Official business style and its features. List of basic educational literature

Introduction. 3

1. Features of the official business style. 4

1.1. Substyles of official-business style 5

1.2. Linguistic features of the official business style 6

2. Culture of business communication. eleven

Conclusion 17

References 18

Introduction.

The official business style would be wrong and unfair, it would be inaccurate to call it clerical. This is a whole variety of the Russian literary language. And this style is expedient, having its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and even expressive in its own way. Observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to clichés and clericalism, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, situation and purpose of the statement. Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turnovers often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantages for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. The modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. Oral form of official business speech - speeches at solemn meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of statesmen and public figures, etc. Formal business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relations: relations between state power and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between the individual and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is in the sphere of official business speech. The main purpose of my work is to consider descriptions, features, varieties of official business style in modern society, as well as to consider the role of such an important component in everyday work as documentation.

1. Features of the official business style.

Modern official business (hereinafter referred to as OD) style is functional variety Russian literary language applied in the field public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, and oral order.

The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Indeed, the language of laws requires, above all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instruction, statement, business letter, etc.).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, offer, order, congratulate), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, proposed).

1.1. Substyles of the official-business style

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the OD three substyles:

1)diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, office telephone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This type of OD style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative framework. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and practically lacks expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has always been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.

Management style. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify). The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle. Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

1.2 Linguistic features of the official business style

Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals an inclination towards a lexicon that is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, where everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, it is not the living flesh of this phenomenon that is important, but its "legal" essence. OD speech prefers generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, rookie, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.

Word-formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OD style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, non-personal and obligatory prescriptive nature of presentation.

Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adopter, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and ranks are used in the form male and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

"Children left without parental care and staying in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

"Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

The OD style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is many dozens:

conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation ...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications ...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication ...);

pass (examination, training, testing ..) and so on.

Extremely typical for official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon of the business language two- (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection:

marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, logistical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, transport saturated, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

The predilection of business style for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of OD style names created in this way has many thousands of units:

vehicles, wage, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, labor injury, bodily injury, common areas, occupational disease, public catering, consumer goods, on-the-job training, law vacation, search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma ...

Syntax. From syntactic constructions having the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition on, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OD style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach up to 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

"Objects of common property of a peasant economy are property: a land plot, plantings, utility or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property ... "

As in the scientific style, the passive construction and complex sentences with allied connection parts, and a large place is occupied by complex sentences with a conditional clause (26% of all complex sentences, which is 4 times greater than their use in scientific speech).

The syntax of the OD style knows "stringing the genitive case", i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (R.p.) without a preposition. Examples: In order to apply measures of public influence, in order to widely publicize the work of the Ministry of Higher Education ...

Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, which is perceived by the speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.

Those who see the "impoverishment" and even "damage" of the literary language in the standardization of business speech are absolutely wrong. The development of the business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.

A negative linguistic phenomenon should be considered not the standardization of OD style, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A kind of cliche, which is increasingly penetrating into live colloquial speech, is the so-called "clericalism" (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the use of stereotyped expressions from business papers for other purposes.

The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by the lexical and phraseological units of the language (to notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing, prosecutor's supervision, lump-sum allowance). The use of the name "clericalism" in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: "lexicon with coloring of OD style" and "clericalism".

The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of the general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, "clericalisms", refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic coloring, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If at the same time they are used unintentionally, accidentally, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error.

The OD style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotionally expressive coloration. After all, in language tools ah OD style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) that would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the language units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

2. Culture of business communication.

A business conversation is an oral speech contact, understood in the broadest sense, between people connected by the interests of the case, who have the necessary authority to establish business relations and solving business problems. Business conversation is primarily oral business speech, which has significant differences from its writing. First of all, a business conversation is a direct communication that involves a specific interlocutor (or interlocutors), which makes it possible to directly influence him (or them). The presence of an interlocutor allows the use of facial expressions, gestures, intonation and other communication techniques, which significantly distinguishes oral business speech from its written form.

Direct communication excludes the possibility of preliminary reflection, and therefore a business conversation is full of relaxed forms of communication, as well as some grammatical and stylistic features. So, this variety of business speech is characterized by a certain departure from the usual morphological norms of the general literary language, which in business communication are often considered as an excess, which does not allow to accurately and briefly convey the meaning of the statement. In order for speech to be correct, words should be used in strict accordance with their meaning. Meanwhile, errors in word usage are the most common speech deficiency of participants in business conversations. Let's take this example: "The weather WAS ACCOMPANIED with the unloading of platforms" (instead of "FAVORABLE"). In this case, the word is used without regard to its semantics. Such errors arise as a result of the stylistic negligence of the speakers, inattention to the word or poor knowledge of the language.

The use of words without taking into account their semantics often changes the meaning of the statement. For example: "The construction of the main building of the plant coincided with a sharp deterioration in CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." The speaker meant, of course, the weather conditions (bad weather), the climate cannot change in a few months, during which the construction of the said factory building was carried out.

The use of words without taking into account their semantics can cause illogicality and even absurdity of the statement. Thus, in the phrase "DECADE of the technical book will be FIVE DAYS", the speaker forgot or did not know that the word "decade" means "ten days". But more often, incorrect word usage leads to logical errors, which are usually expressed in the substitution of the concept.

Speakers do not always skillfully use antonyms in their speech. Consider the following phrase, quite often heard in business conversations: "DUE TO WEAK control ...". Here, the first of the words of the antonymic pair, acting as a preposition, should not have retained its original lexical meaning, but due to the close proximity of its antonym, this meaning “manifested itself”, and the combination of incompatible concepts caused the utterance to be illogical.

A careless attitude to the language can cause speech insufficiency - skipping the words necessary to accurately express the thought: "THE DEPARTMENT BEGINS at exactly 12 o'clock" (the "session" was missed). Speech deficiency usually occurs when the speaker is in a hurry and does not follow the correctness of the statement, which causes serious damage to the semantic aspect of speech.

In some cases, the omission of words can completely distort the thought: “To speed up the loading of goods, it is necessary to combine all port services” (it is necessary: ​​to combine the EFFORTS of all port services).

The reason for stylistic errors very often becomes an unsuccessful choice of a synonym. For example, in the phrase “It is necessary to PROTECT the goods from shrinkage”, instead of the verb “protect”, its synonym “SAVE” should be used.

If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified stringing of synonyms may arise that express an idea approximately, generating speech redundancy, for example: “Our employees have had a lot of PASSES and absenteeism lately. We need to ensure RHYTHMIC and UNINTERRUPTED work.”

Very often in business conversation there is a mixture of paronyms (that is, words that have similarities in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning), which leads to gross lexical errors. Most often, this causes a violation of lexical compatibility, for example: BOW YOUR HEAD (should: bow); beautiful and PRACTICAL clothes (it is necessary: ​​practical).

A lexical error is close to mixing paronyms, consisting in replacing the desired word with its distorted version. So, instead of the adjective "extraordinary" they say "unscheduled", instead of "loan" - "mutual".

Gross lexical errors in speech can be caused by false associations, which often arise under the influence of the wrong choice of a paronym. The words “statute” and “status” are often confused, “test” (i.e. give official approval based on verification) and “test” (i.e. test, sample before use). For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common disadvantage of oral speech. So, they often say: the meeting is convened, the conversation is read, to complete the obligations, increase attention, increase one's horizons. It is not uncommon to hear the phrase "MEET THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN NEED" mixed up with the words "MEET THE REQUIREMENTS" and "MEET THE NEEDS". Or another example: “MATERIAL DAMAGE IS RECOVERED from the supplier in favor of the customer” (material DAMAGE can be REFUNDED, MONEY can be RECOVERED).

It is impossible to combine colloquial words with bookish ones or combine high, solemn turns with ordinary, neutral ones, for example: “After that, he became a CHAMPION of savings on every operation” (it could have been simpler: “He proposed saving on every operation”).

BRIEF - the most important requirement for any form of business speech, since such a speech is characterized, as we have already noted, by a purely applied nature in the presentation of the reported information. This means that the speaker does not abuse the listener's time and patience by avoiding unnecessary repetition, excessive detail, and verbal garbage. Every word and expression serves a purpose here, which can be formulated as follows: to present the essence of the matter to the listeners as accurately and briefly as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from business speech.

Verbosity, or verbal redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of superfluous words, which indicate not only stylistic negligence, they also indicate fuzziness, indefiniteness of the speaker's ideas about the subject of speech, which often comes to the detriment of informativeness, obscuring main idea statements.

Versatility appears in various forms. So, very often participants in business conversations obsessively explain to everyone known truths or repeatedly repeat the same thoughts, thereby unintentionally dragging out a business conversation.

Speech redundancy can take the form of PLEONASMA, which is understood as the simultaneous use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous (anticipate in advance, dark darkness, the main essence, everyday routine, valuable treasure, etc.). Often pleonasms are born when synonyms are combined (long and long; bold and courageous; only; however, nonetheless). A variation of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY, that is, the repetition of the same thing in other words. Everyday conversations of business people are literally overflowing with repetitions of the same or similar words in meaning, for example: “in August”, “SCHEMATIC plan”, “five PEOPLE miners”, “seven PIECES of transformers”, etc.

Tautology can occur when repeating words with the same root (to tell a story), as well as when combining a Russian and a foreign word that duplicates its meaning (first debuted, a memorable souvenir). The latter usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed foreign word. This is how the combinations “interior interior”, “break interval”, “young prodigy”, “minor little things”, “leading leader”, etc. appear.

However, individual combinations of this type have become so entrenched in speech that they can no longer be attributed to speech shortcomings. These include, for example, such as "period of time", "monumental monument", "reality", "exhibits of the exhibition", "second-hand book".

The use of unnecessarily foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unnecessarily complicate the statement should also be attributed to the speech redundancy of business speech. Why, for example, say "nothing extraordinary" when you can say "nothing special"; instead of "ordinary" - "ordinary", instead of "indifferent" - "indifferent", instead of "ignore" - "not notice", instead of "limit" - "limit", instead of "roughly" - "approximately", instead of "function" - “act”, instead of “diversification” - “diversity”, instead of “determine” - “determine”, instead of “test” - “check”, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign vocabulary leads, as a rule, to unnecessary repetitions, for example: “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept of “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“force” and means “to conduct accelerated pace"), "come to a complete fiasco" ("a fiasco" is a complete defeat).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the abstract. In the course of business communication, there is an exchange of information, opinions and views between people. Communication is interaction. It's a way to get to know other people, the world around. Business communication is based on all moral principles of communication. You need to be able to emphasize the importance that this or that interlocutor makes for you. The concept of communicative culture in business communication is an interaction that leads to the establishment of psychological contact with partners when perception and understanding between them is established. Here, knowledge of the features of human interaction is important in order to be able to direct the actions of partners to the desired result for you. Generally accepted norms for any type of communication, and business in particular, contain requirements for its participants. These include courtesy, correctness, modesty, tact, accuracy and courtesy..

In a number of book styles, the formal business style is most clearly outlined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government institutions, in court, in business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style undergoes serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization. The analysis showed that standard syntactic phrases, cliched expressions, structural and compositional features, etc. are the result of intralingual selection, the use of those structural and syntactic features of the language that the best way meet the challenges of a business letter. And it is these features, which have arisen under the influence of extralinguistic factors and as a result of the internal laws of language development, that determine the face of the genre of business correspondence, delimiting it from other genres of official business style and maintaining their thematic and genre attachment for decades.

Bibliography

1. Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents: Proc. allowance for Wednesdays. specialist. education, institutions. 3rd ed., Rev. - M.: Vyssh. school, 2004.

3. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial business. - 2007, No. 4;

4. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial business. - 2007, No. 1

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: a Handbook. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2005. S. 100

6. Rakhmanin L V Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents Proc. allowance for the environment of special education institutions, 3rd ed., corrected. -M Higher. school, 2004, p. 16.

7. GOST R. 1.5-92 State system standardization Russian Federation General requirements for the construction of the presentation, design and content of standards P. 4.12. Abbreviations.

8. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities, ed. Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N.

Business. Of course the language...

Officially - business written speech

Abstract >> Foreign language

Transformations of the state apparatus of Russia. Russian officially – business written speech has centuries-old traditions and deep ... and patterns of formation of a special style language serving the sphere of official business relationships, highlighting...

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government offices, courts, as well as in different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). The document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd the document, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In an official business style, the use of ambiguous words, as well as words in figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality(instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle Not-(deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behind non-payment will be fined…).

7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below and so on.).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

The syntactic features of the official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8-10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police…);

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee.

Today, the relevance of studying and applying this concept is difficult to overestimate. The role of business etiquette is important in the life of each particular organization, and is also of great importance at the international level. Competent possession business style increases the status and authority of a person, opening up new career and personal prospects for them. It can be described as a formula for success, the result of which is influenced by a person’s speech, behavior and dress code.

Definition and origins of business style in speech

Business style in speech is a set of linguistic and other means that can be applied in the field of official communications. Such relationships can arise between people, organizations and states. This format of communication has its roots in antiquity. In the era of the Kievan state, documents began to appear that had legal force. Among other book styles, origins of business style originated in the 10th century. Until now, it has been used to draw up legislative documents, orders, agreements, and in official correspondence.

Formal business style- a functional kind of language, which is characterized by stability and standardization. It does not allow for ambiguous and poorly structured sentences and phrases. Words are used exclusively in direct meaning. Examples of this style are the reports of figures at solemn and official meetings and sessions. It is also used in the working atmosphere at meetings, presentations, meetings.

Forms of manifestation of business style

The official format finds its application in writing, oral communication, wardrobe. The manner of dressing is peculiar business card person, whether he is in the presidency, manages the company or performs ordinary functions in it. In addition to the first impression, clothes can have a psychological impact on interlocutors. Business style clothing requires more attention.

Corporate manners are manifested in human behavior. Components: the ability to remain calm and behave with dignity in a non-standard situation, the will to act, the willingness to take responsibility, not to be afraid to be flexible, to be objective. Business behavior obeys certain: common sense, ethics, expediency, conservatism, efficiency and others.

Business style of speech

Dress code of the company and its functions

Every major company has its own dress code. It helps to unify appearance employees and maintain the image of the company. positively affects the reputation of the company and creates an overall impression of it in the eyes of customers. Each employee should have at least four suits in their wardrobe, which should be changed periodically. Walking in the same suit for two or more days in a row is not recommended.

Some large companies have specific and rather stringent requirements. The dress code in the contract with the employee is given several pages with detailed description clothing and materials from which it should be made. In comparison with foreign firms, in the CIS countries they are more loyal to the uniform of employees. Separate requirements are established for mandatory business style for negotiations, presentations or field meetings. Friday is considered "no tie day" if no important meetings are scheduled for that day.

The introduction of a dress code affects not only the general corporate culture. Tastefully selected wardrobe makes the employee more disciplined. He feels the personal responsibility that lies with him when. Such people are more likely to succeed in negotiations.

The importance of business style in business

In the business world, it is extremely important to follow a certain set of rules and norms that dictate the manner of speaking and behaving in different situations. Adhering to these requirements, you can count on an effective meeting, negotiations, signing a contract. Even a dinner or a meeting without ties should be held in the appropriate way.

Compliance with business style is not something unattainable for beginners. Everyone can learn the basic principles according to which a meeting, conversation, presentation should take place. In theory, the main models of behavior have long been defined, important principles and norms have been described. For example, at the first meeting, the dating algorithm is as follows: greeting, introduction and exchange of business cards.

In practice, difficulties can arise, since experience is needed in everything. Don't be afraid of your own mistakes. It is considered good form to directly ask for advice from a more knowledgeable person. At the same time, one should maintain an acceptable distance, avoid familiarity in behavior and not curry favor with the interlocutor.

Norms of business style at meetings without ties

At such meetings, important issues are not resolved and documents are not signed. Informal atmosphere conducive to discussion common perspectives and plans for the future, casual conversations about family and hobbies. You can relax and deviate from compliance with strict norms. informal business attire allows you to wear more comfortable things. In whatever free format the communication takes place, the interlocutors should behave with dignity and friendliness in order to have a good time together.

The official business style is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law and legislation. Official business speech is characterized by accuracy of wording (which would exclude ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (submitted for discussion, not we submit for discussion; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract, etc.), high degree standardization, reflecting certain order and regulation of business relations.

In connection with these properties of the official business style, stable, clichéd turns play an important role in it: to make it a duty, due to absence, to take action, in the absence of, after the expiration of the term, etc. Combinations with verbal nouns are a striking sign of business style: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing a program, checking performance, etc.

A significant number of speech genres stand out here: law, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, treaty, instruction, announcement, report, explanatory note, complaint, statement, different kinds judicial and investigative documentation, indictment, expert report, sentence, etc.

It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of communication, which in the business sphere determine the appearance of such a feature typical of the official business style as standardization (template, form). Since everything is regulated in legal relations, and communication is carried out according to certain standards that facilitate this communication, so far as the speech standard, the template turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient and justified here.

In connection with the obligatory prescriptive nature and the need to formulate legal regulations business speech is also characterized by a special way of presentation. Narration, reasoning and description are not presented here in their “pure” form.

Since in the texts of state acts one usually has not to prove something (analysis and argumentation precedes the compilation of these texts), but to establish, regulate, then these texts, in general, are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method sharply distinguishes the official-business style from the scientific one, which converges among themselves in a number of other features. This way of presentation, like narration, is also not typical for the business sphere of communication, since there is no need to tell about any events here. Only in such genres as a protocol, a report, partly an agreement, some parts of a decision (stating), there is an appeal to the narrative manner of presentation.

There are almost no “clean” descriptions in business speech. What outwardly looks like a description, in reality turns out to be a special prescriptive-stating way of presentation, in which, for example, the subtext of obligation is assumed behind the present tense forms of the verb.

The official business style is divided into two varieties, two sub-styles - official documentary and everyday business.

Each of the subspecies of the official business style is unique. So, for example, the language of diplomacy has its own lexical system, saturated with international terms (communique, attache, doyen); it uses etiquette words (king, queen, prince, shakhinshah, His Highness, His Excellency, etc.); the syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched allied connections, participial and participial phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions.

The language of laws is the official language, the language of state power, in which it speaks to the population. It requires the accuracy of the expression of thought, generalization, the complete absence of individualization of speech, standard presentation.

Official correspondence is characterized, first of all, by high standardization. The existence of models and their speech variants, i.e. standards, greatly facilitates the preparation of business letters. Business letters they are compiled, not written. Brevity and accuracy are also necessary attributes of business letters.

Business papers (statement, autobiography, receipt, etc.) should also be written briefly and clearly. They are compiled in a certain form.

Language features of the official business style

Vocabulary. 1. The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to general and neutral words, words and set phrases that have the coloring of the official business style. For example: appropriate, above, forwarded, recipient, present (meaning "this").

• 2. The second feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of a large number of words belonging to professional (legal and diplomatic) terminology. For example: legislation, conduct, act, powers, collection, entity, recall, review.
• 3. The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by the complete absence of jargon, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive coloring.
• 4. A feature of this style is also the presence of stable phrases of an attributive-nominal type with a coloring of an official business nature: a cassation complaint, a one-time allowance, an established procedure (usually in the prepositional case: “in the prescribed manner”), preliminary consideration, a guilty verdict, the acquittal.
• 5. The specificity of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms, as well as historicisms. Archaisms: this, this, such, an assurance of reverence. Historicisms: His Excellency, Your Majesty. The named lexical units are found in certain genres of official business documents, for example, historicisms - in government notes.
• 6. From a number of synonyms in an official business style, words are always chosen that express the will of the legislator, such as, for example, decide, oblige, prohibit, allow, etc., but not say, advise.
• 7. Many of the words of the official business style appear in antonymic pairs: rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, prosecutor - lawyer, accusatory - acquittal. Note that these are not contextual, but linguistic antonyms.

Morphology. 1. Among nouns, the names of people are commonly used in official business style on the basis of some action or relationship; for example: tenant, tenant, adopter, plaintiff, defendant.

• 2. Nouns denoting positions and titles are used here only in the masculine form: witness Ivanova, police officer Sidorov.
• 3. Verbal nouns are widely represented: exile, deprivation, fulfillment, finding, liberation; among them, verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-fulfillment, non-compliance, non-recognition occupy a special place.
• 4. The noun, in order to avoid inaccuracies, is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in a nearby sentence.
• 5. The “morphological sign” of the official business style is the use of complex denominative prepositions: in order, in relation to, on the subject, in force, in part, etc. Their stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions and conjunctions involved in the design of similar relations ; compare: in order to prepare - to prepare, for preparation; due to violation - due to violation.
• 6. In the official business style, there is the highest percentage of the infinitive among the functional styles of the Russian language compared to other verb forms. Often this ratio reaches a proportion of 5:1, while in scientific speech it is 1:5.

Such a quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the target setting of most official business documents - to express the will, the establishment of the legislator.

7. Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This meaning is defined as "true precept", as opposed to "true timeless", which has a scientific style distribution.

Syntax. 1. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition according to and the prepositional case, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching.

• 2. The need for detailing the presentation and reservations explains the complication of simple sentences with numerous isolated turns, homogeneous members, often lining up in a long chain of points. This entails an increase in the size of a sentence (including a simple one) up to several hundred word usages.
• 3. The percentage of complex sentences is relatively low, especially with subordinate clauses; the number of means of expressing logicality and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since in many texts (codes, charters, instructions) it is required to stipulate the conditions of offenses and the rule of law.
• 4. In many genres of official business texts, infinitive constructions with the meaning of obligation are widely represented, for example: These decisions must be announced to the public.
• 5. The syntax of the official business style is characterized by “stringing the genitive case”, i.e. the use of complex phrases with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case without a preposition.
• 6. The official business style, as well as the scientific one, is also characterized by an objective word order, and

Grammatical features of the official business style

Comparison of business, scientific, journalistic (newspaper) and literary texts allows you to highlight some of the grammatical features of the official business style:

1. The predominant use of simple sentences (as a rule, narrative, personal, common, complete). Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are practically non-existent. Of the single-compound ones, only impersonal ones are actively used, and in some types of documents (orders, official letters) - definitely personal: For the purposes ... it is necessary to highlight ...; In case... you have to cut...; I command...; Draw your attention to...

From complex sentences more common are non-union and complex subordinate clauses with subordinate explanatory, attributive, conditional, reasons and goals, as well as constructions like ... fulfilled contractual conditions, which allows ... Wide use of constructions with denominative prepositions (In order of supervision ...; In connection with refusal ...; ... due to underdelivery of materials) allows you to avoid the use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses reasons, goals, conditional. The subordinate parts of place and time are generally of little use.

The main area in which the official business style functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the society's need for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. The texts of the official business style of speech represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, prescription, various kinds of statements, autobiography, explanatory note, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.

The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, stating functions in various fields activities, so the main form of implementation of this style is written.

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common style features: accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standard presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity, logic - which is characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy in the presentation of information that would not allow for the possibility of different interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable. It is this purpose that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, heading, selection of paragraphs, etc., i.e. standard execution of many business documents (personnel registration sheet, questionnaire, receipt for payment of housing and communal services, etc.).

The lexical composition of the texts of the official business style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example, the plaintiff, the defendant, the protocol, job description, detention, passenger transportation, supply, identity card, Researcher and others - among them a significant number professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, appoint, and so on. It should be noted that in official business speech there is the highest percentage of the use of the infinitive among the verb forms. This is also due to the imperative nature of official business texts.

Consider an example:

"When studying any international agreement, and in particular, an agreement on the elimination of double taxation, it is first necessary to clearly define the scope of its application in two aspects:

Taxes covered by the agreement;

Territories covered by the agreement

Even in this short passage there are words and phrases with an official legal coloring (international agreement, double taxation, taxes), the phrase “needs to be determined” that expresses the obligation, such features as the severity of the expression of thought, an impartial statement, the complete impersonality of the presentation.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, up to a narrow terminology. Therefore, often in texts of this style are given precise definitions used words and concepts. Polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings, synonyms are used to a small extent (as a rule, they belong to the same style) - supply = supply = provision; solvency = creditworthiness; wear = depreciation; appropriations = subsidies, etc.

Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistical, above, below named, etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a "non-idiomatic" nature, for example, destination, higher educational institution, tax return, joint-stock company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standard character.

Consider an example:

"A notary engaged in private practice must be a member of the notarial chamber, perform all notarial actions provided for by law on behalf of the state, have the right to have an office, open settlement and other accounts, including currency, have property and personal non-property rights and obligations, hire and dismiss employees , dispose of the income received, act in court, arbitration court on its own behalf and perform other actions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the republics within the Russian Federation "

This text has many typical features of a business style: stylistically marked words and phrases (notary, notary chamber, current account, arbitration court, etc.); the "must-prescriptive" nature of the presentation, conveyed by infinitive constructions (should be, must do, have the right to have, etc.); compositional construction, subject to the main theme of this proposal - a statement of the rights and obligations of a notary engaged in private practice; an impartial statement of facts, presented in order of their significance; complete absence any evaluation.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, i.e. everything that is sharp, concrete, unique has been eliminated, and on foreground put forward typical. For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts: arrive (arrive, fly in, come), vehicle (bus, plane, car), settlement (village, city, village). When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some kind of attitude or action (teacher Sergeeva, witness Molotkov, rector of the university).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns (replenishing the budget, providing housing, serving the population, taking measures) and participles (given, indicated, above named). Complex denominative prepositions are widely used (in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning).

Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences are often complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; complex sentences with a subordinate condition:

"The procedure for conducting a meeting and examining additional evidence, if they were presented, to the appellate instance, is determined by the chairperson. general rule First, the explanations of the persons participating in the case and their representatives are heard. First, the person who filed appeal and his representative. In the event of an appeal against the decision by both parties, the plaintiff shall act first.

In this passage, the first sentence is a complex one with a subordinate clause. In the following sentences, several participles (participants, submitter), passive verb(are heard), a complex denominative preposition (in case). Strict logic and accuracy of presentation determine the sequence of actions in the presented situation. This text acts as a regulation and establishes the procedure for considering an appeal.

Business speech is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluation. Here there is an impartial statement, presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between an Individual and an organization or the state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement, etc.