Presentation about the fine arts of Adygea. Presentation on the topic "Republic of Adygea"

The Republic of Adygea is rightfully considered one of the most picturesque corners of the Caucasus. This is a protected haven of vast forests, mountains with snow-capped peaks, turbulent streams, vast steppes and flowering alpine meadows. And the fauna of Adygea is considered a special wealth of the Caucasus, here you can often meet rare representatives of the animal kingdom, found only in these latitudes. The beauty of nature, favorable mild climate and hospitality local residents- this is all due to which Adygea is rightly called the pearl of Russia, and this most beautiful area is included in the list of the World Natural Heritage.

Vegetation of the Republic of Adygea

Thanks to favorable climatic conditions, fertile soil and multi-row relief, the flora of the Republic of Adygea impresses with its diversity and originality. So, in these parts there are more than 2000 varieties of higher plants. Among them are many that are beneficial to man: edible plants, medicinal herbs, legumes and cereals suitable for feeding domestic animals, as well as melliferous and ornamental vegetation. And in the forests of Adygea you can find a huge variety of berry and fruit plants.

In addition, endemic (which can only be found in this area) representatives of the plant kingdom grow on the territory of the Republic of Adygea, many of them have been preserved since pre-glacial times, which allows us to study in detail the history of the vegetation cover of this amazing area. For example, the Oshtensky gentian or Otran's bellflower can be considered as endemic plants of Adygea, in general, the number of endemics is approximately 120 species.

The plant world of the republic is rich in rare, endangered plants listed in the Red Book. For example, belladonna, Caucasian lily, arcuate avian and some others.

Fauna of the Republic of Adygea

The fauna of the Republic of Adygea is also striking in its richness and uniqueness.

So, in the Adyghe steppes, there are countless varieties of birds: eagles, jays, swallows, orioles, thrushes, finches, larks, swifts, falcons, cuckoos, coinage, rooks and many others. But the bustard, due to the exploitation of the steppe lands by man, was on the verge of extinction.

There are many rodents in the steppes of Adygea. Among them are hamsters, mice-voles, ground squirrels, rats, forest dormice and polchok. Among the predators of the republic, one can meet forest cats, weasels, jackals, wild boars, wolves and foxes.

The forest-steppe zone, which occupies a vast part of the Ciscaucasian plain and foothills of the Greater Caucasus, is famous for its special diversity of the animal world.

Here you can meet a particularly rare Asia Minor newt - a native inhabitant of these latitudes. Here, among the mammals of the forest-steppe inhabitants, raccoons, brown bears, hares, ermines, otters, badgers, wolves, deer, bison, minks, martens, wild dogs, hedgehogs, bats, raccoon dogs, shrews and the endangered Aesculapian snake.

Between stones and in mountain gorges, you can often see a rock lizard flashing by. Another endangered species lives on the forest edges - the Caucasian viper. And the mountain rivers of Adygea are famous for trout.

by the most prominent representatives among the birds of the forest-steppe of Adygea are bitterns, night herons, corncrakes, kingfishers, little owls, owls, lapwings, pheasants and many others.

Climate of the Republic of Adygea

The hottest month at the latitudes of Adygea is July, the temperature maximum during this period can reach + 38 °. The summer itself is moderately humid, although dry winds do occur in these areas. IN summer period all the vegetation of the Republic of Adygea acquires lush multicolor, and representatives of the animal world acquire offspring.

The autumn season comes to the Republic of Adygea in the third decade of September, although autumn brings the first frosts to the mountain peaks much earlier. September and October in these places, as a rule, are warm, not rainy months, precipitation and fog begin with the onset of November.

At this time, the leaves from the trees actively turn yellow and fall, the birds gathered in flocks fly away, small rodents prepare food supplies: everyone is preparing for the onset of winter.

The coldest month here is January. Frosts are rare, due to the moderately mild winters characteristic of these latitudes with frequent thaws. Thus, the average monthly temperature in January is approximately -3 °. Although, often the air warms up to + 5 ° in winter.

Winter in the Republic of Adygea is the time when the plant world dies off, but as soon as the sun warms these territories a little, green leaves of primroses immediately appear.

Toward the end of February, springtime begins in Adygea. The air is quickly warmed up by the sun, sometimes up to +17°, animals wake up after hibernation, buds swell, heat-loving birds return.

MAYKOP - THE CAPITAL OF ADYGEA

Version of the origin of the name of the city Maykop.

It is believed that Maikop is the Russian voicing of the Adyghe "Myekkuape", which means - the mouth of the valley of apple trees ("mye" is a wild apple tree, "kua" is a valley, "pe" is a mouth) ... But this is a more poetic translation - the phrase "apple angle" conveys the value more accurately.

City coat of arms

The coat of arms of the city of Maikop was adopted on March 7, 1972. It is based on the golden figurines of gobies, found in 1897 during excavations of the Maykop mound and currently stored in the Hermitage. Coat of arms municipality"City of Maikop" is a shield with the inscription "Maikop" on top of a dark red background. Under it, the heads of two gobies with long curved horns are symmetrically located. They are separated by an axis crowned with an apple tree shamrock on top, and from below the axis closes geometric ornament, which gives the coat of arms constructive integrity

The geographical position of the city

Maykop is a cozy and very hospitable city, the capital of the Republic of Adygea, which is located 1669 km south of Moscow. The city is located on the right bank of the Belaya River (a tributary of the Kuban) . Geographical location of Maykop: latitude - 44°36", longitude - 40°06"

Historical information about the city

Extract from the newspaper "Caucasus": "January 6, 1858, on the day of the Epiphany of the Lord, the solemn consecration of the erected Maikop fortification and the foundation of the temple in the name of the Savior Nicholas the Wonderworker took place."

In the sixties of the 19th century, the city of Maikop loses the status of a military fortress. It was during this period that the first small industrial factories of a handicraft type began to form, such as oil mills, water mills, chamber, brick, soap, leather and pottery workshops.

April 16, 1871 - the city of Maykop was consecrated by John Sanderovsky, rector of the church. In the study "Unknown Maykop" Viktor Mazurik writes: "April 16, 1871, the whitewashed, swept and washed city woke up to the joyful bell ringing of the parish church" The long-awaited day for Maikop residents came grand opening cities.

On December 24, 1870, the city of Maykop received the status county town and is no longer considered a village. At this time, Maikop uyezd was created. The city is given an allotment of 6150 acres of land, almost 4000 of which were forest thickets.

city ​​plan

The streets of the city are smooth and straight. On the same street, you can enter the city, cross it, and leave or drive through almost the entire city, without ever turning. The only exception is old district cities and some streets on its outskirts. The capital of Adygea is considered one of the greenest and cleanest cities in Russia. It is easy to see this by walking through the streets of the city.

Geological structure and tectonics

Story geological structure the territory of Adygea is complex. Since the Proterozoic era, there has been a geosynclinal region where thick sedimentary strata accumulated, then mountain folds formed more than once, which collapsed and subsided again. Modern relief of Adygea formed over a long geological time. It is changing at the present time under the influence of external and internal forces Earth.

Relief

According to the nature of the relief, Adygea can be divided into three parts: flat, foothill and mountainous.

The republic is located on picturesque slopes Caucasian ridge, connected by the fertile Zakuban sloping plain. The main part of Adygea runs along the low Zakuban sloping plain, along the course of the Kuban and Paba rivers.

Minerals

In 1959, 15 kilometers from Maikop, near the village of Kalinin, a gas field was found. Maikop gas is clean in its composition, it is transported to different cities of the country: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov - on the Don.

At the end of the 19th century, Russian academician I.M. Gubkin suggested that oil should be located in the foothills of the North Caucasus. In 1911, oil was clogged from the well, which was called Maikop.

Non-metallic minerals.

Deposits of sand and gravel materials have been discovered. Deposits of building gypsum have been explored in the Maykop region. Deposits of building and facing stones are known in the republic. In the Maykop region, promising areas with deposits of phosphorites for the production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus flour) and glauconite sandstones for direct application to the soil are allocated.

Mineral and thermal springs

Adygea is rich in mineral and thermal springs. These are waters rising from the depths of the earth to the surface in the form of springs, springs, geysers, or artificially produced by drilling wells. ABOUT medicinal properties Mineral springs in the valleys of the Belaya, Kurdzhips and other rivers of Adygea were known to the highlanders at the beginning of the last century.

Maikop deposit - iodine-bromine highly mineralized waters

Most of the springs of the Maikop medical area are hot. The water temperature of numerous springs is different and ranges from +15° to 80°С

Climate

The climate is moderately warm, precipitation is 540-860 mm. Average annual temperature on the territory from 3.8 to 10.9 °C. clear days during the year 200-250, the average annual radiation is 115-120 kcal/cm2. The nature of the climate is determined by the features geographical location, first of all, the proximity of the non-freezing Black Sea, the latitude of the terrain, the height and distribution of the mountain ranges of the North-Western Caucasus. The Black Sea is a good "accumulator" of heat, accumulating it in the summer and gradually giving it to the surrounding areas in the winter. At the same time, it is the focus of the formation of the so-called Black Sea cyclones, which carry moisture to coastal areas. In its turn, Caucasian mountains delay the moist winds of the western components and contribute to sufficient moistening of the territory.

Hydrology.

Belaya - the second longest and most powerful in terms of water content left-bank tributary of the river. Kuban. It originates on the slopes of the Fisht-Oshten mountain range and, after passing 265 km, flows into the Krasnodar reservoir, below the station. Vasyurinskaya. The total drop of the river is 2283 m; catchment basin area - 5990 sq. km. In total, in the river 3459 large and small tributaries flow into the Belaya, of which the largest are the Pshekha and Kurdzhips, Kish and Dakh (right-bank) on the left side. Food r. White occurs due to atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain and snow, groundwater, as well as the melting of high mountain snows and glaciers. There are 29 glaciers in the river basin with a total area of ​​7.6 sq. km. High water on the river. White happens, as a rule, in the spring-summer period, but it often overflows at any time of the year, with the exception of winter.

Soils

South of Maykop, in the forest zone, there are gray forest soils. They are formed under oak forests with an admixture of hornbeam and beech with an undergrowth of hazel, viburnum, and euonymus. Gray forest soils are divided into three subtypes: dark gray, gray, light gray forest soils. Gray forest soils.

They are found in the forest belt and the foothills of Adygea. There is no second humus horizon.

Brown forest soils.

Formed on marls, limestones and their eluvium, clays, loams and sandy loams of various ages and origins.

Vegetable world.

The main forest resources are located in the Maykop region, where 98% of all forests are concentrated. The forest fund is divided into 2 groups. The first group includes forests that perform water protection, sanitary, anti-erosion and other functions. Forests of group I make up 37% of the total area. In the low-mountain forests, the pedunculate oak and the Hartvisa oak dominate. Maple, ash, Caucasian pear, apple, dogwood, hawthorn are also found here. At an altitude of 450 - 500 m oak forests are replaced by a belt of beech forests. Rock oak and Caucasian hornbeam also grow. From the tertiary relics here you can find yew berry.

Animal world

In total, there are 87 species of mammals, 91 fish, 275 birds, 11 amphibians, 19 reptiles and several thousand species of invertebrates in the republic. In the distribution of the animal population, as well as the vegetation cover, a belt character is clearly expressed. Each altitudinal zone is characterized by a certain complex of animals. Of all the altitudinal belts, the forest-steppe zone is the most diverse in terms of animal population. Both with the ascent to the mountains and with the transition to the Ciscaucasian Plain, the number of animal species noticeably decreases.

Population.

As of January 1, 2000, 448.9 thousand people lived in Adygea. In terms of population, it ranks 16th among the sovereign republics within Russia.

Representatives of 95 nationalities live on its territory. The name of the republic was given from ancient times by the Adyghe people living here. Their number within the republic is 95.4 thousand people

Education and culture.

There are scientific, educational and cultural institutions in the city: Adyghe State University, Adyghe Republican Institute for Humanitarian Research, Adyghe Republican Agricultural Institute, Maikop State Technological University, Art School, Medical School, Pedagogical College named after Kh.B. Andrukhaev, humanitarian and technical college, various vocational schools, Republican gymnasium, 30 general education schools, two drama theatres, local history museum and etc.

Industry.

The industry of modern Maykop is represented by machine-building and metal-working plants (machine-building, gear and machine-tool plants, Tochmash, Maikoppromsvyaz JSC, etc.), enterprises of the furniture and woodworking industry (Kartontara JSC, timber industry JSC Druzhba). The leading industries of the city are food and light industries, which account for more than half of the gross output. Within the city, on the Belaya River, the Maikop Hydroelectric Power Station is located. electrified Railway connects Maykop with the junction station Belorechenskaya and Kamennomostsky.

Agro-industrial complex

Agriculture is represented by the grain direction. Animal husbandry is represented mainly by sheep breeding, based on the natural forage base. Cattle are of lesser importance. They produce a significant amount of wheat, corn, sunflower, tobacco. Before agriculture Adygea faces important tasks. It is necessary to increase the production and sale of grain, sugar beets, sunflowers, vegetables, fruits and berries, milk, meat and eggs.

Construction.

In 2010, in the capital of the republic, Maykop, it is planned to overhaul 65 houses with a total area of ​​more than 170,000 m². More than 260 million rubles are allocated for these purposes. Currently, the third stage of the overhaul of houses is underway, which is scheduled to be completed in September this year. In total, in the Republic of Adygea, repairs of 199 apartment buildings have been started this year for a total of 423.9 million rubles. This will improve the living conditions of almost 12,000 people.

Healthcare.

Republican clinical Hospital. City Clinical Hospital. Clinical Children's Hospital. Infectious disease hospital. Dispensary for skin and venereal diseases. Drug dispensary. Oncology dispensary. Consulting clinic. Consulting and diagnostic polyclinic. Traumatological clinic. Polyclinics.

Transport and communication.

The transport complex of the city includes rail, road and pipeline modes of transport.

Within Maikop there are passing railway lines and highways. There are two bus stations and a railway station.

You can get to any part of the city by bus, trolleybus, fixed-route taxi..

Ecological situation cities.

Current state environment requires effective and immediate action.

A lot is being done in the city to preserve the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.

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Adyghes or Western Circassians (Adygs) (self-name - Adyghe) - a people in Russia (132 thousand people), the indigenous population of Adygea and Krasnodar Territory, including the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Sochi.

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Most of the Circassians live in Turkey and the countries of the Middle East, numbering, according to various estimates, from 5 to 7 million people. The total number of Circassians (Circassians) in the territory Russian Federation(Adyghes, Shapsugs, Kabardians, Circassians) - about 750 thousand people, including in Kabardino-Balkaria - 500 thousand; in Adygea - 110 thousand; in Karachay-Cherkessia - 51 thousand; V Krasnodar Territory- 24.2 thousand (of which about 10 thousand people are Shapsugs living in the Black Sea foothills between Gelendzhik and Sochi). The Adyghe proper (Western Circassians) live in the Russian Federation, mainly in the Republic of Adygea (108,115 people) and some areas of the Krasnodar Territory (15,821 people), where they are an autochthonous population.

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The Adyghe language (Adygebze) is the language of the Adygs. Together with the Ubykh and Abkhaz-Abaza languages, it forms a single Abkhaz-Adyghe family of North Caucasian languages. It consists of two main dialects: Adyghe and Kabardino-Circassian. The Adyghe language (Adygebze) is now widespread in the northern and northeastern regions of the Republic of Adygea and some mountain valleys along the Black Sea coast (Shapsug dialect). Up to 90% of the Western Circassians were involved in the Caucasian Muhajirism, and now they make up almost 80% of the Turkish Circassians. However, in the original lands of the Caucasus, the language was better preserved, and the language statistics are as follows: 129,419 people. in the Russian Federation (2002), approx. 160 thousand in Turkey and other diaspora countries.

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After the territorial isolation of the Kabardians in the 13th-14th centuries, ethnic processes among the rest of the population led to the formation of other ethnic groups of the Adyghes of the 16th-19th centuries: Abadzekhs, Besleneevtsy, Bzhedugs, Zhaneyevtsy, Egerukhayevtsy, Mamkhegs, Makhoshevtsy, Natukhaytsy, Temirgoevtsy, Khatukaevtsy, Shapsugs, Ubykhs. social development ancestors of the Circassians proceeded unevenly. Shapsugs, Natukhais and Abadzekhs (the so-called democratic tribes) managed to limit the rights of their nobility, they were ruled by elected foremen. T. n. aristocratic ethnic groups (Bzhedugs, Temirgoevs, Khatukaevs, etc.) were ruled by princes. In November 1552, an embassy from several Adyghe tribes arrived in Moscow with a request for protection and patronage. Ivan the Terrible sent his embassy to Circassia to clarify the situation, and upon his return he undertook to provide his patronage to the Adyghe lands. From the 1820s, the tsarist government began a systematic conquest of Circassia. The rise of the liberation movement in the years Caucasian War stimulated the Islamization of the Circassians, was accompanied by internal self-organization, the foundations of the military-state union of all groups of the Circassians were formed. The last centers of resistance of the Circassians were suppressed by the tsarist troops in 1864. Several hundred thousand Circassians in the 1860s were deported by the tsarist government and scattered throughout the countries of the Middle East (according to Turkish data, more than a million people were deported), a smaller part (about 5%) - moved to flat areas.

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On July 27, 1922, the Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was formed with its center in Krasnodar. From August 24, 1922 to August 13, 1928 - Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Region. From August 2, 1924 to December 28, 1934 - as part of the North Caucasian Territory, then until September 13, 1937 - the Azov-Black Sea Territory. With the formation of the Krasnodar Territory on September 13, 1937, the Adygei Autonomous Okrug was included in its structure, being there until 1990. On April 10, 1936, the administrative center of the Adyghe Autonomous District was moved to the city of Maykop, which was also included in the Autonomous District. On April 28, 1962, the Tula (now Maykop) district of the Krasnodar Territory was attached to the joint-stock company. On October 5, 1990, the Adyghe ASSR was proclaimed, thus separating itself from the Krasnodar Territory. On July 3, 1991, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the transformation of the ASSR into the SSR of Adygea. Since March 24, 1992 - the Republic of Adygea.

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Traditional occupations are arable farming (millet, barley, since the 19th century the main crops are corn and wheat), horticulture, viticulture, cattle breeding (cattle and small cattle, horse breeding). Home crafts - weaving, weaving, cloak, leather and weapons production, stone and wood carving, gold and silver embroidery. Traditional settlements consisted of separate farmsteads, divided into patronymic parts, on the plain - street-quarter planning. traditional dwelling turluchny, single-chamber, to which additional isolated rooms were attached with a separate entrance for married sons. The fence was made of wattle.

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Clothing of the general North Caucasian type, for men - undershirt, beshmet, Circassian coat, belt belt with a silver set, trousers, felt cloak, hat, hood, narrow felt or leather leggings; for women - bloomers, an undershirt, a tight-fitting caftan, a long swinging dress with a silver belt and long sleeve blades-pendants, a high hat trimmed with silver or gold galloon, a scarf. Grains, meat, dairy products are used in food, vegetables are widely used. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the predominance of small families, large-family communities (up to several dozen people) remained. The family way of life was determined by patriarchal customs and norms. However, in general, the position of women was quite high. Atalism was widespread. Traditional beliefs are characterized by a branched pantheon, veneration of trees, groves, forests, etc. Folklore includes the Nart epic, various songs - heroic, lyrical, everyday, etc., dances.

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Flag The flag of the Republic of Adygea is state symbol Republic of Adygea. Adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Adygea on March 24, 1992. The flag of the Republic of Adygea is a rectangular panel of green color, on which are depicted twelve golden stars and three golden crossed arrows, pointing upwards. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1:2.

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Anthem The anthem of the Republic of Adygea is one of the symbols of the statehood of Adygea. The anthem was approved by the decision of the Supreme Council of Adygea on March 25, 1992. This was one of the first decisions of the first convocation of the parliament of the republic after the collapse of the USSR.

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History The most important stage in the history of the Circassians, like all Caucasian peoples the Russo-Caucasian war began. During the military campaign to take control of North Caucasus, Russia by 1829 pushed aside Ottoman Empire and since the 1830s. began to gain a foothold on the Black Sea coast. After the end of the Caucasian War in 1864, most of the Northwestern Caucasus came under the control of Russia. The results of the war were tragic for the Adyghes, like all Caucasians. This is a huge number of dead, refugees and deportees. The mass of Circassians became muhajirs (settlers). The descendants of the Muhajirs still live in Turkey, the countries of the Middle East and Western Europe. After the end of the Caucasian War, a military-occupation regime operated in the territory of the North-Western Caucasus until 1867. The entire Adyghe population was placed under the control of the military authorities. On January 1, 1867, the military districts were liquidated and the Adyghe population became part of the total population of the newly formed counties - Maikop, Ekaterinodar, Batalpashinsky. In July 1922, the Circassian (Adygei) Autonomous Region was formed, with the center in Krasnodar. In 1936, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the capital of Adygea was transferred from the city of Krasnodar to the city of Maykop. October 5, 1991 - The Republic of Adygea was proclaimed.

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Adyghe national clothes The Adyghe costume consists of a beshmet or arkhaluk, a Circassian coat, buttons, a chevyak, a cloak and a papakha trimmed with galloon, with a hood resembling a Phrygian hat. Weapons - saber, gun, dagger and pistols; on both sides of the Circassian coat there are leather slots for rifle cartridges, on the belt there are greasers, a screwdriver and a bag with accessories for cleaning weapons. It is noteworthy that in early eras role menswear was more versatile, it often combined the equipment of a warrior. Such a universal form of clothing was the famous Circassian coat (tsye). The same requirements were met by light shoes, and a cloak, and a hood - indispensable companions of the Adyghe warrior on campaigns. Burka, for example, not only protected from rain, snow and wind, it also served as a ready-made hut. Women's clothing was richly decorated with ornaments, gold and silver embroidery, lace products - braids, braid, galloons and silver products. Everyday outer dresses were more modest and simple in decoration and cut. Four - a six-wedge skirt, smooth or pleated, depending on the quality of the material, was sewn to a blouse, which was sewn according to the figure, the sleeves were made long and straight with a narrow cuff. The hem and cuff were sheathed with a narrow patterned cord. Wealthier women decorated the cuffs of the sleeves and the hem of the dress with gold embroidery and braids. Before marriage, girls wore a special corset that squeezed their breasts.

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Cuisine Throughout the centuries-old history, the Circassians, like other peoples, have developed a peculiar and rather rich assortment of national dishes. Since ancient times, they have been engaged in cattle breeding, poultry farming and agriculture. This, of course, influenced the selection and characteristics of folk dishes, among which the main place was occupied by dishes from lamb, beef and poultry, as well as dairy and vegetable dishes. Since ancient times, the Circassians loved cereals and flour preparations. They willingly grew apples, pears, plums, cherries, zherdela, peaches, grapes, nuts, etc. Eating fruits, both fresh and dried, gave many of them a healing value.