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Fathers and sons philosophical meaning. What is the meaning of the ending of the novel "Fathers and Sons"? Understanding True Values

Epilogue of the novel. Tragic and satirical motifs. The sound of the final literary critic A.M. Harkavy defined it as "an elegy that turns into a requiem." Elegiac notes begin to sound already in the description of nature. Since Bazarov passes away, the intensity of passions in the novel falls, the hot summer is replaced by a cold winter landscape: white winter with the cruel silence of cloudless frosts ... ”A lot has happened during this time, as always in life, sadness coexists with joy. Arkady finally became close to his father, and their wedding took place on the same day. Fenechka finally took her rightful place in the house, Mitya was officially recognized as the son of Nikolai Petrovich and the brother of Arkady. In the novel, the event side is again emphasized by the change of names. The wife of Nikolai Petrovich is now treated respectfully as "Fedosya Nikolaevna." The Kirsanovs' estate must have lost the ironic name "Bobyl'y Khutor". But the author resumes the story not from this happy event. The gala dinner took place seven days after the weddings. Following Odintsova, Pavel Petrovich hurries to leave the peaceful home circle, where the rest "in fact, are very good." There are awkward speeches, calls to return as soon as possible. But all seven present feel that they are parting forever. Do not even say Pavel Petrovich "English tail" "Goodbye" - he could not be happy with the happiness of the others, just as Lezhnev and Rudin could not live together. And, as in the finale of Rudin, a glass is raised for the absent. “In memory of Bazarov,” Katya whispered in her husband’s ear<…>. Arkady shook her hand firmly in response, but did not dare to loudly offer this toast. With extraordinary delicacy, Katya realized that her husband at that moment was thinking about another person who would never return. And at the same time she guessed, with a womanly shrewdness, that it would be painful for Pavel Petrovich to hear his name.

The author takes on the usual mission for a novelist to tell about the future of the characters in an associative-logical connection. In fact, we have an antilogic. After talking about two happy marriages out of love, it is reported how Anna Sergeevna married "out of conviction" to a man "cold as ice." The conclusion of the author sounds ironic: “...<…>to love." Not without reason, immediately, in the next phrase, the death of a barren and useless aunt, “forgotten on the very day of death,” is reported. Perhaps Anna Sergeevna is now waiting for a similar fate. The author's gaze returns to the real happiness of the Kirsanovs - children will be born and grow up, the economy is getting on its feet. Fenechka managed not only formally, but also spiritually to join this intelligent family. Music again became an indicator of spiritual subtlety: Fenechka herself cannot play, but when Katya sits down at the piano, “I am glad not to leave her all day.” After the simple-hearted, but sensitive to music, Fenechka does not want to think about the footman. But Turgenev insists: “Let us mention Peter by the way.” After all, he also entered into an advantageous marriage! This is how the second caricature pair arises: the lackey “numb with importance” and the spouse who was flattered by the “lacquered half boots”.

The next paragraph takes the reader away from the Russian hinterland, to the "fashionable" Dresden. Here, in brilliance and respect for his aristocracy, manners, Pavel Petrovich lives out his century. On the table he has "an ashtray in the form of a peasant's bast shoes", but the hero himself is alien to everything Russian, as, indeed, to all living things. Behavior in church, alone with God, when there is no need to pretend, draws the hero deeply unhappy. From human tragedy, the author again abruptly turns to comedy: “And Kukshina went abroad,” where she made discoveries in the field of ... architecture! “Obviously, this is the same empty claim as her previous conversations about a variety of authors and problems,” a tenth grader comes to the correct conclusion in an essay about “The satirical pages of the novel by I.S. Turgenev". The “physicists and chemists” who surrounded Kukshina, “not able to distinguish oxygen from nitrogen,” succumbed to Bazarov’s passion for the natural sciences, but did not inherit his love for science and the ability to work. Like her, Sitnikov in St. Petersburg "continues the" cause "of Bazarov." The story reaches an extreme level of vulgarity. Having shown how bizarrely the high and the low, the caricature and the beautiful, the tragic and the comic intertwined in the world, Turgenev returns to main topic. The author talks about who left this world. In an excited tone, it is narrated: “There is a small rural cemetery ...”

But how I love<...>, In the village to visit the family cemetery, Where the dead doze in solemn peace. There is room for undecorated graves<...>; Near the age-old stones, covered with yellow moss, A villager passes with a prayer and with a sigh ... (A.S. Pushkin “When I wander thoughtfully outside the city ...”)

Here the "sinful, rebellious heart" of Bazarov should find solace. The grave "which is not touched by a man, which is not trampled by an animal<…>. An iron fence surrounds it; two young fir-trees are planted at both ends...” common grief. But their feeling cannot resurrect their beloved son: “Are their prayers, their tears, fruitless? Is it really love<...>not omnipotent? In this case, Bazarov's rebellion is justified. But the writer pushes the boundaries of his novel into Eternity. When, immediately after the death of his son, the devout old man suddenly “murmured,” his wise friend, remembering the wrath of God, “hung on him and forced him to submit. Both "fell down". The writer uses a biblical comparison: "like lambs at noon." “But the midday heat passes,” Turgenev develops the metaphor. “And the evening comes, and the night, and then the return of a quiet refuge, where it is sweet to sleep the exhausted and tired ... ”The humble prayers of the parents will help to atone for the sins of Bazarov, who did not repent before leaving our world. Nature reminds us of "eternal reconciliation and endless life." The author exclaims in deep conviction: “Oh no!” - not yet finished with physical death. The heroes have a hope to unite in eternal life.

Read also other articles on the topic “Analysis of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

Published in 1862, the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” immediately attracted the attention of various sections of Russian society due to the description in it of the life of Russia in the 60s of the XIX century. This was a period of extreme intensification of the social ideological struggle of revolutionary democrats against liberalism. Active propaganda of revolutionary ideas began, mainly among young people of various ranks. Violent student unrest broke out. Turgenev tried to understand the views younger generation representing new type an advanced figure - a fighter against obsolete liberal principles, before which, by his own admission, he took off his hat, because he felt in him "the real presence of strength, and talent, and mind." Therefore, in his work, Ivan Sergeevich highlighted the most typical features of the new generation that appeared in the period revolutionary situation. The whole novel is built on the conflict of two generations having opposite points of view on various important issues. public life. The very title of the piece speaks for itself. The representative of the generation of “children” and the main character, sharply opposed to the rest of the characters who are grouped around him, in the novel is Yevgeny Bazarov. In the image of this hero, the author embodied the true features of a typical sixties. His way of thinking, ideals, aspirations, way of life - everything distinguishes this materialist-enlightener from "county aristocrats", such as Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. It is natural that differences of opinion will lead to sharp disputes and conflict situations between the young and the old generation. Many critics. ki talk about the vital importance and social significance of bazaar for the development of society. Turgenev calls him a “nihilist”, that is, a person who “treats everything with critical point vision." After graduating from the university, he becomes very interested in the natural sciences: chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, medicine. Bazarov even "wants to keep on the doctor." Passion for these sciences is a typical feature cultural life Russia in the sixties. This is what taught the protagonist "not to take a single principle on faith", he "does not bow to any authorities." We can say that Evgeny Bazarov - strong personality, a man of great mind and will: he relentlessly defends his views and beliefs and firmly stands his ground. Considering that a new time has come, the time of science and knowledge, he constantly emphasizes that the Kirsanovs are “old men”, or “old romantics”, “people who are lagging behind” and “their song is sung”. Bazarov used to rely on himself and on his own strength. The belief that “every person must educate himself” puts the hero one step higher, confirms his strong will. Perhaps he would even be able to give his life in the name of his cause. Attaching great importance to science, the young "nihilist" completely denies painting and poetry. Art for him is a perversion, rottenness, nonsense; he believes that "a decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet." At first it may even seem that he is alien to such a bright and pure feeling like love. Bazarov does not humiliate himself in front of his beloved woman, unlike Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, himself bright representative generation of "fathers", which is one of the main antipodes of Evgeny Bazarov.

The manner of communication of these two characters characterizes them even more fully than many actions. So, the speech of Evgeny Vasilyevich is distinguished by simplicity, conciseness, the presence of proverbs, aphorisms, meaningful remarks. He does not at all strive to speak beautifully, but all his short and at the same time complete deep meaning replicas indicate the erudition and wit of the hero, testify to his knowledge of life. The presence of Latin terms in the speech of a medical naturalist indicates that he knows his business well. In Bazarov there is no lordly effeminacy, which is inherent in all the nobles of that time. Pavel Petrovich, on the contrary, emphasizes his belonging to an aristocratic family. A young commoner is annoyed by abundance foreign words, various specific expressions in the vocabulary of Pavel Kirsanov, such as, for example, “let me inquire”, “would you like to welcome”, “befits”, and others that were considered a sign of a refined and secular tone.

Despite the fact that the author impresses Yevgeny Bazarov too much, portrays him as a man of a firm and deep mind, an optimist, proud and purposeful, he also points out the shortcomings of the people of the new generation. And at the end of the piece main character dies. Turgenev himself explained it this way: “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, vicious, honest, and yet doomed to death, because she still stands at the door of the future.”

With the appearance of Odintsova in the novel, one can notice the changes that have taken place with this cold, indifferent to everything wonderful person. It turns out that Bazarov is still able to love strongly and deeply, is able to appreciate beauty and poetry, even “realizes romance in himself”, although, in order not to contradict his convictions in front of others, in conversations with Anna Sergeevna “even more than before expresses his indifferent contempt for everything romantic. In the end, this dryness and indifference disappear. Before the death of the hero open best properties Bazarov, which he tried to hide from others throughout the novel, is both poetic love for Odintsova and tenderness for his parents.

But why is Evgeny Bazarov still dying? I agree that he, as a progressive person of a new generation, was ahead of his time and did not fit into the existing order. Therefore, Turgenev, looking for a way out from the current situation, could not find a place for Bazarov in this life either as a new political force or as an educated specialist. I believe that such an ending to the novel was to be expected from an author who himself did not share the views of the leaders of revolutionary democracy. And although Ivan Sergeevich could no longer count on liberal reforms, the revolutionary path still seemed to him dangerous and hopeless. The writer, disillusioned with the existing society, did not trust the new progressive movement either, and therefore was at an impasse.

Category: Preparation for GIA

At the beginning of the novel, Bazarov asserts fresh, original ideas: to destroy to the ground a world that is useless to rebuild, to abandon not only obsolete social forms, but also everything that fed and supported them: from romantic ideas about love, from art, senseless admiration for nature , from family values. All this is opposed to natural science. But later, irreconcilable contradictions grow in the soul of the protagonist. There are no people equal in scale of personality next to him.

Most and most of all, those around him, even conquered by Bazarov Arkady, were struck by his judgments about love. Here, too, there is no secret for him - physiology. It was in love that, according to the author's intention, the hidden inclinations and contradictions of the created character should have manifested. The emerging feeling of Bazarov for Odintsova frightened: “Here you are! Baba was scared!” He suddenly felt that the soul, and not physiology, spoke in him, made him worry, suffer. The hero gradually realizes how many riddles there are in the world, the answers to which he does not know.

Bazarov's ostentatious democratism is gradually being debunked. He turns out to be no closer to the peasants, the people with whom he "knew how to talk" than the aristocrats. After all, for him, as it turns out, the men were just a means for the implementation of social projects. Honest Bazarov bitterly admits that he is essentially indifferent to the fate of the peasants in the face of eternal and terrible questions, about life and death, that have opened up to him through throwing and suffering. Bazarov's struggle is becoming more and more a struggle with his own growing and developing soul, the existence of which he so resolutely rejected.

At the end of the novel, the hero remains completely alone. It is obvious to him that all his former views turned out to be untenable in the face of life, projects and hopes collapsed. It was important for the writer to find a touch, the finale of fate, which would demonstrate the significant human potential of the hero, securing his right to be called tragic. Bazarov suffered many defeats in life, but he won the fight with death, did not break down and did not despair, seeing its inevitability. Moreover, the best, for the time being, for various reasons of the proud mind, the hidden and suppressed properties of the soul were revealed in last days and hours of the hero's life. It became simpler, more humane, more natural. He remembered the suffering parents, saying goodbye to Odintsova, he speaks almost like a romantic poet: "Blow on the dying lamp, and let it go out."

Perhaps, best performance the hero of the novel was given by the author himself. Turgenev wrote: “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, vicious, honest - and yet doomed to death, because it still stands on the eve of the future.”

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The novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev ends with the death of the main character. Understanding the reasons why the author ends his work in this way is possible through an analysis of the episode "Bazarov's death". "Fathers and Sons" is a novel in which the death of the protagonist is certainly not accidental. Perhaps such an ending speaks of the failure and convictions of this character. So, let's try to figure it out.

Who is Bazarov?

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without understanding what this character is like. Thanks to what is told about Eugene in the novel, we imagine an intelligent, self-confident, cynical young man, which denies generally accepted moral foundations, ideals. He considers love to be "physiology", in his opinion, a person should not depend on anyone.

Subsequently, however, Turgenev reveals to us in his hero such qualities as sensitivity, kindness, and the ability for deep feelings.

Bazarov is a nihilist, that is, a person who denies all generally accepted values, including he does not share the enthusiasm of amateurs. In his opinion, only that which brings practical benefit is significant. Everything beautiful he considers meaningless. Eugene designates his main "work for the benefit of society." His task is "to live for the great goal of renewing the world."

Attitude towards others

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" cannot be carried out without understanding how the relationship of the protagonist with the people who made up his social circle was built. It should be noted that Bazarov treated others with contempt, he put others lower than himself. This was manifested, for example, in the things he said to Arkady about himself and his relatives. Attachment, sympathy, tenderness - all these feelings Eugene considers unacceptable.

Lyubov Bazarova

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death requires mentioning that, with all his disdain for lofty feelings, he, ironically, falls in love. His love is unusually deep, as evidenced by the explanation with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. Realizing that he is capable of such a feeling, Bazarov ceases to treat him as physiology. He begins to consider the existence of love possible. Such a change of views could not pass without a trace for Eugene, who lived with the ideas of nihilism. His former life is destroyed.

Bazarov's explanation of love is not just words, it is a recognition of his own defeat. Eugene's nihilistic theories are shattered.

Turgenev considers it inappropriate to end the novel with a change in the views of the protagonist, but decides to end the work with his death.

Bazarov's death - an accident?

So, in the finale of the novel, the main event is the death of Bazarov. Analysis of the episode requires remembering the reason why, according to the text of the work, the main character dies.

His life becomes impossible due to an unfortunate accident - a small cut that Bazarov received during the autopsy of the body of a peasant who died of typhus. Ironically, he, a doctor doing a useful job, cannot do anything to save his life. The realization that he was going to die gave the protagonist time to evaluate his accomplishments. Bazarov, aware of the inevitability of his death, is calm and strong, although, of course, being a young and energetic person, he regrets that there is so little left to live.

Bazarov's attitude to death and to himself

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without a deeper understanding of how the hero relates to the proximity of his end and death in general.

Not a single person can calmly realize the approaching end of his life. Eugene, being a man, certainly strong and self-confident, is no exception. He regrets that he did not fulfill his main task. He understands the power of death and speaks of the approaching last minutes with bitter irony: "Yes, go ahead, try to deny death. It denies you, and that's it!"

So, the death of Bazarov is approaching. Analysis of the episode, which is one of the key ones in the novel, needs to understand how the character of the protagonist has changed. Eugene becomes kinder and more sentimental. He wants to meet his beloved, once again to say about his feelings. Bazarov is softer than before, treats his parents, now understanding their importance.

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death shows how lonely the protagonist of the work is. He doesn't have loved one, to whom he could convey his beliefs, therefore, there is no future for his views.

Understanding True Values

In the face of death they change. Understanding what is really important in life comes.

An analysis of the episode “The Death of Bazarov” based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev requires an understanding of what values the protagonist now considers to be true.

The most important thing for him now is his parents, their love for him, as well as his feelings for Odintsova. He wants to say goodbye to her, and Anna, not afraid to get infected, comes to Evgeny. With her, Bazarov shares his innermost thoughts. He comes to the understanding that Russia does not need it at all, it needs those who do their usual work every day.

It is harder for Bazarov to come to terms with his death than for any other person, because he is an atheist and does not believe in life after death.

Turgenev ends his novel with the death of Bazarov. The principles by which the hero lived are destroyed. Stronger, new ideals did not appear in Bazarov. Turgenev notes that it was precisely the deep commitment to nihilism that killed the protagonist, which forced him to abandon the universal values that allow him to live in this world.

What is the meaning of the finale of the novel "Fathers and Sons"?

Is it possible to talk about the victory or defeat of the protagonist of the work?

At the beginning of the novel, Bazarov asserts fresh, original ideas: to destroy to the ground a world that is useless to rebuild, to abandon not only obsolete social forms, but also everything that fed and supported them: from romantic ideas about love, from art, senseless admiration for nature from family values. All this is opposed to natural science. But later in the soul of the main

hero, irreconcilable contradictions are growing. There are no people equal in scale of personality next to him.

Most and most of all, those around him, even conquered by Bazarov Arkady, were struck by his judgments about love. Here, too, there is no secret for him - physiology. It was in love that, according to the author's intention, the hidden inclinations and contradictions of the created character should have manifested. The emerging feeling of Bazarov for Odintsova frightened: “Here you are! Baba got scared!” He suddenly felt that the soul, and not physiology, spoke in him, made him worry, suffer. The hero gradually realizes how many riddles and answers are in the world.

which he does not know.

At the end of the novel, the hero remains completely alone. It is obvious to him that all his former views turned out to be untenable in the face of life, projects and hopes collapsed. It was important for the writer to find a touch, the finale of fate, which would demonstrate the significant human potential of the hero, securing his right to be called tragic. Bazarov suffered many defeats in life, but he played a fight with death, did not break down and did not despair, seeing its inevitability. Moreover, the best, for the time being, for various reasons of a proud mind, hidden and suppressed properties of the soul were revealed in the last days and hours of the hero's life. It became simpler, more humane, more natural. He remembered the suffering parents, saying goodbye to Odintsova, he speaks almost like a romantic poet: “Blow on the dying lamp, and let it go out.”

Perhaps the best characterization of the hero of the novel was given by the author himself. Turgenev wrote: “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown on the soil, strong, vicious, honest - and yet doomed to death, because it still stands on the eve of the future."

Glossary:

THE MEANING OF THE FINAL FATHERS AND CHILDREN
the meaning of the finale of the novel fathers and sons
finale of the novel fathers and sons

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