August Rodin. Thinker
Auguste Rodin (François-Auguste-René Rodin) was born on November 12, 1840. Young Rodin loved to go to the Louvre and draw antique sculptures. And years later it own creativity will be considered one of the most interesting and significant phenomena in the history of world art.
Having destroyed the frozen academic traditions, Auguste Rodin is considered one of the founders of modern sculpture. The most famous works of the talented Frenchman are the sculptures The Thinker, The Citizens of Calais and The Kiss. In honor of the 175th anniversary of the birth of the sculptor, we will tell you more about each of them.
The Thinker (Le Penseur), 1880-1882
One of Auguste Rodin's most famous sculptures is on display today at the Musée Rodin in Paris.
In the history of sculpture, a person was often depicted who is in the thought process. But the “Thinker” by Rodin is not like any of the previously created plastic forms. According to the original idea of the author, the sculpture was called "The Poet" and was part of the composition "The Gates of Hell" based on the "Divine Comedy".
In 1880, the government instructed Rodin to design the main entrance to the Museum under construction. decorative arts in Paris. The master worked on this work almost until the end of his life, calling it the "Gates of Hell", which became Rodin's greatest creation. In the process of working on the seven-meter "Gates of Hell" he created many compositions (more than 180 different figures), some of which later became independent works.
Over time, Rodin's idea was complicated, in particular, the image of Dante was replaced by the universal image of the creator. The model for him was (as for many other works of this sculptor) Jean Bo (Jean Baud) - a French, muscular boxer who performed mainly in Paris. Rodin endowed his hero with physical strength, but performed it emphatically allegorically, without real prototypes.
The Thinker was first publicly exhibited in 1888 in Copenhagen.
Four years later, the sculpture was cast in bronze and enlarged to 181 cm. In 1904, Rodin exhibited it at the Paris Salon. And in 1922, this bronze was transferred to the Rodin Museum in the Biron Hotel.
In addition, there are more than 20 bronze and plaster copies of the statue in different cities scattered around the world.
Citizens of Calais, 1884-1888
This bronze sculpture is dedicated to one of the episodes of the Hundred Years War.
After the victory at Crécy in 1346 English king Edward III laid siege to the key French fortress of Calais. The siege continued for almost a year. French attempts to break the blockade failed. Finally, when hunger forced the citizens to start negotiations for surrender, the English king demanded that six of the most noble citizens be handed over to him, intending to put them to death as a warning to the rest.
The first to volunteer to give his life for the sake of saving the city was one of the main rich men, Eustache de Saint-Pierre. Others followed his example. At the request of the king, the volunteers had to bring the keys to Calais towards him naked, with ropes tied around their necks. This requirement was fulfilled. British Queen Philippa was filled with pity for these emaciated people and, in the name of her unborn child, begged forgiveness for them before her husband.
The idea of creating a monument in honor of prominent Frenchmen was hatched for a long time, until the mayor of Calais, Devavrin, finally organized a fundraising for the monument by subscription and commissioned a sculpture from Rodin.
Rodin insisted on abandoning the plinth so that the figures were on the same level with the audience, who first saw him in 1889. But still, at the insistence of the city authorities, it was installed on a traditional pedestal and with a fence. The idea of the sculptor was realized only after his death in 1924.
"The Kiss", 1889
E. A. Bourdelle said "There was not and will not be a master capable of putting a rush of flesh into clay, bronze and marble more penetratingly and intensely than Rodin did." He spoke about marble sculpture, created and presented by Rodin in 1889 at the World Exhibition in Paris.
Although at first this sculpture it was also part of the relief group that adorns the large bronze sculptured gates of the Gates of Hell, it was soon removed from there. But then it was not called “The Kiss” at all, but “Francesca da Rimini”, in honor of the noble Italian lady of the 13th century depicted on it, whose name was immortalized by Dante’s Divine Comedy.
The woman fell in love with her husband's younger brother Giovanni Malatesta, Paolo. Soon they were killed, in fact, by her husband. By the way, the lovers do not actually touch each other with their lips, as if hinting that they were killed without committing a sin.
Own modern name"The Kiss" (Le Baiser) sculpture received from critics who first saw it in 1887.
At the Paris Salon of 1880 Auguste Rodin exhibited cast in bronze "John the Baptist". The sculpture was purchased by the state for a very modest fee. It barely covered the cost of the casting. But still, the forty-year-old artist has never had such a sum. He felt rich. He has the first studio, which was soon visited by Leon Gambetta - the Prime Minister of France himself. The sculptor, who only yesterday had no right to sign his works, lost his breath...
Thought was given to man at the cost of titanic efforts. To think is to suffer, it is to ask oneself: Who am I? Where did you come from? Where am I going? And what is my goal? Auguste Rodin
At the Paris Salon of 1880 Auguste Rodin exhibited cast in bronze "John the Baptist". The sculpture was purchased by the state for a very modest fee. It barely covered the cost of the casting. But still, the forty-year-old artist has never had such a sum. He felt rich. He has the first studio, which was soon visited by Leon Gambetta - the Prime Minister of France himself. The sculptor, who only yesterday had no right to sign his works, stopped breathing...
Do you want to serve the Third Republic, Monsieur Rodin?
I... I will be happy to fulfill your order.
Not mine, master, but France. We meant a door, a worthy door domestic art. Entrance to new museum, which is supposed to be built on the Quai d'Orsay.
We have lived through tragic times, - Gambetta continued, - they will remain in history as times of uncertainty and hesitation in everything: religion is being questioned, politics is the lot of cynics, science has not been able to show us the means of salvation from all troubles. Do we give all our strength for the good of man? Strengthen the brotherhood of man? Protecting human rights? What are we closer to, hell or heaven, Rodin?
So it is necessary to make doors reminiscent of the day of the Last Judgment. Huge gates depicting the retribution of hell, torment and torment, human despair and grief. Rodin idolized the "Divine Comedy", but to illustrate the poem after Botticelli, Delacroix and Doré - one must have the right to do so. He bought a cheap volume of Dante and did not part with it until he had read it from cover to cover, filling all the margins. My first thought was about the "three shadows" who were supposed to hold a scroll with the infamous words "Abandon hope, ye who enter here." But then he refused the scroll: it is enough to look at these figures for the meaning of the saying to become obvious without words. And secondly, his "Gates of Hell", like Alighieri's immortal creation itself, will be a monument of great hope.
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Hand of God. Auguste Rodin |
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An unbridled passion for drawing seized Rodin at the age of five. His father was a peasant who rose to the rank of a messenger in the Parisian police. In a poor family, there was nothing to buy paper for drawing, and he dragged wrapping paper from under vegetables, fruits, cheese from his mother and drew, drew, drew everything in a row: mother, father, aunt Teresa, kind sister Marie. The black lines on white came out so distinctly! Even his weak eyes saw everything well. “At first I passionately wanted to be a painter. Paints attracted me. I often ran to the upper floors of the Louvre to admire the Titians and Rembrandts, but, alas, I did not have enough money to buy paints and canvases. And for copies from antiques, it was enough paper and pencils. lower halls. And soon I was so captured by the passion for sculpture that I forgot everything else. " Over and over again, Auguste tries to enter the School fine arts, and each time with the wording: "Not accepted". In the third year, next to the name of Auguste Rodin, an entry appeared: "It is impossible to enroll. Completely devoid of abilities." In response, Rodin began to work even harder. He mastered the technique of modeling, learned to overcome any technical difficulties. I already felt the strength for a new arrival. But suddenly his beloved sister Marie dies, shortly before her death she was tonsured as a nun. Shocked, he decides to leave for a monastery. In the monastery of the Order of the Holy Mysteries, Auguste becomes brother Augustine.
Preparations were underway for Holy Days. Parables were read in the monastery, and they talked a lot about them at a fraternal meal. The head of the order was Father Pierre Aimard. He carefully watched brother Augustine and one day brought him a new edition of Dante's Divine Comedy with engravings by Doré. Rodin made his drawings for The Divine Comedy and was almost happy. You can't live without it, can you? asked the abbot.
- Yes, father. And maybe you will allow me to make your portrait. With these words, he fell to his knees. Father Pierre liked the bust: "Perhaps you need a different environment. We are too limited here to contribute to the development of your talents." - But I made a vow to God ... - Whether your faith is deep, it is up to the Almighty to decide, and not to us sinners. The monastery is not a prison. Its doors are always open for those who come and for those who leave. You are a novice, not a monk, and perhaps in the world you will serve Christ even better. Do not give up. It will be a big loss if you stay here.
"My funds did not allow me to look for a better one - I rented a stable for 120 francs a year. It seemed to me large and bright, but the wind blew there from everywhere. The sitters sometimes froze to fainting." He took on the most menial work: hewn marble, prepared stone blocks, and made ornaments. In 1870 the war with Germany began. Auguste did not have the money to pay his ransom and was enrolled in the National Guard. He received the rank of corporal because he could read and write. In the army, Rodin froze his legs and was terribly afraid that his hands would suffer the same fate. His already weak eyesight worsened. He did not distinguish targets at a distance of several meters and, in the end, was fired from military service, especially since his regiment did not participate in the battles anyway: the National Guard was kept in case of unrest in starving Paris.
When the figure of a thinking man appeared above the "gates of hell", Rodin called it Dante. To his contemporaries, who were losing faith in hatred, the search for earthly goods, pleasures and endless enmity, the poet treated very in simple words. “A person must be affirmed in the thought that with God he is alive, but outside of Him he is dead.” On the threshold of the twentieth century, they must finally be heard and understood! This is not so difficult, after all: man differs from animals in that he is by nature a religious being. He knows how to distinguish between good and evil. And he knows how to choose. If a hungry person is not given normal food, he will sooner or later eat garbage, if spiritual thirst is not quenched, people will begin to worship money, the state, various crazy ideas, poets, artists, artists, singers, athletes, anyone, and, in the end will part not only with faith, but also with the human form in general. Because the moral laws and the laws of nature are given by one Creator.
There was no work. Auguste leaves for Brussels, where he is engaged in what is called consumer goods: angels, cherubs, figurines ... But this is for sale, and he has money that can be sent home. There are street fights in Paris itself. The famine is worse than during the German siege. There are no cats or dogs left. Then the executions of the Communards began. At the end of this terrible 71 years, my mother died. Rodin almost fell ill with grief when he learned that she was buried in common grave. Father was seriously ill, and the sensible Aunt Teresa decided that it was better to spend their money on someone who was alive.
By this time, all of Belgium is already flooded with his unsigned works. But it can't go on like this anymore. He drops everything and goes to Amsterdam. And then, for the last money, there was Italy. Auguste wandered around Florence. Here is Dante's house, here is the temple where he prayed, here is the street along which Beatrice walked. Here is "David" ... Three days later he was lying on the floor of the Sistine Chapel and smiling. If Michelangelo wrote while lying on his back, then his creation should be considered that way. He was ready to crawl all over the floor, if not for the sharp heels of other visitors.
In 1877 he returned to Paris and began to create a sculpture of John the Baptist. He hurries, sculpts with his right and left hands until the sitter falls. He is sure that this will be his first real work. Because he himself is already "hurrying through the endless desert to bring faith to people."
Rodin was spat on many times, ridiculed, humiliated. Sometimes he came to the absolute certainty that he would not be understood. “Yes, this is too subtle: to talk about the “Divine Comedy” in a country that shed rivers of blood, trying to establish a cult of some abstract “reason” instead of Christianity, and still has not moved away from this dope.”
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Hell Gate. Auguste Rodin |
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In 1988, when 8 years had passed since the beginning of work on the Gates, a government official came to Rodin's studio. He wanted to understand where the 25,700 francs already paid for the work had gone instead of the four thousand promised at the beginning. Only hundreds of scattered details appeared to his surprised gaze. - The Ministry wants the order to be completed in next year. We want to show "Gate" at the World's Fair! She will be one of the most brilliant in our history. We are building the Eiffel Tower in her honor, the centennial anniversary of the revolution and the storming of the Bastille is being celebrated. "Gates" will become a patriotic monument! - Thank you, it's a great honor for me, but the work will take a few more years ... and then, is the Museum of Decorative Arts already built? No building, no door! Instead of several promised, the work took 37 years, and only death prevented the sculptor from continuing it. "Well, yes! I've always been at odds with deadlines because when I'm working, I never think about time. Will I ever finish this door? This is unlikely". However, in the end it was only improvements and endless changes in search of perfection. But the main thing has already been done. Cast separately from the "Gate" and shown at the Salon of 1909, "The Thinker" was already beginning its triumphant march around the world.
For more than a century, audiences have admired the masterpieces of Auguste Rodin. This French sculptor became an innovator in his field. The master's talent was so great that he was even accused of making plaster casts directly from the faces of the sitters. The crowning creation of Rodin is called the sculpture "The Thinker". About some little known facts its creation and will be discussed in this review.
Initially, the sculpture in the form of a sitting hunched over man was to become the central figure in Rodin's work.. In terms of size, it was planned to be much more modest than The Thinker, which is located in the Paris Rodin Museum.
"Gates of Hell", cast after the death of the sculptor.
"Hell Gate" - greatest work Rodin, embodied in the material after the death of its creator. Rodin worked on it for half his life (as much as 37 years), and many famous sculptures the masters were originally part of the grandiose composition of the Gates.
August Rodin. "Gates of Hell", 1880-1917
We see the famous “Thinker” here, but few people know that this is a portrait of Dante, which later transformed into a collective image of a poet, philosopher and creator, existing outside of time and above time.
Or "The Kiss" - the image of the characters of the "Divine Comedy", in which Rodin drew inspiration while working on "The Gates".
Hell Gate. Fragment. Thinker
The influence of Dante in The Gates is undeniable, as is the influence of Michelangelo's The Last Judgment, Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil, and Gothic architecture.
It all started with the fact that in 1880 Rodin received an order (and from the state) to create a sculptural portal (door) to decorate the building of a new museum in Paris. The Museum of Decorative Arts was planned to open in 1885, but Rodin missed the deadline. However, the museum was never created, but the master continued to work on the Gates. They were cast in bronze after the death of the sculptor in 1921.
The seven-meter "Gates" can accommodate 186 figures, initially they were supposed to be framed by statues of the first sinners - Adam and Eve, but a little later Rodin abandoned this idea. However, the figure of Adam became the basis for the composition that crowns the portal - "Three Shadows". And under it - a bottomless abyss, absorbing the souls of sinners ...
When the decision was made to build the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris in 1880, Auguste Rodin was commissioned to create massive bronze doors for him. The sculptor decided to make bas-reliefs on them based on Dante's Divine Comedy. However, for 37 years of work, neither the order nor the museum itself was ever completed. The Gates of Hell was cast into bronze only after Rodin's death.
Rodin's innovation was that he was able to convey the state and mood only with the help of a pose. As a model, the sculptor invited the Frenchman Jean Beau, a muscular boxer who performed in the Red Light District. By the way, the man posed for the master several times for other works.
Rodin originally called his sculpture "The Poet". This title supports the theory that the statue was intended to be a depiction of Dante Alighieri. But, perhaps due to the fact that the tall and thin Dante in the 19th century was by no means associated with muscular sculpture, many saw in it allegorical meaning. In any case, the name "Thinker" is associated with the casters, who named the statue that way, because they considered it similar to Michelangelo's sculpture of the same name.
The Thinker was not the only independent sculpture from the Gates of Hell. Rodin presented to the public The Kiss (1886), Eve (1883), Ugolino (1882), Three Shadows and other works from this series.
After The Thinker gained immense popularity, Auguste Rodin cast 10 copies of this statue in bronze. And after the death of the sculptor in 1917, the rights to cast were transferred to the people of France, and this figure increased to 20 copies. To date, The Thinkers in plaster or bronze are presented in galleries in Melbourne, Geneva, Washington, Paris.
Rodin's talent is so great that many sculptors are still trying to imitate him, but in their own way.
"Ugolino" (1882), Rodin
"Ugolino and his sons" marble sculptureJean-Baptiste Carpeau , VMetropolitan Museum of Art .
Graph Ugolino della Gherardesca, Count Donoratico (Italian Ugolino della Gherardesca; c. 1220 - March 1289) - the deposed ruler of Pisa, the head of the Guelph party of the city. Deduced in the "Divine Comedy" by Dante ("Hell" 32:124-33:90), which tells about his death together with his sons from hunger.
The fragile and defenseless figure of "Eve" was intended for the "Gates of Hell" ensemble. According to the author's plan, she was supposed to flank the doors of the gates together with the figure of "Adam". Rodin managed with amazing skill to betray the bashful confusion and despair that gripped his heroine.
Sculpture "Eve". Bronze, France, 1998.
The author is the French sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840-1917).
Height 68.7 cm.
There are hallmarks on the sculpture: a unique serial number indicating total issued copies, the signature of the author, the stamp of the factory, the date of casting, the sign "Reproduction".
The presented sculpture was cast from a plaster cast in 1998.
During his lifetime, Auguste Rodin did not cast bronze sculptures, they were all cast after his death. The sculptor realized only casts.
To date, the casts belong to the famous researcher of the work of Auguste Rodin, Mr. Goldenberg.
Edition this edition The master's works are unique and protected by European law.
Statue of Rodin
For more than a century, audiences have admired the masterpieces of Auguste Rodin. This French sculptor became an innovator in his field. The master's talent was so great that he was even accused of making plaster casts directly from the faces of the sitters. The crowning creation of Rodin is called the sculpture "The Thinker". Some little-known facts of its creation will be discussed.
The Thinker was originally conceived as part of the Gates of Hell
Initially, the sculpture in the form of a sitting hunched over man was to become the central figure in Rodin's work The Gates of Hell. In terms of size, it was planned to be much more modest than The Thinker, which is located in the Paris Rodin Museum.
"Gates of Hell", cast after the death of the sculptor
When the decision was made to build the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris in 1880, Auguste Rodin was commissioned to create massive bronze doors for him. The sculptor decided to make bas-reliefs on them based on Dante's Divine Comedy. However, for 37 years of work, neither the order nor the museum itself was ever completed. The Gates of Hell was cast into bronze only after Rodin's death.
Auguste Rodin - great French sculptor
Rodin's innovation was that he was able to convey the state and mood only with the help of a pose. As a model, the sculptor invited the Frenchman Jean Beau, a muscular boxer who performed in the Red Light District. By the way, the man posed for the master several times for other works.
The Thinker by Michelangelo. Statue of Lorenzo Medici (1526-1531)
Rodin originally called his sculpture "The Poet". This title supports the theory that the statue was intended to be a depiction of Dante Alighieri. But, perhaps due to the fact that the tall and thin Dante in the 19th century was by no means associated with muscular sculpture, many saw an allegorical meaning in it. In any case, the name "Thinker" is associated with the casters, who named the statue that way, because they considered it similar to Michelangelo's sculpture of the same name.
"Three Shadows" by Auguste Rodin
The Thinker was not the only independent sculpture from the Gates of Hell. Rodin presented to the public The Kiss (1886), Eve (1883), Ugolino (1882), Three Shadows and other works from this series.
"The Thinker" - a statue installed in the Rodin Museum in Paris
After The Thinker gained immense popularity, Auguste Rodin cast 10 copies of this statue in bronze. And after the death of the sculptor in 1917, the rights to cast were transferred to the people of France, and this figure increased to 20 copies. To date, The Thinkers in plaster or bronze are presented in galleries in Melbourne, Geneva, Washington, Paris.
Rodin's talent is so great that many sculptors are still trying to imitate him, but in their own way. So italian master creates original figures from a metal grid.
The sculpture "The Thinker" by Rodin is one of the most recognizable in the world, not only among art connoisseurs, but also among people who are far from it. The ingenious master was able to convey the mood and state of his character solely with the help of a pose. Now the sculpture can be seen not only in Paris, its numerous copies are exhibited in the main museums of the world.
about the author
The French master Francois Auguste Rene Rodin is one of the founders of modern sculpture. He was born in Paris on November 12, 1840. After graduating from the École Gratuite de Dessin, he repeatedly tried to enter the School of Fine Arts. In his youth, he made a living doing the work of a decorator, and most famous works, including the sculpture "The Thinker", Rodin created already in adulthood.
At the age of 60, the sculptor became famous, he carried out orders from the richest and most famous people of his time, among whom were Bernard Shaw, Georges Clemenceau, chemist Marcelin Berthelot and the President of Argentina. In 1914-1915. he creates a bust of Pope Benedict XV. High earnings allowed Rodin to organize his own workshop and hire young talented sculptors as assistants, including Antoine Bourdelle, Aristide Maillol.
Rodin died at the age of 77 in 1917 from pneumonia at his villa in Meudon, leaving all his works and manuscripts in his will to the state.
Creative method and style
The main motive that can be traced in the work of Rodin is the image of a human figure in motion. In an effort to convey it, he considered the sculpture not as a static object, but as a certain center of moving masses. The academic tradition of this type of art dictated certain rules, in particular that the head of the figure should be located either straight or aligned with the line of the supporting leg. One of the first to break this dogma was Auguste Rodin. The Thinker, with its unique composition and technique, is the best proof of its author's innovation.
Rodin did not use the services of professional sitters. He hired ordinary people, and often, in order to practice a certain movement, they simply walked in front of the sculptor in the nude, and at that time he made sketches from clay and painted them.
Second main feature Rodin's sculpture is its emotionality. All his characters are overwhelmed with feelings (grief, despair, pain, love), and he achieved maximum persuasiveness when displaying these states. Rodin said that his "Thinker" thinks not only with the brain, as evidenced by frowning eyebrows, compressed lips and flaring nostrils, but with the whole body, every muscle of the back and legs, arms.
Composition "Gates of Hell"
At the time when The Thinker was being created, Rodin was still little known. In 1885, he received an order from the government to create a gate for state museum in Paris. The master started work only three years later and never finished it. The sculpture was cast after his death. "The Gates of Hell" is the work of his life, now occupying a well-deserved place in the museum dedicated to the sculptor.
For us, it is interesting because if you pay attention to the upper part of the gate (pictured above), you will see the familiar figure of a thinker in the center of the composition. The non-standard and original idea of the master was the result of true admiration " Divine Comedy» Dante. There are 108 figures in the composition of the gate, most of them are variants of human vices that will inevitably appear before him when the doors to the afterlife open. The statue of the "Thinker" by Rodin, in fact, is an enlarged copy of the figure on the gate. The author gave it the features of external resemblance to Dante, which is why the sculpture was originally called "The Poet". However, later she got universal image creator. According to Rodin himself, his thinker asks eternal questions: “Who am I?”, “Where did I come from and where do I go?”, “What is my goal?”.
Description of the sculpture
Initially, the author created a small sculpture, which had a height of about 76 cm. It was intended for display at the Gates of Hell museum. Work on it lasted two years (1880-1882), and only in 1902 was a statue in full human growth created.
Incredible realism is what first of all impresses the viewer of The Thinker. Rodin created it from bronze in life size. The sculpture is placed on a stone pedestal and represents a naked male figure. Being a fan of Michelangelo's work, the author performed his work in the best traditions of the style of the famous Italian. The height of the statue is about 181 cm. A naked man sits on a rock, leaning his elbow on his knee. His whole figure reflects deep thoughtfulness.
Where can you see the sculpture?
The Thinker was first presented to the public in 1888 in Copenhagen. Zoomed in full height Rodin exhibited a copy in a salon in Paris in 1904. Two years later bronze sculpture installed in the Pantheon. As Rodin said at the opening, The Thinker (photo can be seen in the article) is a monument to French workers, which is not entirely consistent with the original idea of \u200b\u200bthe work. After the death of the author, the sculpture was transferred in 1922 to the museum named after him in the Biron Hotel, where it is still located.
Copies of The Thinker
The stocky figure of the thinker for contemporaries was the personification of titanic power and strong mental tension. In the future, it was she who began to be used as a symbol of philosophy. After the presentation to the general public, the sculpture fell in love with everyone who saw it. Even during the lifetime of the author, with his permission, 10 bronze copies were cast, which dispersed not only in France, but throughout Europe. Now there are 20 official copies, which are presented in various parts of the world. Including sculptures in Copenhagen, at the gates of the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia, in front of the building of the Department of Philosophy of Columbia University, in the gallery of Melbourne, Geneva, etc. At the request of Rodin himself, a reduced copy of The Thinker was installed on his grave in Meudon.
Model for sculpture
The pinnacle of creativity French sculptor It is customary to consider the sculpture "The Thinker". Rodin with brilliant skill conveyed not only the inner torment of the character, but also the beauty of the athletic body. You don't have to be an expert in anatomy to understand that muscle plasticity and proportions are just perfect. As a model, Rodin invited the little-known French boxer Jean Beau, who earned his living mainly by performing in the red light district in Paris. It was from him that the sculptor created a hero endowed with physical strength. However, Jean Bo, whose photo you see above, posed not only for this work, but also for some others.
