Can an experienced person be wrong dog's heart. Composition “Why the Experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky can be called unsuccessful? Description of the presentation Experience and mistakes in the novel M

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"

In the foreground « dog heart» - the experiment of the brilliant medical scientist Preobrazhensky with all the tragicomic results unexpected for the professor himself and his assistant Bormental. Transplanted into a clean scientific purposes to a dog, human spermatic glands and the pituitary gland of the brain, Preobrazhensky, to his amazement, receives from a dog ... a man. Homeless Ball, forever hungry, offended by everyone who is not lazy, in a matter of days, in front of the professor and his assistant, turns into homosapiens. And already on his own initiative receives human name: Sharikov Polygraph Polygraphovych. His habits remain, however, canine. And the professor, willy-nilly, has to take up his upbringing.
Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky not only an outstanding specialist in his field. He is a man of high culture and an independent mind. And he is very critical of everything that has been happening around since March. 1917 of the year. The views of Philipp Philippovich have much in common with the views of Bulgakov. He is also skeptical about the revolutionary process. And also strongly opposed to any violence. Weasel is the only way that is possible and necessary in dealing with living beings - rational and unreasonable. "Terror can't do anything..."
And this conservative professor, who categorically rejects the revolutionary theory and practice of reorganizing the world, suddenly finds himself in the role of a revolutionary. The new system strives to create a new man from the old "human material". Philip Philipovich, as if competing with him, goes even further: he intends to make a man, and even a high culture and morality, out of a dog. "A caress, an exceptional caress." And of course, by example.
The result is known. Attempts to instill Sharikov elementary cultural skills are met with stubborn resistance on his part. And every day Sharikov becomes bolder, more aggressive and more dangerous.
If the "source material" for modeling Polygraph Polygraphovycha if there was only one Sharik, perhaps the professor's experiment would have succeeded. Having taken root in the apartment of Philipp Philippovich, Sharik, at first, as a recent homeless child, still commits some hooligan acts. But in the end it turns into a well-mannered house dog.
But by chance, human organs went to a citizen Sharikov from a criminal. In addition, a new, Soviet formation, as emphasized in his official characterization, or, more precisely, in Bulgakov's very poisonous parody of a characterization:
"Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, 25 years old, single. Nonpartisan, sympathetic. Tried 3 times and acquitted: the first time due to lack of evidence, the second time the origin saved, the third time - conditionally hard labor for 15 years.
A "sympathizer" sentenced to hard labor "conditionally" - this is reality itself invading Preobrazhensky's experiment.
Is this character really alone? There is also the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, in the story. This "personnel" Bulgakov's character V this case special become. He even writes articles for the newspaper, reads Engels. In general, he is fighting for revolutionary order and social justice. Residents of the house should enjoy the same benefits. No matter how brilliant the scientist Professor Preobrazhensky, there is nothing for him to occupy seven rooms. He can dine in the bedroom, perform operations in the examination room, where he cuts rabbits. And in general it is time to equate it with Sharikov, a man of a completely proletarian appearance.
The professor himself manages to fight off Shvonder in one way or another. But fight back Polygraph Polygraphich he is unable to. Shvonder already taken over Sharikov patronage and educates, paralyzing all professorial educational efforts, in his own way.
Two weeks after the dog skin came off Sharikova and he began to walk on two legs, this participant already has a document proving his identity. And the document, according to Schwonder, who knows what he's talking about, is "the most important thing in the world." In another week or so Sharikov neither more nor less - a co-worker. And not an ordinary one - the head of the sub-department of cleaning the city of Moscow from stray animals. Meanwhile, his nature is the same as it was - a canine-criminal .. What is worth one of his messages about his work "in his specialty": "Yesterday they strangled cats, strangled them."
But what kind of satire is this, if in just a few years thousands of real ball-bearers in the same way “choked-choked” no longer cats - people, real workers, who were not guilty of anything before the revolution ?!
Preobrazhensky and Bormental, making sure that they were hurt " the cutest dog turn into such scum that your hair stands on end, ”in the end they corrected their mistake.
But those experiments that have been carried out for a long time in reality itself have not been corrected. In the very first lines of the story, a certain Central People's Council farms. under the shade Central Council a canteen of normal food is discovered, where employees are fed shami from stinking corned beef, where a cook in a dirty cap is "a thief with a copper muzzle." And the caretaker is also a thief ...
And here Sharikov. Not artificial, professorial - natural ...: “I am now the chairman and, no matter how much I steal, everything is on female body, on cancer necks, on Abrau-Durso. Because I was hungry enough in my youth, it will be with me, and the afterlife does not exist.
Why not a mixture of a hungry dog ​​and a criminal? And here it is no longer special case. Something much more serious. Isn't it a system? The man was hungry, humiliated enough. And suddenly, on you! - position, power over people ... Is it easy to resist the temptations, which are now in turn plenty? ..

Boborykin, V.G. In the foreground of the "Heart of a Dog" / V.G. Boborykin//Mikhail Bulgakov.-1991.-S.61-66

Description of the presentation Experience and mistakes in the novel by M. A. Bulgakov on slides

Within the framework of the direction, reasoning about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes us think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move forward. life path, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes. Direction characteristic

Guidelines: “Experience and mistakes” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is implied to a lesser extent, because without mistakes there is no and cannot be experience. Literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, embarks on the path of spiritual and moral development. Giving an assessment of the actions of the characters, the reader acquires his invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one's own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that it is wrong decision, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also the most fatally affect the fate of others. In literature, we also encounter such tragic mistakes that affect the fate of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic direction.

1. Wisdom is the daughter of experience. (Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, scientist) 2. Experience is a useful gift that is never used. (J. Renard) 3. Do you agree with proverb"Experience is the word people call their mistakes"? 4. Do we really need our own experience? 5. Why should you analyze your mistakes? What can be learned from the mistakes of the heroes of The Master and Margarita? 6. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on someone else's experience? 7. Is it boring to live without making mistakes? 8. What events and impressions of life help a person grow up, gain experience? 9. Is it possible to avoid mistakes in the search for a life path? 10. A mistake is the next step to experience 11. What mistakes cannot be corrected? Theme Options

What we cannot avoid in this life is the mistakes and delusions that will haunt us throughout our lives. This is a key point in the psychological attitude of every person - you will always make mistakes, you will always make mistakes and be mistaken. And therefore Dear friends, you should treat this normally, not make a disaster out of it, as we were taught, but extract from each such situation very valuable and useful lesson. Why will you always make mistakes and be mistaken, because no matter who you are, you know far from everything about this world, and you will never know everything, this is the law of life, and your whole life is a process of cognition. But you can significantly reduce the number of mistakes you make, you can be less mistaken, at least not wrong or wrong in obvious situations, and for this you must learn. You can learn in this life from your own or from the mistakes of others. The first option is much more effective, the second is more promising. Human psychology Maxim Vlasov's website

But still, the main thing that I want to draw your attention to is something else, the main thing comes down to your attitude to all this. Many of us like to live according to once accepted concepts, holding on to them as a lifeline, and no matter what happens there, do not change our minds for anything. This is the main mistake in the mental attitude, as a result of which a person stops growing. And this also has a negative impact on the idea of ​​​​oneself, about one’s mistakes, delusions and one’s abilities ... We all make mistakes and are mistaken, we can all see the same situation in different ways, based on a series of own ideas about reality. And this is actually normal, there is nothing wrong with it, as it is usually presented. You know that Einstein was wrong about the speed of light, which he theorized. A light beam can develop a speed three times higher than the speed that he considered the limit, that is, 300 thousand km / s.

Goethe argued: - Error is to truth, as a dream is to awakening. Awakening from error, a person turns to the truth with renewed vigor. L. N. Tolstoy believed that mistakes give reason. However… The mind gives errors: there is either an exchange, or a mutual deception. The biggest mistake people make in life is when they don't try to live by doing what they love best. (Malcolm Forbes) Everyone has to make their own mistakes in life. (Agatha Christie)Aphorisms

The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes. (Confucius) If not for the mistakes of youth, what would we remember in old age? If you made a mistake on the road, then you can return; if you make a mistake with the word - nothing can be done. (Chinese epil.) The one who does nothing is never mistaken. (Theodore Roosevelt) Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. (O. Wilde) To make a mistake and realize it - this is wisdom. To realize the mistake and not hide it - this is honesty. (Ji Yun)

Bitter experience. irreparable errors. The cost of mistakes. Thesis Sometimes a person does things that lead to tragic consequences. And, although he eventually realizes that he made a mistake, nothing can be corrected. Often the price of a mistake is someone's life. Mistake prevention experience. Thesis Life - the best teacher. Sometimes difficult situations arise when a person must accept the right decision. Doing right choice, we gain invaluable experience - experience that will help to avoid mistakes in the future. Abstracts

Mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life. Some mistakes people learn from. Thesis Is it possible to live life without making mistakes? I think not. A person walking along the path of life is not immune from a wrong step. And sometimes it is thanks to mistakes that he gains valuable life experience, learns a lot.

Van Bezdomny (aka Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev) is a character in the novel The Master and Margarita, a poet who becomes a professor at the Institute of History and Philosophy in the epilogue. In the fate of the poet Ivan Bezdomny, who by the end of the novel has turned into a professor at the Institute of History and Philosophy Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, Bulgakov says that the new people created by Bolshevism will not be viable and, naturally, will perish along with the Bolshevism that gave birth to them, that nature does not tolerate not only emptiness but also pure destruction and denial and requires creation, creativity, and true, positive creativity is possible only with the approval of the beginning of the national and with a sense of the religious connection of a person and a nation with the Creator of the Universe. Ivan Homeless

When meeting with Ivan, then Homeless, Woland urges the poet to first believe in the devil, hoping that thereby I. B. will be convinced of the truth of the story of Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri, and then believe in the existence of the Savior. Poet Bezdomny found his " small homeland", becoming Professor Ponyrev (the surname comes from the Ponyri station in the Kursk region), as if joining thereby to the origins national culture. However, the new I.B. was struck by the omniscience bacillus. This man, raised by the revolution to the surface of public life, at first famous poet, after - a famous scientist. He replenished his knowledge, ceasing to be that virgin youth who tried to detain Woland at the Patriarch's Ponds. But I. B. believed in the reality of the devil, in the authenticity of the story of Pilate and Yeshua, while Satan and his retinue were in Moscow and while the poet himself communicated with the Master, whose testament I. B. fulfilled by refusing to write poetry in the epilogue.

Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev is convinced that there is neither God nor the devil, and he himself became a victim of a hypnotist in the past. The professor's former faith comes to life only once a year, on the night of the spring full moon, when he sees in a dream the execution of Yeshua, perceived as a world catastrophe. He sees Yeshua and Pilate, peacefully conversing on a wide, flooded moonlight road, sees and recognizes the Master and Margarita. I. B. himself is not capable of genuine creativity, and the true creator - the Master - is forced to seek protection from Woland in the last shelter. Thus, Bulgakov's deep skepticism was manifested regarding the possibility of rebirth for the better of those who were brought into culture and public life The October Revolution of 1917. The author of The Master and Margarita did not see in Soviet reality such people, whose appearance was predicted and hoped for by Prince N. S. Trubetskoy and other Eurasians. Raised by the revolution, nugget poets who came out of the people, according to the writer, were too far from feeling “the religious connection of man and nation with the Creator of the Universe,” and the idea that they could become the creators of a new national culture turned out to be a utopia. Ivan, who has “seen the light” and turned from Homeless into Ponyrev, feels such a connection only in a dream.

A series of guests who pass in front of Margarita on V. b. at the village , was not chosen randomly. The procession is opened by “Mr. Jacques with his wife”, “one of interesting men”, “a convinced counterfeiter, a traitor, but a very good alchemist”, who “became famous for that. . . that he poisoned the royal mistress." The last imaginary poisoners on V. b. at the village are contemporaries of Bulgakov. “The last two guests were going up the stairs. “Yes, it’s someone new,” said Koroviev, squinting through the glass, “oh, yes, yes. Once, Azazello visited him and, over cognac, whispered advice to him on how to get rid of a certain person, whose revelations he was extremely afraid of. And so he ordered his acquaintance, who was dependent on him, to spray the walls of the office with poison. - What's his name? Margaret asked. “Ah, really, I don’t know yet myself,” Koroviev answered, “I must ask Azazello. - And who is with him? “But this very executive subordinate of his.” Woland's guests

During V. b. at the village not only imaginary poisoners and murderers pass before Margarita, but also real villains of all times and peoples. Interestingly, if all the imaginary poisoners at the ball are men, then all the true poisoners are women. The first to speak is “Ms. Tofana”. The next poisoner on V. b. at the village - Marquise, who "poisoned her father, two brothers and two sisters because of the inheritance." On V. b. at the village Margarita sees the famous harlots and pimps of the past and present. Here is a Moscow dressmaker who organized a meeting house in her workshop (Bulgakov introduced the prototype main character his play "Zoyka's apartment"), and Valeria Messalina, the third wife of the Roman emperor Claudius I (10 -54), the successor of Gaius Caesar Caligula (12 -41), who was also present at the ball.

What is on V. b. at the village before Margarita passes a string of murderers, poisoners, executioners, harlots and pimps, not at all by chance. Bulgakov's heroine is tormented by infidelity to her husband and, albeit subconsciously, puts her misdeed on a par with the greatest crimes past and present. The abundance of poisoners and poisoners, real and imaginary, is a reflection in Margarita's brain of the thought of a possible suicide with the Master using poison. At the same time, their subsequent poisoning, carried out by Azazello, can be considered imaginary, and not real, since almost all male poisoners in V. b. at the village imaginary poisoners. Another explanation for this episode is the suicide of the Master and Margarita. Woland, introducing the heroine to the famous villains and harlots, intensifies the pangs of her conscience. But Bulgakov, as it were, leaves an alternative possibility: V. b. at the village and all the events connected with him occur only in the sick imagination of Margarita, tormented by the lack of news about the Master and guilt before her husband and subconsciously thinking about suicide. A special role in V. b. at the village Frida plays, showing Margarita the fate of the one who crosses the line defined by Dostoevsky in the form of an innocent child's tears. Frida, as it were, repeats the fate of Margarita in Goethe's Faust and becomes a mirror image of Margarita.

This is a collective image that Bulgakov draws. He satirically gives us portraits of his contemporaries. It becomes funny and bitter from the images drawn by the author. At the very beginning of the novel, we see Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz, chairman of MASSOLIT (union of writers). In fact, this person has nothing to do with real creativity. B. is completely faked by time. Under his leadership, the entire MASSOLIT becomes the same. It includes people who know how to adapt to the authorities, write not what you want, but what you need. There is no place for a true creator, so critics start persecuting the Master. Moscow in the 1920s is also a Variety show, directed by Styopa Likhodeev, a lover of carnal entertainment. He is punished by Woland, just like his subordinates Rimsky and Varenukha, liars and sycophants. Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy, chairman of the house administration, was also punished for bribery. In general, Moscow of the 1920s is distinguished by a lot of unpleasant qualities. This is a thirst for money, a desire for easy money, satisfaction of one's carnal needs to the detriment of spiritual ones, lies, subservience to superiors. It was not in vain that Woland and his retinue came to this city and at this time. They punish the hopeless severely, and morally give those who are not yet completely dead a chance to improve. Moscow in the 20s

As we remember, at the beginning of the novel, the writers Berlioz and Bezdomny convince their friend that there was no Jesus and that in general all gods are invented. Is it necessary to prove that this was “atheism out of fear” (especially with the editor Berlioz)? And now, at the very moment when Ivan Bezdomny "one hundred percent" agreed with Berlioz, Woland appears and asks: if there is no God, then who controls human life? Ivan Bezdomny "angrily" (because he is subconsciously not sure of his words) replied: "The man himself manages." So: no one in the “Moscow” chapters “manages” anything. Moreover, by yourself. Not a single person, starting with Berlioz and Homeless. All of them are victims of fear, lies, cowardice, stupidity, ignorance, money-grubbing, lust, self-interest, greed, hatred, loneliness, longing. . . And from all this they are ready to throw themselves into the arms of even the devil himself (which they do at every step ...). Should I give evil spirits Mikhail Bulgakov? (I. Akimov)

Likhodeev Stepan Bogdanovich is the director of the Variety show, in which Woland, calling himself a professor of magic, is planning a "performance". Likhodeev is known as a drunkard, loafer and lover of women. Barefoot Nikanor Ivanovich - a man who held the position of chairman of the housing association on Sadovaya Street. A greedy thief, who on the eve appropriated part of the money from the cash desk of the partnership. Koroviev invites him to conclude an agreement on the delivery of a "bad" apartment to the guest performer Woland and gives a bribe. After that, the received banknotes turn out to be foreign currency. On a call from Koroviev, the bribe-taker is taken to the NKVD, from where he ends up in a lunatic asylum. Aloisy Mogarych is an acquaintance of the Master who wrote a false denunciation against him in order to appropriate his apartment. Woland's retinue kicked him out of the apartment, and after the trial of Satan, he left Moscow, finding himself at Vyatka. Later he returned to the capital and took the position of financial director of Variety. Annushka is a speculator. It was she who broke the container with the purchased sunflower oil at the crossing of the tram rails, which caused the death of Berlioz.

The October Revolution not only broke the old foundations of life and changed life, it also gave birth to a new, absolutely phenomenal type of person. This phenomenon, of course, interested writers, many of them tried to unravel it, and some, such as M. Zoshchenko, N. Erdman, V. Kataev, completely succeeded. The "new" philistine, the so-called "homo sovieticus", not only adapted to new government, he accepted her as his own, found his place in her. Distinctive features such a "homo sovieticus" - increased aggressiveness, faith in one's own infallibility and impunity, peremptory judgments.

M. A. Bulgakov did not pass by such a phenomenon either. Being an employee of the Gudok newspaper in the early 1920s, he, of course, had seen enough of such types, and the results of his observations were reflected in satirical stories. Fatal eggs”, “Diaboliad” and “Heart of a Dog”.

The protagonist of the story "The Heart of a Dog", written in 1925, is Professor of Medicine Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, who deals with the problem of rejuvenation of the human body, which was fashionable at that time. The surname that Bulgakov gives to his hero is not accidental, because the professor is engaged in eugenics, that is, the science of improving, transforming the biological nature of man.

Preobrazhensky is very talented and devoted to his work. Not only in Russia, but also in Europe, he has no equal in his field. Like any talented scientist, he completely devotes himself to work: he sees patients during the day, in the evening, and even at night, he studies special literature and makes experiments. In all other respects, this is a typical intellectual of the old sourdough: he likes to eat well, dress with taste, watch a premiere at the theater, and chat with his assistant Bormental. Preobrazhensky is not defiantly interested in politics: the new government irritates him with lack of culture and rudeness, but things do not go beyond poisonous grumbling.

Life habitually flows along the knurled rail, until one fine day a homeless dog Sharik appears in the apartment of Professor Preobrazhensky, brought by the professor himself for an experiment. The dog shows its absurd and aggressive character immediately. Sharik thinks of the porter at the entrance: "I wish I could nip him on the proletarian callused leg." And when he sees a stuffed owl in the professor's waiting room, he comes to the conclusion: “And this owl is rubbish. Insolent. We will explain it."

Preobrazhensky does not even suspect what kind of monster he introduced into the house and what will come of it.

The professor's goal is grandiose: he wants to benefit humanity by giving him eternal youth. As an experiment, he transplants Sharik's seminal glands, and then the pituitary gland of a deceased person. But rejuvenation does not work - in front of the astonished Preobrazhensky and Bormental, Sharik gradually turns into a man.

The creation of an artificial man is not a new subject in literature. Many authors have referred to him. What kind of monsters they did not create on the pages of their works - from Frankenstein to modern "transformers" and "terminators", solving very real, earthly problems with their help.

So it is for Bulgakov: the plot of the "humanization" of the dog is an allegorical understanding of modernity, the triumph of rudeness, which has taken the form of state policy.

Surprisingly, for the half-man, half-beast Sharik (or Sharikov Polygraph Poligrafovich, as he decided to call himself), a social niche is found very quickly. He is “taken under his wing” and becomes his ideological inspirer by the chairman of the house administration, a demagogue and boor Shvonder. Bulgakov does not spare satirical colors to describe Shvonder and other members of the house management. These are faceless and sexless creatures, non-humans, but "labor elements", who, as Preobrazhensky says, "have a devastation in their heads." All day long they are engaged in singing revolutionary songs, holding political talks and solving issues of compaction. Their main task is to divide everything equally, as they understand social justice. They are also trying to “compact” the professor who owns a seven-room apartment. The arguments that all these rooms are necessary for a normal life and work are simply beyond their understanding. And if not for the high patron, Professor Preobrazhensky would hardly have been able to defend his apartment.

Previously, before the fatal experiment, Philipp Philippovich practically did not encounter representatives of the new government, but now he has such a representative at his side. Sharikov's insolence is not limited to drunkenness, debauchery, rudeness; now, under the influence of Shvonder, he begins to claim his rights to housing and is going to start a family, since he considers himself to be among the "labor elements". Reading about this is not so much funny as scary. You involuntarily think about how many of these balls will be in power both in these years and in subsequent decades and will not only poison the lives of normal people, but also decide their fate, determine the internal and foreign policy countries. (Probably, similar thoughts appeared among those who banned Bulgakov's story for many years).

Sharikov's career is developing successfully: on the recommendation of Shvonder, he is accepted to public service as the head of a sub-department in the HIC for catching stray cats (suitable for former dog!). Sharikov flaunts in a leather coat, like a real commissioner, gives orders to the maid in a metallic voice and, following Shvonder, professes the principle of leveling: looking for food." Moreover, Sharikov writes a denunciation of his benefactor.

The professor realizes his mistake too late: this half-human, half-animal, scoundrel and boor has already firmly established himself in this life and has completely fitted into the new society. An unbearable situation develops, the way out of which is Bormental's first - they should destroy the monster created by their own hands.

"Crime ripened and fell like a stone..."

The professor and his assistant become partners in crime, but they are criminals "by necessity". Since the change in the social position of Sharikov, the conflict between Preobrazhensky and Sharikov has gone beyond the home. And the professor decides to have one more operation - he returns Sharikov to his original state.

It would seem that M. Bulgakov's story ends happily: Sharik, in his natural form, quietly dozes in the corner of the living room and normal life restored in the apartment. However, Schwonder, members of the house administration and many other polygraphers, before whom medicine is powerless, remained outside the apartment.

The results of the local experiment were easy to annul; the price paid for a social experiment unprecedented in history, carried out on a countrywide scale, turned out to be exorbitant for Russia and the Russian people.

Mikhail Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the revolution of 1917, showed the grave consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, whether it be nature or society. Using the example of the failure of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 1920s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of a brilliant professor unsuccessful? From a scientific point of view, this experience, on the contrary, is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland into a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a brief but capacious description: “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab to the heart in a pub.” And what? In the resulting scientific experiment being the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharik is connected with the qualities of an alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And there is nothing surprising in the fact that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois”.
The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday life it led to the most deplorable consequences. The type that appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “small in stature and unsympathetic in appearance,” turned the well-established life of this house upside down. He behaves defiantly rude, arrogant and arrogant.
The newly appeared Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. puts on patent-leather shoes and a poison-colored tie, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of Shvonder's house committee, he registers himself in Preobrazhensky's apartment, demands the "sixteen arshins" of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he reads a book recommended by Schwonder, the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. And even makes critical remarks about the correspondence ...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are miserable attempts that in no way contribute to the mental and spiritual development of Sharikov. But from the point of view of Shvonder and Sharikov like him, it is quite suitable for the society they are creating. Sharikov was even hired in government agency. For him, to become, albeit small, but the boss means to change outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he is dressed in a leather jacket and boots, drives a government car, and controls the fate of a secretary girl. His arrogance becomes boundless. For days on end, obscene language and balalaika strumming are heard in the professor's house; Sharikov comes home drunk, sticks to women, breaks and destroys everything around. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormental unsuccessfully try to instill in him the rules of good manners, to develop and educate him. Of the possible cultural events, Sharikov likes only the circus, and he calls the theater a counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave at the table in a cultured way, Sharikov notes with irony that this is how people tortured themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus we convince

1. New!

   The story of Mikhail Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the revolution of 1917, showed the grave consequences of human interference in the natural course of development, whether it be nature or society....

The story "Heart of a Dog", written in 1925, M. Bulgakov did not see printed, as it was confiscated from the author along with his diaries by the OGPU during a search. "Heart of a Dog" - the last satirical story of the writer. Everything, that...

2. New!

   M.A. Bulgakov had a rather ambiguous, complex relationship with the authorities, like any writer of the Soviet era who did not write works praising this authority. On the contrary, it is clear from his works that he accuses her of the devastation that has come ...

3. New!

   The story "The Heart of a Dog", it seems to me, is distinguished by the originality of the solution of the idea. The revolution that took place in Russia was not the result of a natural socio-economic and spiritual development, but an irresponsible and premature experiment ....

Lesson - research using DER

"What is Professor Preobrazhensky's mistake?"

(Based on the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog")

1 slide

The story "Heart of a Dog" was written in 1925, but the writer did not see it printed. In Russia, the work was published only in 1987.

"It's spicy pamphlet on the present, it is impossible to print in any case, ”this is how L. B. Kamenev understood this work. How did you understand it?

Students' answers (most often students' answers come down to Professor Preobrazhensky's experiment)

The teacher asks problematic issue: “And what did Professor Preobrazhensky understand at the end of the story? What is his mistake?

Different opinions of students lead to a problem situation, in the course of solving which students will come to a deeper understanding of the work.

Student's report on the history of the creation of the story "Heart of a Dog" (preliminary homework)

The story is based on a great experiment. Everything that happened around and what was called the construction of socialism was perceived by Bulgakov precisely as an experiment - huge in scale and more than dangerous. The writer was extremely skeptical about attempts to create a new perfect society by revolutionary (not excluding violence) methods, to educate a new, free person by the same methods. For him, this was such an interference in the natural course of things, the consequences of which could be disastrous, including for the "experimenters" themselves. The author warns readers about this in his work.

2 slide

- “Satire is created when a writer appears who considers the current life imperfect, and, indignantly, proceeds to expose it artistically. I believe that the path of such an artist will be very, very difficult. (M.A. Bulgakov)

Let's remember what satire is. What is satire directed at? (Satire is a kind of comic. The subject of satire is human vices. The source of satire is the contradiction between universal human values ​​and the reality of life).

What traditions of Russian satirists were continued by M. Bulgakov? (M.E. Saltykova-Shedrina, N.V. Gogol).

Analytical group study:

1. What does Moscow of the 1920s look like to the reader? Through whose eyes do we see Moscow? (Through the eyes of a dog, this is a detachment technique that allows the author to “hide” his attitude to what is happening and at the same time to most fully reveal the character of the observer through his perception of events and their assessment. Moscow seems to the guys dirty, uncomfortable, cold and gloomy. In this city, where wind, blizzard and snow reign, embittered people live, trying to keep what they have, and even better - to grab more.The students find details in the text that confirm their impressions, and come to the conclusion that in Moscow there is an atmosphere of chaos, disintegration , hatred: a person who was a nobody now receives power, but uses it for his own good, regardless of the people around him (an example of this is the fate of the “typist”).

3 slide

How does Professor Preobrazhensky appear before us? Is the choice of the professor's surname random? How does the author feel about his character in the first part of the story? What can be said about the lifestyle and views of the professor?

4 slide

What are its moral principles? What is the essence of the professor's attitude to the new system?

Why did the professor pick up a homeless dog? Why is he conducting an experimental operation?

Slide

What does Sharik look like to you? Describe it at the moment of meeting with the professor. Which qualities of Sharik do you like, which ones do you not? What qualities does the author emphasize in Sharik? For what purpose does he do this? What does Sharik notice in the reality around him and how does he react to it? What does Sharik like in the professor's house and what does he not like? (From the first lines, the “stream of consciousness” of the dog unfolds in front of the reader. And from the first lines it is clear that this dog is fantastic. The dog, whose body was abused by people, of course, knows how to hate, but the “typist” causes him sympathy and pity.

6 slide (viewing a movie clip)

The meeting with Professor Preobrazhensky saves Sharik from death. And although the dog is aware of his slavish soul and vile fate, he gives his love and devotion to "mental labor to the master" for a piece of Krakow sausage. The lackey obsequiousness that woke up in Sharik manifests itself not only in a readiness to lick the master's boots, but also in a desire to avenge past humiliations to one of those whom he used to be afraid of like fire - "to poke the porter by the proletarian calloused leg").

7 slide

Does Sharik change from December 16th to 23rd? Highlight the stages of these changes. Compare the behavior of a dog and a person (Sharikov) in the episodes of the first and second parts: choosing a name, dinner, visiting the house committee. Is there anything canine in a person? Why? What is in Sharikovo from a dog, what is from Chugunkin? (Sharikov, whose first word was the name of the store where he was scalded with boiling water, very quickly learns to drink vodka, be rude to servants, turn his ignorance into a weapon against education. He even has a spiritual mentor - the chairman of the house committee Shvonder. Sharikov's career is truly amazing - from a vagrant a dog authorized to exterminate stray cats and dogs. And here one of the main features of Sharikov appears: gratitude is completely alien to him. On the contrary, he takes revenge on those who know his past. He takes revenge on his own kind in order to prove his difference from them, to assert himself. Shvonder , inspiring Sharikov to exploits (for example, to conquer Preobrazhensky's apartment), just does not yet understand that he himself will be the next victim.)

Slide

Who is Sharikov's ideological mentor? Which impact is more terrible: physical or ideological? (Any violence cannot be justified)

What future did Bulgakov predict to Shvonder through Professor Preobrazhensky? Has this prediction come true?

slide

Compare the education theories of Prof. and Dr. Bormenthal. Which one was more effective and why? How did the results of the experiment affect the professor and his assistant? Does it change author's attitude to the professor throughout the story? What are these changes?

10 slide

What did Professor Preobrazhensky understand by the end of the story? What is his mistake? What does the author warn his reader about? (Professor Preobrazhensky comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story "Heart of a Dog", the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov turns into a dog again. He is satisfied with his fate and himself. But in life, such experiments And Bulgakov managed to warn about this at the very beginning of those destructive transformations that began in our country in 1917.

Bulgakov believes that building socialism is also an experiment. A new society is created through violence, to which the author has a negative attitude. For him, this is a violation of the natural course of events, which will be deplorable for everyone.

Unlike the happy ending of Mikhail Bulgakov's brilliant book, real history everything turned out differently. After the revolution of 1917, numerous Sharkovs led by Shvonders came to power in the USSR. Proud of their proletarian origin, infinitely far from knowledge of the laws of history and economics, replacing genuine culture and education with immoderate "vocal impulses", these outcasts with "ruin in their heads" brought their country to a social catastrophe unheard of in world history. We are still healing the wounds of the bloody historical “operation” of 1917.

The great diagnostician and seer, M. Bulgakov predicted the tragic consequences of a social experiment "unprecedented in Europe" in the midst of historical events- in the article "Future Prospects", written in November 1919 9 . The article ends with the words:

“It will be necessary to pay for the past with incredible work, the severe poverty of life. Pay both figuratively and literally.

To pay for the madness of the March days, for the madness of the October days, for independent traitors, for Brest, for the insane use of machines for printing money... for everything!

And we will pay.

And only when it is already very late, we will again begin to create something in order to become full-fledged, so that we will be allowed back into the halls of Versailles.

Who will see these bright days?

Oh no! Our children, perhaps, and perhaps even grandchildren, because the scope of history is wide, and it “reads” decades just as easily as individual years.

And we, representatives of the unfortunate generation, dying in the rank of miserable bankrupts, will be forced to say to our children:

“Pay, pay honestly, and always remember the social revolution!”

Homework

Answer in writing the question: what is the meaning of the finale of the story?

Materials used in preparation for the lesson:

http://900igr.net/kartinki/literatura/Sobache-serdtse/011-M-A.-Bulgakov-1891-1940.html

http://www.bulgakov.ru/dogheart/dh6/