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Conversational speech as a special functional kind of language. The main features of colloquial speech

Spoken language is a special phenomenon. Having originated, the language was exclusively colloquial, and the emergence of a literary language is a rather late phenomenon. Colloquial speech- a special form of language that serves all the functions of the language, in the first place - the function of communication and volitional. The sphere that the RR serves is informal relations, the environment of use - from semi-literate speakers of the dialect to the most educated strata of society.

Spoken language is a special functional variety of the literary language. If the language of fiction and functional styles have a single codified basis, then colloquial speech is opposed to them as an uncodified sphere of communication. Codification is the fixation in various dictionaries and grammar of those norms and rules that must be observed when creating texts of codified functional varieties. Norms and rules of colloquial communication are not fixed.

The study of colloquial speech began only in the 60s, when technologies for recording sound speech became widespread.

As a special kind of language, RR is characterized by three extralinguistic factors:

1) Spontaneity and unpreparedness.

2) The possibility of conversational communication only in informal relations between speakers.

3) Can only be implemented with the direct participation of speakers (dialogical speech)

The colloquial norm has a special character: everything that is not perceived as an error in the spontaneous perception of speech (“does not hurt the ear”) is recognized as the norm.

So, colloquial speech is a spontaneous literary speech, implemented in informal situations with the direct participation of speakers based on pragmatic (situation, addressee, addressee, background knowledge) communication conditions.

Features of colloquial speech:

1) Phonetics: reduction of vowel sounds, dropout, simplification of consonant groups.

2) Morphology: vocative forms, absence of participles and gerunds (only in the function of adjectives and extremely rarely in turns)

3) Syntax: striving for analytics. The use of the nominative case in place of indirect cases (instead of the genitive in negative cases, in the function of definition, in the function of the nominal part of the predicate), the use unionless proposals, the connections in which are derived from semantics, a lot of incomplete sentences, a special word order, actualizing words (yes? What is it, ... etc.).

4) Vocabulary: semantic contractions (evening, minibus), substantiated adjectives (laboratory), semantic contractions as a result of the omission of the defining ( kindergarten- garden, kindergarten) or defined (maternity leave - decree), verbal contractions (celebrate / holiday /, enter / university /), metonymy (to be on Repin / at the artist's exhibition /), colloquial vocabulary.

According to Graudina and Shiryaev, only notes can be attributed to colloquial speech from written genres, according to lectures - diaries, notebooks, friendly letters.

Dialogue is studied not only linguistically. In addition to it, oral communication is studied by psychology, philosophy, cultural studies. From different views on the culture of colloquial speech, various conditions for successful speech are derived:

1. The first condition for the emergence and successful course of a dialogue is the need for communication that is not expressed in linguistic forms, communicative interest, which depend on the depth of acquaintance, social dependence, and emotional background.

2. The second condition is the proximity of the worldview of the speaker and the listener, the proximity of interests, similar cultural canons.

3. The main condition for successful communication is the ability of the listener to penetrate the communicative plan (intention) of the speaker. Since the comprehension of meaning occurs in parallel with the linear deployment of the utterance, the listener does a great job of interpreting the utterance, and, therefore, it is very important for him to understand, and understanding must be adequate to the speaker's intention.

4. The success of communication depends on the ability of the speaker to vary the way the language representation of this or that real event. This is due to the representation in speech of such functional categories as beingness, characterization, qualification, identification, optativity, certainty, location, and so on. In addition to the scenario presentation of events, the speaker also adds his personal perception of the situation.

5. The success of verbal communication is influenced by external circumstances: the presence of outsiders, the channel of communication, mood, physiological state.

6. It is important that the speakers know the rules and norms of the etiquette of speech communication.

7. The conditions for successful verbal interaction are rooted in the conformity of plans and patterns of speech behavior of the interlocutors.

Communication failures- failure of the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal and, more broadly, pragmatic aspirations; lack of interaction, mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication. Since the deployment of communication is due to both linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the reasons for communication failures can be different:

1. The efforts of the participants in communication are nullified by an alien communicative environment: for example, conversation with outsiders interferes with the dialogue, interference by third parties, forced distraction from the conversation due to various external circumstances.

2. Violation of the parity of communication. If one of the participants begins to dominate, interrupt, constantly ask questions, do not wait for signs of reaction from the listener, communication comes to naught.

3. Ritualization of communication. The use of clichés like “We have already gone through this”, peremptory statements, common opinions - all this hinders the implementation of communicative plans.

4. The reason for the violation of contact may be an inappropriate remark addressed to the listener about his actions, personal qualities, which can be interpreted as an unfriendly attitude of the speaker to the listener.

5. Failures in communication may stem from socio-cultural stereotypes, background knowledge, rejection of the personality or character traits of one of the interlocutors.

NB: The above information comes from Graudina/Shiryaev's textbook, where the titles of the chapter sections exactly repeat the wording of the question. Another classification of the causes of failures (according to the abstract) is based on maxims from Grice's "Principles of Speech Cooperation":

1. Alien communicative environment.

2. Violation of the maxim of approval (a positive assessment of what is connected with the interlocutor).

3. Violation of the maxim of tact (observance of the interests of the interlocutor).

4. Violation of the maxim of quantity (the statement should contain no more and no less than what is needed for understanding).

5. Violation of the maxim of manner (see the ethical aspect of the culture of speech).

52. Complex syntactic whole and paragraph. Types and means of communication between proposals in the SCS.

The structural organization of the text includes smaller units called STS or superphrasal units (SFU); paragraphs can also be considered structural parts of the text.

SSC- a structural-semantic and communicative unit of syntax, which is a combination of several sentences in meaning and syntactically.

Therefore, the sentences in the text do not exist in isolation. They are combined with other sentences, leaving close semantic and syntactic unities. In addition to these factors, STS are characterized by the unity of subjective-modal coloring and rhythmic-intonational unity. Against the background of the general theme of the text, the STS are the carriers of the micro-theme.

STS, which, in addition to SFU, can also be called a “prose stanza”, has the following structure:

1) Zachin- the first phrase, which is the most informative and sets the topic, introduces a new thought and determines the style of presentation. The beginning is autosemantic, i.e. semantically self-sufficient.

2) Medium Part.

3) ending- a phrase that echoes the beginning.

Communication in the SSC can have several options:

1) chain connection - the sequence of sentences in the STS is connected by theme-rhematic relations: the rheme of the previous sentence becomes the theme of the next one.

2) Parallel connection - the parallelism of sentence structures associated with the first general structure.

The means of communication of sentences in the SCS can be lexical, syntactic and grammatical: pronominal substitution, introductory words, subordinating sentences, coincidence of the tense forms of the verb, word order, intonation contour.

Paragraph- the unit of articulation is compositional-stylistic. Paragraphs are connected with the author's will, the same text can be divided into paragraphs in different ways. STS is objective, division into STS is inherent in the text itself.

These elements are not equal, because a paragraph is a logical and compositional unit inherent only in written texts; paragraph sizes can range from one sentence to several STSs; in business speech, on the contrary, one sentence can be divided into several paragraphs.

The paragraph performs the following functions:

1) highlighting parts of the text (logical-semantic)

2) easier perception

3) placement of accents (accent-excretory, expressive-excretory)

There are different styles of speech in Russian. Each of them has its own characteristic features that make it possible to distinguish them from each other. One of these is the conversational style of speech. He also has his own language features and functions. What is a conversational style of speech?

The style of speech, the functions of which are so that people can exchange thoughts, knowledge, feelings, impressions, and also simply keep in touch with each other, is called colloquial.

This includes family, friendships, everyday business, informal professional relationships. Mostly given style used in everyday life, therefore its second name is "household".

The colloquial style of speech, the definition of its main features and the identification of features developed by ordinary people during for long years. Much has changed, but the main features that are not found in other styles of speech have remained unchanged:

Ease. A person may, in the process of communication, express his opinion about certain events, or may not do so. Therefore, such communication has an informal character.
Spontaneity. This sign lies in the fact that the speaker is not preparing to express his opinion, but does it spontaneously during the conversation. At the same time, he thinks more about the content of his words than their correct presentation. In this regard, when people communicate, inaccuracies in phonetic and lexical terms are often noted, as well as carelessness in the construction of sentences.
Situation. It involves dependence on the existing situation in which contact between people occurs. Due to the specific setting, time and place of communication, the speaker can shorten his statement. For example, when shopping in a store, a person can briefly say to the seller: “Please, one rifled and a carton of milk.”
expressiveness. The characteristic of the spoken language is also different in that when people communicate, they sharply change the tone of voice, intonation, rhythm, make pauses, and logical stress.
The use of non-verbal means. In the course of a conversation, people very often use facial expressions and gestures that help them better express their feelings.

The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features, allows you to understand how it differs from another style of text.

In what genres is the style used?

Spoken language characterizes how people interact with each other. In this regard, there are certain sub-styles and genres of such a language. The substyles of the colloquial style of speech are divided into colloquial-official and colloquial-everyday.

Genres of colloquial style of speech are represented by the following categories:

Genres and sub-styles of the colloquial style of speech allow you to understand how the language is used in a given situation, how it differs. After all, the text in different styles is characterized in different ways.

Linguistic features of everyday language

Features of the colloquial style of speech are primarily in pronunciation. Often people put the wrong emphasis, which is unacceptable for more strict texts, for example, written in a scientific style.

Lexical Features

Lexical features in colloquial speech speak of the ease of communication and its expressive coloring. During a conversation, people often change words in one part or another, for example, they say angry, good fellow, tricky, sarcastic, chatter, slow down, quietly, little by little, well, and so on.

Phraseologisms are often used in colloquial everyday speech, because a certain way of thinking dominates in everyday communication in a person. Observing some phenomenon, he makes a generalization. Examples: “There is no smoke without fire”, “The humpbacked grave will fix”, “Quieter than water, lower than grass” and so on.

The linguistic features of the conversational style also lie in the fact that this style of text has its own word formation. Nouns often change their suffixes, for example, good-natured man, old man, shopkeeper, reveler, feeding, and so on.

The text of the colloquial style may also contain words that designate female persons according to their specialty, position, occupation, for example, director, secretary, doctor. In addition, there are suffixes of subjective assessment, thanks to which the message acquires the greatest color, for example, a thief, a rascal, a small house, a furious one, and others.

Colloquial adjectives can still change their suffixes like this: big-eyed, tongued. In addition, people often use the prefix “pre” with adjectives, resulting in kind, sweet, obnoxious, and so on. Verbs that speak about the everyday language of speech look like this: misbehave, wander, cheat.

Morphological features

Morphological features of the colloquial style of speech imply the use of parts of speech in the wrong case. For example, nouns in the prepositional case: he's on vacation, a plural noun in the nominative or genitive case: contracts, not contracts, a few tomatoes, not tomatoes, and so on.

Syntactic features

Characteristic features in the field of syntax in the colloquial style of speech are very peculiar. The language features of the conversational style are expressed as follows:

most of all use the form of dialogue;
they speak in monosyllabic sentences, and if they use complex constructions, they are mostly compound and non-union;
often use interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
use sentence words that express affirmation, negation, and so on;
widely use incomplete constructions of sentences;
interrupt communication or abruptly switch to another thought for some reason, for example, due to excitement;
use introductory words and phrases that have different meanings;
use insert sentences that break the main structure in order to explain something, clarify, and so on;
often use emotional and imperative interjections;
repeat words, such as "No, no, no, it's not like that."
use inversion to emphasize the meaning of a particular word;
use special forms of the predicate.

The syntactic characteristic of the colloquial style also includes the use of complex sentences in which parts are connected by lexical and syntactic means. So, in the first part there is an assessment of the act, and the second part substantiates the first, for example, "Clever girl, she did everything right."

In order to better understand what kind of language it is, an example of a conversational style of speech should be given:

“Imagine, Petrovna, I go into the barn today, but Mikey is not there! I screamed at her, screamed, but she did not respond! Then she went to all the neighbors, asked them if anyone had seen it. But alas... Then I decided to go to our district police officer, he accepted the application and promised to look into everything.”

Another example of a conversational style of speech in the form of a dialogue:

- Hello! Are there any tickets to Nizhny Novgorod for tomorrow evening?
- Good afternoon! Yes, at 17.30.
- Great! Please book me one for this time.
— Okay, give me your passport and wait.
- Thank you!

Having considered what a conversational style of speech is, it becomes clear that this is a simple arbitrary communication between people, which has its own characteristic features. The functions of the conversational style are to enable members of the society to interact with each other in an informal setting.

Colloquial speech

Introduction
§1. The concept of colloquial speech and its features
§2. Pragmatics and stylistics of colloquial speech. Conditions for successful communication
§3. Reasons for communication failures
§4. Communication goals, speech strategies, tactics and techniques
§5. Genres of speech communication
§6. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

An important requirement of the culture of language proficiency is the requirement to distinguish between its functional varieties, to freely use any of them, clearly representing which of the varieties of the language should be chosen in accordance with the tasks of communication. One of the fundamental differences between such a non-literary form of language as vernacular and the literary language is that the speakers of the first of them do not distinguish or poorly distinguish between varieties of language. Getting, for example, into an official business environment, a vernacular speaker will strive to speak differently than he is used to speaking at home, but he does not know exactly how to speak in this situation.

The culture of proficiency in different functional varieties of the language is, first of all, such a choice and such an organization language tools, which distinguish this species from others, determine its face.

Among the functional varieties, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Not so long ago, colloquial speech was considered in a number of functional styles.

The fact is that colloquial speech, in comparison with other functional varieties, has very significant features. If the language of fiction and the functional styles of the language are built on the basis of the rules of the language fixed in dictionaries and grammars, then the features of colloquial speech are not fixed anywhere. Nowhere does it say, for example, that under certain conditions of communication one can encounter the use of the nominative case of a noun in statements like: “Can you tell me how to get to the Tretyakov Gallery?”

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of speech communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks.

To be modern means in the field of oral speech to proceed from the norms accepted at the present time, and one who seeks to influence others with his speech cannot afford non-normative elements. Knowledge of the norm is a prerequisite for competent and expressive speech, free and interesting communication.

“In order to fully communicate,” he writes, “a person must have a whole range of skills. He must quickly and correctly navigate in the conditions of communication; be able to plan your speech correctly, choose the right content for an act of communication, find adequate means to convey this content, and be able to provide feedback. If any of the links of the act of communication is violated, then it will not be effective.

("1") Serious work on yourself and your speech begins only when you clearly understand why you need it. Linguists, studying oral speech, concluded that it is structurally different from written language. Basically, they are similar, otherwise it would be impossible to retell what was read, and write down what was said. If in written speech there is one channel of information (the text itself), then in oral speech there are two:

Information contained in spoken words

Information that is received in addition to words, which accompanies speech in one way or another is associated with words.

Conversational speech, due to its two-channel nature, is distinguished by great heuristic, creative possibilities. The writer and philosopher repeatedly referred to this thesis: “To the last extreme, one must beware of the use of philosophical concepts and keep the language, we whisper about everything with a close friend, always understanding that with this language we can say more than philosophers have tried to say something for a thousand years and not said."

Creating a text of a certain functional orientation is a creative process, with the exception of some canonical genres of official business style. Creativity, on the other hand, presupposes the manifestation of linguistic individuality. Each functional type of language has such a rich arsenal of language tools and ways of organizing them that it is always possible to build the corresponding texts in a variety of ways, but in all cases effectively. The higher the culture of proficiency in functional varieties of the language, the more linguistic individuality is manifested. It is hardly possible to learn linguistic individuality - this, as they say, is from God, but it is probably possible to learn not to create texts that are ineffective in communicative terms.

§1. The concept of colloquial speech and its features

A well-known Russian psychologist and linguist once remarked: "It's ironic, I think that linguists have been studying the silent man for a long time." And he was absolutely right. For a long time it was believed that they speak the same or about the same as they write. Only in the 60s. of our century, when it became possible to record colloquial speech with the help of tape recorders and this speech came to the full attention of linguists, it turned out that the existing codifications are not quite suitable for linguistic comprehension of colloquial speech. So what is colloquial speech?

Conversational speech as a special functional variety of language, and, accordingly, as a special object of linguistic research, is characterized by three extralinguistic, external to language features.

The most important feature of colloquial speech is its spontaneity, unpreparedness. If, when creating even such simple written texts as, for example, a friendly letter, not to mention complex texts such as a scientific work, each statement is considered, many “difficult” texts are first written in draft, then a spontaneous text does not require such operations. The spontaneous creation of a spoken text explains why neither linguists, nor even just native speakers, noticed its great differences from codified texts: linguistic spoken features are not recognized, not fixed by consciousness, in contrast to codified linguistic indicators. Such a fact is interesting. When native speakers are presented with their own colloquial statements like “House of Shoes” for normative assessment, how can they get there? (codified version: How to get to the "House of Shoes"), then often these assessments are negative: "This is a mistake", "They don't say so", although for colloquial dialogues such a statement is more than usual.

The second distinguishing feature of colloquial speech is that conversational communication is possible only with informal relations between speakers.

And, finally, the third sign of colloquial speech is that it can be realized only with the direct participation of the speakers. Such participation of speakers in communication is obvious in dialogical communication, but also in communication, when one of the interlocutors speaks mainly, the other interlocutor does not remain passive; he, so to speak, has the right, in contrast to the conditions for the implementation of the monologue official speech, constantly “interfere” in communication, whether agreeing or disagreeing with what was said in the form of replicas: “Yes”, “Of course”, “Good”, “No”, “Well, this”, or simply demonstrating their participation in communication with interjections like “ Uh-huh”, the real sound of which is difficult to convey in writing. The following observation is noteworthy in this regard: if you talk on the phone for a long time and do not receive any confirmation from the other end that you are being listened to - at least in the form of “Uh-huh”, then you begin to worry about whether they are listening to you at all, interrupting themselves with replicas like “Can you hear me?”, “Hello”, and the like.

The pragmatic factor plays a special role in colloquial communication. Pragmatics are such communication conditions that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaking, writing), addressee (listening, reading) and situations that affect the language structure of communication. Conversational informal communication with the direct participation of speakers is usually carried out between people who know each other well in a particular situation. Therefore, speakers have a certain common stock of knowledge. This knowledge is called background knowledge. It is background knowledge that makes it possible to build such reduced statements in colloquial communication that are completely incomprehensible outside of this background knowledge.

As already mentioned, the spontaneity of colloquial speech, its great differences from codified speech, lead to the fact that spoken texts fixed in writing in one way or another leave native speakers with the impression of some disorder, much in these texts is perceived as speech negligence or simply as a mistake. This happens precisely because colloquial speech is evaluated from the standpoint of codified prescriptions. In fact, it has its own norms, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative. Conversational features regularly, consistently manifest themselves in the speech of native speakers who are fluent in codified norms and all codified functional varieties of the literary language. Therefore, colloquial speech is one of the full-fledged literary varieties of the language, and not some kind of language formation, which, as it seems to some native speakers, is on the sidelines of the literary language or even beyond it.

What is a conversational norm? The norm in colloquial speech is that which is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of the literary language and is not perceived as a mistake during spontaneous perception of speech - “does not hurt the ear”. In colloquial speech, such pronunciations as stock (instead of codified so much), kada, tada (instead of codified when, then) are often found - and all this is an orthoepic colloquial norm. In colloquial speech, a special morphological form of address is more than usual - a truncated nominative case of personal names, sometimes with repetition: Kat, Mash, Volod, Mash-a-Mash, Len-a-Len - and this is a morphological norm. In colloquial speech, the nominative case of a noun is consistently used where only the oblique case is possible in codified texts: "Conservatory ... how can I get closer?" (“How can I get closer to the conservatory?”), “We have a large pack of sugar” (“We have a large pack of sugar”) - and this is a syntactic norm.

Norms of colloquial speech have one important feature. They are not strictly obligatory in the sense that a general literary norm can be used in place of a colloquial one, and this does not violate the colloquial status of the text: there are no prohibitions on saying in an informal setting: “You’d better go on the fourteenth trolleybus to Kazan Station” and “The fourteenth trolleybus is better for you than Kazansky.” There is, however, a large number of such words, forms, turns, which are intolerable in colloquial speech. Everyone, presumably, will easily feel the unnaturalness for a conversational situation of such a statement as: "It is more convenient for you to get to the Kazansky railway station if you use the trolleybus route number fourteen."

So, colloquial speech is a spontaneous literary speech, implemented in informal situations with the direct participation of speakers based on pragmatic conditions of communication.

The linguistic features of colloquial speech are so significant that they gave rise to the hypothesis that the basis of colloquial speech is a special system that cannot be reduced to the system of a codified language and cannot be derived from it. Therefore, in many studies, colloquial speech is called colloquial language. This hypothesis may or may not be accepted. In all cases, it remains true that colloquial speech, compared with codified language, has its own characteristics. Let's consider the main ones.

Phonetics. In colloquial speech, especially at a fast pace of pronunciation, a much stronger reduction of vowels is possible than in a codified language, up to their complete loss. In the field of consonants, the main feature of colloquial speech is the simplification of consonant clusters. Many phonetic features of colloquial speech act in combination, creating a very "exotic" phonetic appearance of words and phrases, especially frequency ones.

Morphology. The main difference between colloquial morphology is not that it has any special morphological phenomena (except for the already mentioned vocative forms of address like "Mash, Mash-a-Mash" it is difficult to name anything else), but that some there are no phenomena. So, in colloquial speech, such verbal forms as participles and gerunds are rarely used in their direct functions associated with the creation of participial and participle phrases, which in works on syntactic stylistics are rightly characterized as purely bookish phrases. In colloquial speech, only such participles or gerunds are possible that perform the functions of ordinary adjectives or adverbs and are not the center of participles or participles: knowledgeable people, crucial, tight dress, trembling voice, shiny glass; lay without getting up, poured a full cup without measuring, walked without turning, came at the same time without saying a word, answers without hesitation. The absence of gerunds in colloquial speech has one important syntactic consequence for it. Those relations that are conveyed in the codified language by gerunds and participle turnover, in colloquial speech they are made out by a construction with double heterogeneous verbs that is completely intolerable in a codified language: “Yesterday I was lying on my head at all, I could not raise it”; “Write two phrases, don’t be lazy”; “I was sitting here surrounded by dictionaries.”

("2") Syntax. Syntax is that part of grammar in which colloquial features manifest themselves most clearly, consistently and diversely. Features of colloquial syntax are found primarily in the field of connection between words and parts of a complex sentence (predicative constructions). In a codified language, these connections are usually expressed by special syntactic means: prepositional-case forms, conjunctions and allied words. In colloquial speech, the role of such syntactic means is not so great: in it, semantic relations between words and predicative constructions can be established on the basis of the lexical semantics of the connected components, an example of which is the nominative case of a noun, which can be used, as can be seen from many examples already given, on the spot many indirect cases. Languages with explicit syntactic links are called synthetic, languages in which links between components are established based on the lexico-semantic indicators of the components are called analytical. Russian belongs to synthetic languages, but some elements of analyticism are not alien to it. It is the tendency towards analyticism that is one of the most important differences between colloquial and codified syntax.

Vocabulary. In colloquial speech, there are almost no special words unknown in the codified language. Its lexical features are manifested in a different way: colloquial speech is characterized by a developed system of its own methods of nomination (naming).

The main, if not the only, form of the implementation of colloquial speech is the oral form. Only notes and other similar genres can be attributed to the written form of colloquial speech. So, sitting in a meeting, you can write to a friend: “Leave?” - and in the conditions of this situation and the corresponding background knowledge (you need to be in time somewhere), it will be clear what in question. There is an opinion that all the features of colloquial speech are generated not by the conditions of its implementation (spontaneity, informality, direct contact of the speakers), but by the oral form. In other words, it is believed that unreadable official public oral texts (report, lecture, radio talk, etc.) are built in the same way as unofficial spontaneous ones.

From the point of view of linguistic features, it is necessary to distinguish between oral codified and non-codified spoken texts.

What is the significance of the above information about the linguistic characteristics of colloquial speech for the culture of language proficiency? Only one thing: in the conditions of colloquial communication, one should not be afraid of spontaneous manifestations of colloquial speech. And, of course, you need to know what these spontaneous manifestations are in order to be able to distinguish them from errors, which, of course, can also be in colloquial speech: incorrect stresses, pronunciation, morphological forms, etc.

§ 2. Pragmatics and stylistics of colloquial speech.

conditions for successful communication.

The functional variety of the codified literary language "colloquial speech" is an example of the communicative interaction of people, and therefore, shows all the nuances of purposeful behavior. The informality of the communication environment, the situational conditionality of speech, its spontaneity, instantaneousness and simultaneity (simultaneity) of speech-thought processes obscure complex nature this phenomenal human behavior, which is largely due to the social roles of the participants, their psychological characteristics, emotional state.

Since antiquity, researchers of colloquial speech have distinguished such forms as dialogue, polylogue and monologue, recognizing dialogue as a “natural” form of language existence, and monologue as “artificial”. A polylogue is a conversation between several participants in a conversation. Monologue - addressed speech of one participant in communication, for example, a letter, a note (written forms of speech), a story, a story. Researchers usually project polylogue problems onto dialogue, defining dialogue as a conversation of more than one participant in communication, mainly oral interpersonal verbal interaction.

The structure of the dialogue is determined not so much by the rules of people's linguistic behavior, but by the canons of human communication and the individual characteristics of the worldview of the speakers, so the dialogue is studied not only by linguistic disciplines, but also by other sciences. Especially valuable for the culture of speech are discoveries in philosophy, cultural studies, psychology, and neuropsychology. So, it is the dialogue that is the language in the understanding of Hegel: "the self-consciousness that exists for others, which in this capacity is given directly and is universal." E. Benveniste's statement is known that man was created twice: once without language, another time - with language. Thus, long before the conclusions of modern neuropsychology, philosophers came to the idea of the dialogical nature of consciousness, the phenomenon of pure I in speech (the inner form of the word "consciousness"). Thus, consciousness (and speech creativity) is always targeted. introduced the concept of "the highest instance of reciprocal understanding", "superaddressee", who will understand the speaker in any case, help to reveal the author's intention. To understand the essence of colloquial speech, the following conclusion is important: the speaking person always declares himself as a person, and only in this case it is possible to establish contact in communication with other people. In each statement, the speaker appears as a person with certain ethnic, national, cultural characteristics, revealing his own worldview, ethical and value orientations.

1. A necessary condition for the emergence of a dialogue and its successful completion is the need for communication, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms, communicative interest (by definition). Interest in communication and equal rights in dialogue are not affected by: a) the depth of acquaintance (close friends, acquaintances, strangers); b) the degree of social dependence (for example, the primacy of the father, a subordinate position in the team); c) emotional background (benevolence, neutrality, hostility). In any case, with interest, there is agreement to “listen”, “solidarity”. And this is the first step to the successful completion of the conversation.

The success of verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiator (initiators) of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors.

2. The next important condition for successful communication, correct perception and understanding is the attunement to the world of the interlocutor, the closeness of the worldview of the speaker and the listener. defined it as the proximity of the speakers' apperceptual base. called this phenomenon the apperceptive background of speech perception. Last life experience interlocutors, similar interests and cultural canons give rise to quick mutual understanding, which is expressed by a rapid change of remarks, such paralinguistic means as facial expressions, gestures, tone, voice timbre.

The speech forms of the correct attunement to the listener's world are very different: the type of address, intonation, voice timbre, speech rate, one and a half, special means of expressing the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech (epithets, evaluative adverbs, introductory words and sentences), to the interlocutor, hints, allusions, ellipsis; implicit (or, conversely, explicit) ways of conveying information, pauses, silence, etc.

3. The main condition for successful verbal communication is the ability of the listener to penetrate the communicative plan (intention, intention) of the speaker. Since the communicative intention is formed at the preverbal level of speech-thought, and the comprehension of the meaning of what was said occurs in parallel with the linear deployment of the statement, the listener does a great job of interpreting the speech flow and “reconstructing” the speaker’s intention, rethinking what was previously said and understood, and correlating his “model” of the understood with real facts and the line of behavior of the interlocutor. This "work" is also instantaneous, simultaneous and biological in its essence, the pack and the process of speaking, therefore individual differences are natural here. “Knowing a language means: (a) being able to express a given meaning in different (ideally, in all possible ways in a given language) ways (the ability to paraphrase); (b) to be able to extract meaning from what is said in a given language, in particular, to distinguish between statements that are outwardly similar but different in meaning (distinguishing homonymy) and to find a common meaning in outwardly different statements (possession of synonymy); (c) be able to distinguish linguistically correct sentences from incorrect ones.

Communicative competence implies knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of verbal communication. So, one who owns these norms knows not only the meaning of units of different levels and the meaning of the types of combinations of these elements, but also the meaning of textual social parameters; for example, he knows the methods of dialogization of speech (he knows how to use appeals in various forms, knows how to sincerely express his assessment of a particular fact or event, which usually evokes a response, reciprocal empathy), knows how to predict the emotive reactions of interlocutors, knows the means of intimating communication. An important role is played by the speaker's knowledge of expressions known to the addressee with an "incremented" meaning, which have gone through the process of "secondary meaning" in various speech situations: aphorisms, proverbs, sayings, textual clichés, precedent texts, allusions.

It is important to understand that linguistic (communicative) competence, helping the listener to recognize the "true hierarchies" in the statement, text, allows you to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact (word, expression, syntactic model) with the speaker's intention. This can be called the key to adequate understanding.

4. The success of communication depends on the speaker's ability to vary the way of linguistic representation of a particular real event. This is primarily due to the possibility of different conceptualizations of the surrounding world. The speaker builds his speech with a focus on the world of knowledge of the addressee, adapting the form of presenting information to the possibilities of its interpretation.

The basic rule of the speaker's behavior is the hierarchization of the content of the message, which should be based on the speaker's awareness of a particular issue; first, information is reported that can be used in interpreting the subsequent one. For successful verbal communication, the speaker should not strive to tell the interlocutor only facts, the “bare truth”, objective truth: he will still reveal his opinion. On the contrary, it is necessary to consciously combine “direct” communication (information) and “indirect”, wrapping the message in a “shell”, “veil” of one’s own understanding, which seeks sympathy from the addressee. It can be irony, humor, paradox, symbol, image. Such speech is always a search for agreement.

5. The success of verbal communication is influenced by external circumstances: the presence of strangers, a communication channel (for example, a telephone conversation, SMS to a phone, a note, a letter, a face-to-face conversation), mood, emotional mood, physiological state - all this can predetermine the fate of the conversation. Distinguish communication contact - distant; direct - indirect; oral - written. Communication will be more successful if it takes place orally, the interlocutors are alone. But even favorable circumstances are not a guarantee of success, consent. The conversation is “created” by speech segments (replicas), pauses, tempo, gestures, facial expressions, looks, postures, the conversation develops in time, and each subsequent replica “layers” everything that was said earlier, interacts with it, and the result of this interaction is unpredictable. The atmosphere of the dialogue becomes no less significant than its content, and therefore the "element" of the conversation is increasingly captivating the interlocutors.

("3") 7. An important component of successful speech communication is the speaker's knowledge of the norms of etiquette speech communication. Regardless of the politeness formulas, there is a certain set of statements in the language, fixed by the tradition of using the language, which "prescribe" a certain form of response to the addressee. Etiquette speech behavior is rigidly predetermined not only by “traditional” questions, but also by the circumstances of the conversation, the tone of communication, and its style. The basic rule for the reciprocal utterance of the address: the replica must fit into the "context" of the dialogue, i.e., be appropriate.

8. The conditions for successful verbal communication are also rooted in accordance with the plans and patterns of speech behavior of the interlocutors, which are based on a certain level of human relations and social interaction.

How realistic is the implementation of the dialogue plans? Even a carefully thought-out course of the conversation and the prescribed procedure for exchanging views does not always lead to the agreement of the interlocutors and the successful completion of the conversation. Success in dialogue leads to a successful prediction of the listener's perception of the speaker's remarks, the speaker's ability to predict the general intention of the listener's interpretation and the strategy of his perception. At the same time, perception should also be assessed as a “behavioral” act. The success of verbal communication depends on the desire of the participants in the form of a dialogue to express their opinions, desires, requests, to report something, etc.; from the ability to determine all the personal characteristics of the communicants, to organize in accordance with this their remarks containing information on a particular issue, expressing an opinion, an impulse to action or a question in the optimal form under the circumstances, at an intellectual level worthy of interlocutors, in an interesting perspective.

§ 3. Causes of communication failures

The linguistic entity "verbal communication" is largely formed by non-linguistic factors and constructs extra-linguistic entities: relationships, action, state, emotions, knowledge, beliefs, etc. Therefore, both the success of verbal communication and failures do not always depend on the choice of linguistic forms by speakers .

Communication failures are the failure of the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal and, more broadly, pragmatic aspirations, as well as the lack of interaction, mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication.

The linear deployment of a dialogue (or polylogue) is due to different order, but at the same time interrelated factors, linguistic and extralinguistic processes. Therefore, the search for the causes of communication failures should be carried out in different areas: in socio-cultural stereotypes of communicants, in their background knowledge, in differences in communicative competence, in the psychology of gender, age, personality. In addition, naturally, the distance of the participants, the presence of unauthorized persons, communication through notes, letters, pagers, and telephone can have a negative impact on the outcome of verbal communication. An important role is played by all the features of the development of the speech situation, up to the state of the communicants and their mood.

The apparent amorphousness, intangibility of the components of verbal communication, however, allows us to identify the following unfavorable factors leading to communicative failure.

1. An alien communicative environment reduces the efforts of the participants in communication to nothing, since disharmony reigns in such an environment, there is no mood of the interlocutors for the phenomenal inner world of each other. In dialogue communication with strangers, the interlocutors feel discomfort that prevents them from realizing themselves in this situation and determining the tone of their speech behavior. A small degree of familiarity can exacerbate discomfort and make it difficult to find " common language". Incomplete speech contact (even when interested in communication) can manifest itself in a low rate of exchange of remarks, out of place statements, inappropriate jokes and emotional reactions (for example, in irony instead of sympathy), misinterpretation and, in general, in a "dissonant" exchange of remarks.

2. A serious reason for the alienation of the participants in the conversation may be a violation of the parity of communication. In this case, there is also a violation of the rule of solidarity, cooperation of interlocutors. This is manifested in the dominance of one of the participants in the conversation: starting from the initial remark, the same person chooses the topic of conversation, asks questions, interrupts the interlocutor, without waiting for signals of perception and correct interpretation of what was said, thus turning the dialogue into a monologue. At the same time, factors such as the psychological traits of the participants in communication, social status, emotional relationships, and cultural skills play a decisive role.

3. The communicative intentions of the interlocutors will not be realized, there will be no agreement if live speech communication is ritualized. In a ritualized replica, all the pragmatic characteristics of speech (who - to whom - what - why - why) are leveled, the rule of a sincere benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, i.e. ethical norms, is violated, and there is also a use of a “set of words” for the occasion.

4. The reason for the violation of contact with the interlocutor and the termination of the conversation may be an inappropriate remark addressed to the listener about his actions, personal qualities, which can be interpreted as an unfriendly attitude of the speaker (violation of the rules of cooperation, solidarity, relevance). Inappropriateness can be caused by the inability of the speaker to catch the mood of the interlocutor, to determine the course of his thought. This is typical for conversations between unfamiliar people.

The discrepancy between the sociocultural characteristics of the participants in communication can also lead to inappropriate phrases leading to a communicative failure.

5. Misunderstanding and failure of the interlocutors to reach agreement can be caused by a number of circumstances when the listener's communicative expectations are not justified. And if the elimination of the causes of unsuccessful communication, which lie in the sphere of socio-cultural stereotypes, the background of knowledge, psychological predilections, is in principle impossible, then misunderstanding caused by a low level of language competence can be overcome. Discomfort of communication, misinterpretation and alienation arise in the case of incorrect linear organization of the utterance. Syntactic errors in agreement, stringing cases, truncated sentences, reticence, jumping from one topic to another, albeit a close one - all this causes tension in attention and failure to fulfill the listener's communicative expectations. The situation is exacerbated by the rapid pace of speech, pauses of reflection (stammering). If at the same time the speaker informs the listener on a topic known to him, then the listener has to do a lot of “work” to guess the overall picture, and if the topic of the message is unknown to the addressee, then the speaker risks being misunderstood.

The difference in the patterns of behavior of the participants in the dialogue can lead to communicative disharmony and misunderstanding, which is reflected in the incoherence (fragmentation) of parts of the dialogue, in the unrealized communicative valency of replicas, and unjustified pauses.

§ 4. Communicative goals, speech strategies,

tactics and techniques

Verbal communication, being special kind purposeful human behavior requires an analysis of such types of speech communication that can be considered exemplary in terms of speech culture.

l. According to the communicative attitude, all speech acts are divided into two large categories: informative and interpretive.

According to the modal characteristic, informative dialogues include informative ones (or messages), discusive genres and “prescriptive” types of communication. The initial remarks and the role of the leader in the conversation predetermine the next stage in the typology of the dialogues. Interpretive dialogues can be divided into the following classes: purposeful and undirected. Purposeful in terms of modal characteristics, in turn, are divided into dialogues that form evaluative modeling, and dialogues that form another type of modality. Non-directional dialogues differ in what aspect of the personality is realized in the conversation: I-intellectual, I-emotional, I-aesthetic.

("4") 2. Speech strategies are identified based on the analysis of the course of dialogue interaction throughout the conversation. The smallest unit of research is a dialogue "step" - a fragment of a dialogue characterized by semantic exhaustion. The number of such "steps" in the dialogue may vary depending on the topic, the relationship between the participants in the communication and on all pragmatic factors.

As a rule, the strategy is determined by the macro-intention of one (or all) participants in the dialogue, determined by social and psychological situations. The strategy is connected with the search for a common language and the development of the foundations of dialogic cooperation: this is the choice of the tone of communication, the choice of a language way of presenting the real state of affairs. The development of a strategy is always carried out under the influence of the requirements of the stylistic norm.

According to the attitude of the participants in the dialogue to such a principle of organizing speech communication as solidarity, or cooperation, speech strategies can be divided into cooperative and non-cooperative.

The cooperative strategies are different types informative and interpretive dialogues; for example, communication of information (initiator-active participant in the dialogue); clarification of the true state of affairs (dispute, exchange of views on any issue; all participants are active); dialogues with the expectation of a response by the initiator of the dialogue and "dialogues" that exclude response responses (the first category includes a request, advice, persuasion, exhortation; the second - a demand, an order, a recommendation). An accurate description of the type of dialogue is given by verbs that directly reveal the purpose of the initiator's speech - I ask, advise, beg, demand, etc.; expressions of gratitude, confessions, in love, apologies, expressions of sympathy, sympathy, friendly feelings, compliments.

Non-cooperative strategies include dialogues based on a violation of the rules of verbal communication - benevolent cooperation, sincerity, compliance with the "code" of trust, for example: conflicts, quarrels, squabbles, claims, threats, aggression, anger, irony, slyness, lies, evasion from the answer.

Speech strategies outline the general development of the dialogue, which is fully revealed only in the final remarks, because, we recall, there are no rules for “managing” the conversation and any parameter of the pragmatic characteristics of speech communication can have a significant impact on the outcome of the dialogue. In addition, the chosen framework of the style of communication dictates the "plot turns" of the conversation and ways of expression.

3. Speech tactics perform the function of ways to implement the speech strategy: they form parts of the dialogue, grouping and alternating the modal shades of the conversation (assessments, opinions, annoyance, joy, etc.). So, for example, in a strategy for refusing to fulfill a request, there may be tactics: a) impersonate an incompetent person (incapable of fulfilling this request); b) refer to the impossibility of fulfilling the request in given time(for employment); c) irony; d) refusal without motivation; e) avoid answering, do not promise anything definite; e) make it clear that he does not want to comply with the request. All these tactics are based on a non-cooperative strategy of speech behavior of a participant in communication. Regardless of the chosen means of expression, agreement will not be reached, the initiator of communication will face a communicative failure. A special kind of speech tactics are needed to establish contact between speakers (phatic communication). They are based on cooperative strategies and use a wide range of tactics to maintain the communicative interest of interlocutors, activate attention and awaken interest in the topic of conversation and the participants in communication. This creates an atmosphere of conversation, where each statement has a special overtone of meaning, words-symbols and clichéd constructions are often used. In spontaneous conversations that have only conative goals (establishing speech contact), the same tactics are often repeated, for example, suggesting a topic of general interest (fashion, politics, parenting, weather, etc.), tactics of attracting attention and engaging in a conversation of many interlocutors, a tactic of shocking interlocutors through the denial of habitual patterns of behavior or the denial of value orientations in a given microsociety, aimed at strengthening the role of a leader. The tactics of implementing a certain strategy of speech bear the stamp of national psychology.

4. Techniques for the speech embodiment of strategies and tactics can be divided into trivial ways of expressing meaning and non-trivial ones. Trivial ways are stereotypes of expression that have developed in the language system: ensembles of different levels of means are organized in a given stylistic key. At the same time, lexical elements and syntactic constructions, historically established correspondences of word order and sentence patterns, types of inversions are in close interaction. The purpose of units of different levels for their use as part of units of a higher level, the role of all units in the formation of the meaning of the replica is revealed. The methods of expressing role relations in the dialogue are also stereotyped: variants of expressing apologies, requests indicate cooperative and non-cooperative strategies. There are implicit ways of expressing the meaning of the statement, the point of view of the speaker. They rely on known facts, generally accepted assessments or opinions of the speaker.

The means of expressing the cooperative strategy are different ways of evaluating one's own speech: introductory words, quotation marks in letters and notes, words denoting one's own content. Silence is an important technique for implementing a whole range of tactics in cooperative and non-cooperative strategies.

5. Specific for such a functional variety, so colloquial speech, is the constant attraction of the attention of the interlocutor. Therefore, the expressive effect of the utterance planned by the speaker and the listener's emotive reaction determine the atmosphere of the dialogue.

6. The success of communicative interaction is always the implementation of the speech, the speaker's intention and the persuasion of the listener, as well as his necessary emotional reaction. Linguistic units of all levels, for example, specially marked constructions, act as linguistic means of persuasion.

7. The stylistic tone of the speech of each participant in the conversation creates an aesthetic atmosphere of communication. Each speech situation has its own aesthetics, and all language means perform a certain aesthetic function. They reveal the aesthetic categories of the beautiful and the ugly, the comic and the tragic, the heroic and the everyday, harmony and dissonance, high ideals and base motives, spiritual aspirations, and earthly interests.

The principle of solidarity and cooperation in speech communication is refracted by the aesthetics of the comic into a convention to use the language of metaphorical comprehension, improvisation, common to the interlocutors.

§ 5. Genres of speech communication

The first clear division of the forms of verbal communication was made by Aristotle. A major role in the allocation of everyday speech genres belongs to him, who, without using the term "pragmatics", characterized the necessary pragmatic components of speech communication, emphasized the importance of the role of the addressee, anticipating his response. defined speech genres as relatively stable and normative forms of utterance, in which each utterance obeys the laws of integral composition and types of connection between sentences-utterances. Dialogue he defined as a classical form of verbal communication.

According to the types of communicative attitudes, according to the way partners participate, their role relations, the nature of the remarks, the ratio of dialogic and monologue speech, the following genres are distinguished: conversation, conversation, story, story, proposal, recognition, request, dispute, remark, advice, letter, note, message on pager, diary.

1. Conversation. This is a genre of verbal communication (dialogue or polylogue), in which, with a cooperative strategy, the following occurs: a) an exchange of views on any issues; b) exchange of information about the personal interests of each of the participants - to establish the type of relationship; c) aimless exchange of opinions, news, information (phatic communication). Different types conversations are characterized by corresponding types of dialogical modality.

2. Conversation. In this genre, both cooperative and non-cooperative strategies can be implemented. According to the goals of communication, they differ: a) informative conversation; b) prescriptive conversation (requests, orders, demands, advice, recommendations, beliefs in something); c) conversations aimed at clarifying interpersonal relationships (conflicts, quarrels, reproaches, accusations). Purposefulness is a characteristic feature of conversation, in contrast to conversation, which can be an idle speech genre.

3. Dispute. An argument is an exchange of opinions with the aim of making a decision or finding out the truth. Different points of view on a particular issue, however, have a common phase, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms - an interest in communication. This determines a positive beginning in a dialogue or polylogue, a kind of code of trust, truthfulness and sincerity, expressed in etiquette forms of address, politeness, and the truth of arguments. The purpose of the dispute is to find an acceptable solution, but at the same time it is also a search for truth, the only correct solution. Depending on the topic of the dispute, it is possible to form an epistemic modality (in disputes on the topics of science, politics) or an axiological modality (in disputes about the world of values, morality, etc.).

4. Story. This is a genre of colloquial speech, in which the monologue form of speech predominates within a dialogue or polylogue. The main strategic line of verbal communication is solidarity, consent, cooperation, "permission" to one of the participants to carry out their communicative intention, which basically comes down to information. The topic of the story can be any event, fact that happened to the narrator or anyone else. The course of the story may be interrupted by remarks-questions or remarks-evaluations, to which the narrator answers with varying degrees of completeness.

("5") 5. History. This genre of colloquial speech, like the story, is par excellence monologue, which takes into account all the components of the pragmatic situation. In addition, an important pragmatic factor of speech when telling a "story" is memory. This factor determines the structure of the narrative and the content of speech. Characteristically, the stories do not include the addressee himself as actor. The communicative goal of history is not only the transfer of information about events that occurred earlier (at an unspecified moment), but also a summing up of semantic results, a summary, a comparison with an assessment of modern events and facts.

6. Letter. A necessary condition for this genre of verbal communication is sincerity, which is possible with the internal proximity of kindred or friendly people. “The context of consent, characteristic of the concept of sincerity, corresponds to the etymological meaning of the word: sincere meant “close, approximate, nearby.” Whatever mode prevails in writing, the very fact of addressing one's feelings-thoughts in writing, which implies a non-momentary reading, indicates that the author has the opportunity to use the natural way of explicating himself as a person (and this is the most important pragmatic condition for any verbal communication).

7. Note. Unlike writing, this genre of written colloquial speech is largely formed by the common world of feeling-thought of the sender and addressee, the same epistemic and axiological modality, the relevance of the same circumstances. Therefore, the content of the note is usually brief; a detailed discussion can be replaced by one or two words that play the role of a hint.

8. Diary. Diary entries are texts of addressed colloquial speech, and therefore have all stylistic features texts conditioned by the multifactorial pragmatic space. The addressee of the texts of the diary is an alter-ego, a supersubject, "the highest instance of reciprocal understanding" (in terminology), which helps the writer express his thoughts, feelings and doubts. This pragmatic factor forces the author of diary entries to verify the accuracy of the expression of thoughts, to introduce synonyms and concretizers, to use such syntactic devices as gradation, question-answer moves, rhetorical questions; introductory words and sentences that are signals of the author's reflection.

§ 6. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech

The ethics of verbal communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attunement to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes to express one's thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech areas of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as "playful" or emotional nature, the choice of the topic and tone of the conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in the conduct of a conversation belongs to the look.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-full-significant parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. An important role is also played by the situation of communication. National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of address to strangers.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion - important component communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However high degree the emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of the partner's speech - an ordinary phenomenon of dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories.

5. V Y-communication and T Y-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you." In addition, YOU-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

Conclusion

Colloquial speech occupies a special place among the functional varieties of language, it has significant features at all language levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language. language system. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that the language features of colloquial speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in the conditions of the manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although it must be remembered that there may be speech errors in colloquial speech, they must be distinguished from colloquial features.

("6") The functional variety of the language "colloquial speech" has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, that is, under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction of people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. talking man always declares himself as a person, and only in this case it is possible to establish contact with other people.

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. The prerequisites for successful communication are the interest of the interlocutors in communication, attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate the speaker’s communicative intent, the ability of the interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “picture of the world”, the ability to predict “vector » dialogue or polylogue. Therefore, the central concept of the success of verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which involves knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows you to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker's intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.

The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in the background knowledge of the speaker and listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, and also in the presence of "external interference" (an alien communication environment, the distance of the interlocutors, the presence of strangers).

The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine the speech strategies, tactics, modality and methods of conducting a dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.

Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory: anaphora, antithesis, hyperbole, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymy, allegory, allusions, allusions, paraphrases, redirection to a third party; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.

Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is due to the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.

Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication - genres - have developed. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and language canons. The ethics of speech communication requires the speaker and the listener to create a benevolent tone of the conversation, which leads to agreement and success in the dialogue.

Knowledge of the culture of colloquial speech allows you to show strengths human personality, build successful communication, achieve goals.

List of used literature

Apresyan study of the Russian verb. M., 1967. “Believe” and “see” (on the problem of mixed propositional attitudes) // Logical analysis of language. Problems of intensional and pragmatic contexts. M., 1989. Arutyunova modality and the phenomenon of citation / / The human factor in the language. Communication. Modality. Deixis. M., 1992. Bart R. Selected works. Semiotics. Poetics. M., 1989. Bakhtin of verbal creativity. M., 1982; 2nd ed. M, 1986. Benveniste E. General linguistics. M., 1974 Hegel G. Phenomenology of Spirit // Sobr. op. M., 1959. , On the construction of a typology of communicative failures (based on natural Russian dialogue) // Russian language in its functioning. Communicative-pragmatic aspect. M., 1993. Krysin aspects of the study of the modern Russian language. M., 1989. Lazutkina speech among other linguistic disciplines // Culture of Russian speech and communication efficiency. M., 1996. Pavilenis of speech and philosophy of language // New in foreign linguistics. Issue. XVII. M., 1986. ("7") Forman's etiquette and culture of communication. M, 1989. Shiryaev syntactic characteristics of functional varieties of the modern Russian language // Russian language in its functioning. Language levels. M., 1995. Shcherba system and speech activity. L., 1974. Yakubinsky work. Language and its functioning. M., 1986. Yastrezhembsky aspects of the linguistic analysis of the dialogue // Dialogue: Theoretical problems and research methods. Sat. scientific and analytical reviews. INION. M., 1991. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. and prof. . - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA M, 1999. Muranov. Reader practical. Moscow: Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1997

Any highly developed language has two speech forms - oral and written. Oral, which includes, first of all, colloquial speech, has been formed over the centuries and is associated with historical development its carriers - one or another people. At a certain stage, it became a kind of foundation for the formation of written speech. Further, both forms existed in parallel, opposing on certain grounds.

Definition

In linguistics, it is generally accepted that colloquial speech is a special kind of literary speech. The scope of its application is everyday everyday communication, the transfer of any information, the impact on the interlocutor, the expression of the emotional state. Traditionally, colloquial speech is opposed to book speech in a number of ways. It is based on dialects and dialects, surzhiks, urban slang and jargon, as well as elements of book speech. Like any significant language layer, colloquial has a number of distinctive features and features.

Features and signs of colloquial speech

Features of colloquial speech are associated primarily with its scope of use:

If we talk about the oral form, then such speech is used, first of all, in dialogues - in conversations between two or more people. It can also be used in monologues addressed by the speaker to himself.

Conversational speech is spontaneous speech. The speaker, as a rule, does not specially prepare for communication, does not think through his remarks in advance. They are pronounced depending on what and how the interlocutor or interlocutors answers him. Even if the conversation is scheduled in advance, it is characterized by a high degree of improvisation. In this regard, the fundamental difference between oral colloquial speech and, for example, written. In the letter, one way or another, there is an element of preliminary preparation, the selection of language means, a more thorough formulation of thoughts.

Colloquial speech, as a rule, is used in an informal setting, with informal, relaxed communication. This is an important difference from an oral official business conversation, for example, a conversation between a boss and a subordinate or a speech with a scientific report or lecture.

Conversational speech as such requires mandatory participation in the conversation. These can be separate remarks accompanying the interlocutor.

Situation is also a hallmark of colloquial speech. Those. depending on the situation of communication, on the topic of conversations, information and semantic load, emotional state of the interlocutors, the level of their intellectual and spiritual development, professional sphere and sphere of interest, the content side of communication, and lexical-stylistic, grammatical means of expression will be determined.

Active use of various non-verbal means of communication - facial expressions, gestures, laughter, intonation. Because one of the most important tasks of colloquial speech is understanding, these means make communication more accessible, expressive, facilitate understanding of its semantic orientation.

Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of emotionally colored evaluative vocabulary, words with diminutive suffixes or with the meaning of exaggeration, interjections, incomplete or truncated sentences, reduction of vowel sounds, tautology, discontinuous syntax of statements, etc.

colloquial style

Specific features of conversational style as a factor of variation

For the most in-depth study of the problem considered in this course work, we will begin to consider with the broadest concepts of linguistics, however, directly related to the problem. These are the concepts of colloquial style and colloquial speech.

Let's start with conversational style. And to begin with, we turn to a linguist - Margarita Nikolaevna Kozhina. In her textbook, she writes that colloquial style is usually understood as the features and coloring of the spoken language of native speakers of the literary language. Although at the same time, a typical sphere of manifestation of the conversational style is the sphere of domestic relations, however, apparently, communication in the professional sphere is also characterized by features inherent in the conversational style. (8)

However, we cannot but agree with the opinion stated below.

Conversational style is opposed to book styles, as they function in certain styles of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral means.

Before further presentation, it should be said that it is very difficult to distinguish between the two concepts of colloquial speech and colloquial style, being one part of a whole system of functional styles, they are inseparable from each other, therefore, in the subsequent analysis, the explanation will be somewhat unsystematized.

So, within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole. It is called codified speech, because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity. But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.

The main features of the conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of the most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, that is, the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (a woman before leaving home) What should I wear then? (about the coat) Is this what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what is at stake. Thus, in colloquial speech, a non-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

The colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse thematically and stylistic groups of vocabulary here: both general bookish, and terms, and foreign borrowings, and words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, various elements can be used. (9)

Earlier, we have already talked about some of the features of the conversational style. Here we will consider them in a more systematic way.

Common extralinguistic features that determine the formation of this style are:

Informality and ease of communication; direct participation of the speakers in the conversation;
Unpreparedness of speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication, and at the same time usually dialogic (although an oral monologue is also possible);
The most common area of such communication is everyday, everyday. It is associated with meaningful features and the specific nature of thinking, which is reflected in the structure of colloquial speech, primarily in its syntactic structure;
For this sphere of communication, an emotional reaction, including an evaluative reaction (in dialogue), is typical, which is also embodied in the speech features of the conversational style;
The condition that accompanies the manifestations of colloquial speech is gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of the interlocutors and a number of other extralinguistic factors that affect the characteristics of speech.8.

ABOUT. Sirotinin understands the term "colloquial speech" as an oral form of informal direct communication and names only three of its features: oral form, dialogicity, unpreparedness, but in terms of the scope of the concepts "conversational style" and "colloquial speech" do not coincide: "informality of relations is a prerequisite for colloquial style, which is characterized by thematic limitation (everyday everyday communication), but is indifferent to the form and type of speech.The immediacy of communication (and, consequently, the oral form and dialogic type of speech) is a prerequisite for colloquial speech, which is not thematically limited and is not necessarily the implementation of only colloquial style.

Conversational speech is characterized by the following features. The main feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity.

It should be noted that conversational features are not fixed, not noted in the mind.

Second hallmark colloquial speech is that communication occurs only in informal relations between interlocutors.

Conversational speech can be realized only with the direct participation of the speakers.

Pauses are allowed in conversational speech, fast pace, indistinct pronunciation of words. Speaking about vocabulary, in colloquial speech, specific words prevail over abstract ones, repetition of words is allowed, the use of diminutive suffixes, simplification of sentences, the use of words instead of phrases - saving language means (for example, soda instead of sparkling water). eleven.

In Ozhegov's dictionary: "VARY? TO RIP, -ruyu, -ruesh; -anny; inconsistent, that (bookish). The same as modifying. V. ways of presentation." 10.

Conversational style is distinguished by ease, unpreparedness of communication, gestures, facial expressions, dependence on a specific situation.11.

Analyzing the definition of the term "vary" from Ozhegov's dictionary and correlating it with the main features of conversational style, we will see that these style features allow varying what is stated in the process of "speaking" in various ways.

As an example, let us cite the statement of one of the characters in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Revenge": - Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart? This short passage reflects the following features of the conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - conversational interjection: "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form. Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A.S. Pushkin to his wife, N.N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834: Shame on you, wife. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<...>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature. In this passage, the following language features of the colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: "wife", "drag", "bad", "driving", "what a hunt", the union "yes" in the meaning of "but", particles "already" and "not at all", the introductory word "visible" - a word with an evaluative derivational suffix "town"; - inversion word order in some sentences; - lexical repetition of the word bad; - appeal; - the presence of an interrogative sentence; - the use of personal pronouns 1 and 2 persons singular; - the use of verbs in the present tense; - the use of the plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga), which is absent in the language, to designate all small provincial towns.

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