Climatic resources of China. Mineral resources of China

Relief and minerals

China is one of the most mineral-rich countries in the world. It is mined here: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. Within the Sinai shield are concentrated the country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period), oil (mainly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic period). Deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, the largest of which is the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in size in the world, are located within the South China massif, antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.

Agro-climatic resources

One of the main factors affecting the climatic features of China is, first of all, the country's position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland regions, as well as the coastal position of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.

The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: average temperature July in the North +20, and in the South +28.

The annual precipitation decreases as one moves from the Southeast (2000 mm in the Southeast, mainland China, 2600 mm on Hainan Island) to the Northwest (up to 5 mm or less in the Tarim Plain in places).

According to the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are distinguished. The first - with a temperate and warm climate even in winter, and the second - with cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. According to the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.

Land resources

In many ways, the climatic and relief features of the country have led to a wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes predominate, as well as dry-brown deserts, with significant areas of stony or solonchak areas. characteristic feature This part of China is dominated by gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. In the Tibetan Plateau, the soils of high-altitude deserts are more common.

For the eastern part of China, soils associated with forest associations are typical, and the most common soils in this territory are: soddy-podzolic, brown forest soils in the mountains, and meadow dark-colored soils on the plains of the Northeast. Zheltozems, krasnozems and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.

In many respects, the peculiarities of the formation of China's soil resources were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country's most ancient agricultural crop, rice, which led to soil changes and the formation of, in fact, special varieties, such as "marshy rice" in the South and "Eastern carbonate" in Loess plateau.

Water resources

The features of the relief were reflected, first of all, in the distribution of the country's water resources. The most humid are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. The largest rivers in China - the Yangtze and the Yellow River - flow in these areas. They also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. the rivers of eastern China are for the most part full of water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum flows in winter and maximum in summer. Floods are not uncommon on the plains, caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt.

The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they are shallow, navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not have a runoff to the sea, and their flow is episodic. The largest rivers in this region are Tarim, Black Irtysh, Ili, Edzin-Gol. The largest rivers in the country, carrying their waters to the ocean, are blocked in the Tibetan Plateau.

China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:

tectonic and water erosion. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous in the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the flat lakes, as well as rivers, are shallow, many are without drainage and are saline. In the eastern part of China, the largest ones are Dongtinghu, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzuohu and Gaoihu - in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.

Flora and fauna

The special geographical position of China, due to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, relief and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China has more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. In terms of the diversity of forest species, China ranks first in the world. Here grow such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac.

The country distinguishes two main parts according to the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; to the north of the Qinling Range, summer-green broad-leaved forests of various types extend. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests are almost reduced here, and the lands are plowed up.

In the Northeast, taiga-type forests are widespread. Here you can find pines, birches, daurce larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.

In the South and Southeast of China, evergreen subtropical forests stretch, in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict Queeningham tree. Tropical forests in their original form are preserved only on the island of Hainan.

One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between the forest and desert, mostly saline and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species is not large here either, although the animal world of China is rich and diverse. It has about 1,800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The South-Eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species.



China is rich in mineral resources - there are 140 kinds of them. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of many minerals: coal, oil, iron ore, bauxite, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, mercury, lead, zinc. The country has a powerful fuel and energy base. Industrial coal reserves account for 1/3 of the world's reserves. 50% of coal is located in the north of China, 1/5 - in the northwestern provinces. China's oil-bearing basins are unevenly distributed. 1/3 gives the Daqing Shenli deposit. Here the oil is sour. In terms of oil reserves, the country ranks third in the world. In the future, oil will be produced on the shelf of the Yellow, South China Seas, on about. Hainan.

Oil shale reserves amount to 7 billion tons. China has significant reserves of sulfur, salts, gypsum, copper, pyrite, magnesite, asbestos, graphite, phosphorite, nickel, chromium, uranium, etc., iron ore - 50 billion tons (III place in the world).

The natural conditions are diverse due to the great length of the country from north to south and from west to east.

The relief is mountainous, 58% of the country's area is located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, plains occupy 12%. China is divided into 7 natural areas. The western part is high, occupied by the Tibetan Plateau. Here are the deserts: Tarim, Dzhungar, Gobi, Alashan. The eastern part is occupied by the Great China Plain and the Loess Plateau.

Climate. China is in the 3rd climatic zones: temperate, subtropical, tropical. The eastern part of China is under the influence of the monsoons.

Inland waters - the Yangtze, Huang He, Sujiang, Songhua rivers (their total length is 227 thousand km); the area of ​​lakes is 80 thousand km2, there are glaciers, canals, The groundwater; they are distributed unevenly. The country is rich in water resources and occupies one of the first places in the world. The hydropower potential is used so far by 9%.

Soils in the northeast are brown forest, meadow, chernozem; in the northwest - gray-brown, mountain-steppe; in the south - red earth, yellow earth.

The vegetation is varied. Rare trees: Daurian larch, Korean cedar, Taiwanese pine, metasec-woya, red cypress, tung, lacquer, camphor trees, magnolia, camellia, bamboo, etc. South of the river. Yangtze - subtropical evergreen forests. The vegetation of the western arid regions is poor.

The animal world contains 2 thousand species of fish, 1.1 thousand species of birds, 450 species of wild animals. Rare animals: bamboo bear, red squirrel, Yangjing crocodile, golden monkey, Amur tiger, musk deer, etc. In the south - lemurs, rhinos, tapirs; in the deserts - kulans, goitered gazelles, Przewalski's horse, etc.

Natural resources and conditions of China wikipedia
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Natural resources are unevenly distributed over the surface and in the bowels of the Earth, which causes differences in resource availability between the countries of the world.

Some of them (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Kazakhstan) have large reserves and many types of mineral raw materials.

However, in most countries of the world, the reserves and range of minerals are very limited. Thus, the Andean countries (Chile and Peru) are distinguished by large reserves of only copper and polymetallic ores, the countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc.) - oil and gas, North Africa(Morocco, Tunisia) - phosphorites, Pakistan and Bangladesh - table salt, Bolivia and Malaysia - tin.

In fact, not a single country has a mineral resource base that allows it to fully meet its domestic needs for fuel and raw materials. Even Russia, with all the diversity of its mineral resources and their significant reserves, for certain types of mineral raw materials (manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, etc.) feels a shortage and is forced to cover it through imports.

The United States also imports bauxite, uranium, tungsten, chromium, manganese, etc. due to the incomplete supply of mineral raw materials. In general, the United States imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the necessary mineral raw materials, EU member countries - 70-80%, Japan - 90-95%.

The largest supplier of fuel and mineral raw materials to the countries of the Western world are developing countries.

Developing countries (including China and Vietnam) occupy leading positions in the world in terms of reserves of oil and gas, bauxite, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, antimony, etc., and in total they concentrate up to 35% of the world's mineral resources. Most of the produced fuel and raw materials are exported by these countries - geoglobus.ru. The exception is the newly industrialized countries, which in the developing world are major consumers of fuel and mineral raw materials (oil, natural gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, etc.).

Developed countries are leaders in reserves of coal, lead-zinc, manganese, chromium ores, molybdenum, many rare and precious metals, etc., in total, concentrating approximately 40% of the planet's mineral resources.

Among economically developed countries, the United States, Australia, Canada and South Africa have very large reserves of fuel and minerals. The last three countries also occupy leading positions in the world in their exports. Unlike developing countries, developed countries actively use not only their own resources, but also the natural resource potential of other countries - developing countries, Eastern Europe, the CIS, Russia. In total, these countries consume 70% of the world's mineral resources.

Russia among the world's largest powers has the highest endowment with mineral resources.

With a share of 2.5% in the world's population, it concentrates about 25% of its mineral resources - geoglobus.ru. The volume of reserves and production of such types of mineral fuels and raw materials as oil, gas, coal, iron and copper-nickel ores, diamonds, platinum, gold, apatite and potassium salts, not only satisfies the current needs of the country's economy, but also allows a significant part of them export.

Its total reserves of explored mineral raw materials are estimated at 28.3 trillion. dollars, and forecast - at 140 trillion.

The structure of the mineral resource base of Russia is dominated by fuel and energy resources (coal, oil, gas, etc.), whose share is 70%, more than 15% is non-metallic raw materials, 13% is ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, 1% — for diamonds and precious metals (gold, silver, platinum).

At the same time, despite the high level of security in general, in Russia they are either completely absent or do not meet the requirements of modern industry (i.e.

do not meet the demand, have not been developed due to difficult mining and geological conditions, lack of modern technologies for industrial processing, etc.) reserves of manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, rubidium, mercury, lead, zinc ores, as well as high-quality bauxites, phosphorites, kaolins, barites, etc. Russia's needs for many of them (manganese, chromium, mercury, antimony, titanium, phosphorites, etc.) are almost completely met by supplies from the CIS countries.

	Natural resources China is rich in various minerals. Their list contains almost all known elements of the periodic system. Modern geological surveys have confirmed the presence of commercial reserves of more than 160 items. In terms of total mineral reserves, China ranks third in the world. Coal reserves are estimated at 1.0071 trillion. tons. The main oil fields are found in the northwestern, northeastern and northern regions, as well as on the continental shelf of the eastern seaside. Reserves of energy carriers - natural gas, oil shale, uranium, thorium have also been discovered. Reserves of ferrous metals, such as iron, manganese, vanadium and titanium, have also been explored. According to estimates, iron ore reserves are about 50 billion tons. China is among the world leaders in reserves of a number of non-ferrous metals - tungsten, tin, antimony, zinc, molybdenum, lead and mercury. As for rare earth metals, their reserves make up 80% of the world's reserves, antimony reserves - 40%, China surpasses all other countries in the world in titanium reserves, and China's tungsten reserves are 5 times more than the total reserves of all other countries of the world combined. Flora and fauna In terms of the number of species of wild animals, China occupies one of the first places in the world. More than 2,000 species of terrestrial vertebrates live here, which is 9.8% of all species existing on Earth. About 1189 species of birds, 500 species of predators, 210 species of amphibians, 320 species of reptiles have been recorded, many of which live only in China, for example, the giant panda, called a "living fossil". In China, there are also many commercial species of animals, only the number of fur species is more than 70, or more than 17 percent of all fur species in the whole country. The flora of China is exceptionally rich. There are more than 30,000 species of trees in the country, including 2,800 species of trees, among which about a thousand species have a high economic value. Almost all plants of the cold, temperate and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere grow in China. Unique species found only in China include glyptostroboid metasequoia, Chinese glyptostrobus, Chinese argyrophylla, cunningamia, false larch, Taiwan flusiana, Fujian cypress, davidia, eocommia, etc. Land resources China's land resources have three main features: first, a wide variety of land types are represented; secondly, mountainous regions and highlands prevail over the plains in terms of total area; thirdly, arable land is concentrated in the eastern part of China, steppes are located mainly in the west and north of the country, and forests are concentrated in the remote northeastern and southwestern regions. Cropland in China is 130 million hectares, mainly wheat, rice, corn, kaoliang, soybeans, millet, bast crops, beets, cotton, peanuts, citrus fruits, rape seeds, sugarcane, tea, etc. are grown. Forests Forests in China occupy 158.94 million hectares. ha, forests make up 16.55%. The country has a variety of tree species, including 2,800 tree species. Unique species found only in China include ginkgo, metasequoia, etc. At present, the area of ​​artificial forests is 33.79 million hectares, or 31.86% of the total forest area of ​​the country. The largest forest areas are located in the regions of the Greater and Lesser Khingan, in the Changbaishan Mountains of the Northeast, their area and timber reserves account for more than one third of the forest area and timber reserves of the entire country. The second largest forest area is occupied by Southwest China, its timber reserves account for one third of the timber reserves of the entire country. Southeast China is the most important artificial forest region in China. Natural resources and conditions of China Forest protection system. To fight against winds, sands and erosion, many windbreaks have been created in China. The largest environmental improvement project in the world is considered to be a program to create a forest protection system that runs from the Northeast to the Northwest through the deserted deserts of Northern China. At the same time, two other similar programs are being intensively carried out - the program for creating a forest protection system in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the program for creating a system of protective forests in the seaside. In addition, greening programs are also being carried out in the Taihang Mountains and the lowlands. pastures Grassland: China has more than 400 million hectares of diverse natural grasslands, or one quarter of the country's total area. China's Four Large Pastoral Regions: Inner Mongolia is China's largest pastoral region and is famous for its elite livestock breeds such as the Sanhe horse and the Sanhe bull. Xinjiang is famous for fine-fleeced sheep, Altai fat-tailed sheep, Ili horse, etc. Qinghai is the main area for yak cultivation, it is also famous for the world-famous Heqiu horse. Tibet is the main yak growing region.

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Natural resources of China

Relief and minerals

China is one of the richest mineral resources. They extract: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. In the Sinai, it is concentrated to protect the largest deposits in the state of coal (which, according to its source, returns to the Jurassic), oil (possibly Mesozoic and Mesozoic Meso).

we also extract non-ferrous and rare metal deposits, the largest tungsten deposits, which are the largest in the world in terms of size, are in the South China matrix of antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper, etc. Tian -Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingang - deposits of gold and other precious metals.

Agro-climatic sources

One of the main factors affecting the climatic characteristics of China is the position of the country in three bands: temperate, subtropical and tropical.

In addition, a large part of the land and hinterland and the coastal position of the eastern and southern regions have a significant impact.

The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the north (and north of the Great King to -30) and up to +18 in the south.

In summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: the average July temperature in the north is +20, and in the south +28.

Annual rainfall decreases as a person moves southeast (2000 mm in the southeast of the country, mainland China, 2600 mm in Hainan) to the NW (up to 5 mm or less in the Tarim Plains).

Depending on the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are different.

The first one is moderate and warm even in winter climate, the others are cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast in summer and winter. Given the annual amount of precipitation, an eastern, relatively humid and western arid zone is identified.

earth resources

In many ways, the country's climatic and topographic features have caused many different soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-stepped complexes. In the outer part of Tibet, chestnut and brown soils are dry, as well as dry brown deserts with important areas of stony or saline regions.

A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of Mediterranean, mountain chestnut and mountain grassy soils. On the Tibetan plateau, soils of high-altitude deserts are more common.

In eastern China, they are characteristic of soil associated with forest associations, and the most common in this area are: SOD-podzolic, brown forest - in the mountains and meadow dark colors - in the plains in the northeast. Yellow springs, red soils and laterites, especially in mountain varieties, are found in the south of the country.

In particular, about the characteristics of soil resources in China, centuries of cultivation of the old agricultural civilization of the country of rice influenced changes in soil design and, in fact, specific varieties, such as "rich in rice" - in the south and in "Eastern carbonate" - in the plateau Loess.

Water resources

Relief features are mainly reflected in the distribution of water resources in the country.

The wettest are the southern and eastern parts, which have guests and very extensive systems. In these areas, the largest rivers in China are the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

Among them is the same: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno.

Natural resources of China

The rivers of East China are predominantly abundant and navigable, and their regimes are characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum winter and maximum summer flow.

Floods are common in the plains caused by rapid spring and summer dead snow.

The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. In fact, they are poor in water, and swimming on them is poorly developed.

Most of the rivers in the area do not drain to the sea and their course is episodic. The largest rivers of this region are Tarim, Black Irtis, Ili, Edzin-Gol. The largest rivers in the country, which carry their waters to the ocean, are blocked on the Tibetan plateau.

China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:

tectonic and water erosion. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter are located in the Yangtze River.

In western China, the largest lakes are Lop Nor, Koonunor, Ebi-Nur. In particular, there are many lakes on the Tibetan plateau. Most ordinary lakes, as well as rivers, are small, many of them do not have Wastewater and brine. In the eastern part of China, the largest Dongting, Poyang, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzoha and Gaoyu - in the Yellow River basin.

In high waters, many of these lakes become the state's natural reservoirs.

Flora and fauna

The special geographical position of China, which in three areas: temperate, subtropical and tropical, does not depend only on the structure of climate, topography and soil resources, but above all on the diversity and richness of flora and fauna in the country.

It is no coincidence that the Chinese flora and fauna include more than 30,000 varieties of various plants. It is also characteristic that about 5000 species of shrub trees are found in about 50 in China. Many are also relics of ancient flora. In terms of the diversity of forest species, China ranks first in the world. There are such valuable industrial species as poppy and vegetable trees, tun, camel butter and sumac.

In the country, two main works are distinguished by the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western.

In the east, forest vegetation is more common, and north of the Qinling Range there is a summer green broadband forest of various types. In the central part of East China there are large plains, the forests are almost reduced here, and the land is plowed.

Taevian forests are widespread in the northeast. Here you will find pine, birch, milk larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Cupid.

In the south and southeast of China, it covers evergreen subtropical forests where you can find cypress, amphora, lacquer and oil trees, and heirloom corn.

Tropical forests in their untouched form have been preserved only on the island of Hainan.

One of the features of China's flora is the contrast between forest and deserts, mostly brine and the completely vegetated areas of the western part. There are not many kinds of animals, although the animal world in China is rich and varied.

It has about 1,800 species of land animals. The most common and abundant deer, elk, leopard, brown bears, wild boar, monkeys, crows, giants, armadillos and even Indian elephants.

The southeastern territory of the country is the most common among animal species.

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Natural conditions of China

10th grade student

Amromin Anatolia

The western, large, part of the territory of China is vast desert and semi-desert mountainous regions with a harsh climate and equally high desert plains with hot summers and cold winters. The eastern part is much less high mountains and low-lying plains with a temperate climate in the North, subtropical in the middle and tropical in the South.

The coast of China is considerably indented. The largest bays are the West Korean, Liaodong, Boihvan and Bakbo (Tonkinsky). The largest peninsulas are Liaodong, Shandong and Leizhoubandao. Coasts of the Yellow Sea peninsulas. And almost the entire Chinese coast South. The China Sea is rocky, precipitous, replete with bays, islands and reefs, the rest is low and shallow.

Most of the territory of China, mainly in the East, is occupied by the Chinese platform.

China is rich in minerals. Within the Sininsky shield there are large deposits of coal, oil, iron ores, within the South China massif - large deposits of tungsten (1st place in the world), tin, mercury, antimony. There are numerous gold deposits in Kunlun, Altyntag, Mongolian Altai, Khingan.

The relief of China is predominantly mountainous, with significant height amplitudes. There are 2 main parts of the territory: western, or central Asian, mainly with high-mountainous or flat mountainous terrain, and the eastern one, which is dominated by deeply dissected medium-high and low mountains, alternating with low-lying alluvial plains. The south of the Central Asian part is occupied by the Tibetan Plateau, the base of which lies at an altitude of 4000-5000 m. Large mountain systems with peaks up to 7000-8000 m or more extend along the outskirts of the highlands: the Himalayas (belong to China only on the northern slope, the highest peak is Chomolungma ( Chomolungma), on the border of China and Nepal 8848 m.), Karakoram, Kunlun, Nanshan and Sino-Tibetan mountains. The north of the Central Asian part is a belt of plateaus, elevated undulating plains, plateaus and partly mountains. This belt includes in the West the Tarim and Dzungarian basins, separated by the Tien Shan mountain system, in the East - the elevated plains of the Gobi and Bargi and the Ordos plateau. The prevailing heights are 900-1200 m. The main orographic units of the eastern part of China are: in the North - the Greater Khingan, Lesser Khingan and Eastern Manchurian, Lower Sungari lowlands and the Songliao plain. In the South, the Nanling Mountains, the Jianghan Plain, the Guizhou Plateau, the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan Highlands. This part also includes large islands, mainly with mountainous terrain - Taiwan and Hainan.

Naturally, the climate in different areas is big country unequal. China is located within three climatic zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. The differences in air temperature are especially sharp in winter. So, in January in Harbin, the temperature often drops to -20 ° C, and at this time in Guangzhou 15 ° C. In summer, the temperature difference is not so great.

Climatic contrasts can be fully experienced in the northwestern part of China. Here, hot summers give way to cold winters. Winters are most severe in areas west of the Greater Khingan Range, where average January temperatures drop to -28°C and absolute minimum temperatures reach -50°C. But in the summer it is real hell here, especially in the intermountain basins. The hottest place in China is the Turpan Depression (located north of the Takla Makan Desert, in the spurs of the Tien Shan), in July the air is heated to 50 ° C, and you can fry fried eggs on hot stones. In Beijing, the climate is more or less familiar to a European. In winter, cold winds blow from Siberia, but the air is quite dry, and frost is easily tolerated. In addition, in the snowfall, the pagodas and grottoes of the Summer Palace look unusually picturesque and romantic. Winter is replaced by a short spring, and sandstorms hit the city. Summer in Beijing is much hotter than, for example, in Moscow.

In Shanghai, the climate is much warmer, in winter the temperature rarely drops below zero, but the humidity is constantly high (85-95% all year round), which is quite difficult to endure. In summer it is very hot and humid here, as if you are in a Russian bath. Further south, in Guangzhou, a subtropical monsoon climate prevails. The summer monsoon carries a huge amount of water, so in summer it is stuffy and humid. In June-September there are heavy rains. Typhoons often occur. Winters are warm and humidity is also very high.

The ideal time to travel to China is late spring, especially May, or autumn, September-October, and in the south, November-December.

The density of the river network in the West (in the Central Asian part of China) is very small, in the East it is large. Within the vast areas of the West, watercourses are absent or flow only sporadically. The largest rivers here are Tarim and Edzin-Gol. The eastern part of China has many large rivers, of which the most significant are the Yangtze and the Yellow River. Other large rivers of this part: Songhua, Liaohe, Huaihe, Xijiang. In the east and southeast of China, they partially belong to: Amur (border with Russia), Mekong, Salween and Tsangpo or Brahmaputra. The rivers are also characterized by a large uneven runoff over the years. The feeding of the rivers of the South-East is rain, the rivers of the highlands are mainly snow-glacial, in the rest of the territory it is snow-rain. Lakes are numerous, but mostly small.

In the non-Tibetan interior of China, chestnut, brown, and gray-brown soils predominate, with areas of stony deserts, sands, and sun-drenched soils being widely distributed. In the mountains in this part there are gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. In the Tibetan Plateau, the most common soils are high deserts and, to a lesser extent, mountain meadow soils. In the eastern part, the main soils are: in the mountains of the Northeast - soddy podzolic and brown forest, on the Songliao plain - meadow dark-colored, on the North China Plain - brown, in the mountains surrounding it - brown forest, in the South - yellow earths, red earths and laterites , predominantly in mountain varieties.

The vegetation of the Central Asian part is predominantly herbaceous and semi-shrub. In the Tien Shan and the eastern part of Nanshan there are coniferous forests dominated by spruce. On the Tibetan Plateau, low and herbaceous vegetation of Tibetan sedge and swampland prevails. In the valleys of the eastern part of the highlands there are coniferous and deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of eastern China is mostly forest.

The Extreme Southeast is an area of ​​tropical forests, preserved mainly only on the islands of Taiwan and Haiwan.

The Central Asian part is characterized mainly by 3 faunal complexes: high-mountain - orango antelope, yak, mountain sheep, mountain goats, marmot, pika, mountain goose, etc .; desert - Przewalski's horse, kulan, goitered gazelle, two-humped camel, jerboa, gerbil, jay, etc.; steppe and mountain-steppe - dzeren antelope, wolf, Brandt's vole, Daurian hedgehog, etc. In the eastern part of China: in the North, in the region of temperate forests and forest-steppe, - elk, spotted deer, Far Eastern forest cat, leopard, brown bear , wild boar, Chzhur hare, Dahurian ground squirrel, blue magpie, etc .; in the South, in the region of subtropical and tropical forests - monkeys, muntjac deer, pangolins, pheasants, fruit-eating pigeons, tropical frosts, Chinese alligator, tree snakes and Drew

Data sources

TSB (1991)

Foreign countries. Directory. M., 1989

Internet. www.gov.ch/tourism/index.html

Encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius" 1998.

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The capital of China, its area, population. The economic and geographical position of this country, natural conditions. Water, forest, soil resources. Development of agriculture, economy, industry. Transport development. Some facts about China.

China is the oldest country in the world, which has luxurious natural resources. The country is a leader in the reserves of many minerals such as: iron ore, oil, coal, tungsten, zinc. This state competes with many countries in various industries. Today, the country is a leader in the production of coal, cement and much more.

Water resources

In terms of water resources, the state is in the lead with a theoretical energy reserve of 680 million kW. The rivers are not geographically evenly distributed. About 64 percent of the entire territory is occupied by river basins of external flow. The country has huge reserves of underground water, but they are not distributed evenly. They are located on the plains, also in river basins. Many areas are also rich in artesian basins, which are considered sources of irrigation.

China is also rich in lakes, there are two types of them: water-erosion and tectonic. Many lakes are located on the Tibetan Plateau. In the east of China, the largest lakes are located, which during the flood period are the country's reservoirs.

Land resources

The area of ​​arable land in China is 13.1 percent of the territory of the entire state. Recently, arable land has been reduced, main reason- return for planting forest. Another significant reason is the construction of roads and buildings. Some lands fall into disrepair from natural disasters, the formation of landslides, landslides, screes.

The natural conditions of China are diverse and therefore the soils are different - from red earth to gray-brown desert. Soil formation has been influenced by the cultivation of rice for many centuries, this has led to the formation of new types of soils.

forest resources

There are approximately 30 thousand types of various plants in the state. According to the difference in forest species, the country ranks first. Many valuable species of trees grow in China: tung, tallow, poppy, sumac. The vegetation of the country can be divided into savanna, steppe, swamp, desert, forest. There are trees that have long since died out in other countries.

China is the leader in plywood production. Moreover, the country is the main player in the market for pulp and paper products. The state is trying to reduce its need for timber. Today, China is considered one of the main importers of timber.

Mineral resources

Extracted: oil, coal, iron and magnesium ores, graphite, copper, tin. Tin, tungsten, zinc are mined from non-ferrous metals (the country is among the leaders in such positions). Tungsten is a component of tool alloys in the form of carbide and is used in incandescent lamps for electric lamps.

The country is considered the world leader in the production of tin and lead. China has large reserves of tantalum, which is used to create hard alloys.

Alternative energy sources

In China, every year the amount of solar energy exceeds 6,000 megahertz joules per square meter. m on 2/3 of the country. The northwestern part of Tibet is considered the richest in solar energy resources.

According to rough estimates, the amount of wind energy in the continental part of the state is estimated at 253 million kW. Wind energy sources are located in the north-central and north-western part of China, in the south-eastern and coastal regions, on the islands. On this moment Dabanchen is the largest wind farm in China.

CHINA

Territory - 9.6 million km 2.

Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995

The capital is Beijing.

Figure 10. Administrative-territorial division and economic zones China.
(click on image to enlarge image)

Geographical position, general overview.

The People's Republic of China, the third largest state in the world and the first in terms of population, is located in Central and East Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders fall on the CIS countries.

The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very favorable, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal position of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations.

China - one of the oldest states in the world, which arose in the XIV century BC, has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the wealth of natural and agro-climatic resources throughout its existence, China has attracted the attention of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country protected itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after the defeat in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia.

In 1912, the Republic of China was formed. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution took place. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed.

Natural conditions and resources.

The country is located within the fragmented Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger sites. Composed with this East End mostly low-lying, and reserved elevated and mountainous.

Various mineral deposits are associated with a variety of tectonic structures. In terms of their availability, China is one of the leading countries in the world, distinguished primarily by its reserves of coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, rare earth elements, mining and chemical raw materials.

In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in terms of oil production, the country has taken 5th place in the world. The main oil fields are located in North and Northeast China, the basins of inland China.

Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in the coal-rich Northeast China, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces.

The People's Republic of China is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, and in the west the climate is sharply continental, and in the east - monsoonal, with a large amount of precipitation (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development of agriculture: in the west, in arid regions, livestock breeding and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, while in the east, on the especially fertile lands of the Great China Plain, agriculture prevails.

The water resources of the PRC are very large, the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is best provided with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, the PRC ranks first in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small.

The forest resources of China as a whole are quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and in the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are intensively used in the economy.

Population

China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1,300 million people, or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has probably held the palm for many centuries. In the 70s, the country began to pursue a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, because after the formation of the PRC (in the 50s), the population growth rate increased very quickly due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards. This policy has borne fruit and now natural growth in China is even below the world average.

China is a young country (under the age of 15 - 1/3 of the population). Differs in the intensity of migration work force both within the country and outside it.

The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country, in the west (in most of the territory) there are representatives of other nationalities (Gzhuans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchurs, etc.).

Despite the fact that the PRC is a socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are practiced here (in general, the population is not very religious). On the territory of the country is the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951.

at a fast pace urbanization is on the rise in China.

economy

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has recently been developing at a very rapid pace.

Modernization of the economy is proceeding at different rates in different regions of China. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have been set up in East China to take advantage of their advantageous maritime position. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of GNP is produced. Average income per inhabitant four times more than in the more backward inland provinces. The territorial structure of the country's economy is represented mainly by the established large industrial centers, agriculture plays an important role, which employs most of the economically active population (EAP).

In terms of GDP, China has taken 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $500 per year).

Energy. China occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of energy carriers and in the generation of electricity. China's energy is coal-fired (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mostly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is produced by thermal power plants (3/4), mostly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power plants account for 1/4 of the electricity generated. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy- based on own iron ore, coking coal and alloying metals. In terms of iron ore mining, China ranks 1st in the world, in steel smelting - 2nd place. The technical level of the industry is low. Highest value have such the country's largest plants as in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Benxi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, mercury is exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, zinc are imported. Mining and processing plants are represented in the north, south and west of China, and the final stages of production are in the east. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, and Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- occupies 35% in the structure of the industry. The share of production of equipment for the textile industry remains high, while electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are developing rapidly. The structure of industrial enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread.

The leading sub-sectors are heavy engineering, machine tool building, and transport engineering. The automotive industry (6th-7th place in the world), electronics and instrumentation are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced by the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in major cities(the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. It relies on products of coke and petrochemistry, mining and chemical and vegetable raw materials. There are two groups of industries: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry- traditional and one of the main industries, uses its own, mostly natural (2/3) raw materials. The leading sub-sector is the textile industry, which provides the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk, and others). The sewing, knitting, leather and footwear sub-sectors are also developed.

food industry- for a country with such a large population it is extremely important, the processing of grain and oilseeds is in the lead, the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products are developed.

As before, the country has developed the production of traditional sub-sectors: textile and clothing.

Agriculture- provides food for the population, supplies raw materials for food and light industry. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yame, taro, cassava are also grown; industrial crops- cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beet, tobacco, other vegetables. Livestock remains the least developed industry Agriculture. The basis of animal husbandry is pig breeding. Vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture are also developed. Fisheries play an important role.

Transport- provides mainly the connection of seaports with the hinterland. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by rail transport. Along with the recently increased importance of sea, road and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport is preserved: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, cycling and especially river.

internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning in China, three economic zones were identified: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed; the largest industrial centers and agricultural regions are located here. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (animal husbandry, processing of mineral raw materials).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy in the country. Volume foreign trade- 30% of China's GDP. In exports, the leading place is occupied by labor-intensive products (clothes, toys, shoes, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by engineering products and vehicles.

Tasks and tests on the topic "China"

• China - Eurasia 7th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, the interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world; as well as to ensure the need for a deep understanding of the patterns community development and the processes that take place in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the impact of the EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, the country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.