Soft and hard consonants before e rules. Pronunciation of consonants before e

1. A certain kind of difficulty may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.

Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in [te] rvyu, tone [ne] l, sin [te] z, [te] st, [manager] dzher, [te] zis, coc \ te \ yl.

In modern Russian, the main trend in the pronunciation of borrowed words is the transition from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that used to be pronounced only firmly now allow soft pronunciation: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.

2. As a rule, remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \ k "e \ ks, s [x" e \ ma, [g "e \ nesis, suf [l" e], ba [g "e] t. In most cases, the soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the variant with a hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r "e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d "e, p" e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional deh], congress[r "ei additional re], progress[r "e and additional re], express[p "e and additional re].

Of particular note are the pronunciations of compound words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es ba], CIS [es en ge]. Pronounce proper names correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center Leningrad region) [d] pronounced softly Lo [d "e \ ynoe, not [de]; Oh [d "e] ss, not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.

However, many foreign names and surnames, and geographical names pronounce with a firm consonant: \De]kart, Wol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n and others. The norm regarding borrowed names developed in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.

3. It is necessary to distinguish between sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. Remember: a) only [e] pronounced in the words: af e ra, be e, foreign e nny, ist e kshiy, op e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in the words: zat ë kshiy, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë sshiy and etc.

Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy And white ë syy, resh e woven And resh ë woven), semantic ( n e bo - n ë bo, yellow e zka - yellow ë zka), normative-chronological ( midwife e r - Akush ë R(outdated), hopeless ë zhny - hopeless e zhny(obsolete) and others).

Pronunciation of the combination CHN. The combination of CHN requires special attention, because. mistakes are often made in its pronunciation.

In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [Ch"N], especially in words of book origin: al [h "n] th, anti \ h "n \ th, por [h" n \ th, removable [h "n] th, interpersonal [h" n] ostny, commander [h" n] th, matrix [ h "n] th and etc.

In some cases, the same word can be pronounced differently depending on the figurative meaning, which appears in stable combinations: heart disease And friend heart [shn] th, kopee [h "n] th coin And kopee [shn \ th soul.

Back at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [h "n]: bulo [shn] th, weekday [shn] yy, youthful [shn \ yy, brusni [shn] yy etc., in modern language such a pronunciation is characterized as obsolete or even colloquial.

Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [h "n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: kone[shn] o, boring [shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn] \ ica, square [shn] ik, laundry [shn] th, very [shn] ik, bitter [shn] ik, empty [sh] th. The same pronunciation is preserved in female patronymics: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Nikiti[shn]a, Savvi[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a. This is a traditional deviation from the general norm, which is legalized by dictionaries, so it should be followed in your speech.

The pronunciation of the combination Th. Combination thu usually pronounced as it is written, for example: ma thu a, by thu about thu And and etc.; but only combination [PCS] pronounced in a word What and its derivatives (with the exception of the lexeme something). In a word nothing double pronunciation is allowed.

Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. The following recommendations should be followed here: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz clean, centuries erh, to nn oh, be ss ovestny etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: conceived nn oh, except nn oh, defuse nn th etc. In non-prefixed participles, one sound is pronounced n : wound nn th in the leg, the heat nn fried potatoes; the exception is those cases where words like purchase nn oh, brooch nn ouch, yes nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words with foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after the stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, ha mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (celestial) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: A ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reditive; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gri pp ; c) before a consonant: grue pp ka, cla ss ny, program mm ny etc. In some words, variant pronunciation is allowed, for example: A nn aly, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff uzia, ka ss eta and etc.

Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign origin (including in proper names) unstressed sound O , For example: wet O, credit O, With O no, fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-learned words, akanye is observed: R O man, ar O checkmate, to O comfort etc. In some cases, variant pronunciation of unstressed O : V O calism, p O Asia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words, a sound is pronounced [e](no previous [th]): about e kt, piru uh t, by uh zia, audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b engali, b enefis, P elerin, V spruce V no etc.), but in some cases labial before e stay solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m yong, sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others retain firmness before e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft teeth are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T en, clar n no, T enor, f n era, shi n spruce, o d essa etc. In many words before e possible variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.

Accentological norms (stress norms). stress - highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. In many languages, setting stress does not cause any difficulties, because. their accent is fixed. In Polish, Latin, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is various places , since it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc A fork, On the second - walls A , on the third - beauties A etc. Diversity allows you to distinguish between grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hand And, us s pat - embankment A be etc. Stress in Russian can be characterized as mobile and fixed. motionless is called such an accent that falls on the same part of the word: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O hospital, g O hospital, oh O hospital - the stress is attached to the root; ringing Yu, ringing And m, ringing And those ringing And shh, ringing And t, ringing I T - the stress is attached to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start A t, n A started, started A; right, right A you are right A; could at, m O chew, m O gut; Mon I t, p O understood, understood A.

Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): hw A vet And rusty e be, tv O horn And creation O G, b A rust And barges A ; T e fteli And teft e whether; at the same time e exactly And at the same time e no and etc. There are about 5000 such words in Russian. 2) unequal: a) semantic (differ in meaning): jokes A (blades) and acute O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward And be(to run); burial at feminine(placed in transport) - dip e ny(lowered into the water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular book and colloquial ( points A be And b A catch, Great Danes O R And d O dialect), common and professional ( To O mpas And comp A With, And scar And sparks A, A languid And at O many; excited O and excitation at born); V) normative-chronological (manifested in the time of their use), for example, modern and obsolete: apartments e nts And apart A cops, steal And nsky And Ukrainian A indian.

A certain difficulty is the setting of stress in derivative forms of words. Here you should be guided by some rules.

Noun

1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. A T – St. A You, T O rt – T O mouths, shr And ft – shr And ft etc.

2. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular: b And nt - bandage A, With e rp - sickle A, h O nt - umbrella A etc.

3. Feminine nouns in the accusative singular have an accent or on the ending ( troubles at, wine at, plates at, nor at etc.), or based on ( b O kind, in O du, s And mu, p O RU etc.).

4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition V And on have an accent on the ending: in chest And, in honor And, in connection And, at night And .

5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent then on the basis ( raise s shennosti, ch at posts, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: O trasley And industry e y, p I dey And span e th, statement e th And V e houses.

Adjective

1. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the neuter and masculine gender the stress is placed on the basis, while it usually coincides with the stress in full form: b e ly - white A, b e l, b e lo; I sleepy - clear A, I sen, I clear etc.

2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly - white s, bl And zki - close And, P at sta - empty s, n And zki - low And etc. But only easily And, etc A You.

3. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree - on the suffix: long A- long e e, visible A- visible e e, full - full e e and etc.

4. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the basis, then in the comparative degree the stress is also placed on the basis of: lil O wah lil O wow, beautiful And wa - beautiful And Vee, linen And va - linen And in her and so on.

Verb

1. The stress in the forms of the past tense can be on the basis and on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put - put, cl A la, cl A lo, cl A whether and etc.; b) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: take - took, took A, br A lo, br A whether; swim swam swam A, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: to take - A took, took A, h A noo, s A nyali; start - n A started, started A, n A chalo, n A chali and etc.

2. In short passive participles of the past tense, the stress in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken A, started - started A, accepted - accepted A ; b) in participles on - swearing, - tattered, - called the accent falls on the prefix: h A bran, pr e torn, pr And rank and so on.

3. Among the verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: a) with an emphasis on And (cop And rove, debate And rove, adviser And rovat); b) with emphasis on A (standards A th, premium A th, ice cream A b). Passive past participles formed from verbs in -ing , are divided into two groups: a) form on -And rove corresponds to the form on -And roved (block And rove - block And forged, planned And rove - plan And roved); b) form on -irov A be- form on -ir O bathroom (premier A t - premir O bathroom, shaping A t - shaper O bathroom).

Variation and mobility of stresses lead to errors. The main reasons for the occurrence of errors include the following.

1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words that come from French, will have the stress on the last syllable. These include: apostre O f, blinds And, quart A l, coccle Yu sh, fet And sh, exp e rt.

2. The absence of the letter Y in the printed text, because it is always under stress: bewitched, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.

3. Poor knowledge of morphology. In case of incorrect formation of case forms, errors are made, for example: keychain A instead of wandered O ka, towels instead of canvas e net, rake e th instead of gr A linen.

TASKS ON THE THEME

Exercise 1. Place the stress on the following nouns:

Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, chunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.

Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, icon painting, rubber, aches, libel, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.

Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.

Dialogue, game, spark, pantry, colossus, ailment, parterre, bonuses, purple, angle, carpenter, legalization, Christian.

Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different stresses, make up a phrase with each of them.

A tlas - atl A s, br O nya - bron I, V And denia - view e nie, And rice - ir And s, cl at would - club s, acute O ta - sharpness A, st A rina - old A, tr at sit - coward And th, at naked - ug O linen.

Task 3. Form the genitive singular from the following nouns and place the stress on them. What is the reason for setting the stress in this or that case?

Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, tourniquet, wand, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.

Task 4. Put the stress in the genitive plural of 3rd declension nouns.

Insolence, posts, poles, brushes, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.

Task 5. Place the stress in the initial forms of adjectives.

Peanut, rampant, gross, stamp, long-standing, cousin, jagged, sparkling, cedar, miserly, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.

Task 6. Form everything from these adjectives short forms and put emphasis on them.

Lively, hungry, proud, bitter, rough, cheap, long, miserable, green, strong, right, rare, bright, well-fed.

Task 7. Point out the stress in the adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?

Incessantly, cleanly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, long time ago, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at great prices, backhanded, obliquely, for a long time.

Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.

Pamper, memorize, stick, jam, clog, rust, call, spoil, exhaust, cough, start, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, cheer, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.

Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place the stress in them. What rules determine the placement of stress in the forms of the past tense?

Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, acquire, hire, hug, transfer, submit, understand, arrive, tear, be known, disappear, sew.

Task 10. Form short verbs from the following verbs passive participles and highlight them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.

Take, take away, occupy, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.

Task 11. Place the stress in the following verbs on -ing. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.

Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, graduate, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, lacquer, liquidate, mask, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.

Task 12. From the above verbs to –ing(task 10) form the full passive past participles and stress them. What rule should be followed in this case?

Task 13. Rewrite the words, distributing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Make a conclusion about the peculiarities of pronunciation and spelling of the words of each group.

Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, attendant, tinker, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, helper, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.

Task 14. Point out incorrect statements.

1. Orthoepic norm regulates word usage.

2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.

3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.

5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.

6. To clarify the norms of pronunciation, you should refer to the etymological dictionary.

Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants

The distinction in the pronunciation of consonants, paired in hardness-softness, has a phonemic meaning, since in Russian hard and soft consonants distinguish the sound shells of words (cf. was - true story, brother - take, etc.). The pronunciation of soft consonants differs from the pronunciation of the corresponding hard consonants by "iot" articulation, which consists in the fact that the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate.

At the end of a word and before some consonants, as well as before vowels [a], [o], [y], the hardness and softness of the consonants are clearly distinguished. The softness of consonants in these positions is indicated in writing: at the end of a word and before some consonants - the letter b (cf. ripple - ripple, treasure - treasure, blow - hit, jackdaw - pebble, housekeeper - save, etc.) , and before the vowels [a], [o], [y] - with the letters i, e, u (cf. mother - knead, knock - bale, nose - carried). The use of the letter b after the hissing [w], [w], [h], [u] does not affect the pronunciation of these consonants, since it has a morphological meaning, indicates the shape of the words (cf. knife - multiply, ours - give, bream - thing, weaver - jump, cry - cut, etc.).

1. The softness of consonants, indicated in writing(b and letters i, e, e, u): brother - take, jackdaw - pebbles, shaft - sluggish, nose - carried, tuk - bale - [brother - brother "], [galk - gal" k), [val - in "al], [nose - n" os], [tuk - t" uk].

The final labials, in accordance with the spelling, are pronounced softly: flail - chain, shelter - blood, slave - ripples - [cep - cep "], [krof - krof"], [rap - r" ap "].

Soft labials before i, yo, yu are pronounced without additional articulation of softness: five, knead, chalk, led, engraving, mashed potatoes - [n "ät"], [m "ät"], [m "ol], [v" ol ], [grav "ur", [n "ype].

Softness [m] in the words seven, eight is preserved in complex numerals: seven - seventy - seven hundred, eight - eighty - eight hundred - [with "em" - with "em" ds "ut - s" and e m "hot], [ vos "bm" - vos "bm" d "bs" ut - ws "and e m" sot).

2. Softness of consonants, not indicated in writing. In a position before consonants, the hardness and softness of consonants often have a dependent, assimilative character, i.e. depends on the hardness and softness of the subsequent consonant. The softness of consonants in this case is not indicated on the letter.

The softening of hard consonants before soft ones depends on various conditions: what are these consonants, before which soft consonants are they, in what part of the word there is a combination of consonants, what style of speech this or that word belongs to:

a) inside the word before the sound [j], consonants soften in some cases: fish, leaves, judge, guest

b) dental consonants [s], [s], [d], [t] before soft dental and labial are pronounced softly: mushroom, sadness - [sad "t"], [sad "t"], wall, song -, [p "ê" s "nj]. In a number of words, softening is variable: ripe, star, hard, door

c) the consonant [n] before soft [d], [t], [n] (less often before [h], [s]), as well as before [h], [u] is pronounced softly: cantik, bandit, equestrian, pensioner, claim, chick

d) the consonant of the prefix c- and the preposition consonant with it, as well as the final consonants of prefixes on z and consonant prepositions with them before soft dental and dividing b are pronounced softly: loafer, idle, products, from the case, remove - [b "and e z "d" êln "jk], [b" and e z "-del], [from "d" êl "and b], [from "-d" el], [from "jat]. In other cases, softness is variable: removed, from it - [s "n" al] and [sn" al], [s "-n" and e in] and [s-n" and e in];

In oral speech, the pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words causes certain difficulties: t [em] p or [t "e] mp? bass [se] yn or bass [s "e] yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite distinctly: aegis, evolution, duelist, etc.

Many borrowed words have orthoepic features that must be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign origin, in place of an unstressed o, the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, net, advice note, oasis, renome. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento, etc.

Soft pronunciation:

Solid pronunciation:

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

6. In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: gene zis [g "ene], relay [rel" e], etc.

7. Solid [ sh] is pronounced in the words para shyu t [shu], bro shyu ra [shu]. In the word of the jury, a soft hissing is pronounced [ and"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear.

Should be pronounced:

incident, not inc[n]dent;

precedent, not precedent;

to compromise, not to compromise;

competitive, not competitive [n]capable;

extraordinary, not h[e] extraordinary;

institution, not institution;

future, not future;

thirsty, not thirsty

Home > Lecture

Remember some words in which the consonant before e is pronounced firmly: anesthesia, cleavage, grotesque, degradation, decadence, delicacy, detective, computer, manager, mixer, service, stress, thesis, antithesis, nonsense, protection, sweater, thermos, sandwich, pace, tennis, awning, brown hair, psychic, beefsteak, business, inert, atelier, identical, laser, interview, pastel, rugby, timbre, trend, phonetics, index, interior, meringue, relay, sexy. Words with a soft consonant before e: academic, beret, accounting, debut, anemia, brunette, clarinet, competence, context, cream, museum, patent, pate, press, progress, term, flannel, overcoat, essence, jurisprudence, yachtsman. In many cases, variant pronunciation is allowed: [d "] ekan and [de] kan, [d"] ekanat and [de] kanat, [s"] session and [se] ssia, but [ve] lla and but [in" ]ella, ag[r"]session and additional ag[re]ssia, [d"]ep[r"]session and additional [de]p[re]ssia, ba[ss"]ein and ba[sse ]yn, strategy [t "] egy and additional strategy [te] gia, lo [te] rey and additional lo [t "] herey. Pronunciation [ch], [shn] in place of the orthographic ch The competition of pronunciation options in place of the spelling combination ch has a long history, the echoes of which we feel when we have to choose one or another use: sku [ch] o or sku [shn] o, skvore [h] ik or rather [shn] ik? There is a gradual displacement of the old Moscow pronunciation [shn] and a convergence of the pronunciation with the spelling, so the options kori [shn] vyy, bulo[shn] aya, gorni [shn] aya are obsolete. At the same time, it should be remembered that some words are retained as a mandatory pronunciation [shn] in place of spelling h: boring, boring, on purpose, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, trifling, eyeglass case (glass case), laundry, mustard plaster, loser, candlestick. The pronunciation [shn] is also normative in female patronymics: Kuzminichna, Fominichna, Ilyinichna. Pronunciation [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and hissing In modern speech, one often hears a scam, guardianship instead of the scam, guardianship provided for by the norm. Why do such fluctuations occur? The long process of transition from [e] to [o], in writing denoted by the letter ё, in a position under stress after soft consonants before hard ones, is reflected in the state of the modern norm. In most cases, under stress in a position between a soft and hard consonant and after hissing, the sound [o] is pronounced (graphically ё). Compare, for example, a sieve - a lattice, a star - starry, a tear - tearful. Remember the words with this pronunciation: motley, gutter, worthless, sweep, swollen, perch, marker, starter, oblivion, engraver, driver, priest, bigamy, expired (bleeded). However, in many words, most often borrowed, there is no transition [e] to [o] in this position: guardianship (not guardianship!), scam (not scam!), stout, grenadier, bigamist, expired (day), pole, rod , spineless, carabinieri, settlement, deadwood, simultaneous. The possibility of variant pronunciation of some words testifies to the fluctuation of this orthoepic norm. It should be borne in mind that the main, most preferred options are with e: whitish, faded, bile, bile, maneuver, maneuverable, fade. Dictionaries fix options with e as acceptable, that is, less desirable in use: whitish, faded, bile, bilious, maneuver, maneuverable, fade. GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS OF SPEECH The grammatical correctness of speech is determined by the observance of grammatical norms, that is, the correct choice of grammatical forms of words (morphological norms) and the forms of connection of words in a phrase and sentence (syntactic norms). MORPHOLOGICAL NORMS The morphological structure of the Russian language has been sufficiently studied both from the historical and from the structural and descriptive side. At the same time, in speech practice there are many questions about the correctness of the use of certain forms of words. Why is the noun "coffee" masculine? Which form should be chosen - "agreements" or "agreements", "accountants" or "accountants"? What is the correct way to say: “go off the rails” or “go off the rails”, “a couple of clips” or “a couple of clips”? Numerous grammatical violations in both oral and written speech indicate the need for more close attention to these questions. Difficulties in Forming Nouns by Gender The category of gender is quite stable, and we can easily attribute the noun "table" to the masculine gender, and "desk" to the feminine. But in a number of cases the gender of nouns has changed, and instead of the old forms of film, rail, hall, new film, rail, hall are used. Some nouns still retain variant gender design, that is, parallel forms coexist in the language: banknote - banknote, aviary - aviary, dahlia - dahlia, burr - burr, duct - duct, spiny lobster - spiny lobster, mongoose - mongoose, arabesque - arabesque , shutter - shutter. Some options are rated as valid along with the main ones: key - add. keys, clearing - add. clearing, sprat - add. sprat, giraffe - add. giraffe. Fluctuation in design by gender is characteristic of many names of shoes, but only one generic form corresponds to the literary norm: masculine - boots, felt boots, sneakers, high boots, slippers; feminine - shoe, sandal, sandal, slipper, slipper, boot, sneaker, galosh. Incorrect: shoes, slippers, slippers, sneakers, sandal. Difficulties in formalization by gender also arise when using a number of other nouns that have only one normative generic form. The masculine gender includes the nouns shampoo, roofing felt, tulle, shoulder strap, corrective, clip, rail (variant design by gender is preserved only in the form of the genitive plural - derail and derail). The feminine gender includes the nouns veil, corn, beans, reserved seat, cuff. Remember: the feminine form of the tomato, which is common in the speech of the Astrakhans, is not normative, and therefore only the masculine form of the tomato should be used. Definition of the grammatical gender of indeclinable nouns 1. As a rule, indeclinable nouns denoting inanimate objects belong to the middle gender: show, alibi, fiasco, planter, baroque, interview, jury, variety show, entrecha, pince-nez, rugby, bikini, meringue, communique, Role, aloe, taboo, rally, revue, necklace, cliche, dossier, cafe, slang. 2. In a number of cases, the gender is determined by a more general generic concept: Bengali, Hindi, Pashto - masculine ("language"); kohlrabi ("cabbage"), salami ("sausage") - feminine; sirocco, tornado ("wind") - masculine; avenue ("street") - feminine. 3. The gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names is also determined by grammatical gender common noun, expressing a generic concept (that is, according to the gender of the words river, city, lake, etc.): Sochi - masculine (city), Gobi - feminine (desert), Missouri - feminine (river). Compare: multi-million Tokyo (city), wide Mississippi (river), industrial Baku (city), picturesque Capri (island), full-flowing Erie (lake). So, tribal affiliation can also be motivated from the content side. It is no coincidence that many indeclinable nouns (words of foreign origin) receive a dual characterization in dictionaries. For example, the word "tsunami" can be associated with the concept of "wave" and be shaped in the Russian language as a feminine gender, or it can be classified as an inanimate noun and receive a neuter gender. Wed: tsunami - s.r. (Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language); and. and s.r. (Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language); avenue (connection with the word "street") - f.r. (Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language), w. and s.r. (frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants "Grammatical correctness of Russian speech"); penalty (connection with the word "hit") - m. and s.r. (Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language). From a formal point of view, the literary language can retain non-productive variants (coffee is masculine). The dictionaries mark the variant form according to the gender of the noun coffee (m and s.p.). Presumably, one of the reasons for the initial attribution of the word coffee to the masculine gender was the now lost tradition of using it with a different phonetic form - "coffee". Second possible reason- belonging of the word to the masculine gender in French, from which it was borrowed. 4. Indeclinable nouns denoting animated objects are masculine: funny pony, funny chimpanzee, big kangaroo, beautiful cockatoo, old marabou. The exception is words whose gender is determined by the generic concept: hummingbird - feminine (bird), ivasi - feminine (fish), tsetse - feminine (fly). Some animate indeclinable nouns may have a parallel form in gender, depending on the context. Wed: The old kangaroo carefully looked around. The kangaroo protected her cub. 5. Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting persons are masculine or feminine depending on the gender of the designated person: a famous entertainer, a rich rentier, an old curate, a talented travesty, a beautiful pani, an elderly lady, a great maestro, a capable impresario. Bigeneric words are protégé (my protégé, my protégé), vis-à-vis, incognito, hippie. Definition of the grammatical gender of abbreviations and compound words 1. The grammatical gender of an abbreviation (abbreviated word) is defined as follows: correlation with the gender of the stem word "record")"; b) if the abbreviation is not inclined, then its gender is determined by the gender of the main (core) word of the deciphered compound name: ACS - feminine (automatic control system), SEC - feminine (state examination board ), HPP - river (hydroelectric power station), SGU - m. river (Saratov State University), ATS - f.r. (automatic telephone exchange), housing department - m. (housing and operational area), housing cooperative - m.r. (housing-building cooperative). The difficulty of etymological decoding of abbreviations, their formal similarity with integral words (such as, for example, cat, house, cancer) lead to loosening general rule speech practice and the emergence of options. Wed: VAK - f.r. (Higher Attestation Commission) and permissible m.r.; MFA - s.r. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and permissible m. ROE - f.b. (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) and additional. s.r. However, fluctuations in the norm of determining the grammatical gender of an abbreviation by the core word are not evidence of the abolition of this rule, which continues to operate in the Russian language. 2. The grammatical gender of compound words such as sofa-bed, shop-studio, museum-apartment is determined by the semantic relationships between the parts of the compound word - the leading component is a word with a more general meaning: museum-library - noun. husband. kind (the word museum denotes a broader concept, with the second part acting as a clarifying one); chair-bed, rocking chair of the middle gender (one of the types of chairs is called, and the second part of the word is only specified). As a rule, the leading word is in the first place: exhibition-view, exhibition-sale, showcase-stand - these are feminine nouns; review competition, sofa bed, theater-studio, evening meeting, lesson-lecture, rematch, plant-laboratory, car-workshop, salon-studio, story-sketch - masculine; a dressing gown, a cafe-pastry shop, an atelier-studio - of a middle kind. In some cases, the order of arrangement may not correspond to the semantic significance of the parts of the word - alpha decay - husband. r., gamma radiation - cf. r., raincoat-tent, cafe-dining room - female. In case of difficulty, you should refer to the Orthoepic Dictionary or the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language. Difficulties in using case forms of nouns Use of forms nominative case plural M.V. Lomonosov at one time unconditionally recommended for use only 3 words with the ending -a in the nominative plural case: sides, eyes, gender, and gave a small list of words that allowed the double use of forms on -s and on -a: forests - forests, shores - shores, bells - bells, snows - snows, meadows - meadows. Common to the literary language in the XIX century. there were forms: trains, houses, sails, professors. A trend in development is clearly emerging: the number of forms per stressed -а (-я) is steadily increasing due to forms with unstressed -ы (-и). The following tend to form the nominative plural on -а (-я): a) monosyllabic words: run - run, forest - forests, age - centuries, house - houses, silk - silks, volume - volumes, etc. But: cakes , syllables, soups, fronts, ports. Incorrect: cake, syllable, soup, front, port. b) words that have singular stress on the first syllable: order - orders, pearls - pearls, cook - cooks, address - addresses, watchman - watchman, monogram - monogram, boat - boats, stack - stacks, ham - ham, skull - skulls, orders - orders, etc. But: handwriting, grooms, valves, healers. Given their colloquial nature, parallel forms in -a (-s) of the following nouns are acceptable: turner - turners - turner, locksmith - locksmiths, locksmith, cruiser - cruisers - cruisers, tractor - tractors, tractors, etc. In some cases, forms on - a(-s) and on -s(-s) differ in meaning: images (artistic) - images (icons); tones (shades of sound) - tones (shades of color); bread (in the oven) - bread (in the field); bodies (cars) - bodies (mushrooms); omissions (oversights) - passes (documents); orders (insignia) - orders (knightly); furs (blacksmith's; wineskins) - furs (dressed skins); sheets (paper) - leaves (on trees). The following tend to form the nominative plural on -s (-s): a) words with an accent on the final syllable of the stem: associate professor - associate professors, portfolio - portfolios, cut - cuts, auditor - auditors, percentage - percentages, steamboat - steamships and etc. (single exceptions such as sleeve - sleeve, cuff - cuff); b) words of foreign origin with the final part -er: officer - officers, driver - drivers, engineer - engineers, director - directors, conductor - conductors, actor - actors, etc. c) words of Latin origin with the final part -tor, denoting inanimate items: detectors, capacitors, reflectors, transformers. Words of Latin origin in -tor, -sor, -zor, denoting animated objects, may in some cases end in -s (designers, lecturers, rectors, censors, authors, dispatchers), in others -a (directors, doctors, professors) . Allowed, taking into account their colloquial nature, variant forms in -a for a number of nouns: proofreaders - proofreaders, instructors - instructors, inspectors - inspectors, editors - editors; d) trisyllabic and polysyllabic words with an accent on the middle syllable: accountants, pharmacists, speakers, librarians, composers, researchers. Forms of a pharmacist, accountant are colloquial, not normative and are not recommended for use. Use of genitive plural forms Difficulties associated with the use of genitive plural forms in speech arise quite often. What form to choose - grams (with a formally expressed ending) or grams (with a zero ending), hectares or hectares, a nursery or a nursery? Masculine nouns with a basis on a solid consonant of the following groups gravitate to the formation of forms with a zero ending: a) names of paired objects: (pair) boots, boots, stockings, (without) shoulder straps, epaulettes, (form) eyes, legs, hands. Note that in the orthoepic dictionary, variant forms of socks and socks are noted; b) names of persons by nationality (words with stems starting with "r" ina "n"): (several) Bashkirs, Tatars, Moldovans, Georgians, Englishmen, Turks, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Romanians, Ossetians. But: Kalmyks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Yakuts, Uzbeks; fluctuations: Turkmen - Turkmen; c) some names of units of measurement usually used with numerals: (several) volts, amperes, watts, hertz, fluctuations: microns - microns, coulombs - pendant, carats - carats, roentgens - roentgens. Only in oral colloquial speech can be used in parallel with the main options and shorter forms: kilograms and kilograms, grams and grams, hectares and hectares; d) names of military groups: soldier, partisan, hussar, dragoon. But: miners, sappers. Please note: for the names of fruits and vegetables, the normative forms in the genitive plural are, as a rule, forms with endings: oranges, tomatoes, tangerines, pomegranates, bananas, eggplants. Forms with zero inflection (kilogram tomato, pomegranate) can only be used in colloquial speech. For feminine nouns, the following forms are normative: earrings, apple trees, waffles, domain, drops, gossip, roofing, nannies, candles (a variant of candles is found in stable combinations such as "the game is not worth the candle"), sheets (permissibly simple "yn, but not cool), shares. The existence of morphological variants can be determined by the variance in stress or sound composition: ba "rzh (t barge") and bar "rzhey (from ba" rye), sa "zheny (from sa" zhen) and soot "n, soot" of her (from sazhen), bitter (from the "gorge") and with the "pots" (from the "pot"). For nouns of the middle gender, such forms of the genitive plural as shoulders, towels, saucers, porches, lace, mirrors, mirrors, backwoods, coasts, potions, apprentices are normative. For nouns that are used only in the plural, in the genitive case, the following forms are normative: twilight, attacks, descendants, weekdays, nurseries, frosts, gr "ables and rakes, stilts and stilts. Difficulties in using some surnames 1. Foreign surnames ending in -ov , -in in the instrumental case have an ending -om (Darwin, Chaplin, Cronin, Virkhov), in contrast to Russian surnames ending in -y (Petrov, Vasiliev, Sidorov, Sinitsyn). : Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko - at Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko, before Vasilenko, Yurchenko, Petrenko 3. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are inclined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women: with Andrey Grigorovich - with Anna Grigorovich, Lev Gorelik - Irina Gorelik, Igor Korbut - Vera Korbut Difficulties in using forms of adjectives The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives do not meet the literary norm, formed according to the type more humane, more beautiful, the most beautiful. For the formation of forms of comparative and superlatives there are two ways in the language: analytical (more humane, most beautiful) and synthetic, when the meaning is expressed using a suffix (more humane, most beautiful). The desire to combine both of these methods leads to errors. Remember the correct options: thinner or thinner, thinnest or thinnest. In no case do not use such forms of adjectives as thinner or the thinnest. How numerals are used in speech Of all the names (noun, numeral, adjective), numerals are more unlucky than others: they are increasingly used incorrectly in speech. For example, before our eyes they lose the forms of indirect cases - they simply cease to decline. Let's remember some norms for the use of numerals, and you will see that they are not so difficult. 1. In compound numbers denoting hundreds and tens and ending in -hundred (hundred) or -ten in the nominative case, each part is declined like a simple number. It is important to simply understand the logic of the formation of case forms. I. seven ten (combine) seventy R. seven ten seventy E. seven ten seventy C. seven ten seventy T. seven ten seventy P. about seven ten seventy As you can see, everything remains exactly the same as when declining simple numbers. Please note: both parts of the numeral end in the same way: seventy, seventy. In compound numerals, all the words that form them decline: with two thousand five hundred and seventy-three rubles, to own eight hundred and sixty-seven thousand, seven hundred and ninety-five hectares of land. 2. The numerals forty and ninety have only two case forms: I. and V. - forty and ninety. The rest: forty and ninety 3. The correct combinations are 45.5 percent (not percent), 987.5 hectares (not hectares, and even more so not a hectare). With a mixed number, the noun is ruled by a fraction: five tenths of a percent or a hectare. Options are possible: forty-five and a half percent, nine hundred and eighty-seven and a half hectares. 4. Collective numbers are used in the following cases : a) with masculine and common nouns that name males: two friends, three soldiers, four orphans along with two friends, three soldiers; b) with nouns that have only the plural form: two scissors, four days (starting with five, quantitative numerals five days, six scissors are usually used); c) with personal pronouns: there are two of us, there were five of them. Remember: collective nouns are not used with feminine nouns denoting females, so you can’t say two girls, three teachers, five students, but only two girls, three teachers, five students. Difficulties in the use of some forms of verbs 1. From the forms quenched - extinguished, mok - mokn, dried up (with or without the suffix -well- in the past tense), the first, short form is more commonly used. 2. In pairs, condition - condition, focus - concentrate, summarize - summarize, empower - empower, the first options are the main ones, and the second forms (with the root a) are colloquial. 3. Of the two parallel forms, splashing - splashing, rinsing - rinsing, purring - purring, prowling - prowling, clucking - clucking, waving - waving are fixed in dictionaries as the main options, and the second - as acceptable, colloquial. 4. Some verbs, for example, win, convince, kink, feel, find yourself are not used in the first person singular. Instead, descriptive forms are used: I will be able to win, I can convince, I want to feel, I hope to find myself, I will not be weird. SYNTACTICAL NORMS Difficulties in agreeing the predicate with the subject Difficulties in agreeing the subject with the predicate are associated with the choice of the form of the number of the predicate in sentences with the subject, a pronounced quantitative combination. Most books are dedicated - most books are dedicated. Several students spoke - several students spoke at the seminar. Which form of communication is correct? The plural form of the predicate is preferable for the subject, expressed by a quantitative combination, which includes an animate noun, in the following cases: a) the subject includes several controlled words in the form of the genitive case: Several students, teachers and faculty members were present at the conference; b) the subject is expressed by an animated noun and the activity of the action attributed to each person individually is emphasized. Most graduate students showed excellent command of the subject of research; c) between the main members of the proposal there are other members of the proposal: Several graduate students in the process of preparing for a scientific conference held a serious research work . If we put the predicate in the plural, then the subject is considered as separate objects, and if in the singular - as a whole. In some cases, syntactic variation is possible: Thirty graduates were sent to rural schools. - Thirty graduates were sent to rural schools. If the subject, expressed by a quantitative combination, includes an inanimate noun, then the predicate, as a rule, is used in the singular form: Fifteen student papers were noted by the commission. Several reports have been prepared for the student seminar. Most of the books were received by the library last year. A number of term papers are considered by the teacher. Some of the reports are included in the conference program. With the numerals two, three, four, the predicate is usually put in the plural: Three books are on the table. Four students entered the auditorium. Two student reports received the highest marks. With homogeneous subjects, the predicate, as a rule, agrees in the plural: Scheduled repairs to classrooms and cleaning of other rooms are carried out simultaneously. The rector of the institute and several professors were elected to the presidium. With a subject expressed by a noun denoting a profession, position, rank, the predicate is traditionally put in the masculine form: a graduate student worked in a card file, an associate professor gave a lecture. However, the modern literary norm allows both ways of agreeing the predicate with the subject in the gender, if the latter denotes a female person gender: the doctor wrote the prescription and the doctor wrote the prescription, the professor spoke to the students and the professor spoke to the students. If there is a proper name of the person, the predicate is consistent with the proper name: Associate Professor Nikolaeva successfully spoke at a scientific conference - Associate Professor Andreev gave an introductory lecture, graduate student Ivanova read a report - graduate student Sergeev read a report. Difficulties in agreeing definitions 1. With nouns that depend on the numerals two, three, four, the definition agrees as follows: with masculine and neuter words, it is put in the genitive plural (two large buildings, three new buildings). When defining feminine words, the form of agreement in the nominative plural is preferable (two new audiences). If the definition comes before the numeral, then it is put in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the nouns: the first two lectures, the last two semesters, every three assignments. 2. If the word being defined has two or more definitions, then this word can be both in the singular and in the plural: a) plural emphasizes the presence of several subjects: Moscow and Saratov universities, students of the historical and philological faculties, synchronous and comparative historical methods; b) the singular emphasizes the connection of the defined subjects, their terminological proximity: the right and left wings of the academic building, masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, scientific and educational work. If there is a divisive or opposing union between the definitions, the word being defined is put in the singular form: a humanitarian or technical university, not a journalistic, but artistic text. 3. When agreeing on a definition with the word being defined, expressed by a noun of a common gender, the form of communication can be as in feminine when designating a female person, and in a male - when designating a male person: Petrov is a complete ignoramus in this matter, from now a complete ignorance in this area. The girl is an orphan. Alexey is an orphan. The modern norm allows for a double agreement of the definition in the form of masculine and feminine when designating a male person in live colloquial speech: Vasya is such a slob and (additional) Vasya is such a slob. 4. When agreeing with complex names consisting of two words of different grammatical gender, the word being defined agrees with the one that expresses a broader concept: a new cafe-dining room, an interesting exhibition-view, famous museum manor, wet raincoat, useful reference book, folding chair-bed. Note that the word denoting a broader concept and defining the nature of the agreement is, as a rule, in the first place. Difficulties in choosing the form of management An important indicator of the grammatical correctness of speech is the exact choice of case and preposition, that is right choice forms of control Control is a kind of subordination in which the main word determines the case form of the dependent word. It is a mistake to use many examples in the book that ..., since the main word "example" requires the form of the genitive, and not the instrumental case of the dependent word. That's why correct form case connection - there are many examples in the book that ... There are frequent cases of incorrect choice of prepositions: an essay written on the same topic instead of on the same topic, which is also explained by a violation of the prepositional case connection. When choosing a preposition, one should sometimes take into account the shades of meaning inherent in it. So, the prepositions in view of, due to, because of, have a stylistic coloring and are appropriate in official business speech, and the preposition due to is neutral. The preposition thanks has not lost its lexical meaning, and therefore can be used if we are talking about the reasons for the desired result. That is why such a use of the preposition would be inappropriate: Due to illness, the student could not pass the test on time. Prepositions thanks to, contrary to, according to are used with the dative case, so the use is erroneous: thanks to skillful scientific guidance; as directed by the supervisor. Wed correct usage: thanks to the leadership, according to the decision of the commission, contrary to the instruction. Of course, it is impossible to give a complete set of recommendations for choosing a form of control, so we will limit ourselves to a selective list of constructions with grammatical control that are often used incorrectly in speech: pay attention to something, but pay attention to something; superiority over something, but advantage over something; be based on something (on specific facts), but justify something (your answer with specific facts); be offended by something, but offended by something; be happy about something, but happy about something; report on something, but make an account of something; a monument to someone - something: a monument to Pushkin, Tolstoy; review about what: review about thesis review of what: a review of a term paper; annotation of what: annotation of a book, article; control over what and over what (by whom): quality control, control over the spending of funds and control over what: control over the activities of the student council, control over the quality of knowledge; to distinguish what from what: to distinguish self-doubt from excessive demands on oneself, but to distinguish something: to distinguish between self-doubt and excessive demands on oneself; address someone: address a letter to a friend, but address someone: address a reader; pay for something, but pay for something (pay for delivery, for travel; pay for work, travel); represent: the opening represents new page in the history of science; the form of communication is not strictly normative and is permissible only in oral informal speech; the tendency of what and to what: the tendency of growth, the tendency to increase; confidence in what (wrong: in what): confidence in success, in victory; limit to what (and additional limit to what): limit to patience; the limit of my desire; to be amazed, to be surprised at what, but to admire what, by whom: to be amazed at patience, perseverance; be surprised at kindness, skill; admire courage, talent; wait for what and what: wait for trains, meetings, orders and additional wait for the train, order; characteristics of whom and for whom: characteristics of student Petrov And give a description of the laboratory assistant Vasiliev. Difficulties in using participial and participial phrases When using participial phrases, two mistakes are most often encountered: 1. Separation of the participial phrase from the word being defined, for example: Students are divided into groups who entered the first year instead of Students enrolled in the first year are divided into groups. 2. The word being defined is inside the participle: This exam passed by a student was the last one instead This exam taken by a student was the last one. Do not correspond to the literary norm and such sentences in which the participial turnover and the attributive clause are combined as homogeneous components. Wrong: Students who successfully passed the exam, who decided to go to a sports and recreation camp, must receive a referral from the trade union committee. Right: Students who successfully passed the exam and decided to go... or Students who successfully passed the exam and decided to go... Particular attention should be paid to the use of adverbial phrases. Examples grammatical violations associated with the incorrect use of gerunds in writing, and especially in oral speech, for which these forms are not typical, there are many. They involuntarily evoke the memory of a phrase from humorous story A.P. Chekhov's Complaint Book "Driving up to this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off." As you know, the participle denotes an additional action that corresponds to the main one expressed by the verb-predicate. Hence two conclusions: 1. The participle denotes the action of the same person or object as the predicate. For example, The students, after listening to the reports at the scientific conference, discussed them and named the best ones. The person performing both the main and additional actions are students. They listened, and discussed, and named. The subject of all three actions is the same, that is, the subject. Thus, the proposal is well-formed. The situation is different with the following fragment from the essay of the applicant at the entrance exam: Seeing the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, Pierre [Bezukhov] is overcome by a sense of pride in his people. There is fuzziness, ambiguity: what does the gerund participle "seeing" refer to - to the word Pierre or to the word feeling? You can construct a sentence correctly like this: Seeing the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, Pierre feels a sense of pride in his people. It is also possible to replace the adverbial turnover with the adverbial tense: When Pierre sees the heroic battle of ordinary soldiers, he is overcome by a sense of pride in his people. For the same reason, you should not use adverbial phrases in impersonal sentences, where there is no indication of the person at all, that is, the subject of the action. Wrong: After reading Bulgakov's novel, it became clear to me that this work goes beyond a clear time frame. That's right: After reading Bulgakov's novel, I realized that... 2. If there is a gerund in a sentence, then there must be a verb-predicate denoting the main action. In the following syntactic construction: He hoped to be admitted to the examination session. Until you have passed the last test - the second part is not an offer, since there is no grammatical basis, and the participle cannot be a predicate. Right: Until he passed the last test, he still hoped that he would be admitted to the examination session.

The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants (cf.: small And crumpled, Houses And Dyoma). In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowing, the word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before "e" in Russian, a soft consonant usually sounds ( m ate, no no). Many begin to pronounce in the same way foreign words: m etr, r ebus. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually retained by all foreign surnames: Chopin [pe], Voltaire [te]. The pronunciation of a solid consonant before "e" is also typical for bookish, little-used words ( apartheid [te]. demarche [de]). The type of consonant before "e" also has a certain meaning. For example, the combination "de" is more often pronounced with a soft consonant. and the combination "te" - with solid. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing. For example, the final stressed syllable in words from French is usually pronounced with a hard consonant ( pastel [te], cure [re], corrugated [re]). But there are exceptions, such as the word overcoat pronounced with a soft "n". Here is a small group of words in which pronunciation errors are often observed.

The correct pronunciation is considered to be a solid consonant before "e" in the following words: artery, atelier, atheist, bijouterie, business, businessman, steak, brandy, brotherhood, Bundeswehr, sandwich, bra, water polo, riding breeches, gangster, corrugation, grotesque, disintegration, decadent, dequalification, decollete, detective, dumping, denunciation, determinism, de facto, de jure, deciphering, identical, impresario, inert, index, interval, integration, intensity, intervention, interview, cartel, square, cabaret, condensate, container, motorcade, computer, cure, laser, lottery, Madeira, Mademoiselle Manager

In words diet, project, caries the sound [j] is not pronounced, that is, they sound like [d ieta], [project], [kar yes].

The consonant before the "e" is pronounced softly: academy, certificate, benefit performance, beret, brunet, bookmaker, accounting, bill, gazelle, haberdashery, hegemon, debit, debate, debut, degenerate, devaluation, degradation, disinfection, demagogue, democrat, demi-season, dismantling, deposit, despatch, despot, defect, hyphen, deficit, deformation, dividend, ikebana, investor, intellectual; congress, conditioner, coffee, cream, patent, presentation, progress, review, raglan, register, reserve, raid, flight, rail, x-ray, referee, term, overcoat, effect.

In general, the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in loanwords is a very flexible norm. As a rule, when borrowing, the word is pronounced with a firm consonant for some time. As it is mastered by the language, it loses the “plaque” of a foreign, “foreign”, hard pronunciation is gradually replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). Sometimes this process goes very quickly. For example, schoolchildren in urban schools, where the computer is no longer perceived as something exotic, usually pronounce the word computer with a soft “t”, but such a pronunciation has not yet become a general literary norm.

At the same time, in some cases, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is equally acceptable. For example, the pronunciation of "e" and "e" is allowed in the words: aggression, misinformation, decade, dean, creed, claim and some others.

Attention should also be paid to the social significance of the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words. If the pronunciation of a hard consonant is still the norm, then the pronunciation of a soft consonant can be perceived as a manifestation of a person’s low culture (cf. , can be perceived as a manifestation of philistinism, pseudo-intelligence. This is how, for example, pronunciation like shi [ne] l, k [re] m, ko [fe], bru [ne] t, aka [de] miya, [te] ma is perceived.

Pronunciation [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and hissing

In Russian, in a position between a soft and hard consonant, under stress, “o” is usually pronounced (graphically “e”): sister - sisters, wife - wives. However, in whole groups of words, such alternation is not observed. These are many borrowed words ( bluff, scam etc.), words that came to us from Old Church Slavonic. For example, nouns in -ie are usually of Old Slavonic origin, and words with -e are Russian, so the following parallels can be distinguished: being - being, living - living . There is no alternation in the position between two soft consonants, cf .: ice, But - sleet.

CHECK YOURSELF:

1. Read the following words carefully, paying attention to their correct pronunciation and stress:

A) White, faded, sequin, voyager, millstone, gutter, bile, kioskeur, maneuver, nonsense, sweep, loan, receiver, polygamy, bucket, bucket, priest, kneeling, imprinted, wool, perch, hopeless, worthless, importer, retoucher , marker, pianist, chronicler, stuntman, knowledgeable, starter, officer.

b) Obstetrician, guardianship, scam, being, life, plump, snapdragon. grenadier, carabinieri, successor, sharpness, settled way of life, bent, bigamist, polygamist, bluff, expired, pole, wand, hornet, spineless, fashion designer, dispensary, minuscule, croupier, porter, point.

2. Mark the words in which [e] is pronounced under stress after a soft consonant.

Genesis, fable, of the same name, catechumen, stunned, grenadier, difference in time, connected, laden, coarse-haired.

3. Divide the words below into two groups, depending on whether the consonant is pronounced hard or soft.

Ampere, anesthesia, antenna, beige, steak, brunette, sandwich, dean, demon, depression, chapel, caravel, file cabinet, cafe, cake, stranded, modern, museum, short story, Odessa, hotel, pastel, patent, pioneer, resonance, rail, sausage, superman, tavern, thematic, plywood, music library, brown hair, overcoat.

4. Highlight the words in which the consonant before E is pronounced firmly.

Antithesis, anapaest, grotesque, aesthetics, effect, genetics, tennis, pool, phoneme, benefit performance.