Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich. short biography

Very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province. Father - Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), military officer, official. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790 - 1830). In 1844 he entered the Imperial Kazan University, which he left after 2 years. Since 1851 he spent 2 years in the Caucasus. In 1854 he participated in the defense of Sevastopol. From 1857 to 1861 (with interruptions) he traveled around Europe. In 1862 he married Sophia Bers. They had 9 sons and 4 daughters. Also, he had illegitimate son. In 1869 Tolstoy completed the book War and Peace. In 1901 he was excommunicated from the church. He died November 20, 1910 at the age of 82. Buried at Yasnaya Polyana. Major works: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", "Childhood", "Kreutzer Sonata", "After the Ball" and others.

Brief biography (detailed)

Leo Tolstoy - the great Russian writer and thinker, honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and academician belles-lettres. Tolstoy is revered and widely known throughout the world as the greatest educator, publicist and religious thinker. His ideas contributed to the emergence of a new religious trend called Tolstoyism. He wrote such works of world classics as "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Hadji Murad". Some of his works have been repeatedly filmed both in Russia and abroad.

Lev Nikolayevich was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy noble family. He studied at Kazan University, which he later left. At the age of 23, he went to war in the Caucasus, where he began to write a trilogy: "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth". Then he participated in the Crimean War, after which he returned to St. Petersburg. Here he published his Sevastopol Tales in the Sovremennik magazine. In the period from 1853 to 1863, Tolstoy wrote the story "The Cossacks", but was forced to interrupt work in order to return to Yasnaya Polyana and open a school for rural children there. He managed to create his own teaching methods.

Your own significant work, "War and Peace", Tolstoy wrote from 1863 to 1869. The next, no less work of genius"Anna Karenina", the author wrote from 1873 to 1877. At the same time, it was forming philosophical views on life, which were later called "Tolstoyism". The essence of these views can be seen in the "Confession", in the "Kreutzer Sonata" and some other works. Thanks to Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana became a kind of place of worship. People from all over Russia came to listen to him as a spiritual mentor. In 1901 worldwide famous writer was officially excommunicated.

In October 1910, Tolstoy secretly left the house and left by train. On the way, he fell sharply ill and was forced to get off at Astapovo, where he spent seven last days own life. Died great writer On November 20, at the age of 82, he was buried in the forest in Yasnaya Polyana on the edge of a ravine, where he played with his brother as a child.

Video short biography (for those who prefer to listen)

(1828-1910)

A short message about the personal life and work of L.N. Tolstoy for children in grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Tolstoy was born in 1828 at the Yasnaya Polyana estate in big family nobles. His mother and father died early, and he was raised by a relative who had a great influence on the boy. But Lev Nikolaevich remembered the appearance of his parents well and later reflected in the heroes of his works. In short, Tolstoy spent his childhood quite happily. In the future, he recalled that time with warmth, it repeatedly served as material for his work.

At the age of 13, Tolstoy moved with his family to Kazan. There he entered the university, where he first studied oriental languages, and then law. But the young man never graduated from the university and returned to Yasnaya Polyana. There, however, he decided to take up his education and independently study many different sciences. Nevertheless, he spent only one summer in the village and soon moved to St. Petersburg in order to pass exams at the university.

short biography Tolstoy in his younger years is reduced to an intense search for himself and his vocation. Either he went headlong into festivities and revels, then he led the life of an ascetic, indulging in religious reflections. But during these years, the young count already felt in himself a love for literary creativity.

In 1851, together with his elder brother, an officer, he went to the Caucasus, where he took part in hostilities. The time spent there left an indelible impression on Tolstoy. During these years, he worked on the story "Childhood", which later, together with two other stories, brought great fame to the novice writer. Further, Tolstoy was transferred to serve first in Bucharest, and then in Sevastopol, where he participated in the Crimean campaign and showed great courage.

After the end of the war, Tolstoy went to St. Petersburg and became a member of the famous Sovremennik circle, but he did not take root in it and soon went abroad. Returning to the family nest, the writer opened a well-known school there, intended for peasant children. The cause of education was very fascinated by Tolstoy, and he became interested in the organization of schools in Europe, for which he again went abroad. Soon Lev Nikolaevich married the young S.A. Bers. A brief biography of Tolstoy during this period was marked by quiet family happiness.

At the same time, the writer first began work on his great work "War and Peace", and then - on another, no less famous novel- Anna Karenina.
The 1880s became sometimes serious for Lev Nikolayevich spiritual crisis. This was reflected in a number of his works of that time, such as, for example, "Confession". Tolstoy thinks a lot about faith, about the meaning of life, about social inequality, criticizes state institutions and achievements of civilization. He also works on religious treatises. The writer wanted to see Christianity as a practical religion, cleansed of any kind of mysticism. He criticized the Orthodox Church and its rapprochement with the state, and then completely departed from it. At the beginning of the 20th century, he was officially excommunicated from the Church. The whole range of their emotional experiences Lev Nikolaevich reflected those years in his last novel, Resurrection.

Tolstoy's drama was expressed in the rupture of relations not only with the Church, but also with his own family. In the autumn of 1910, the elderly writer secretly left home, but, already in poor health, fell ill on the road and died a week later, on November 7. They buried Lev Nikolaevich in Yasnaya Polyana. One can briefly say this about Tolstoy - he was a truly great literary genius. Readers fell in love with his work so much that the writer's departure became a great grief for millions of people who lived not only in Russia, but also in the most different corners peace.

The land of Russia has given mankind a whole scattering of talented writers. In many parts of the world, people know and love the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. V. Gogol and many other Russian authors. This publication aims to in general terms describe life and creative way remarkable writer L.N. Tolstoy as one of the most prominent Russians, who covered himself and the Fatherland with world-wide glory with his labors.

Childhood

In 1828, or rather, on August 28, in family estate Yasnaya Polyana (at that time Tula province) was born the fourth child in the family, who was named Leo. Despite the imminent loss of his mother - she died when he was not yet two years old - he will carry her image through his whole life and use it in the War and Peace trilogy as Princess Volkonskaya. Tolstoy lost his father before reaching the age of nine, and it would seem that he would perceive these years as a personal tragedy. However, brought up by relatives who gave him love and new family, the writer considered the years of childhood the happiest. This was reflected in his novel "Childhood".

It is interesting, but Leo began to transfer his thoughts and feelings to paper as a child. One of the first attempts at pen of the future literary classic became short story"Kremlin", written under the impression of visiting the Moscow Kremlin.

Adolescence and youth

Having received a great elementary education(he was taught by excellent teachers from France and Germany) and having moved with his family to Kazan, the young Tolstoy entered Kazan University in 1844. The study was not exciting. After less than two years, he, allegedly for health reasons, drops out of school and returns to the family estate with the thought of completing his studies in absentia.

Having experienced all the delights of unsuccessful management, which will then be reflected in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", Lev moves first to Moscow, and later to St. Petersburg with the hope of getting a diploma at the university. The search for oneself during this period led to amazing metamorphoses. Preparation for exams, the desire to become a military man, religious asceticism, suddenly replaced by revelry and revelry - this is not a complete list of his activities at this time. But it is at this stage of life that a serious desire arises.

Adulthood

Heeding the advice of his older brother, Tolstoy becomes a cadet and goes to serve in the Caucasus in 1851. Here he participates in hostilities, becomes close to the inhabitants Cossack village and realizes the great difference between noble life and everyday reality. During this period, he writes the story "Childhood", which is published under a pseudonym and brings the first success. Having supplemented his autobiography to a trilogy with the stories Boyhood and Youth, Tolstoy gains recognition among writers and readers.

Participating in the defense of Sevastopol (1854), Tolstoy was awarded not only an order and medals, but also new experiences that became the basis of "Sevastopol stories". This collection finally convinced the critics of his talent.

After the war

Having finished with military adventures in 1855, Tolstoy returned to St. Petersburg, where he immediately became a member of the Sovremennik circle. He falls into the company of such people as Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Nekrasov and others. But Savor did not please him and, having been abroad and finally breaking with the army, he returned to Yasnaya Polyana. Here, in 1859, Tolstoy, mindful of the contrast between the common people and the nobles, opened a school for peasant children. With his assistance, 20 more such schools were created in the vicinity.

"War and Peace"

After the wedding with the 18-year-old daughter of a doctor Sophia Bers in 1862, the couple returned to Yasnaya Polyana, where they indulged in the joys of family life and household chores. But a year later, Tolstoy was carried away by a new idea. A trip to the Borodino field, work in the archives, painstaking study of the correspondence of people of the era of Alexander I and spiritual uplift from family happiness led to the publication of the first part of War and Peace in 1865. Full version trilogy was published in 1869 and still causes admiration and controversy regarding the novel.

"Anna Karenina"

The landmark novel known to the whole world was the result of a deep analysis of the life of Tolstoy's contemporaries and was published in 1877. In this decade, the writer lived in Yasnaya Polyana, teaching peasant children and defending his own views on pedagogy through the press. Family life, decomposed through a social prism, illustrates the entire spectrum of human emotions. Despite not the best, to put it mildly, relations between writers, even F.M. Dostoevsky.

Broken soul

Contemplating social inequality around him, he now considers the dogmas of Christianity as an incentive to humanity and justice. Tolstoy, understanding the role of God in people's lives, continues to denounce the corruption of his servants. This period of complete denial of the established way of life explains the criticism of the church and state institutions. It got to the point that he questioned art, denied science, the bonds of marriage and much more. As a result, he was officially excommunicated in 1901, and also caused discontent among the authorities. This period of the writer's life gave the world many sharp, sometimes controversial, works. The result of understanding the views of the author was his last novel "Sunday".

Care

Due to disagreements in the family and misunderstood by secular society, Tolstoy, having decided to leave Yasnaya Polyana, but, having got off the train due to poor health, died at a small, godforsaken station. It happened in the autumn of 1910, and next to him was only his doctor, who turned out to be powerless against the writer's illness.

L. N. Tolstoy was one of the first who dared to describe human life without embellishment. His heroes possessed all, sometimes unattractive, feelings, desires and character traits. Therefore, they remain relevant today, and his works are rightfully included in the heritage of world literature.

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy brief information.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the estate of his mother Yasnaya Polyana, Krapivensky district, Tula province. Among the ancestors of the writer on the paternal side is an associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count. Member Patriotic War 1812 was the father of the writer gr. N. I. Tolstoy. On the maternal side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the princes Bolkonsky, related by kinship with the princes Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and others. noble families. On his mother's side, Tolstoy was a relative of A. S. Pushkin. By the time Leo was born, the family already had three eldest sons: - Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergey (1826 -1904) and Dmitry (1827 - 1856), and in 1830 she was born younger sister Leo Maria.

When Tolstoy was in his ninth year, his father took him to Moscow for the first time, the impressions of the meeting with which were vividly conveyed by the future writer in children's essay"Kremlin". The first period of young Tolstoy's life in Moscow lasted less than four years. He was orphaned early, having lost first his mother and then his father. With his sister and three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. Here lived one of the father's sisters, who became their guardians. In Tolstoy's autobiographical "Childhood" Irtenyev's mother dies when the boy is 10-12 years old and he is quite conscious. However, the portrait of the mother is described by the writer exclusively from the stories of his relatives. After the death of their mother, the orphaned children were taken in by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya. She is represented by Sonya from War and Peace.

Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years preparing to enter the university, where he studied from 1844, first at the Oriental Faculty, and then at the Faculty of Law. Studied Turkish and Tatar languages from the famous Turkologist Professor Kazembek.

Classes in government programs and textbooks weighed heavily on Tolstoy the student. He got carried away independent work above historical theme and, leaving the university, he left Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana, which he received under the division of his father's inheritance. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 he began his writing activity: an unfinished story from the gypsy life (the manuscript has not been preserved) and a description of one day lived ("The History of Yesterday"). Then the story "Childhood" was started. Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an artillery officer, served in the army. Having entered the army as a cadet, he later passed the exam for a junior officer rank. Writer's impressions Caucasian war reflected in the stories "The Raid" (1853), "Cutting the Forest" (1855), "Degraded" (1856), in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story "Childhood" was completed, which was published in 1852 in the journal Sovremennik.

When the Crimean War began, Tolstoy was transferred from the Caucasus to the Danube army, which acted against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey.

In the autumn of 1856 he retired and soon went on a six-month trip abroad, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.

One of the first works of the writer were the stories "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", "Youth" (which, however, was not written). As conceived by the author, they were to compose the novel "Four Epochs of Development".

In the early 1860s for decades, the order of Tolstoy's life, his way of life, is established. In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers.

The writer is working on the novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869). After completing War and Peace, Tolstoy spent several years studying materials about Peter I and his time. However, after writing several chapters of the "Petrine" novel, Tolstoy abandoned his plan.

In St. Petersburg, L.N. Tolstoy met the staff of the Sovremennik magazine with N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

At the beginning of 1857 Tolstoy went abroad. On the road in Germany, Switzerland, England, Italy, France, he spends a year and a half. Travel does not bring him pleasure. Your disappointment European life he expressed in the story "Lucerne". And returning to Russia, Lev Nikolaevich took up the improvement of schools in Yasnaya Polyana.

In the late 1850s, Tolstoy met Sophia Andreevna Bers, born in 1844, the daughter of a Moscow doctor from Baltic Germans. He was almost 40 years old, and Sophia was only 17. It seemed to him that this difference was too great and sooner or later Sophia would fall in love with a young guy who had not become obsolete. These experiences of Lev Nikolaevich are set forth in his first novel, Family Happiness.

In September 1862, Leo Tolstoy nevertheless married 18-year-old Sofya Andreevna Bers. For 17 years life together they had 13 children. During the same period, "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" were created. In 1861-62. finishes his story "The Cossacks", the first of the works in which great talent Tolstoy was recognized as a genius.

In the early 70s, Tolstoy again showed interest in pedagogy, wrote the ABC and the New ABC, composed fables and stories that made up four Russian books for reading.

In the spring of 1873, Tolstoy began and four years later completed work on a large novel about modernity, naming it by name main character— Anna Karenina.

At the beginning of 1880s. Tolstoy moved with his family from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow, taking care to educate his growing children. In 1882, a census of the Moscow population took place, in which the writer took part. He saw the inhabitants of the city's slums up close and described their terrible life in an article on the census and in the treatise "So what shall we do?" (1882-1886).

On the basis of social and psychological contrast, Tolstoy's story "The Master and the Worker" (1895) is built, stylistically connected with the cycle of his folk stories written in the 80s.

To answer the questions and doubts that tormented him religious nature Lev Nikolaevich began to study theology. In 1891, in Geneva, the writer writes and publishes a Study of Dogmatic Theology, in which he criticizes Bulgakov's Orthodox Dogmatic Theology. He first had conversations with priests and monarchs, read theological treatises, studied ancient Greek and Hebrew.

All the writer's works are united by the thought of the inevitable and close in time "decoupling" of social contradictions, of replacing the obsolete social "order". “What the denouement will be, I don’t know,” wrote Tolstoy in 1892, “but that things are coming to it and that life cannot go on like this, in such forms, I am sure.” This idea inspired largest work of all the work of the "late" Tolstoy - the novel "Resurrection" (1889-1899).

Leo Tolstoy wrote: “The people of our world live without any faith. One part of the people, an educated, wealthy minority, freed from church suggestion, does not believe in anything, because they consider all faith either stupidity, or only a useful tool for dominating the masses. The vast poor, uneducated majority, with few exceptions of people who really believe, being under the influence of hypnosis, thinks that they believe in what is suggested to them under the guise of faith, but that it is not faith, because it not only does not explain to a person his position in world, but only obscures
his. From this position and the mutual relationship of the unbelieving, pretending minority and the hypnotized majority, the life of our world, called Christian, is composed. And this life, both of the minority holding the means of hypnotization in their hands, and of the hypnotized majority, is terrible both in terms of the cruelty and immorality of those in power, and in terms of the oppression and stupidity of the large working masses.

In the early 1900s Holy Synod Lev Nikolaevich was excommunicated from Orthodox Church. L. N. Tolstoy lost all interest in life, he was tired of enjoying the prosperity he had achieved. He is fond of simple physical labor, becomes a vegetarian, gives his family all his fortune, renounces literary property rights.

IN last decade In his life, the writer worked on the story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904), in which he sought to compare the "two poles of imperious absolutism" - the European, personified by Nicholas I, and the Asian, personified by Shamil .. The article written in 1908 sounded sharp I can be silent", in which he protested against the repressions of the participants in the events of 1905-1907. The writer's stories "After the Ball" and "For What?" belong to the same period.

Burdened by the way of life in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy more than once intended and for a long time did not dare to leave it. But he could no longer live according to the "together-apart" principle, and on the night of October 28 (November 10) he secretly left Yasnaya Polyana. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to make a stop at the small station Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy), where he died. On November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest, on the edge of a ravine, where, as a child, he and his brother searched for a "green stick" that kept the "secret" of how to make all people happy.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolayevich was born on 08/28/1828 (or 09/09/1828 according to the old style). Died - 11/07/1910 (11/20/1910).

Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, in a wealthy aristocratic family. Entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23 he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".

In the Caucasus

In the Caucasus, he participated in hostilities as an artillery officer. During the Crimean War, he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he left for St. Petersburg and published Sevastopol Tales in the Sovremennik magazine, which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857 Tolstoy went on a journey through Europe, which disappointed him.

From 1853 to 1863 He wrote the story "Cossacks", after which he decided to interrupt literary activity and become a landowner, doing educational work in the village. To this end, he went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created own system pedagogy.

In 1863-1869. Wrote his fundamental work "War and Peace". In 1873-1877. He wrote the novel "Anna Karenina". In the same years, the writer's worldview, known as "Tolstoyism", was fully formed, the essence of which can be seen in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", "The Kreutzer Sonata".

The doctrine is set forth in the philosophical and religious works "Study of dogmatic theology", "Combining and translating the four Gospels", where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of a person, denunciation of evil, non-resistance to evil by violence.
Later, a dilogy was published: the drama "The Power of Darkness" and the comedy "The Fruits of Enlightenment", then a series of stories-parables about the laws of being.

From all over Russia and the world, admirers of the writer's work came to Yasnaya Polyana, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899 the novel "Resurrection" was published.

The last works of Tolstoy

The last works of the writer are the stories "Father Sergius", "After the Ball", " Posthumous notes Elder Fyodor Kuzmich” and the drama “The Living Corpse”.

Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of ​​his spiritual drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and the idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a harsh form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, achievements of civilization. Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of ​​Christianity as a moral doctrine, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are comprehended by him in a humanistic key, as the basis of the universal brotherhood of people. In 1901, the reaction of the Synod followed: the world famous writer was officially excommunicated, which caused a huge public outcry.

Death

October 28, 1910 Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and was forced to leave the train on a small railway station Astapovo Ryazan-Ural railway. Here, in the stationmaster's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.