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What is the nominative case in Russian. How many cases are there in Russian? Case Definition

Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. It means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold such an opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to understand this issue.

Case system

The term "case" in translation from Greek sounds like "fall", and from Latin - "fall".

Case (declension) is a grammatical category designed to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change in cases. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

Nominative (initial form of declension).
Genitive.
Dative.
Accusative.
Instrumental.
Prepositional.

These cases are called the main ones due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

For the correct declension of words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's get acquainted with each in more detail.

Nominative

Correspond to the questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, you need to add the word "is" to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular has the following endings:

1 declension: -a, -z.
2 declension: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -s, -i, -a, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its duties include:

give a name to the subject of an action or state ( mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby how old are you?).

Genitive

The questions “who?”, “What?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "no" for the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, before, from, with. The singular number is defined by the following endings:

1 declension: -s, -i.
2 declension: -a, -z.
3rd declension: -i.

It has an ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case can indicate:

Item belonging ( son's car).
The property carrier ( blue sky).
The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
The subject doing the action mom's arrival).
parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions "to whom?", "what?". To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "dam" to the noun. For example: ladies (to whom?) sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

1 declension: -e, -i.
2 declension: -u, -u.
3rd declension: -i.

The plural declension is characterized by the endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to denote:

Action destination ( gave a magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to mom);
The subject of an action or state ( the kids couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The questions “who?”, “What?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “I see” for the noun. For example: I see (whom?) Mom. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. Endings correspond to the singular number:

1 declension: -u, -u.
2 declension: -o, -e.
3rd declension: zero ending.

Plural: -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey.

The accusative case, in turn:

Designates an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions “by whom?”, “by what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I am proud of (whom?) Son. Used with prepositions for, over, under, before, with

1 declension: -oy (-oy), -ey (-ey).
2 declension: -om, -em.
3rd declension: -u.

Plural: -ami, -ami.

Intended to refer to:

Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
Subject of action - for passive constructions ( house demolished by workers).
Action object ( breathe oxygen).
Tool or means of action ( peroxide).
Locations ( follow the path).
Method, mode of action ( sing bass).
Measures of time or amount of something ( carry buckets).
Item parameter ( the size of a fist).
Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The questions “about whom?”, “About what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “I think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, oh, about, both, at. The singular has the endings:

1 declension: -e, -i.
2 declension: -e. -And.
3rd declension: -i.

Cases plural ending in: -ah, -ah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it stands for. Namely:

Action object ( think of a girl).
Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
Time after doing some action upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status, close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended solely for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-separative), the second prepositional (locative, local), the second accusative (transformative, inclusive, collective), the vocative (vocative), the countable, the expectant, the deprivative. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited circle of words. In addition, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second is intended for the declension of some masculine words in the singular related to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely "-y", is more often used in colloquial speech and is not mandatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). The exception is individual cases: let's have a cup of tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, slice of bread.

The second prepositional declension is characterized by special endings of a group of nouns, in the singular having masculine. The case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by the transfer of stress to the ending of certain nouns of the 3rd declension, which are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the furnace.

The second occurs with some verbs ( enroll, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition "in". In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up as a pilot).

The expectant case practically coincides with the genitive, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (whom? what?) telegrams And wait for (who? what?) brother.

The countable case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three canteens.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The deprivative case is a kind of accusative case, but it is used only with negation with the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many additional cases are there in Russian? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: local (second prepositional) and transformative (second accusative). Others argue that the wait case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of the declension. The vocative and countable are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Summing up

After reviewing the information described above, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study six basic cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, apart from them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases do you get in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But it is possible to offer acquaintance with them in out-of-class time for general development.

The Russian language belongs to the languages of the synthetic structure: in them, inflection occurs by adding or changing inflections - in other words, endings - which convey several meanings. hallmark such a paradigm is a combination of several meanings within a single morpheme.

In analytical languages (for example, Romance: Spanish, French), word order and prepositions perform the same purpose, which requires cases of nouns and adjectives in Russian, that is, they establish the grammatical meaning of the word form and its syntactic connection with other members of the sentence.

The concept of declension: declension in Russian

The inflectional nature of the Russian language is manifested in the fact that the nominal parts of speech add endings that convey the categories of the year, numbers and cases. This process is called inclination. In Russian, according to the traditional classification, the noun has three declensions, although there are other approaches. For example, Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak proposes to define the first and second declension "school" paradigms as variations of the general substantive type.

The diversity of concepts is observed not only in this area. From school textbooks it is known that nouns and adjectives of the Russian language change in six cases, but linguistics disputes this statement. This is because in some cases the noun takes on an ending that is not part of the traditional declension paradigm (for example, have a cup of tea Yu , instead of have a cup of tea I ; don't know the truth s instead of don't know the truth at ). Fortunately, knowing these additional cases, examples of which are given, is not necessary at all.

Nevertheless, most people are far from scientific research and disputes, still operating only six cases memorizing them using mnemonic rules. Unfortunately, to memorize case endings, there are none and you have to memorize them. But even the most literate people sometimes fall into a stupor, wondering which ending will be true in this case. If you have problems, it is best to contact table:

Case name	Question	Prepositions	Endings of the 1st declension	Endings 2 declensions	Endings 3 declensions	Plural endings
Nominative	Who? What?		-and I	-o, -e		-s, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	whom? what? whose? whose? whose?	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	-s, -and	-and I	-And	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	to whom? what?	to, by	-e, -i	-u, -u	-And	-am, -yam
Accusative	whom? What?	in, for, on, about, through	-u, -u	-o, -e	= I.p.	-, -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	by whom? how?	for, over, under, before, with	-oh (-oh), -ee (-ee)	-om, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	in, on, oh, about, both, at	-e, -i	-e, -i	-And	-ah, -ah

As can be seen from the table, in many cases the forms of the noun in the accusative and nominative cases are the same. This is due to their grammatical and syntactic meaning: the noun in the nominative case denotes the subject of the action and is the subject in the sentence, while the accusative introduces the object of the action and is an object.

IN ancient Greece grammarians, strongly influenced by natural philosophy, assumed that the nominative was a kind of perfection, the "correct" form of the word, and all the rest are deviations from the ideal. Actually, the very term "declination" conveys the logic of ancient scientists. The opposition they created still exists, albeit for different reasons. So, cases are divided into:

direct (nominative) - do not depend on other members of the sentence and are not controlled by verbs;
indirect (all others) - are introduced by prepositions and act as a complement.

Meanings of indirect cases

The cases of the Russian language have specific functions in the formation of connections between the members of the sentence. For example, the genitive conveys the meaning of belonging and inclusion in something ( son's notebook, wooden house), while the dative introduces the addressee of the speech or process ( call your mom, tell a friend). The modern instrumental case included several meanings at once, among which one can single out the instrument of action ( knock with a hammer) and path trajectory ( walk the forest path). The prepositional case, as the name suggests, uses prepositions to convey a set different meanings, from which, as an example, one can select a location in space ( room in the house).

The selection of these meanings and the ability to determine them is the basis for observing spelling norms. Mistakes in case endings are very common. To avoid them, you must at least correctly determine the case.

Determining the case of a noun

simple table there are not enough endings for the correct spelling of the word. As a rule, the problem is to determine the necessary case. As an example of such a difficulty, one can name orthoepic similar forms of the genitive and dative cases of the 1st declension of the singular ( grandmothers – grandmother). However, there is an easy way to determine the ending needed in a particular case. For this you need:

The operations described above are very simple and effective. But there are other tools that do not require memorization of case questions and declension types. With development high technology and Internet communications made it possible to compile special programs and services that are able to decline the necessary noun online in a split second. This method suitable for both students and adults.

To form an initial idea of the declension of nouns; to acquaint students with the name of cases, case questions, prepositions that are used with case questions;
Clarify students' ideas about the initial form of a noun, as about the form of a noun in the nominative singular.

During the classes

1. Organizing time. (Slide 1)

Teacher greeting.
Massage of the auricles (activation of brain points).
Breathing exercise:

2. A minute of calligraphy.

Determine the order of the letters in this row:

foe foe foooee foooee foooee…

Write this series of letters in the suggested sequence to the end of the line.

3. Vocabulary - spelling work. (Slide 2)

Choose a generic term for the word telephone.

The phone is a machine.

For what purposes is it used by people?

A telephone is a device that is used to talk to people at a distance.

Many scientists have attempted to make a device for talking at a distance. But the American scientist Alexander Bell succeeded. In 1876 he invented the first telephone for practical use.

Write down the word. Put emphasis. Underline two unchecked unstressed vowels. Remember the spelling of the word.

4. Actualization of knowledge. Setting the topic of the lesson.

Let's change the noun telephone for questions. (Slide 3)

What changed in the noun telephone? (ends)

Why did noun endings change? telephone?(changed the questions we asked by the way)

Changing nouns for questions is called case change or declension. Declension - grammatical sign of a noun.

5. Work on the topic of the lesson.

There are 6 cases in Russian. (Slide 4)

Introduction to case names. Fairy tale by E. Merezhinskaya “Where did the names of cases come from”.

He was not yet born, but they were already thinking what name to give him, and decided to call him - nominative.

Born - became genitive. He liked this name even more.

But he was a baby, they gave him everything, and he became dative.

But he was even more mischievous, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusative.

Then he grew up, began to do good deeds and began to be called creative.

He offered his help to everyone, they started talking about him and now they called him prepositional…

Consider the table. (Slide 5)

	Auxiliary	case	Prepositions
Nominative				forest, hare
Genitive		whom? what?	From, to, from, without, at, for, with, about	forest, hare
Dative		to whom? what?		forest, hare
Accusative		whom? What?	in, on, for, about, through	forest, hare
Instrumental			over, under, with, between, before, behind	forest, hare
Prepositional			about, oh, on, in, at, in

What questions are answered by words in the form of a certain case?

Which nouns are being questioned who ?, whom ?, to whom ?, by whom ?, about whom ?, to which words what?, what?, what?, what?, about what?

To determine the case, in addition to case questions, auxiliary words will help you.
All cases can be used with prepositions, except for the nominative.
All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Summarize our reasoning according to the plan:

What new grammatical feature of a noun did you learn?

What is declination?

What cases are there in Russian?

What questions does each case answer?

Name the prepositions that are used with each case.

6. Physical education. pause. (Slide 6)

They ran, they ran
Hedgehogs, hedgehogs.
Sharpened, sharpened
Knives, knives.
They jumped, they jumped
Bunnies, bunnies.
Come on together, come on together:
- Girls! Boys!

Find the nouns in the first and third sentences.

Determine the case of these nouns.

Determine which member of the sentences they are.

Outcome: a noun in the nominative case in a sentence is most often subject. The nominative singular form is called initial form words .

7. Fixing.

Exercise (eye strain relief). (Slide 8)

Exercise 1. (Slide 9)

I.p.

to whom?

father

what?

friendship

Exercise 2. (Slide 10)

Read the words. Write them in the order of cases in declension, focusing on the word leaf.

The health of the plant is associated with the leaf.

They carry water and nutrients to the leaf.

The sheet does not break in the wind.

The veins give the sheet its strength.

The leaf has a flexible leg.

Exercise 3. (Slide 11)

Read. Write the word combinations, eliminating the superfluous in each.

Justify the answer. Insert the missing letters.

We walked in the grove, approached the bird cherry tree, nah..dilsya in the lo..ke.

T..trad without a cloud..ki, gn..health without an insect..ki, a rider on a horse.

Zh..l in the city..rode, crawled along..clothes, approached the farm.

They cut down a b..cute, drank a h..u, l..sting on the stove.

8. Independent work. (Slide 12)

What case are the nouns in?

In the language, without a teacher, from a student, along the street, behind a tractor, on machine tools, in front of straw, from the north, across the Motherland, in drawings, with children.

In what number can nouns be inflected? both plural and singular). Examination.

9. The results of the lesson. (Slide 13)

What do we call inclination? (slide 3)

How many cases are there in Russian? (slide 4)

What case does the noun in the initial form belong to?

What is the initial form of a noun? (slide 7)

Name the questions of indirect cases. (slide 5)

What prepositions are used with indirect cases? (slide 5)

How many of you have difficulty in declension of nouns?

Rate the following criteria on a scale: (Slide 14)

10. Homework(Slide 14).

Instruction

To begin with, you can explain the meaning in speech with the help of a simple exercise. Make a proposal and make a planned mistake in it. For example: “On Sunday we will definitely go to visit grandparents.” Ask the child what is wrong with this sentence? Usually children find and correct obvious mistakes without difficulty. Using such examples, one can clearly show that cases make our speech connected, thanks to them we can easily understand each other.

There are only six main cases in Russian. A rhyme familiar to many from childhood helps to remember them. It is quite unusual, but it contributes to the assimilation of the sequence of cases in the best possible way:
Ivan (nominative)
Born (genitive)
girl (dative)
Velel (accusative)
Drag (Creative)
Diaper (Prepositional)
The initial letter of each of the words of the poem corresponds to the first letter of the case. This is a kind of mnemonic rule that promotes memorization by expanding associative links.

Another expression is based on this, the memorization of which will also help to learn the order of cases:
Ivan (nominative)
Rubil (Genitive)
Firewood (Dative)
Barbara (accusative)
Topila (Creative)
Furnace (Prepositional)
Knowing your child, you can come up with any other statement for him based on this principle.

Auxiliary words and small hints help memorize cases and their corresponding questions.
The nominative case answers the questions "who?" "What?" ("Masha", "chair", "").
Genitive case - there is no "whom?", "what?" next to us (“Masha”, “chair”, “horses”).
Dative case - give a toy “to whom?”, “What?” (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Accusative case - I see nearby, in the distance "who?", "What?" (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Instrumental case - I create (draw, compose) together “with whom?”, “With what?” (“with Masha”, “with a chair”, “with a horse”).
Prepositional case - I propose to talk about “whom?”, “About what?” (“about Masha”, “about a chair”, “about a horse”).
In this case, be sure to pay the child’s attention to the identity of the initial letters in the name of the case and the auxiliary word: “dative - give”, “accusative - I see”, “creative - I create”, “prepositional - I suggest”.

Sources:

Kanakina V.P. Russian language. Cases

Tip 2: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

Knowledge of the Russian language school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it's accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used when comparing ( prettier than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

Use the same methods for indeclinables. For example: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Tip 4: How to explain the word "no" to your child in 2019

To protect the child from danger, adults are forced to say "no". This does not always meet the understanding of the child. To avoid quarrels and conflicts, follow a few rules.

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Issues of cases of nouns
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Sometime in Old Russian there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. may be integral part predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch - nominal part compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with various parts speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
affiliation: mom's shoes b;
object of any action: boiling water;
definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in soft sign(zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word because it is main member sentences, therefore, is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

	solid type	soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

	masculine	Neuter gender
	solid type	solid type	soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

	1 declination		2 declension		3 declension
	solid type	soft type	masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		pans
Genitive		saucepans
Dative	Pictures	pots
Accusative		pans
Instrumental	paintings	pans	barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pots	About barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish lexical meanings Plural nouns have different endings: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has unique group nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative		stirrups
Genitive	stirrup
Dative	stirrup	stirrups
Accusative		stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup	stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup	about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are usually foreign words, as common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.

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