In the spring of 1847, having filed a letter of resignation from the university "due to frustrated health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), "practical medicine", languages, Agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree excellence in music and painting.
Slide 8
"Fast paced life adolescence"
After a summer in the country, disappointed bad experience management on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university.
Slide 9
His way of life during this period often changed: either he prepared for days and passed exams, then he passionately devoted himself to music, then he intended to start a bureaucratic career, then he dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment. Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with revelry, cards, trips to the gypsies.
Slide 10
In the family, he was considered "the most trifling fellow", and he managed to repay the debts he had made then only many years later. However, it was these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
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"War and Freedom"
The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of the Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a man of an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story The Cossacks (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting the Forest" (1855), as well as in the late story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904, published in 1912).
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to travel together to the Caucasus. For almost three years Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy lived in Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, leaving for Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was recruited).
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Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this "wild land, in which two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined." In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the journal "Sovremennik" without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories "Boyhood", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855 -57, amounted to autobiographical trilogy). The literary debut immediately brought real recognition to Tolstoy.
slide 13
Crimean campaign
In 1854 Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube army in Bucharest. Boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals).
Slide 14
Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans(I was also going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began to write a cycle of “Sevastopol stories”, which were soon published and had a huge success (Even Alexander II read the essay “Sevastopol in the month of December”.
The first works struck literary critics the courage of psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the “dialectic of the soul” (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
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Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" - "the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
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In the circle of writers
After the end of the Crimean War, Tolstoy left the army and returned to Russia. Arriving home, the author enjoyed great popularity on the literary scene of St. Petersburg.
Slide 17
In November 1855, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov) .
Slide 18
“These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, was involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in Confession (1879-82):
Slide 19
Abroad
In the autumn of 1856, having retired, Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana, and in 1857, declaring himself an anarchist, he left for Paris. Once there, he lost all his money and was forced to return home to Russia.
Slide 20
He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story "Lucerne"), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
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folk school
Returning to Russia in 1862, Tolstoy published the first of 12 issues of the thematic magazine Yasnaya Polyana. In the same year, he married the daughter of a doctor named Sofya Andreevna Bers.
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In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and Tolstoy was so fascinated by this occupation that in 1860 he went abroad again to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
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Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be the "student's freedom" and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana with books for reading as an appendix, which became the same in Russia. classic examples children's and folk literature, as well as compiled by him in the early 1870s. Alphabet and New Alphabet.
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Fracture (1880s)
The course of the revolution taking place in the mind of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the characters, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These heroes occupy a central place in the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), "Father Sergius" (1890-98, published in 1912), drama " Living Corpse" (1900, unfinished, published 1911), in the story "After the Ball" (1903, published 1911).
Slide 25
The new outlook of the writer is reflected in the "Confession". In general, he "felt that what he stood on had given way, that what he had lived for was gone." The natural result was the thought of suicide: "I, happy man, hid the cord from me so as not to hang myself on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was alone every day, undressing, and stopped going hunting with a gun, so as not to be tempted by a too easy way to rid myself of life. I myself did not know what I wanted: I was afraid of life, aspired away from it and, meanwhile, hoped for something else from it, ”wrote Tolstoy.
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Lev Nikolaevich sought the meaning of life in the study of philosophy, in acquaintance with the results of the exact sciences. He tried to simplify as much as possible, to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.
Slide 27
Gradually Tolstoy refuses whims and comforts rich life(simplification), doing a lot physical labor, dresses in the simplest clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives the family all his large fortune, renounces literary property rights.
Slide 28
On the basis of a sincere desire for moral improvement, a third period is created literary activity Tolstoy, hallmark which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life.
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In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, the 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
Letter to L.N. Tolstoy's wife, left before leaving Yasnaya Polyana. 1910 October 28. Yasnaya Polyana. My departure will upset you. I regret this, but understand and believe that I could not have done otherwise. My position in the house is becoming, has become unbearable. Besides everything else, I can no longer live in the conditions of luxury in which I lived, and I do what old people of my age usually do: they leave worldly life to live in solitude and quiet last days own life. Please understand this and don't follow me if you find out where I am. Such your arrival will only worsen your and my situation, but will not change my decision. I thank you for your honest 48-year life with me and ask you to forgive me for everything that I was guilty of before you, just as I forgive you with all my heart for everything that you could be guilty of before me. I advise you to make peace with the new position in which my departure puts you, and not to have an unkind feeling against me. If you want to tell me something, tell Sasha, she will know where I am and will send me what I need; she cannot say where I am, because I made her promise not to tell this to anyone. Lev Tolstoy. 28 of October. I instructed Sasha to collect my things and manuscripts and send them to me. L. T.
The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can also separate them, with a word you can serve love, with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
Slides captions:
The goals and objectives of the lesson: - to acquaint students with the main stages of the life of the great prose writer; - to expand the horizons of students, to increase their general cultural level;
August 28, 1828 Yasnaya Polyana
November 7, 1910 Astapovo station
"In order to live honestly, you have to tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit and start again and quit again and always fight and lose. And peace - mental meanness".
L.N. Tolstoy admitted that without Yasnaya Polyana it would be difficult for him “to imagine Russia, to love her to the point of passion.”
Yasnaya Polyana
Leo Tolstoy, his brothers, sister, eight out of thirteen children, some grandchildren were born on this couch. Mentioned in the works of Tolstoy. Lev Nikolaevich always rested on a large oilcloth pillow.
Coat of arms of the Tolstoy family
Ancestors
She seemed to me such a high, pure, spiritual being that often during the struggle with the temptations that overwhelmed me, I prayed to her soul, asking her to help me, and this prayer always helped me.
Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya
My father was of medium height, well built, with a pleasant face and always sad eyes. In addition to doing housework and children, he read a lot, collected a library.
Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy
Fanfaron mountain
Ant Brothers
In 1851, Leo Tolstoy, together with his elder brother, went to the Caucasus to join the army.
As an artillery officer of the 4th bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol.
He returned home in 1855 with the Order of St. Anna "For Courage" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol"
Yasnaya Polyana School
In 1859 Tolstoy opened a school. He taught lessons, published a magazine where he published reports on the work of the school, and wrote scientific articles. In 1872 he wrote the "ABC", which was published 28 times during his lifetime.
In 1862 he married Sofya Andreevna Bers. Of the 13 children, 7 survived. Two losses were especially difficult - death
Sofia Andreevna Bers
the last child of Vanechka (1895) and beloved daughter Masha (1906).
L. N. Tolstoy wrote about Maria: “Masha, the daughter, is so good that I constantly restrain myself so as not to appreciate her too highly.”
Maria Lvovna Tolstaya
« Last son was a favorite of the whole family - a smart, interesting boy. He spoke three foreign languages, composed stories, was interested in the conversations of adults, inserting his well-aimed remarks, which were listened to.
Vanechka (1885 -1895)
The pipe is a favorite toy.
The writer loved to ride, walk in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, often made long journeys on foot from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. went to Optina Pustyn. “To be tired,” he wrote, “and even very much in the air or in plowing is good ...”
Relations with his wife and children were strained. They were finally spoiled by a will secretly drawn up by Tolstoy, according to which the family was deprived of the rights to his literary legacy.
Family
This is a monument to national sorrow. Everything here reminds of those days when Russia said goodbye to its great writer.
Museum at Astapovo station
S.A. Tolstaya, the writer’s wife, looks out the window of the room where her husband is dying…
Awaiting news of the writer's health
The room in which Tolstoy spent the last 7 days of his life has been preserved intact.
LN Tolstoy on his deathbed. November 7 (20). Astapovo.
The clock shows the time of Leo Tolstoy's death.
IN last way. From Astapovo to Yasnaya Polyana.
a green stick on which is written the secret of how to make sure that all people do not know any misfortunes, never quarrel and do not get angry, but would be constantly happy.
They buried L.N. Tolstoy, according to his desire, in the forest, in the place where, according to legend, they buried
Antique furniture, which belonged to the writer's father, was valuable to Tolstoy because it evoked sweet, "honest family memories." Here are portraits of the father, wife, daughters ...
House Museum in Yasnaya Polyana
L. N. Tolstoy's favorite garden flowers were sweet peas and mignonette. The writer felt the beauty of forests, fields, meadows, sky, said: “How much good God has! ..”
Herbarium made by L.N. Tolstoy
In Orenburg In Sevastopol
Sections: Literature
Lesson Objectives:
- to acquaint students with the life and worldview of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy;
- arouse interest in the personality and work of the author;
- to develop the ability of students to take notes: to identify and write down the main thoughts, theses.
Equipment:
- portrait of L.N. Tolstoy;
- PowerPoint presentation (Application);
- exhibition of books with works by L.N. Tolstoy;
- illustrations for the works of Leo Tolstoy.
"Tolstoy is the greatest and only
the genius of modern Europe, the highest
pride of Russia, man, one name
whose fragrance, writer
great purity and holiness…"
A.A. Block
During the classes
I. introduction teachers.
This year would have marked the 180th anniversary of the birth of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. His works have entered the treasury of world literature: they are studied in schools and universities, they are read by both Russian and foreign readers.
Today you will learn about the fate of this talented person. I hope that this acquaintance will awaken interest in the writer's work and worldview, will provide an opportunity to better understand his works, to take a fresh look at the works already read.
And I would like to start with the words of A.A. Blok, which are included in the epigraph to our lesson“Tolstoy is the greatest and only genius of modern Europe, the highest pride of Russia, a man whose only name is fragrance, a writer of great purity and holiness…”
II. Making a record of the topic of the lesson and the epigraph in the notebook.
III. Presentation of the biography of Leo Tolstoy - lecture by the teacher. The class writes a summary of the lecture.
Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy - a descendant of two noble noble families: Counts Tolstoy and Princes Volkonsky (on the maternal side) - was born on August 28 (September 9) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate. Here he lived most of his life, wrote most of his works, including novels included in the golden fund of world literature: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection".
“Joyful period of childhood”
Slides 6-7.
Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of \u200b\u200b"her spiritual appearance": some features of the mother (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection and even a portrait resemblance Tolstoy gave to Princess Marya Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and Peace") Tolstoy's father, a participant in the Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured and mocking character, love of reading, hunting (served as the prototype for Nikolai Rostov), also died early (1837). a distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, was engaged in: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
Kazan University
Slide 8
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of P. I. Yushkova, a relative and guardian of the children. In 1844 Tolstoy entered Kazan University in the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: classes did not arouse a lively interest in him and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a letter of resignation from the university "due to poor health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting."
After a summer in the countryside, in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to take his candidate's exams at the university. His way of life during this period often changed: either he prepared for days and passed exams, then he passionately devoted himself to music, then he intended to start a bureaucratic career, then he dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment. Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with revelry, cards, trips to the gypsies. However, it was these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
"War and Freedom"
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to travel together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was hired). The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of the Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a man of an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story "The Cossacks" (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were reflected in the stories " Raid " (), "Cutting down the forest" (), as well as in the late story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904, published in 1912). Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this "wild land, in which two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined." In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the journal "Contemporary", without revealing his name (printed in under the initials L.N.; together with later stories "Boyhood", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855– 57, compiled an autobiographical trilogy). The literary debut immediately brought real recognition to Tolstoy.
In 1854 Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans, here he began to write a cycle of "Sevastopol stories", which were soon published and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay "Sevastopol in December"). Tolstoy's first works struck literary critics with their courageous psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the "dialectic of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky). Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" - "the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
In the circle of writers and abroad
The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with social environment and leading to family discord (the refusal to own private property proclaimed by Tolstoy caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). The personal drama experienced by Tolstoy is reflected in his diary entries.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be unbearable for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to leave the train on a small railway station Astapovo. Here, in the stationmaster's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. Behind reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already acquired world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, followed the whole of Russia. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale.
Final word from the teacher:
L.N. Tolstoy - brilliant artist words, interest in whose work not only does not weaken over the years, but, on the contrary, grows. Being all his life in search of truth, in his works he shares his discoveries and experiences. Tolstoy's works can be re-read repeatedly, each time finding more and more new thoughts in them. Therefore, I would like to end this lesson with the words of A. Frans: “With his life, he proclaims sincerity, directness, determination, firmness, calm and constant heroism, he teaches that one must be truthful and one must be strong ... Precisely because he was full of strength he was always truthful!”
Recording homework.
References:
- Mayorova O.E. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy - Biography.
- Site materials www.yasnayapolyana.ru.
- A large encyclopedic reference book for schoolchildren on literature. - M., 2005
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy 1828 - 1910. Life and creative way. Introductory presentation to the lesson on the novel "War and Peace". To live honestly ... 1844 - 1851 Kazan University - Philological - Faculty of Law, was expelled for negligence, poor progress in history. “History is a collection of fables and useless trifles that do nothing to improve the fate of a person” - this position is reflected in the novel “War and Peace”. Fascinated by the philosophy of J.-J. Rousseau - you can fix the world only through self-improvement: he keeps diaries, wants to learn 11 languages, the basics of forestry, music, illustrations. An attempt to get closer and help the peasants. He is considered an eccentric ("Morning of the landowner") 1851-1855 Caucasus - studies mountain languages, life, culture. "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth", "Cossacks". “I was not a student in literature, I was immediately great” An innovator in revealing the “dialectic of the soul” - a special psychologism, as it develops human consciousness. "People are like rivers." Participates in the defense of Sevastopol, was awarded personalized weapons. "Sevastopol stories" "Sevastopol in the month of December" (1854), "Sevastopol in May" (1855), "Sevastopol in August" (1855). "The hero of my story is the truth - and its goal is to prove that the true hero of the Sevastopol epic was the Russian people." War in blood and suffering. Soldier's heroism - officer aristocracy (caste, desire for brilliance, orders) Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin with 22 thousand sailors with the support of the population withstood the siege of 120 thousand enemy armies (349 days) The main thoughts of the cycle It is the masses who decide the fundamental issues of history, determine the fate of the state. War is not banners and fanfare, but a dirty business, hard labour, suffering, blood, tragedy, it exposes the true essence of man. Life credo of Tolstoy. In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again. And forever fight, and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness. Spiritual crisis in the life of Lev Nikolayevich (1860-1870) "Arzamas horror" - a dream about his own death, a feeling of emptiness and meaninglessness of life, disappointment that the ideals of brotherhood, unity of classes, thoughts of suicide are crumbling. 1870-80s - overcoming the crisis, "Confession": "Why everything, if the only irrefutable reality is death." Own understanding of Christianity as a rational religion - "the Kingdom of God on earth." He denied the dogmas of faith, reproached the church for "justifying violence", "I renounced the life of our circle, recognizing that this is not life, but only a semblance of life." Breaks with his class and goes over to the position of the patriarchal peasantry. The main works of Tolstoy 1863 - the beginning of work on the novel "War and Peace" 1873-77 - work on the novel "Anna Karenina" 1879-82 - "Confession" 1884-86 - "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" 1887 - "Kreutzer Sonata", the play "The Power of Darkness" 1889 - the novel "Sunday" is printed. "War and Peace" 1856 - the beginning of the idea for the story "Decembrists". The image of a man who after 30 years found himself in the city of youth, where everything has changed, and he is the same. 1825 - Decembrist uprising - "the era of delusions and misfortunes of my hero." Seeing a world without slavery, the officers were ashamed of what was happening in Russia and felt a duty to the oppressed people. "Three Pores". 1812 - "To understand him, I had to go back to his youth, which coincided with the glory of Russian weapons - 1812." 1805-1807 - foreign campaigns of the Russian army - "failures and shame." The structure and genre of the novel "War and Peace" Volume I - 1805 Volume II - 1806-1811 Volume III - 1812 Volume IV - 1812-1813 Epilogue - 1820 Epic novel Beginning of publication - 1865 "1805" Criticism for inept handling historical facts, inconsistency with the genre canon. Features of the genre Roman-epopee - pictures of history (Shengrabenskoye, Battle of Austerlitz, the Peace of Tilsit, the war of 1812, the fire of Moscow, the partisan movement) Chronology of the novel 15 years. Socio-political life: Freemasonry, the activities of Speransky, the Decembrist Society. The relationship of landowners and peasants: the transformation of Pierre, Andrei, the rebellion in Bogucharov. Display of various segments of the population: local, Moscow, St. Petersburg nobility, officials, army, peasants. wide panorama noble life: balls, receptions, dinners, hunting, theater. 600 actors and characters. Wide coverage of geographical space: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Otradnoe, Bald Mountains, Austria, Smolensk, Borodino.
Kasatkina Maria
In a presentation prepared by a student for the lesson literary reading, presents material about the life and work of the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. The presentation will be useful not only for students, but also for teachers and parents.
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Slides captions:
MOU secondary school No. 1, Kameshkovo Vladimir region Life and work of L.N. Tolstoy Completed by a student of the 4th "B" class Kasatkina Maria
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828 - 1910), prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born on September 9 (August 28, according to the old style) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province. By origin, he belonged to the most ancient aristocratic families of Russia. Received home education and upbringing.
His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of \u200b\u200b"her spiritual appearance." Tolstoy's father, a participant in the Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured and mocking character, love of reading, and hunting, also died early (1837). The upbringing of children was carried out by a distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy and are reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood". "The period of childhood" The writer's father - Nikolai Tolstoy
L.N. Tolstoy with brothers. Tolstoy was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergei (1826-1904) and Dmitry (1827-1856). In 1830, sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of his last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of P. I. Yushkova, a relative and guardian of the children. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter the university, at the age of 17 he entered there. Lev Nikolayevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy. But the classes did not arouse a lively interest in him, and he indulged in secular entertainment with passion. In the spring of 1847, having filed a petition for dismissal from the university “due to frustrated health and domestic circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of science. Kazan University P. I. Yushkov - the aunt of the writer Kazan University. House in Yasnaya Polyana.
After a summer in the countryside, in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to take his candidate's exams at the university. His lifestyle changed frequently during this period. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared. "Stormy life of adolescence"
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the army, persuaded Tolstoy to travel together to the Caucasus. For almost three years Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name. The literary debut immediately brought real recognition to Tolstoy. The story "Childhood"
In 1854 Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring staff life forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began to write a cycle of "Sevastopol stories".
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a "great hope of Russian literature ". In the autumn of 1856, after retiring, Tolstoy went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany. In the autumn he returned to Moscow, then to Yasnaya Polyana. In the circle of writers and abroad
In 1859 Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. In 1862 he published the pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana, the books ABC and New ABC, as well as children's books for reading.
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding, he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. For 17 years life together they had 13 children.
In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on novels: War and Peace, Anna Karenina, the story Cossacks, the first of works in which great talent Tolstoy was recognized as a genius.
The years of change abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer (the refusal to own private property proclaimed by Tolstoy caused sharp dissatisfaction among family members, especially his wife). In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, the 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be unbearable for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the stationmaster's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale. Astapovo Station
Throughout his life, Leo Tolstoy replenished his knowledge and was a highly educated person. In his works, L. N. Tolstoy said that only one who works, who does good to other people, who honestly fulfills his duty, can be called a person. It is shameful, unworthy of a man to live by the labor of others. On November 10 (23), 1910, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the forest, where, as a child, he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that kept the secret of how to make all people happy.
