What did James Cook discover in geography. British navigator James Cook: biography of the cabin boy who became the captain

The family moves to the village of Great Ayton, where Cook is sent to a local school (now turned into a museum). After five years of study, James Cook begins working on a farm under the supervision of his father, who by that time had received the position of manager. At the age of eighteen, he is hired as a cabin boy for the Walkers' Hercules collier. Thus begins the maritime life of James Cook.

Carier start

Cook began his career as a sailor as a simple cabin boy on the Hercules coal-burning brig, owned by shipowners John and Henry Walker, on the London - Newcastle route. Two years later, he was transferred to another Walker ship, the Three Brothers.

The testimony of Walker friends is known about how much time Cook spent reading books. He devoted his free time from work to the study of geography, navigation, mathematics, astronomy, and he was also interested in descriptions of sea expeditions. It is known that Cook left the Walkers for two years, which he spent in the Baltic and off the east coast of England, but returned at the request of the brothers as an assistant captain to the Friendship.

Cook was given the most important task, which was of key importance for the capture of Quebec, - to furnish the fairway of the section of the St. Lawrence River, so that British ships could pass to Quebec. This task included not only drawing the fairway on the map, but also marking the navigable sections of the river with buoys. On the one hand, due to the extreme complexity of the fairway, the amount of work was very large, on the other hand, they had to work at night, under fire from French artillery, repelling night counterattacks, restoring the buoys that the French managed to destroy. The successful work enriched Cook's cartographic experience, and was also one of the main reasons why the Admiralty ultimately chose him as his historical choice. Quebec was besieged, then taken. Cook did not take part in the hostilities directly. After the capture of Quebec, Cook was transferred as a master to the flagship Northumberland, which can be regarded as professional encouragement. By order of Admiral Colville, Cooke continued mapping the St. Lawrence River until 1762. Cook's charts were recommended for publication by Admiral Colville and were published in the North American Pilot of 1765. Cook returned to England in November 1762.

Shortly after returning from Canada, on December 21, 1762, Cooke married Elizabeth Butts. They had six children: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1781), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) and Hugh (1776-1793). The family lived in London's East End. Little is known about Elizabeth's life after Cook's death. She lived after his death for another 56 years and died in December 1835 at the age of 93.

First circumnavigation of the world (1768-1771)

Expedition goals

The official purpose of the expedition was to study the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. However, in secret orders received by Cook, he was ordered immediately after the completion of astronomical observations to go to the southern latitudes in search of the so-called Southern Continent (also known as Terra Incognita). Also, the purpose of the expedition was to establish the shores of Australia, especially its east coast, which was completely unexplored.

The composition of the expedition

The following reasons can be distinguished that influenced the choice of the Admiralty in favor of Cook:

Naturalists Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster (father and son), astronomers William Wells and William Bailey, artist William Hodges took part in the expedition.

Expedition progress

On July 13, 1772, the ships sailed from Plymouth. In Cape Town, where they arrived on October 30, 1772, the botanist Anders Sparrman joined the expedition. On November 22, the ships left Cape Town, heading south.

For two weeks, Cook was looking for the so-called island of Circumcision, - the land that Bouvet saw for the first time, but could not accurately determine its coordinates. Presumably, the island was located approximately 1700 miles south of the Cape of Good Hope. The search turned up nothing, and Cook went further south.

On January 17, 1773, ships crossed (for the first time in history) the Antarctic Circle. February 8, 1773, during a storm, the ships were out of line of sight and lost each other. The actions of the captains after that were as follows.

1. Cook cruised for three days trying to find Adventure. The search was fruitless and Cook led the Resolution on a course to the southeast to the 60th parallel, then turned east and remained on this course until March 17th. After that, Cook set a course for New Zealand. The expedition spent 6 weeks at the anchorage in Tumanny Bay, exploring this bay and recuperating, after which it moved to Charlotte Bay - a meeting point agreed in advance in case of loss.
2. Furneaux moved to the east coast of the island of Tasmania in order to establish whether Tasmania was part of the Australian mainland or an independent island, but he did not succeed in this, mistakenly deciding that Tasmania was part of Australia. Furneau then took the Adventure to the rendezvous point in Charlotte Bay.

On June 7, 1773, the ships left Charlotte Bay and headed west. During the winter months, Cook wanted to explore the little-studied areas of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to New Zealand. However, due to the exacerbation of scurvy at Adventure, which was caused by violations of the established diet, I had to visit Tahiti. In Tahiti, a large amount of fruit was included in the diet of the teams, thus it was possible to cure all scurvy patients.

Expedition results

A number of islands and archipelagos were discovered in the Pacific Ocean.

It has been proved that in the southern latitudes there are no new, any significant lands, and, therefore, it makes no sense to continue searching in this direction.

The southern mainland (aka Antarctica) was never discovered.

Third circumnavigation of the world (1776-1779)

Expedition goals

The main goal set by the Admiralty for Cook's third expedition was the opening of the so-called Northwest Passage - a waterway that crosses the North American continent and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The composition of the expedition

The expedition, as before, was allocated two ships - the flagship "Resolution" (displacement 462 tons, 32 guns), on which Cook made the second trip, and "Discovery" with a displacement of 350 tons, which had 26 guns. The captain on the "Resolution" was Cook himself, on the "Discovery" - Charles Clerk, who participated in Cook's first two expeditions. John Gore, James King, John Williamson were first, second and third mates on the Resolution respectively. On Discovery the first officer was James Burney, the second was John Rickman. John Webber worked as an artist on the expedition.

Expedition progress

The ships left England separately: the Resolution left Plymouth on July 12, 1776, the Discovery on August 1. On the way to Cape Town, Cook visited the island of Tenerife. In Cape Town, where Cook arrived on October 17, the Resolution was put in for repairs due to the unsatisfactory condition of the side plating. The Discovery, which arrived in Cape Town on November 1, was also repaired.

On December 1, the ships left Cape Town. December 25 visited Kerguelen Island. On January 26, 1777, the ships approached Tasmania, where they replenished their supplies of water and firewood.

From New Zealand, the ships went to Tahiti, however, due to headwinds, Cook was forced to change course and visit the Friendship Islands first. Cook arrived in Tahiti on August 12, 1777.

The expedition stayed in Hawaii until February 2, recuperating and preparing for sailing in northern latitudes, then moved northeast, to the western coast of North America. On this way, the ships got into a storm and received partial damage (Resolution, in particular, lost the mizzen mast).

On April 26, having completed repairs, they left Nootka Bay and headed north along the North American coast. Off the coast of Alaska, however, another stop had to be made for repairs, as the Resolution was leaking badly.

In early August, the ships passed through the Bering Strait, crossed the Arctic Circle and entered the Chukchi Sea. Here they came across a solid ice field. It was impossible to continue the road north, winter was approaching, so Cook turned the ships, intending to spend the winter in more southern latitudes.

On October 2, 1778, Cook reached the Aleutian Islands, where he met Russian industrialists who provided him with their map compiled by the Bering expedition. The Russian map turned out to be much more complete than Cook's map, it contained islands unknown to Cook, and the outlines of many lands, plotted by Cook only approximately, were displayed on it with high accuracy and detail. It is known that Cook redrawn this map and named the strait separating Asia and America after Bering.

On October 24, 1778, the ships left the Aleutian Islands and reached the Hawaiian Islands on November 26, however, a suitable anchorage for the ships was not found until January 16, 1779. The inhabitants of the islands - the Hawaiians - concentrated around the ships in large numbers; Cook in his notes estimated their number at several thousand. Later it became known that the high interest and special attitude of the islanders to the expedition was explained by the fact that they mistook Cook for one of their gods. A good relationship, established at first between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians, however, began to deteriorate rapidly; every day, the number of thefts committed by the Hawaiians increased, and the skirmishes that arose due to attempts to return the stolen became hotter.

Sensing that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay on February 4, but the storm that soon began caused serious damage to the Resolution's rigging and on February 10 the ships were forced to return for repairs (there was no other anchorage nearby). The sails and parts of the rigging were taken ashore for repairs. The attitude of the Hawaiians to the expedition had meanwhile become openly hostile. Many armed people appeared in the neighborhood. The number of thefts has increased. On February 13, pincers were stolen from the deck of the Resolution. An attempt to return them was unsuccessful and ended in an open clash.

The next day, February 14, the launch from the Resolution was stolen. In order to return the stolen property, Cook decided to take Kalaniopu, one of the local leaders, as a hostage. Having landed on the shore with a group of armed men, consisting of ten marines led by Lieutenant Philips, he went to the leader's dwelling and invited him to the ship. Accepting the offer, Kalaniopa followed the British, but at the very shore he refused to go further, presumably, succumbing to the persuasion of his wife.

In the meantime, several thousand Hawaiians had gathered on the shore, who surrounded Cook and his people, pushing them back to the water itself. A rumor spread among them that the British had killed several Hawaiians (Captain Clerk's diaries mention one native killed by Lieutenant Rickman's men shortly before the events described), and these rumors, as well as Cook's not entirely unambiguous behavior, pushed the crowd to start hostilities. In the ensuing battle, Cook himself and four sailors died, the rest managed to retreat to the ship. There are several conflicting eyewitness accounts of those events, and it is difficult to judge from them what really happened. With a sufficient degree of certainty, we can only say that a panic began among the British, the crew began to randomly retreat to the boats, and in this turmoil, Cook was killed by the Hawaiians (presumably by a blow to the back of the head with a spear).

“Seeing that Cook fell, the Hawaiians let out a triumphant cry. His body was immediately dragged ashore, and the crowd surrounding him, greedily snatching the dagger from each other, began to inflict many wounds on him, since everyone wanted to take part in his destruction.

Thus, on the evening of February 14, 1779, 50-year-old Captain James Cook was killed by the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. Captain Clerk states in his diary that if Cook had given up defiant behavior in the face of crowd of thousands, the accident could have been avoided:

Considering the whole matter as a whole, I firmly believe that it would not have been carried to extremes by the natives if Captain Cook had not made an attempt to punish a man surrounded by a crowd of islanders, relying entirely on the fact that, if necessary, the Marines could fire from muskets to disperse the natives. This opinion was undoubtedly based on great experience contact with various Indian peoples in various parts of the world, but the unfortunate events of today have shown that in this case this opinion turned out to be wrong.

There is good reason to believe that the natives would not have gone so far if, unfortunately, Captain Cook had not fired at them: a few minutes before this they began to clear the way for the soldiers so that the latter could reach that place on the bank against which the boats were (I have already mentioned this), thus giving Captain Cook the opportunity to get away from them.

According to Lieutenant Philips, the Hawaiians were not going to prevent the return of the British to the ship, let alone attack, and the large crowd that had gathered was explained by their concern for the fate of the king (not unreasonable, if we keep in mind the purpose for which Cook invited Kalaniop to the ship).

After Cook's death, the position of expedition leader passed to Discovery's captain, Charles Clerk. The clerk tried to get Cook's body released peacefully. Failing, he ordered a military operation, during which the landing under the cover of cannons captured and burned to the ground coastal settlements and drove the Hawaiians into the mountains. The Hawaiians then delivered to the Resolution a basket of ten pounds of meat and human head no lower jaw. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea. Captain Clerk died of tuberculosis, which he had been ill with throughout the voyage. The ships returned to England on October 7, 1780.

Expedition results

The main goal of the expedition - the discovery of the Northwest Passage - was not achieved. The Hawaiian Islands, Christmas Island, and some other islands were discovered.

Memory

• In addition to the strait, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named after the traveler; the archipelago received its name from the Russian navigator Ivan Kruzenshtern, since Cook himself stayed on the islands of the Southern Group from 1773 to 1775.
• Endeavor, the first ship commanded by James Cook, was named after the command module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the moon was carried out. One of the "space shuttles" received the same name.
• Regarding the popular myth associated with the death of James Cook, Vladimir Vysotsky in 1971 wrote a playful song "One scientific riddle, or why the natives ate Cook."
• In 1935, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the visible side of the Moon after James Cook.

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Notes

see also

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Blon Georges. Great Oceans Hour: Quiet. - M. Thought, 1980. - 205 p.
• Werner Lange Paul. South Sea Horizons: A History of Marine Discoveries in Oceania. - M.: Progress, 1987. - 288 p.
• Vladimirov V. N. James Cook. - M.: Journal and newspaper association, 1933. - 168 p. (Life of wonderful people)
• Volnevich Janusz. Colorful trade winds or wanderings through the islands of the southern seas. - M.: Nauka, Ch. edition of Eastern literature, 1980. - 232 p. - A series of "Stories about the countries of the East."
• Kublitsky G.I. On continents and oceans. Stories about travels and discoveries. - M.: Detgiz, 1957. - 326 p.
• Cook James. Sailing on the "Endeavour" in 1768-1771 First circumnavigation of the world by Captain James Cook. - M.: Geografgiz, 1960.
• Cook James. Captain James Cook's second circumnavigation of the world. Sailing to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. - M.: Thought, 1964. - 624 p.
• Cook James. Third voyage of Captain James Cook. Sailing in the Pacific Ocean in 1776-1780 - M.: Thought, 1971. - 638 p.
• McLean Alistair. Captain Cook. - M.: Nauka, Ch. edition of Eastern literature, 1976. - 136 p. - A series of "Journey through the countries of the East."
• Light Ya M. Navigator foggy Albion. - M.: Geografgiz, 1963. - 80 p. - Series "Remarkable geographers and travelers".
• Light Ya M. James Cook. - M.: Thought, 1979. - 110 p. - Series "Remarkable geographers and travelers".
• Stingl Miloslav. Enchanted Hawaii. - M.: Nauka, Ch. edition of Eastern literature, 1983. - 332 p. - A series of "Stories about the countries of the East."
• Stingl Miloslav. Adventures in Oceania. - M.: Pravda, 1986. - 592 p.
• Stingl Miloslav. Mysterious Polynesia. - M.: Nauka, Ch. edition of Eastern literature, 1991. - 224 p.
• Forster Georg. Traveling across the world. - M.: Nauka, Ch. edition of Eastern literature, 1986. - 568 p.
• Chukovsky N. K. Frigate drivers. A book about the great navigators. - M.: Children's literature, 1985. - 479 p.

Sources

• Diaries of James Cook, see section // website "Oriental Literature" (Russian)
• Alistair McLean.- M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - ISBN 5-227-01197-4
• Biography essays: in three expeditions.
• Chukovsky N. K.- M.: Stroyizdat, 1993. - ISBN 5-274-02158-1
• Sir Joseph Banks. The Endeavor Journal Of Sir Joseph Banks
• James Cawte Beaglehole. The Life Of Captain James Cook
• James Cawte Beaglehole. The Exploration Of The Pacific
• James Cook. The Journals, see // gutenberg.org
• Felipe Fernandez Armesto. Pathfinders: A Global History Of Exploration
• Richard Hough. Captain James Cook: A Biography
• Alan Villiers. Captain Cook, The Seamen's Seaman

Before Columbus great maritime discoveries conquistadors Mapping

Excerpt characterizing Cook, James

- And what, what is the character? asked the regimental commander.
“He finds, Your Excellency, for days,” said the captain, “he is smart, and learned, and kind. And that's a beast. In Poland, he killed a Jew, if you please know ...
“Well, yes, well, yes,” said the regimental commander, “everything must be regretted.” young man in misfortune. After all, great connections ... So you ...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, with a smile making it feel that he understood the wishes of the boss.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first case, epaulettes,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “People get a glass of vodka from me,” he added, so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you all! God bless! - And he, having overtaken a company, drove up to another.
“Well, he really is a good man; You can serve with him,” Timokhin subaltern said to the officer walking beside him.
- One word, red! ... (the regimental commander was nicknamed the red king) - the subaltern officer said, laughing.
The happy mood of the authorities after the review passed to the soldiers. Rota was having fun. Soldiers' voices were talking from all sides.
- How did they say, Kutuzov crooked, about one eye?
- But no! Totally crooked.
- Not ... brother, more big-eyed than you. Boots and collars - looked around everything ...
- How does he, my brother, look at my feet ... well! Think…
- And the other is an Austrian, he was with him, as if smeared with chalk. Like flour, white. I'm tea, how they clean ammunition!
- What, Fedeshow! ... he said, perhaps, when the guards begin, did you stand closer? They said everything, Bunaparte himself is standing in Brunov.
- Bunaparte stands! you lie, fool! What does not know! Now the Prussian is in revolt. The Austrian, therefore, pacifies him. As soon as he reconciles, then war will open with Bounaparte. And then, he says, in Brunov, Bunaparte is standing! It's obvious that he's an idiot. You listen more.
“Look, damn tenants! The fifth company, look, is already turning into the village, they will cook porridge, and we will not reach the place yet.
- Give me a cracker, damn it.
“Did you give tobacco yesterday?” That's it, brother. Well, on, God is with you.
- If only they made a halt, otherwise you won’t eat another five miles of proprem.
- It was nice how the Germans gave us strollers. You go, know: it's important!
- And here, brother, the people went completely frantic. There everything seemed to be a Pole, everything was of the Russian crown; and now, brother, a solid German has gone.
- Songwriters ahead! - I heard the cry of the captain.
And twenty people ran out in front of the company from different ranks. The drummer sings turned around to face the songbooks, and, waving his hand, began a drawn-out soldier's song, beginning: "Isn't it dawn, the sun was breaking up ..." and ending with the words: "That, brothers, will be glory to us with Kamensky father ..." in Turkey and was now sung in Austria, only with the change that in place of "Kamensky father" the words were inserted: "Kutuzov's father."
Tearing off these last words like a soldier and waving his arms as if he were throwing something on the ground, the drummer, a dry and handsome soldier of about forty, sternly looked around at the songwriter soldiers and closed his eyes. Then, making sure that all eyes were fixed on him, he seemed to carefully lift with both hands some invisible, precious thing above his head, held it like that for several seconds, and suddenly threw it desperately:
Oh, you, my canopy, my canopy!
“Canopy my new…”, twenty voices picked up, and the spoonman, despite the heaviness of the ammunition, briskly jumped forward and walked backwards in front of the company, moving his shoulders and threatening someone with spoons. The soldiers, swinging their arms to the beat of the song, walked with a spacious step, involuntarily hitting the leg. Behind the company came the sounds of wheels, the crunch of springs and the clatter of horses.
Kutuzov with his retinue was returning to the city. The Commander-in-Chief signaled that the people should continue to walk freely, and pleasure was expressed on his face and on all the faces of his retinue at the sound of the song, at the sight of the dancing soldier and the merrily and briskly marching soldiers of the company. In the second row, from the right flank, from which the carriage overtook the companies, a blue-eyed soldier, Dolokhov, involuntarily caught the eye, who walked especially briskly and gracefully to the beat of the song and looked at the faces of the passers-by with such an expression as if he pitied everyone who did not go at this time with a company. A hussar cornet from Kutuzov's retinue, mimicking the regimental commander, lagged behind the carriage and drove up to Dolokhov.
The hussar cornet Zherkov at one time in St. Petersburg belonged to that violent society led by Dolokhov. Zherkov met Dolokhov abroad as a soldier, but did not consider it necessary to recognize him. Now, after Kutuzov's conversation with the demoted one, he turned to him with the joy of an old friend:
- Dear friend, how are you? - he said at the sound of the song, equalizing the step of his horse with the step of the company.
- I am like? - answered Dolokhov coldly, - as you can see.
The lively song gave special meaning the tone of cheeky gaiety with which Zherkov spoke, and the deliberate coldness of Dolokhov's answers.
- So, how do you get along with the authorities? Zherkov asked.
Nothing, good people. How did you get into the headquarters?
- Seconded, I'm on duty.
They were silent.
“I let the falcon out of my right sleeve,” said the song, involuntarily arousing a cheerful, cheerful feeling. Their conversation would probably have been different if they had not spoken at the sound of a song.
- What is true, the Austrians were beaten? Dolokhov asked.
“The devil knows, they say.
“I am glad,” Dolokhov answered briefly and clearly, as the song demanded.
- Well, come to us when in the evening, the pharaoh will pawn, - said Zherkov.
Or do you have a lot of money?
- Come.
- It is forbidden. He gave a vow. I don't drink or play until it's done.
Well, before the first thing...
- You'll see it there.
Again they were silent.
“Come in, if you need anything, everyone at headquarters will help…” said Zherkov.
Dolokhov chuckled.
“You better not worry. What I need, I won't ask, I'll take it myself.
"Yeah, well, I'm so...
- Well, so am I.
- Goodbye.
- Be healthy…
... and high and far,
On the home side...
Zherkov touched his horse with his spurs, which three times, getting excited, kicked, not knowing where to start, coped and galloped, overtaking the company and catching up with the carriage, also in time with the song.

Returning from the review, Kutuzov, accompanied by an Austrian general, went to his office and, calling the adjutant, ordered to give himself some papers relating to the condition of the incoming troops, and letters received from Archduke Ferdinand, who commanded the forward army. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky with the required papers entered the office of the commander in chief. In front of the plan laid out on the table sat Kutuzov and an Austrian member of the Hofkriegsrat.
“Ah ...” said Kutuzov, looking back at Bolkonsky, as if by this word inviting the adjutant to wait, and continued the conversation begun in French.
“I only say one thing, General,” Kutuzov said with a pleasant elegance of expression and intonation, forcing one to listen to every leisurely spoken word. It was evident that Kutuzov listened to himself with pleasure. - I only say one thing, General, that if the matter depended on my personal desire, then the will of His Majesty Emperor Franz would have been fulfilled long ago. I would have joined the Archduke long ago. And believe my honor, that for me personally to transfer the higher command of the army more than I am to a knowledgeable and skillful general, such as Austria is so plentiful, and to lay down all this heavy responsibility for me personally would be a joy. But circumstances are stronger than us, General.
And Kutuzov smiled with such an expression as if he were saying: “You have every right not to believe me, and even I don’t care whether you believe me or not, but you have no reason to tell me this. And that's the whole point."
The Austrian general looked dissatisfied, but could not answer Kutuzov in the same tone.
“On the contrary,” he said in a grouchy and angry tone, so contrary to the flattering meaning of the words spoken, “on the contrary, Your Excellency’s participation in the common cause is highly valued by His Majesty; but we believe that a real slowdown deprives the glorious Russian troops and their commanders of those laurels that they are accustomed to reap in battle, ”he finished the apparently prepared phrase.
Kutuzov bowed without changing his smile.
- And I am so convinced and, based on the last letter that His Highness Archduke Ferdinand honored me, I assume that the Austrian troops, under the command of such a skilled assistant as General Mack, have now already won a decisive victory and no longer need our help, - Kutuzov said.
The general frowned. Although there was no positive news about the defeat of the Austrians, there were too many circumstances confirming the general unfavorable rumors; and therefore Kutuzov's assumption about the victory of the Austrians was very similar to a mockery. But Kutuzov smiled meekly, still with the same expression that said that he had the right to assume this. Really, last letter, received by him from the army of Mack, informed him of the victory and the most advantageous strategic position of the army.
“Give me this letter here,” said Kutuzov, turning to Prince Andrei. - Here you are, if you want to see it. - And Kutuzov, with a mocking smile on the ends of his lips, read the following passage from the letter of Archduke Ferdinand from the German-Austrian general: “Wir haben vollkommen zusammengehaltene Krafte, nahe an 70,000 Mann, um den Feind, wenn er den Lech passirte, angreifen und schlagen zu konnen. Wir konnen, da wir Meister von Ulm sind, den Vortheil, auch von beiden Uferien der Donau Meister zu bleiben, nicht verlieren; mithin auch jeden Augenblick, wenn der Feind den Lech nicht passirte, die Donau ubersetzen, uns auf seine Communikations Linie werfen, die Donau unterhalb repassiren und dem Feinde, wenn er sich gegen unsere treue Allirte mit ganzer Macht wenden wollte, seine Absicht alabald vereitelien. Wir werden auf solche Weise den Zeitpunkt, wo die Kaiserlich Ruseische Armee ausgerustet sein wird, muthig entgegenharren, und sodann leicht gemeinschaftlich die Moglichkeit finden, dem Feinde das Schicksal zuzubereiten, so er verdient.” [We have a fully concentrated force, about 70,000 people, so that we can attack and defeat the enemy if he crosses the Lech. Since we already own Ulm, we can retain the advantage of commanding both banks of the Danube, therefore, every minute, if the enemy does not cross the Lech, cross the Danube, rush to his communication line, cross the Danube lower and the enemy, if he decides to turn all his strength on our faithful allies, to prevent his intention from being fulfilled. Thus, we will cheerfully look forward to the time when the imperial Russian army completely ready, and then together we can easily find an opportunity to prepare the fate of the enemy, which he deserves.
Kutuzov sighed heavily, having finished this period, and carefully and affectionately looked at the member of the Hofkriegsrat.
“But you know, Your Excellency, the wise rule of assuming the worst,” said the Austrian general, apparently wanting to end the jokes and get down to business.
He glanced involuntarily at the adjutant.
“Excuse me, General,” Kutuzov interrupted him and also turned to Prince Andrei. - That's what, my dear, you take all the reports from our scouts from Kozlovsky. Here are two letters from Count Nostitz, here is a letter from His Highness Archduke Ferdinand, here's another,” he said, handing him some papers. - And from all this, cleanly, in French, make a memorandum, a note, for the visibility of all the news that we had about the actions of the Austrian army. Well, then, and present to his Excellency.
Prince Andrei bowed his head as a sign that he understood from the first words not only what was said, but also what Kutuzov would like to tell him. He collected the papers, and, giving a general bow, quietly walking along the carpet, went out into the waiting room.
Despite the fact that not much time has passed since Prince Andrei left Russia, he has changed a lot during this time. In the expression of his face, in his movements, in his gait, there was almost no noticeable former pretense, fatigue and laziness; he had the appearance of a man who has no time to think about the impression he makes on others, and is busy with pleasant and interesting business. His face expressed more satisfaction with himself and those around him; his smile and look were more cheerful and attractive.
Kutuzov, whom he caught up with back in Poland, received him very affectionately, promised him not to forget him, distinguished him from other adjutants, took him with him to Vienna and gave him more serious assignments. From Vienna, Kutuzov wrote to his old comrade, the father of Prince Andrei:
“Your son,” he wrote, “gives hope to be an officer who excels in his studies, firmness and diligence. I consider myself fortunate to have such a subordinate at hand.”
At Kutuzov's headquarters, among his comrades, and in the army in general, Prince Andrei, as well as in St. Petersburg society, had two completely opposite reputations.
Some, a minority, recognized Prince Andrei as something special from themselves and from all other people, expected great success from him, listened to him, admired him and imitated him; and with these people, Prince Andrei was simple and pleasant. Others, the majority, did not like Prince Andrei, they considered him an inflated, cold and unpleasant person. But with these people, Prince Andrei knew how to position himself in such a way that he was respected and even feared.
Coming out of Kutuzov's office into the waiting room, Prince Andrei with papers approached his comrade, adjutant on duty Kozlovsky, who was sitting by the window with a book.
- Well, what, prince? Kozlovsky asked.
- Ordered to draw up a note, why not let's go forward.
- And why?
Prince Andrew shrugged his shoulders.
- No word from Mac? Kozlovsky asked.
- No.
- If it were true that he was defeated, then the news would come.
“Probably,” said Prince Andrei and went to the exit door; but at the same time to meet him, slamming the door, a tall, obviously newcomer, Austrian general in a frock coat, with his head tied with a black handkerchief and with the Order of Maria Theresa around his neck, quickly entered the waiting room. Prince Andrew stopped.
- General Anshef Kutuzov? - quickly said the visiting general with a sharp German accent, looking around on both sides and without stopping walking to the door of the office.
“The general is busy,” said Kozlovsky, hurriedly approaching the unknown general and blocking his way from the door. - How would you like to report?
The unknown general looked contemptuously down at the short Kozlovsky, as if surprised that he might not be known.
“The general chief is busy,” Kozlovsky repeated calmly.
The general's face frowned, his lips twitched and trembled. He took out a notebook, quickly drew something with a pencil, tore out a piece of paper, gave it away, went with quick steps to the window, threw his body on a chair and looked around at those in the room, as if asking: why are they looking at him? Then the general raised his head, stretched out his neck, as if intending to say something, but immediately, as if carelessly starting to hum to himself, made a strange sound, which was immediately stopped. The door of the office opened, and Kutuzov appeared on the threshold. The general with his head bandaged, as if running away from danger, bent over, with large, quick steps of thin legs, approached Kutuzov.
- Vous voyez le malheureux Mack, [You see the unfortunate Mack.] - he said in a broken voice.
The face of Kutuzov, who was standing in the doorway of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments. Then, like a wave, a wrinkle ran over his face, his forehead smoothed out; he bowed his head respectfully, closed his eyes, silently let Mack pass him, and closed the door behind him.
The rumor, already spread before, about the defeat of the Austrians and the surrender of the entire army at Ulm, turned out to be true. Half an hour later, adjutants were sent in different directions with orders proving that soon the Russian troops, who had been inactive until now, would have to meet with the enemy.
Prince Andrei was one of those rare officers on staff who considered his main interest in the general course of military affairs. Seeing Mack and hearing the details of his death, he realized that half of the campaign was lost, understood the whole difficulty of the position of the Russian troops and vividly imagined what awaited the army, and the role that he would have to play in it.
Involuntarily, he experienced an exciting joyful feeling at the thought of shaming presumptuous Austria and that in a week, perhaps, he would have to see and take part in a clash between Russians and French, for the first time after Suvorov.
But he was afraid of the genius of Bonaparte, who could be stronger than all the courage of the Russian troops, and at the same time he could not allow shame for his hero.
Excited and irritated by these thoughts, Prince Andrei went to his room to write to his father, to whom he wrote every day. He met in the corridor with his roommate Nesvitsky and the joker Zherkov; they, as always, laughed at something.
Why are you so gloomy? Nesvitsky asked, noticing the pale face of Prince Andrei with sparkling eyes.
“There is nothing to have fun,” answered Bolkonsky.
While Prince Andrei met with Nesvitsky and Zherkov, on the other side of the corridor Strauch, an Austrian general who was at Kutuzov's headquarters to monitor the food of the Russian army, and a member of the Hofkriegsrat, who had arrived the day before, were walking towards them. There was enough space along the wide corridor for the generals to disperse freely with three officers; but Zherkov, pushing Nesvitsky away with his hand, said in a breathless voice:
- They're coming! ... they're coming! ... step aside, the road! please way!
The generals passed with an air of desire to get rid of troubling honors. On the face of the joker Zherkov suddenly expressed a stupid smile of joy, which he seemed unable to contain.
“Your Excellency,” he said in German, moving forward and addressing the Austrian general. I have the honor to congratulate you.
He bowed his head and awkwardly, like children learning to dance, began to scrape one leg or the other.
The General, a member of the Hofkriegsrath, looked sternly at him; not noticing the seriousness of the stupid smile, he could not refuse a moment's attention. He squinted to show he was listening.
“I have the honor to congratulate you, General Mack has arrived, in perfect health, only a little hurt here,” he added, beaming with a smile and pointing to his head.
The general frowned, turned away, and walked on.
Gott, wie naiv! [My God, how simple he is!] – he said angrily, moving away a few steps.
Nesvitsky embraced Prince Andrei with laughter, but Bolkonsky, turning even paler, with an evil expression on his face, pushed him away and turned to Zherkov. That nervous irritation into which the sight of Mack, the news of his defeat, and the thought of what awaited the Russian army had brought him, found its outlet in bitterness at Zherkov's inappropriate joke.
“If you, dear sir,” he spoke piercingly with a slight trembling of his lower jaw, “want to be a jester, then I cannot prevent you from doing so; but I announce to you that if you dare another time to make a fuss in my presence, then I will teach you how to behave.
Nesvitsky and Zherkov were so surprised by this trick that they silently, with their eyes wide open, looked at Bolkonsky.
“Well, I only congratulated you,” said Zherkov.
- I'm not joking with you, if you please be silent! - Bolkonsky shouted and, taking Nesvitsky by the hand, he walked away from Zherkov, who could not find what to answer.
“Well, what are you, brother,” Nesvitsky said reassuringly.
- Like what? - Prince Andrei spoke, stopping from excitement. - Yes, you understand that we, or officers who serve their tsar and fatherland and rejoice at the common success and grieve about the common failure, or we are lackeys who do not care about the master's business. Quarante milles hommes massacres et l "ario mee de nos allies detruite, et vous trouvez la le mot pour rire," he said, as if reinforcing his opinion with this French phrase. - C "est bien pour un garcon de rien, comme cet individu , dont vous avez fait un ami, mais pas pour vous, pas pour vous. [Forty thousand people died and our allied army was destroyed, and you can joke about it. This is forgivable to an insignificant boy, like this gentleman whom you have made your friend, but not to you, not to you.] Boys can only be so amused, - said Prince Andrei in Russian, pronouncing this word with a French accent, noting that Zherkov could still hear it.
He waited for the cornet to answer. But the cornet turned and walked out of the corridor.

The Pavlograd Hussar Regiment was stationed two miles from Braunau. The squadron, in which Nikolai Rostov served as a cadet, was located in the German village of Salzenek. The squadron commander, captain Denisov, known to the entire cavalry division under the name of Vaska Denisov, was assigned the best apartment in the village. Junker Rostov had been living with the squadron commander ever since he caught up with the regiment in Poland.
On October 11, on the very day when everything in the main apartment was raised to its feet by the news of Mack's defeat, camping life at the squadron headquarters calmly went on as before. Denisov, who had been losing all night at cards, had not yet returned home when Rostov, early in the morning, on horseback, returned from foraging. Rostov, in a cadet uniform, rode up to the porch, pushed the horse, threw off his leg with a flexible, young gesture, stood on the stirrup, as if not wanting to part with the horse, finally jumped down and called out to the messenger.
“Ah, Bondarenko, dear friend,” he said to the hussar, who rushed headlong to his horse. “Let me out, my friend,” he said with that brotherly, cheerful tenderness with which good young people treat everyone when they are happy.
“I’m listening, your excellency,” answered the Little Russian, shaking his head merrily.
- Look, take it out well!
Another hussar also rushed to the horse, but Bondarenko had already thrown over the reins of the snaffle. It was evident that the junker gave well for vodka, and that it was profitable to serve him. Rostov stroked the horse's neck, then its rump, and stopped on the porch.
“Glorious! Such will be the horse! he said to himself, and, smiling and holding his saber, he ran up to the porch, rattling his spurs. The German owner, in a sweatshirt and cap, with a pitchfork, with which he cleaned the manure, looked out of the barn. The German's face suddenly brightened as soon as he saw Rostov. He smiled cheerfully and winked: “Schon, gut Morgen! Schon, gut Morgen!" [Wonderful, good morning!] he repeated, apparently finding pleasure in greeting the young man.
– Schonfleissig! [Already at work!] - said Rostov, still with the same joyful, brotherly smile that did not leave his animated face. – Hoch Oestreicher! Hoch Russen! Kaiser Alexander hoch! [Hooray Austrians! Hooray Russians! Emperor Alexander hurray!] - he turned to the German, repeating the words often spoken by the German host.
The German laughed, went completely out of the barn door, pulled
cap and, waving it over his head, shouted:
– Und die ganze Welt hoch! [And the whole world cheers!]
Rostov himself, just like a German, waved his cap over his head and, laughing, shouted: “Und Vivat die ganze Welt!” Although there was no reason for special joy either for the German who was cleaning his cowshed, or for Rostov, who went with a platoon for hay, both of these people looked at each other with happy delight and brotherly love, shook their heads in a sign of mutual love and parted smiling - the German to the barn, and Rostov to the hut he shared with Denisov.
- What's the sir? he asked Lavrushka, the rogue lackey Denisov known to the whole regiment.
Haven't been since the evening. It’s true, we lost,” answered Lavrushka. “I already know that if they win, they will come early to show off, but if they don’t until morning, then they’ve blown away, the angry ones will come. Would you like coffee?
- Come on, come on.
After 10 minutes, Lavrushka brought coffee. They're coming! - he said, - now the trouble. - Rostov looked out the window and saw Denisov returning home. Denisov was a small man with a red face, shining black eyes, black tousled mustache and hair. He was wearing an unbuttoned mentic, wide chikchirs lowered in folds, and a crumpled hussar cap was put on the back of his head. He gloomily, lowering his head, approached the porch.
“Lavg” ear, ”he shouted loudly and angrily. “Well, take it off, blockhead!
“Yes, I’m filming anyway,” answered Lavrushka’s voice.
- A! you already got up, - said Denisov, entering the room.
- For a long time, - said Rostov, - I already went for hay and saw Fraulein Matilda.
– That's how! And I pg "puffed up, bg" at, vcheg "a, like a son of a bitch!" shouted Denisov, without pronouncing the river. - Such a misfortune! Such a misfortune! As you left, so it went. Hey, tea!
Denisov, grimacing, as if smiling and showing his short, strong teeth, began to ruffle his black, thick hair, like a dog, with both hands with short fingers.
- Chog "t me money" zero to go to this kg "yse (nickname of the officer)," he said, rubbing his forehead and face with both hands. "You didn't.
Denisov took the lighted pipe handed to him, clenched it into a fist, and, scattering fire, hit it on the floor, continuing to shout.
- The sempel will give, pag "ol beats; the sempel will give, pag" ol beats.
He scattered the fire, smashed the pipe and threw it away. Denisov paused, and suddenly, with his shining black eyes, looked merrily at Rostov.
- If only there were women. And then here, kg "oh how to drink, there is nothing to do. If only she could get away."
- Hey, who's there? - he turned to the door, hearing the stopped steps of thick boots with the rattling of spurs and a respectful cough.
- Wahmister! Lavrushka said.
Denisov frowned even more.
“Squeeg,” he said, throwing a purse with several gold pieces. “Gostov, count, my dear, how much is left there, but put the purse under the pillow,” he said and went out to the sergeant-major.
Rostov took the money and, mechanically, putting aside and leveling heaps of old and new gold, began to count them.
- A! Telyanin! Zdog "ovo! Inflate me all at once" ah! Denisov's voice was heard from another room.
- Who? At Bykov's, at the rat's? ... I knew, - said another thin voice, and after that Lieutenant Telyanin, a small officer of the same squadron, entered the room.
Rostov threw a purse under the pillow and shook the small, damp hand extended to him. Telyanin was transferred from the guard before the campaign for something. He behaved very well in the regiment; but they did not like him, and in particular Rostov could neither overcome nor hide his unreasonable disgust for this officer.
- Well, young cavalryman, how does my Grachik serve you? - he asked. (Grachik was a riding horse, a tack, sold by Telyanin to Rostov.)
The lieutenant never looked into the eyes of the person with whom he spoke; His eyes were constantly moving from one object to another.
- I saw you drove today ...
“Nothing, good horse,” answered Rostov, despite the fact that this horse, bought by him for 700 rubles, was not worth even half of this price. “I began to crouch on the left front ...” he added. - Cracked hoof! It's nothing. I will teach you, show you which rivet to put.
“Yes, please show me,” said Rostov.
- I'll show you, I'll show you, it's not a secret. And thank you for the horse.
“So I order the horse to be brought,” said Rostov, wanting to get rid of Telyanin, and went out to order the horse to be brought.
In the passage, Denisov, with a pipe, crouched on the threshold, sat in front of the sergeant-major, who was reporting something. Seeing Rostov, Denisov frowned and, pointing over his shoulder with his thumb into the room in which Telyanin was sitting, grimaced and shook with disgust.
“Oh, I don’t like the good fellow,” he said, not embarrassed by the presence of the sergeant-major.
Rostov shrugged his shoulders, as if to say: "So do I, but what can I do!" and, having ordered, returned to Telyanin.
Telyanin sat still in the same lazy pose in which Rostov had left him, rubbing his small white hands.
"There are such nasty faces," thought Rostov, entering the room.
“Well, did you order the horse to be brought?” - said Telyanin, getting up and casually looking around.
- Velel.
- Come on, let's go. After all, I only came to ask Denisov about yesterday's order. Got it, Denisov?
- Not yet. Where are you?
“I want to teach a young man how to shoe a horse,” said Telyanin.
They went out onto the porch and into the stables. The lieutenant showed how to make a rivet and went to his room.
When Rostov returned, there was a bottle of vodka and sausage on the table. Denisov sat in front of the table and cracked pen on paper. He looked gloomily into Rostov's face.
“I am writing to her,” he said.
He leaned on the table with a pen in his hand, and, obviously delighted with the opportunity to quickly say in a word everything that he wanted to write, expressed his letter to Rostov.
- You see, dg "ug," he said. "We sleep until we love. We are the children of pg`axa ... but you fell in love - and you are God, you are pure, as on the peg" day of creation ... Who else is this? Send him to the chog "tu. No time!" he shouted at Lavrushka, who, not at all shy, approached him.
- But who should be? They themselves ordered. The sergeant-major came for the money.
Denisov frowned, wanted to shout something and fell silent.
“Squeeg,” but that’s the point, he said to himself. “How much money is left in the wallet?” he asked Rostov.
“Seven new ones and three old ones.
“Ah, skweg,” but! Well, what are you standing, scarecrows, send a wahmistg “a,” Denisov shouted at Lavrushka.
“Please, Denisov, take my money, because I have it,” said Rostov, blushing.
“I don’t like to borrow from my own, I don’t like it,” grumbled Denisov.
“And if you don’t take money from me comradely, you will offend me. Really, I have, - repeated Rostov.
- No.
And Denisov went to the bed to get a wallet from under the pillow.
- Where did you put it, Rostov?
- Under the bottom cushion.
- Yes, no.
Denisov threw both pillows on the floor. There was no wallet.
- That's a miracle!
“Wait, didn’t you drop it?” said Rostov, picking up the pillows one at a time and shaking them out.
He threw off and brushed off the blanket. There was no wallet.
- Have I forgotten? No, I also thought that you were definitely putting a treasure under your head, ”said Rostov. - I put my wallet here. Where is he? he turned to Lavrushka.
- I didn't go in. Where they put it, there it should be.
- Not really…
- You're all right, throw it somewhere, and forget it. Look in your pockets.
“No, if I didn’t think about the treasure,” said Rostov, “otherwise I remember what I put in.”
Lavrushka rummaged through the whole bed, looked under it, under the table, rummaged through the whole room and stopped in the middle of the room. Denisov silently followed Lavrushka's movements, and when Lavrushka threw up his hands in surprise, saying that he was nowhere to be found, he looked back at Rostov.
- Mr. Ostov, you are not a schoolboy ...
Rostov felt Denisov's gaze on him, raised his eyes and at the same moment lowered them. All his blood, which had been locked up somewhere below his throat, gushed into his face and eyes. He couldn't catch his breath.
- And there was no one in the room, except for the lieutenant and yourself. Here somewhere,” said Lavrushka.
- Well, you, chog "those doll, turn around, look," Denisov suddenly shouted, turning purple and throwing himself at the footman with a menacing gesture. Zapog everyone!
Rostov, looking around Denisov, began to button up his jacket, fastened his saber and put on his cap.
“I’m telling you to have a wallet,” Denisov shouted, shaking the batman’s shoulders and pushing him against the wall.
- Denisov, leave him; I know who took it,” said Rostov, going up to the door and not raising his eyes.
Denisov stopped, thought, and, apparently understanding what Rostov was hinting at, grabbed his hand.
“Sigh!” he shouted so that the veins, like ropes, puffed out on his neck and forehead. “I’m telling you, you’re crazy, I won’t allow it. The wallet is here; I will loosen my skin from this meg'zavetz, and it will be here.
“I know who took it,” Rostov repeated in a trembling voice and went to the door.
“But I’m telling you, don’t you dare do this,” Denisov shouted, rushing to the cadet to restrain him.
But Rostov tore his hand away and with such malice, as if Denisov was his greatest enemy, directly and firmly fixed his eyes on him.
– Do you understand what you are saying? he said in a trembling voice, “there was no one else in the room except me. So, if not, then...
He could not finish and ran out of the room.
“Ah, why not with you and with everyone,” were the last words that Rostov heard.
Rostov came to Telyanin's apartment.
“The master is not at home, they have gone to the headquarters,” Telyanin’s orderly told him. Or what happened? added the batman, surprised at the junker's upset face.
- There is nothing.
“We missed a little,” said the batman.
The headquarters was located three miles from Salzenek. Rostov, without going home, took a horse and rode to headquarters. In the village occupied by the headquarters, there was a tavern frequented by officers. Rostov arrived at the tavern; at the porch he saw Telyanin's horse.
In the second room of the tavern the lieutenant was sitting at a dish of sausages and a bottle of wine.
“Ah, and you stopped by, young man,” he said, smiling and raising his eyebrows high.
- Yes, - said Rostov, as if it took a lot of effort to pronounce this word, and sat down at the next table.
Both were silent; two Germans and one Russian officer were sitting in the room. Everyone was silent, and the sounds of knives on plates and the lieutenant's champing could be heard. When Telyanin had finished breakfast, he took a double purse out of his pocket, spread the rings with his little white fingers bent upwards, took out a gold one, and, raising his eyebrows, gave the money to the servant.
“Please hurry,” he said.
Gold was new. Rostov got up and went over to Telyanin.
“Let me see the purse,” he said in a low, barely audible voice.
With shifty eyes, but still raised eyebrows, Telyanin handed over the purse.
"Yes, a pretty purse... Yes... yes..." he said, and suddenly turned pale. “Look, young man,” he added.
Rostov took the wallet in his hands and looked at it, and at the money that was in it, and at Telyanin. The lieutenant looked around, as was his habit, and seemed to suddenly become very cheerful.
“If we’re in Vienna, I’ll leave everything there, and now there’s nowhere to go in these crappy little towns,” he said. - Come on, young man, I'll go.
Rostov was silent.
- What about you? have breakfast too? They are decently fed,” continued Telyanin. - Come on.
He reached out and took hold of the wallet. Rostov released him. Telyanin took the purse and began to put it into the pocket of his breeches, and his eyebrows casually rose, and his mouth opened slightly, as if he were saying: “Yes, yes, I put my purse in my pocket, and it’s very simple, and no one cares about this” .
- Well, what, young man? he said, sighing and looking into Rostov's eyes from under his raised eyebrows. Some kind of light from the eyes, with the speed of an electric spark, ran from Telyanin's eyes to Rostov's eyes and back, back and back, all in an instant.
“Come here,” said Rostov, grabbing Telyanin by the hand. He almost dragged him to the window. - This is Denisov's money, you took it ... - he whispered in his ear.
“What?… What?… How dare you?” What? ... - said Telyanin.
But these words sounded a plaintive, desperate cry and a plea for forgiveness. As soon as Rostov heard this sound of a voice, a huge stone of doubt fell from his soul. He felt joy, and at the same moment he felt sorry for the unfortunate man who stood before him; but it was necessary to complete the work begun.
“The people here, God knows what they might think,” muttered Telyanin, grabbing his cap and heading into a small empty room, “we need to explain ourselves ...
“I know it, and I will prove it,” said Rostov.
- I…
Telyanin's frightened, pale face began to tremble with all its muscles; his eyes still ran, but somewhere below, not rising to Rostov's face, and sobs were heard.
- Count! ... do not ruin the young man ... here is this unfortunate money, take it ... - He threw it on the table. - My father is an old man, my mother! ...
Rostov took the money, avoiding Telyanin's gaze, and, without saying a word, left the room. But at the door he stopped and turned back. “My God,” he said with tears in his eyes, “how could you do this?
“Count,” said Telyanin, approaching the cadet.
“Don’t touch me,” Rostov said, pulling away. If you need it, take this money. He threw his wallet at him and ran out of the inn.

In the evening of the same day, a lively conversation was going on at Denisov's apartment among the officers of the squadron.
“But I’m telling you, Rostov, that you need to apologize to the regimental commander,” said, turning to the crimson red, agitated Rostov, the high headquarters captain, with graying hair, huge mustaches and large features of a wrinkled face.
The staff captain Kirsten was twice demoted to the soldiers for deeds of honor and twice cured.
"I won't let anyone tell you I'm lying!" cried Rostov. He told me that I was lying, and I told him that he was lying. And so it will remain. They can put me on duty even every day and put me under arrest, but no one will make me apologize, because if he, as a regimental commander, considers himself unworthy of giving me satisfaction, then ...
- Yes, you wait, father; you listen to me, - the captain interrupted the staff in his bass voice, calmly smoothing his long mustache. - You tell the regimental commander in front of other officers that the officer stole ...
- It's not my fault that the conversation started in front of other officers. Maybe I shouldn't have spoken in front of them, but I'm not a diplomat. I then joined the hussars and went, thinking that subtleties are not needed here, but he tells me that I am lying ... so let him give me satisfaction ...
- That's all right, no one thinks that you are a coward, but that's not the point. Ask Denisov, does it look like something for a cadet to demand satisfaction from a regimental commander?
Denisov, biting his mustache, listened to the conversation with a gloomy look, apparently not wanting to intervene in it. When asked by the captain's staff, he shook his head negatively.
“You are talking to the regimental commander about this dirty trick in front of the officers,” the headquarters captain continued. - Bogdanich (Bogdanich was called the regimental commander) laid siege to you.
- He didn’t siege, but said that I was telling a lie.
- Well, yes, and you said something stupid to him, and you need to apologize.
- Never! shouted Rostov.
“I didn’t think it was from you,” the headquarters captain said seriously and sternly. - You do not want to apologize, and you, father, not only before him, but before the whole regiment, before all of us, you are to blame all around. And here's how: if only you thought and consulted how to deal with this matter, otherwise you directly, but in front of the officers, and thumped. What should the regimental commander do now? Should we put the officer on trial and mess up the entire regiment? Shame the entire regiment because of one villain? So, what do you think? But in our opinion, it is not. And well done Bogdanich, he told you that you are not telling the truth. It’s unpleasant, but what to do, father, they themselves ran into it. And now, as they want to hush up the matter, so you, because of some kind of fanabery, do not want to apologize, but want to tell everything. You are offended that you are on duty, but why should you apologize to an old and honest officer! Whatever Bogdanich may be, but all honest and brave, old colonel, you are so offended; and messing up the regiment is okay for you? - The voice of the captain's staff began to tremble. - You, father, are in the regiment for a week without a year; today here, tomorrow they moved to adjutants somewhere; you don’t give a damn what they will say: “Thieves are among the Pavlograd officers!” And we don't care. So, what, Denisov? Not all the same?
Denisov remained silent and did not move, occasionally glancing with his shining black eyes at Rostov.
“Your own fanabery is dear to you, you don’t want to apologize,” continued the headquarters captain, “but we old people, how we grew up, and God willing, will die in the regiment, so the honor of the regiment is dear to us, and Bogdanich knows it. Oh, how dear, father! And this is not good, not good! Take offense there or not, but I will always tell the truth to the uterus. Not good!
And the captain's staff stood up and turned away from Rostov.
- Pg "avda, chog" take it! shouted Denisov, jumping up. - Well, G "skeleton! Well!
Rostov, blushing and turning pale, looked first at one officer, then at another.
- No, gentlemen, no ... don’t think ... I understand very well, you shouldn’t think so about me ... I ... for me ... I am for the honor of the regiment. but what? I’ll show it in practice, and for me the honor of the banner ... well, it’s all the same, really, it’s my fault! .. - Tears stood in his eyes. - I'm to blame, all around to blame! ... Well, what else do you want? ...
“That’s it, count,” the captain shouted, turning around, hitting him on the shoulder with his big hand.
“I’m telling you,” Denisov shouted, “he’s a nice little one.
“That’s better, Count,” repeated the captain of the staff, as if for his recognition he was beginning to call him a title. - Go and apologize, your excellency, yes s.
“Gentlemen, I’ll do everything, no one will hear a word from me,” Rostov said in an imploring voice, “but I can’t apologize, by God, I can’t, as you wish!” How will I apologize, like a little one, to ask for forgiveness?
Denisov laughed.
- It's worse for you. Bogdanych is vindictive, pay for your stubbornness, - said Kirsten.
- By God, not stubbornness! I can't describe to you the feeling, I can't...
- Well, your will, - said the headquarters captain. - Well, where did this bastard go? he asked Denisov.
- He said he was sick, zavtg "and ordered pg" and by order to exclude, - Denisov said.
“This is a disease, otherwise it cannot be explained,” said the captain of the staff.
- Already there, the disease is not a disease, and if he doesn’t catch my eye, I’ll kill you! Denisov shouted bloodthirstyly.
Zherkov entered the room.
- How are you? the officers suddenly turned to the newcomer.
- Walk, gentlemen. Mack surrendered as a prisoner and with the army, absolutely.
- You're lying!
- I saw it myself.
- How? Have you seen Mac alive? with arms or legs?
- Hike! Campaign! Give him a bottle for such news. How did you get here?
“They sent him back to the regiment, for the devil, for Mack. The Austrian general complained. I congratulated him on the arrival of Mack ... Are you, Rostov, just from the bathhouse?
- Here, brother, we have such a mess for the second day.
The regimental adjutant entered and confirmed the news brought by Zherkov. Tomorrow they were ordered to speak.
- Go, gentlemen!
- Well, thank God, we stayed too long.

Kutuzov retreated to Vienna, destroying the bridges on the rivers Inn (in Braunau) and Traun (in Linz). On October 23, Russian troops crossed the Enns River. Russian carts, artillery and columns of troops in the middle of the day stretched through the city of Enns, along this and that side of the bridge.
The day was warm, autumnal and rainy. The expansive vista that opened up from the elevation where the Russian batteries stood defending the bridge was suddenly covered by a muslin curtain of slanting rain, then suddenly expanded, and in the light of the sun objects, as if covered with varnish, became far and clearly visible. You could see the town under your feet with its white houses and red roofs, the cathedral and the bridge, on both sides of which, crowding, the masses of Russian troops poured. One could see ships at the turn of the Danube, and the island, and the castle with a park, surrounded by the waters of the confluence of the Enns into the Danube, one could see the left rocky and covered pine forest the bank of the Danube with a mysterious distance of green peaks and blue gorges. The towers of the monastery could be seen, standing out from behind a pine, seemingly untouched, wild forest; far ahead on the mountain, on the other side of the Enns, the enemy patrols could be seen.
Between the guns, at a height, stood in front the head of the rearguard, a general with a retinue officer, examining the terrain through a pipe. A little behind, sitting on the trunk of the gun, Nesvitsky, sent from the commander-in-chief to the rearguard.
The Cossack accompanying Nesvitsky handed over a purse and a flask, and Nesvitsky treated the officers to pies and real doppelkumel. The officers joyfully surrounded him, some on their knees, some sitting in Turkish on the wet grass.
- Yes, this Austrian prince was not a fool that he built a castle here. Nice place. What don't you eat, gentlemen? Nesvitsky said.
“I humbly thank you, prince,” answered one of the officers, talking with pleasure to such an important staff official. - Beautiful place. We passed by the park itself, saw two deer, and what a wonderful house!
“Look, prince,” said another, who really wanted to take another pie, but was ashamed, and who therefore pretended to look around the area, “look, our infantrymen have already climbed there. Over there, on the meadow, behind the village, three people are dragging something. "They're going to take over this palace," he said with visible approval.

Due to the difficult financial situation of the family, he was given as an apprentice to the shopkeeper Sanderson, who lived in the small seaside town of States; in the evenings he eagerly listened to the sailors' stories about long voyages. In 1746, he left Sanderson and took a job at Whitby on a coal ship, plying mainly between Newcastle and London. Sailed also to Ireland, Norway and Baltic Sea. Received a certificate of assistant captain. He had the opportunity to become a skipper of one of the merchant ships, but with the start of the Seven Years' War of 1755–1763, he enlisted as a simple sailor in the royal navy. Fought in the American theater of operations. In 1757 he received an officer's rank and became commander of the Pembroke ship. In 1759 he distinguished himself at the siege of Quebec; risking his life, explored the fairway of the river. St. Lawrence in close proximity to the French positions. At the end of the war, he was engaged in compiling a map of the shores of about. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Their accuracy and detail earned him a reputation as an accomplished topographer and cartographer with the Admiralty and the Royal Geographical Society.

First trip around the world (August 1768 - July 1771).

In 1766, the Admiralty instructed him to organize a scientific expedition to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun and calculate the distance from the Earth to the Sun; The expedition also had to find out whether New Zealand, discovered in 1642 by A. Tasman, was part of the hypothetical Southern Continent. Sailed in August 1768 from Plymouth on the ship "Endeavour" (85 people), crossed the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, went into the Pacific Ocean and reached the island of Otaiti (Tahiti), where he completed the astronomical task of the expedition (June 3, 1769). Compiled geographical description Tahiti and neighboring islands; named them in honor of the Royal Geographical Society of the Society Islands. Heading southwest, on October 7, 1769, he approached New Zealand, sailed around it (In October 1769 - March 1770) and determined that it was two large islands not connected to any mainland; declared it the property of the British Crown. Deciding to return home through Indian Ocean headed for Australia. April 19, 1770 reached its eastern shore, gave it the name of New South Wales and proclaimed an English possession. Rounding the northern tip of Australia (m.York), he proved that it was separated from New Guinea by a wide strait (Torres Strait), thereby making the discovery of L.V. de Torres (1606) kept secret by the Spaniards (1606) a pan-European property. October 11 arrived in Batavia (modern Jakarta); a third of the crew died there from malaria and dysentery. Crossed the Indian Ocean, passed m. Good Hope and about. St. Helena and in July 1771 returned to England.

Second trip around the world (July 1772 - July 1775).

In the autumn of 1771, the Admiralty instructed D. Cook to find the Southern Continent in the still unexplored parts of the Southern Hemisphere. July 13, 1772 sailed from Plymouth on the ship "Resolution", accompanied by the ship "Adventure" (Captain T. Ferno), at the end of October arrived in Kapstadt (modern Cape Town), and on November 23 headed south. Already on December 12, solid ice blocked his path, but he continued to search. January 17, 1773 for the first time in history crossed the Antarctic Circle; nevertheless, he was forced to turn north and on March 25 approached the shores of New Zealand. In the summer of 1773 he visited the islands of Tahiti and Tonga and discovered the Harvey Islands (Cook Islands). On November 27, he again undertook a voyage to the south, in mid-December he stumbled upon a continuous line of ice, on January 30, 1774 he reached the southern point their travels - 71 ° 10 " south latitude, however, he again had to retreat. On the way to New Zealand, he visited Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands and the New Hybrids archipelago, discovered Fr. New Caledonia, about. Niue and Norfolk Island; made their detailed geographical description. In November 1774 he left New Zealand, crossed the Pacific Ocean along 55 ° south latitude, reached Tierra del Fuego in December, discovered the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia Island at the end of January 1775 and returned to England on July 13, having lost only one sailor. As a result of the expedition, the likelihood of the existence of the Southern Continent was a big question; if there was one, then at the very pole under blocks of ice.

Received the rank of post-captain; was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society and admitted to its membership. Gained great fame and prestige in Europe.

Third trip around the world (July 1776 - February 1779).

The purpose of the third trip was to search for a northwestern passage from Atlantic Ocean to Quiet. On July 12, 1776, he set off from Plymouth on the Resolution, escorted by the Discovery ship (Captain C. Clerk), on October 18, 1777, anchored off Kapstadt, headed southeast on November 30, and on December 12 discovered the Prince Edward Islands. He visited Tasmania, New Zealand, Tonga, Tahiti and the Society Islands in 1777. In December 1777 he headed north, on January 18, 1778 landed on the Hawaiian Islands, which he named the Sandwich Islands in honor of his patron, the Count Sandwich, in March came to the North American coast in the area of ​​modern Oregon, sailed along the coasts of Canada and Alaska, passed the Bering Strait, crossed the Arctic Circle and advanced to 70 ° 44 "North latitude, where he was stopped by solid ice. He turned south and in mid-January 1779 reached the Hawaiian Islands. He died on February 14, 1779 as a result of a skirmish with the natives in the bay of Kealakeakua on the west coast of about. Hawaii, where he was buried. His diaries, saturated with rich geographical and ethnographic information, were repeatedly published in various European languages.

But why did the natives eat Cook? For what - it is not clear, the science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing - they wanted to eat and ate Cook ...

V.S.Vysotsky

On July 11, 1776, Captain James Cook, the world-famous English sailor, traveler, explorer, cartographer, discoverer, who led three round the world expeditions British fleet. He died in a collision with the natives in the Hawaiian Islands.

James Cook

Captain James Cook (1728-1779) is one of the most revered figures in the history of the British Royal Navy. The son of a poor Scottish farmhand, at the age of eighteen he went to sea as a cabin boy to get rid of hard work on the farm. The young man quickly mastered marine science, and after three years the owner of a small merchant ship offered him the position of captain, but Cook refused. On June 17, 1755, he signed up as a sailor in the Royal Navy and 8 days later was assigned to the 60-gun ship Eagle. The future navigator and traveler took an active part in the Seven Years' War, as a naval military specialist (master) participated in the blockade of the Bay of Biscay and the capture of Quebec. Cook was given the most important task: to furnish the fairway of the section of the St. Lawrence River so that British ships could pass to Quebec. I had to work at night, under fire from French artillery, repulsing night counterattacks, restoring the buoys that the French managed to destroy. Successfully completed work brought Cook an officer rank, enriching him with cartographic experience, and was also one of the main reasons why the Admiralty, when choosing the leader of a round-the-world expedition, settled on him.

Cook's round-the-world expeditions

Hundreds, if not thousands of books have been written about D. Cook's round-the-world travels, which greatly expanded the ideas of Europeans about the world around them. Many of the maps he compiled were unsurpassed in their accuracy and accuracy for many decades and served navigators until the second half of the 19th century. Cook made a kind of revolution in navigation, having learned how to successfully deal with such a dangerous and widespread disease at that time as scurvy. A whole galaxy of famous people took part in his expeditions. English sailors, researchers, scientists such as Joseph Banks, William Bly, George Vancouver and others.

Two round-the-world voyages under the leadership of Captain James Cook (in 1768-71 and 1772-75) were quite successful. The first expedition proved that New Zealand is two independent islands separated by a narrow strait (Cook Strait), and not part of an unknown mainland, as was previously believed. It was possible to put on the map several hundred miles of the east coast of Australia, until that time completely unexplored. During the second expedition, the strait between Australia and New Guinea was discovered, but the sailors failed to reach the coast of Antarctica. Members of Cook's expeditions made many discoveries in the field of zoology and botany, collected collections of biological samples from Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.

The purpose of Cook's third expedition (1776-1779) was the discovery of the so-called Northwest Passage - a waterway that crosses the North American continent and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Australia.

For the expedition, the Admiralty allocated two ships to Cook: the flagship Resolution (displacement 462 tons, 32 guns), on which the captain made his second trip, and the Discovery with a displacement of 350 tons, which had 26 guns. The captain on the Resolution was Cook himself, on the Discovery - Charles Clerk, who participated in Cook's first two expeditions.

During Cook's third voyage around the world, the Hawaiian Islands and several hitherto unknown islands in Polynesia were discovered. Having passed the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, Cook tried to go east along the coast of Alaska, but solid ice blocked the path of his ships. It was impossible to continue the road north, winter was approaching, so Cook turned the ships, intending to spend the winter in more southern latitudes.

On October 2, 1778, Cook reached the Aleutian Islands, where he met Russian industrialists who provided him with their map for study. The Russian map turned out to be much more complete than Cook's map, it contained islands unknown to Cook, and the outlines of many lands, plotted by Cook only approximately, were displayed on it with a high degree detail and precision. It is known that Cook redrawn this map and named the strait separating Asia and America after Bering.

Why did the natives eat Cook?

On November 26, 1778, the ships of the Cook squadron reached the Hawaiian Islands, but a suitable parking was found only on January 16, 1779. The inhabitants of the islands - the Hawaiians - concentrated around the ships in large numbers. In his notes, Cook estimated their number at several thousand. Later it became known that the high interest and special attitude of the islanders to the expedition was explained by the fact that they mistook white people for their gods. locals they dragged from the ships of the Europeans everything that lay badly there, and often stole what lay well: tools, rigging and other things necessary for the expedition. Good relations, established at first between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians, began to deteriorate rapidly. Every day, the number of thefts committed by the Hawaiians increased, and the skirmishes that arose due to attempts to recover the stolen became hotter. Detachments of armed islanders flocked to the parking lot of the ships.

Feeling that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay on February 4, 1779. However, the storm that began soon caused serious damage to the Resolution's rigging, and on February 10 the ships were forced to return. There was no other anchorage nearby. The sails and parts of the rigging were brought ashore for repair, where it was increasingly difficult for travelers to protect their property. During the absence of ships, the number of armed islanders on the coast only increased. The natives were hostile. At night, they continued to commit theft, sailing in their canoes to the very ships. On February 13, the last pincers were stolen from the deck of the Resolution. The team's attempt to return them was unsuccessful and ended in an open clash.

The next day, February 14, a longboat was stolen from the Resolution. This finally pissed off the leader of the expedition. To return the stolen property, Cook decided to take Kalaniopu, one of the local leaders, as a hostage. Landing with a group of armed men, consisting of ten marines led by Lieutenant Phillips, he went to the leader's dwelling and invited him to the ship. Having accepted the offer, Kalaniopa followed the British, but at the very shore he suspected evil and refused to go further. In the meantime, several thousand Hawaiians had gathered on the shore, who surrounded Cook and his people, pushing them back to the water itself. A rumor spread among them that the British had killed several Hawaiians. In the diaries of Captain Clerk, one native is mentioned who was killed by Lieutenant Rickman's people shortly before the events described. These rumors, as well as Cook's not entirely unambiguous behavior, pushed the crowd to start hostilities. In the ensuing battle, Cook himself and four sailors died, the rest managed to retreat to the ship. There are several conflicting eyewitness accounts of those events, and it is difficult to judge from them what really happened. With a sufficient degree of certainty, we can only say that panic began among the British, the crew began to randomly retreat to the boats, and in this turmoil, Cook was killed by the Hawaiians (presumably with a blow to the back of the head with a spear).

Captain Clerk emphasizes in his diaries: if Cook had abandoned defiant behavior in the face of a crowd of thousands and had not started shooting Hawaiians, the accident could have been avoided. From the diaries of Captain Clerk:

“Considering the whole matter as a whole, I firmly believe that it would not have been carried to extremes by the natives if Captain Cook had not made an attempt to punish a man surrounded by a crowd of islanders, relying entirely on the fact that, if necessary, the soldiers of the Marine Corps could fire scatter the natives with muskets. Such an opinion was undoubtedly based on long experience with various Indian peoples in various parts of the world, but the unfortunate events of today have shown that in this case this opinion turned out to be erroneous. There is good reason to believe that the natives would not have gone so far if, unfortunately, Captain Cook had not fired at them: a few minutes before this they began to clear the way for the soldiers so that the latter could reach that place on the bank against which the boats stood (I have already mentioned this), thus giving Captain Cook the opportunity to get away from them.

According to Lieutenant Philips, a direct participant in the events, the Hawaiians were not going to prevent the return of the British to the ship, let alone attack them. The large number of the gathered crowd was explained by their concern for the fate of the king (not unreasonable, if we bear in mind the purpose for which Cook invited Kalaniop to the ship). And Phillips, like Captain Clerk, puts the blame for the tragic outcome entirely on Cook: outraged by the previous behavior of the natives, he was the first to shoot one of them.

After Cook's death, the post of expedition leader passed to the captain of the Discovery. The clerk tried to obtain the extradition of Cook's body peacefully. Failing, he ordered a military operation, during which the landing under the cover of cannons captured and burned to the ground the coastal settlements and drove the Hawaiians into the mountains. After that, the Hawaiians delivered to the Resolution a basket with ten pounds of meat and a human head without a lower jaw. It was completely impossible to identify this as the remains of Captain Cook, so the Clerk took their word for it. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea. Captain Clerk died of tuberculosis, which he was ill with throughout the voyage. The ships returned to England on February 4, 1780.

The name of the great navigator James Cook is known to most of our compatriots only by the names on geographical map, yes to the song of V.S. Vysotsky "Why did the natives eat Cook?". In a playful way, the bard tried to beat several reasons for the death of a brave traveler:

Do not grab onto someone else's waist, Escaping from the arms of your girlfriends. Remember how the now deceased Cook sailed to the shores of Australia. As in a circle, sitting under an azalea, Ride from sunrise to dawn, Ate in this sunny Australia Friend to friend evil savages. But why did the natives eat Cook? For what? It is not clear, science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing - they wanted to eat and ate Cook. There is an option that their leader Big Buka, Shouted that a very tasty cook on Cook's ship. The mistake came out, that's what science is silent about, They wanted a cook, but they ate Cook. And there was no trick or trick at all. They entered without knocking, almost without a sound, Launched a bamboo club, Bale right on the crown and there is no Cook. But there is, however, still the assumption that Cook was eaten out of great respect. That everyone was incited by a sorcerer, a cunning and wicked one. Atu, guys, grab Cook. Whoever eats it without salt and without onions, He will be strong, brave, kind, like Cook. Someone came across a stone, Threw a viper, and there is no Cook. And now the savages are wringing their hands, Breaking spears, breaking bows, Burning and throwing bamboo clubs. They worry that they ate Cook.

Apparently, the author of the song did not know the real details of the incident on February 14, 1779. Otherwise, the curious theft of ticks and the ill-fated longboat, which served as the main cause of the conflict between the islanders and the expedition leader, would not have been ignored, as well as the fact that James Cook did not die in Australia at all, but in the Hawaiian Islands.

Unlike the inhabitants of Fiji and most other peoples of Polynesia, the Hawaiians did not eat the meat of victims, and especially enemies, for food. During the solemn ceremony, only the left eye of the victim was usually offered to the presiding chief. The rest was cut into pieces and burned as a ritual sacrifice to the gods.

So, Cook's body, as it turned out, no one ate.

The captain of the Discovery, Charles Clerk, described the transfer of Cook's remains by the natives as follows:

“About eight in the morning, when it was still rather dark, we heard the swing of the oars. A canoe was approaching the ship. There were two people in the boat, and when they got on board, they immediately fell on their faces before us and, it seems, were terribly frightened by something. After much wailing and copious tears in connection with the loss of "Orono" - as the natives called Captain Cook - one of them told us that he had brought us parts of his body.

He handed us a small bundle from a piece of cloth, which he had previously held under his arm. It is difficult to convey the horror of all of us, holding in our hands a stump of a human body weighing nine or ten pounds. This is all that remains of Captain Cook, they explained to us. The rest, as it turned out, was cut into small pieces and burned; his head and all the bones, with the exception of the bones of the torso, now, according to them, belonged to the temple at Terreoboo. What we held in our hands was the share of the high priest Kaoo, who wanted to use this piece of meat for religious ceremonies. He said that he was handing it over to us as proof of his complete innocence in what happened and his sincere affection for us ... "

James Cook is one of the greatest discoverers of the 18th century. A man who led as many as three round-the-world expeditions, discovered many new lands and islands, an experienced navigator, explorer and cartographer - that's who James Cook is. Read about his travels in this article.

Childhood and youth

The future navigator was born on October 27, 1728 in the village of Marton (England). His father was a poor farmer. Over time, the family moved to the village of Great Ayton, where James Cook was educated at a local school. Since the family was poor, James's parents were forced to give him as an apprentice to a shopkeeper who lived in the small seaside town of States.

As an 18-year-old boy, James Cook, whose biography tells of him as a hardworking and purposeful person, left his job with a shopkeeper and got hired as a cabin boy on a coal ship. Thus began his career as a sailor. The ship on which he went to sea for the first few years, mainly plying between London and England. He also managed to visit Ireland, Norway and the Baltic, and almost all of his free time devoted to self-education, being interested in such sciences as mathematics, navigation, astronomy and geography. James Cook, who was offered a high position on one of the ships of the trading company, chose to enlist as an ordinary sailor in the British Navy. Later he took part in the Seven Years' War, and at its end he established himself as an experienced cartographer and topographer.

First trip around the world

In 1766, the British Admiralty decided to send a scientific expedition to the Pacific Ocean, the purpose of which was various observations of cosmic bodies, as well as some calculations. In addition, it was necessary to study the coast of New Zealand, discovered by Tasman back in 1642. James Cook was appointed the leader of the voyage. His biography, however, contains more than one journey in which he played a leading role.

James Cook sailed from Plymouth in August 1768. The expedition ship crossed the Atlantic, rounded South America and went out to the Pacific Ocean. The astronomical assignment was completed on the island of Tahiti on June 3, 1769, after which Cook sent the ships in a south-westerly direction and four months later reached New Zealand, the coast of which he thoroughly explored before continuing the journey. Then he sailed towards Australia and, finding which at that time was not known to Europeans, rounded it from the north and on October 11, 1970 sailed to Batavia. In Indonesia, the expedition suffered an epidemic of malaria and dysentery, which killed a third of the team. From there, Cook headed west, crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa, and on July 12, 1771, returned to his homeland.

Second trip around the world

In the autumn of the same year, the British Admiralty again started another voyage. This time, his goal is to explore the still unexplored parts of the Southern Hemisphere and search for the alleged Southern Continent. This task was entrusted to James Cook.

Two ships of the expedition sailed from Plymouth on July 13, 1772, and on October 30 landed in Kapstadt (now Cape Town), located in southern Africa. After staying there for a little less than a month, Cook continued to sail in a southerly direction. In mid-December, travelers stumbled upon solid ice that blocked the way for ships, but Cook was not going to give up. He crossed the Antarctic Circle on January 17, 1773, but was soon forced to turn the ships to the north. Over the next few months, he visited several islands in Oceania and the Pacific, after which he made another attempt to break through to the south. On January 30, 1774, the expedition managed to reach the southernmost point of its voyage. Then Cook again headed north, visited several islands. James Cook, whose biography is full of discoveries, this time stumbled upon new islands. Having completed his research in this region, he sailed east and landed on Tierra del Fuego in December. The expedition returned to England on July 13, 1775.

Upon completion of this voyage, which made Cook very famous throughout Europe, he received a new promotion, and also became a member of the Royal Geographical Society, which also awarded him a gold medal.

Third trip around the world

The purpose of the next voyage was to search for a northwestern route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The journey of James Cook began in Plymouth, from where, on July 12, 1776, an expedition consisting of two ships left under his leadership. The navigators arrived in Kapstadt, and from there they went to the southeast and by the end of 1777 they had visited Tasmania, New Zealand and other places. In the middle of December next year the expedition visited the Hawaiian Islands, after which it continued to follow north, where Cook sent ships along the coast of Canada and Alaska, crossed and soon, finally stuck in solid ice was forced to turn back south.

James Cook is one of the most famous English navigators, who was born in 1728 into a poor farming family. This brave traveler was able to cross the globe three times and discover several islands and archipelagos.

Discoveries of James Cook

The expedition of 1768 turned out to be a huge success for James Cook, because during it he discovered Australia. He made a thorough exploration of its east coast. He also discovered the Great Barrier Reef, which is famous all over the world today.

Already at the beginning of 1772, James Cook assembled a new expedition. During it, he decided to set sail on Pacific Ocean. His main goal was to find the southern mainland. The result of this large-scale expedition was a swim in the Amundsen Sea, a three-time crossing of the Antarctic Circle and the discovery of the South Sandwich Islands, which were described in detail by the navigator and subsequently marked on the map.

Cook's third expedition took place in 1776-1779. During this time, he managed to discover and map the Hawaiian Islands, and also obtained indisputable evidence that there is a strait between Asia and America. However, it was this expedition that cost the navigator his life. During it, the natives attacked Cook and took him prisoner, where he was killed. Later they gave the crew members his body, which was given to the sea.

Find out more about how James Cook discovered Australia and why he gave it that name in our other articles.