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The history of the creation of Matrenin Dvor Solzhenitsyn briefly. Matrenin Dvor - analysis of the work

History of creation and publication

The story began in late July - early August 1959 in the village of Chernomorsky in the west of Crimea, where Solzhenitsyn was invited by his friends in Kazakh exile, the spouses Nikolai Ivanovich and Elena Alexandrovna Zubov, who settled there in 1958. The story ended in December of that year.

Solzhenitsyn gave the story to Tvardovsky on December 26, 1961. The first discussion in the magazine took place on January 2, 1962. Tvardovsky believed that this work could not be printed. The manuscript remained in the editorial office. Upon learning that the censorship had cut out the memoirs of Veniamin Kaverin about Mikhail Zoshchenko from Novy Mir (1962, No. 12), Lydia Chukovskaya wrote in her diary on December 5, 1962:

After the success of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", Tvardovsky decided to re-editorial discussion and prepare the story for publication. In those days, Tvardovsky wrote in his diary:

By today's arrival of Solzhenitsyn, I had re-read his "Righteous" from five in the morning. My God, the writer. No jokes. A writer who is solely concerned with expressing what lies "at the base" of his mind and heart. Not a shadow of the desire to "hit the bull's-eye", please, facilitate the task of the editor or critic - do whatever you want, and get out, but I won't get off my own. Unless I can go further.

The name "Matryonin Dvor" was proposed by Alexander Tvardovsky before publication and approved during an editorial discussion on November 26, 1962:

“The name should not be so instructive,” Alexander Trifonovich argued. “Yes, I’m not lucky with your names,” Solzhenitsyn responded, however quite good-naturedly.

Unlike Solzhenitsyn's first published work, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which was generally positively received by critics, Matryonin Dvor caused a wave of controversy and discussion in the Soviet press. The position of the author in the story was at the center of a critical discussion on the pages of Literary Russia in the winter of 1964. It began with an article by a young writer L. Zhukhovitsky “I am looking for a co-author!”.

In 1989, Matryonin Dvor became the first publication of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's texts in the USSR after many years of silence. The story was published in two issues of the Ogonyok magazine (1989, No. 23, 24) with a huge circulation of more than 3 million copies. Solzhenitsyn declared the publication "pirated", as it was carried out without his consent.

Plot

In the summer of 1956, “one hundred and eighty-fourth kilometer from Moscow along the branch that goes to Murom and Kazan”, a passenger gets off the train. This is a narrator whose fate is reminiscent of the fate of Solzhenitsyn himself (he fought, but from the front he “delayed with the return of ten years”, that is, he spent time in the camp and was in exile, which is also evidenced by the fact that when the narrator got a job, every letter in his documents was "felt"). He dreams of working as a teacher in the depths of Russia, away from urban civilization. But living in the village with the wonderful name Vysokoye Pole did not work out: “Alas, they did not bake bread there. They didn't sell anything edible. The whole village dragged food in bags from the regional city. And then he is transferred to a village with a monstrous name for his hearing Peat product. However, it turns out that “not everything is around peat extraction” and there are also villages with the names Chaslitsy, Ovintsy, Spudni, Shevertni, Shestimirovo ...

This reconciles the narrator with his share: “A wind of calm drew me from these names. They promised me horse-drawn Russia.” In one of the villages called Talnovo, he settles. The mistress of the hut in which the narrator lodges is called Matryona Vasilievna Grigoryeva, or simply Matryona.

The fate of Matryona, about which she does not immediately, not considering it interesting for a "cultured" person, sometimes in the evenings tells the guest, fascinates and at the same time stuns him. He sees a special meaning in her fate, which is not noticed by fellow villagers and relatives of Matryona. The husband went missing at the beginning of the war. He loved Matryona and did not beat her like village husbands beat their wives. But Matryona herself hardly loved him. She was supposed to marry her husband's older brother, Thaddeus. However, he went to the front in the First world war and disappeared. Matryona was waiting for him, but in the end, at the insistence of the Thaddeus family, she married her younger brother, Yefim. And suddenly Thaddeus returned, who was in Hungarian captivity. According to him, he did not hack Matryona and her husband with an ax just because Yefim is his brother. Thaddeus loved Matryona so much that he found a new bride for himself with the same name. The “second Matryona” gave birth to Thaddeus six children, but the “first Matryona” had all the children from Yefim (also six) died without living and three months. The whole village decided that Matryona was “spoiled”, and she herself believed in it. Then she took up the daughter of the “second Matryona” - Kira, raised her for ten years, until she got married and left for the village of Cherusti.

Matryona lived all her life as if not for herself. She constantly worked for someone: for a collective farm, for neighbors, while doing “peasant” work, and never asked for money for it. In Matryona there is a huge inner strength. For example, she is able to stop a rushing horse on the run, which men cannot stop. Gradually, the narrator realizes that Matryona, who gives herself to others without a trace, and “... there is ... the same righteous man, without whom ... the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land." But this discovery hardly pleases him. If Russia rests only on selfless old women, what will happen to her next?

Hence the absurdly tragic end of the story. Matryona dies helping Thaddeus and his sons to drag across railway on a sleigh, part of his own hut, bequeathed to Kira. Thaddeus did not want to wait for the death of Matryona and decided to take the inheritance for the young during her lifetime. Thus, he unwittingly provoked her death. When relatives bury Matryona, they cry more out of duty than from the heart, and think only about the final division of Matryona's property. Thaddeus doesn't even come to the wake.

Characters and prototypes

Notes

Literature

A. Solzhenitsyn. Matryonin's yard and other stories. Texts of stories on the official website of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Zhukhovitsky L. Looking for a co-author! // Literary Russia. - 1964. - 1 Jan.
Brovman Gr. Is it necessary to be a co-author? // Literary Russia. - 1964. - 1 Jan.
Poltoratsky V. "Matryonin Dvor" and its environs // Izvestia. - 1963. - March 29
Sergovantsev N. The tragedy of loneliness and "continuous life" // October. - 1963. - No. 4. - S. 205.
Ivanova L. Must be a citizen // Lit. gas. - 1963. - May 14
Meshkov Yu. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Personality. Creation. Time. - Yekaterinburg, 1993
Suprunenko P. Recognition... oblivion... fate... The experience of the reader's study of A. Solzhenitsyn's work. - Pyatigorsk, 1994
Chalmaev V. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Life and work. - M., 1994.
Kuzmin V. V. Poetics of stories by A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Monograph. - Tver: TVGU, 1998. No ISBN.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Stories and novels	One day Ivan Denisovich (1959) · Matryonin yard (1959) · Right hand (1960) · Case at Kochetovka station (1963) · For the good of the cause (1963) · Zakhar-Kalita (1965) · What a pity (1965) · Easter procession (1966) · Tiny (1958-1963, 1996-1999)
Novels	In the first circle (1955-1958) · cancer corps (1963-1966)
Memories	The calf butted with the oak (1967-1974) · A grain fell between two millstones
Poems, poems	Dorozhenka (1947–1952) · prussian nights (1947–1952)
Dramaturgy	Feast of the Winners (1951-1953) · captives (1952-1953) · Deer and hut (1954)
Essays and journalism	It’s not customary to whitewash cabbage soup with tar, that’s why sour cream (1965) · Peace and Violence (1973) · On the return of breath and consciousness (1974) · Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life (1974) · education (1974) · Live no lie (1974) · Grinding Freedom (1976) · Our pluralists (1982) · ... shakes your tripod (1984) · How can we equip Russia (1990) · Russia in collapse (1998) · Reflections on the February Revolution (2007)
Other	Gulag Archipelago (1973) · red wheel · The Russian question by the end of the 20th century (1994) · Russian language extension dictionary (1990-2000) · Two hundred years together (2001-2002)
Screen adaptations	One day Ivan Denisovich (1970) · In the first circle (2006)

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Matryonin yard is the second of those published in the magazine " New world stories by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Andrey Sinyavsky called this work the “fundamental thing” of all Russian “village” literature. The author's title of the story “The village is not worth it ... ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Solzhenitsyn ... Wikipedia

Alexander Solzhenitsyn in his works revealed the truth of the time in which he lived and worked, showed in all nakedness and ugliness the poverty of a peasant Russian village.

This topic did not bypass the famous story, published in 1963 in the journal Novy Mir. Initially, the author intended to give the work a different name - "There is no village without the righteous." But A. Tvardovsky gave useful advice: with such a name, censorship will not let the story go to print. And the author easily called his creation " Matrenin yard". You won't dig here. The same reasons formed the basis for the change and year of the events taking place in the story. Initially, it was 1956, in the latest version, which was published - 1953.

The author has repeatedly emphasized that the story "Matryona Dvor" is based on real events. At one time of his life, Alexander Solzhenitsyn lived in the village of Miltsevo, Kuplovsky district. Vladimir region. And he was familiar with a woman, Matryona Timofeevna Zakharova, who became the prototype of his main character- Matryona Vasilievna. Her life and death are conveyed as it all really happened. It can even be assumed that the patronymic of the narrator, mathematics teacher and Matrena's lodger - Ignatich - is very close and consonant with the patronymic of the author himself - Isaevich.

The story "Matrenin Dvor" shows readers a picture of the life of the Russian village in the 60s of the 20th century. The peasants are poor and powerless. She worked all her life for sticks, and therefore she is not entitled to a pension. She is sick, but not disabled. She is trying to get money for the loss of a breadwinner, because her husband died in the war, but even this she fails to do. Having collected a huge amount of information, she remains with nothing. And this case is a prime example work of the bureaucracy of that time.

In connection with the current situation, people have lost their humanity. They use each other, forgetting about elementary words of gratitude, and put selfishness and personal gain at the forefront. Religion fades into the background, many churches are closed. People are losing their humanity. And then the life of the righteous ends so absurdly and cruelly. She herself and the house in which she lived for 40 years seem to be sacrificed.

The story "Matryona Dvor" was highly appreciated by critics. Tvardovsky defined the essence of this work in this way: the fate of a simple peasant woman, so simply and uncomplicatedly told on several pages, attracts us and does not leave us indifferent. The thing is that an illiterate old woman who spent her whole life in hard work, is so rich in soul that it can be put on a par with, for example, Anna Karenina.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn highly appreciated such speeches by Tvardovsky, because they really reflect the strength and depth of this work. The author did not want to compare collective farms, but to show the strength and purity of the soul of a simple peasant woman who lives for the benefit of others, forgetting about herself.

And he did it with great skill. The work, after a year, touches and excites the reader.

date of writing 1959 Date of first publication 1963, "New World" Electronic version

	Matryonin yard at Wikiquote

"Matryonin's Yard"- the second of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's stories published in the Novy Mir magazine. The author's title "A village is not worth without a righteous man" was changed at the request of the editors in order to avoid censorship obstacles. For the same reason, the time of action in the story was changed by the author to 1956.

The "fundamental thing" of all Russian "village literature" called this work Andrey Sinyavsky.

History of creation and publication

The story began in late July - early August 1959 in the village of Chernomorsky in the west of Crimea, where Solzhenitsyn was invited by his friends in Kazakhstan exile, spouses Nikolai Ivanovich and Elena Aleksandrovna Zubov, who settled there in 1958. The story ended in December of that year.

... And what if Solzhenitsyn's second thing is not printed? I liked her more than the first. She stuns with courage, shakes with material, - well, of course, and literary skill; and "Matryona" ... is already visible here great artist, human, returning us native language, loving Russia, as Blok said, mortally offended by love.<…>So the prophetic oath of Akhmatova comes true:
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
Preserved - revived - s / c Solzhenitsyn.

By today's arrival of Solzhenitsyn, I had re-read his "Righteous" from five in the morning. My God, the writer. No jokes. A writer who is solely concerned with expressing what lies "at the base" of his mind and heart. Not a shadow of the desire to "hit the bull's-eye", please, facilitate the task of the editor or critic - do whatever you want, and get out, but I won't get off my own. Unless I can go further.

The name "Matryonin Dvor" was proposed by Alexander Tvardovsky before publication and approved during an editorial discussion on November 26, 1962:

“The name should not be so instructive,” Alexander Trifonovich argued. “Yes, I’m not lucky with your names,” Solzhenitsyn responded, however quite good-naturedly.

The story was published in the January notebook of Novy Mir for 1963 (pages 42-63) along with the story "The Incident at the Kochetovka Station" under the heading "Two stories".

Plot

Matryona, not considering her fate interesting for a "cultured" person, sometimes in the evenings tells about herself to the guest. The life story of this woman fascinates and at the same time stuns him. He sees in it a special meaning, which is not noticed by fellow villagers and relatives of Matryona. The husband went missing at the beginning of the war. He loved Matryona and did not beat her like village husbands beat their wives. But Matryona herself hardly loved him. She was supposed to marry her husband's older brother, Thaddeus. However, he went to the front in the First World War and disappeared. Matryona was waiting for him, but in the end, at the insistence of the Thaddeus family, she married her younger brother, Yefim. And suddenly Thaddeus returned, who was in Hungarian captivity. According to him, he did not hack Matryona and her husband with an ax just because Yefim is his brother. Thaddeus loved Matryona so much that he found a new bride for himself with the same name. The “second Matryona” gave birth to Thaddeus six children, but the “first Matryona” had all the children from Yefim (also six) died before they even lived for three months. The whole village decided that Matryona was “spoiled”, and she herself believed in it. Then she took up the daughter of the “second Matryona” - Kira, raised her for ten years, until she got married and left for the village of Cherusti.

Matryona lived all her life as if not for herself. She constantly worked for someone: for a collective farm, for neighbors, while doing “peasant” work, and never asked for money for it. There is a huge inner strength in Matryona. For example, she is able to stop a rushing horse on the run, which men cannot stop. Gradually, the narrator realizes that Matryona, who gives herself to others without a trace, and “... there is ... the same righteous man, without whom ... the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land." But this discovery hardly pleases him. If Russia rests only on selfless old women, what will happen to her next?

Hence the absurdly tragic death of the heroine at the end of the story. Matryona dies helping Thaddeus and his sons to drag part of their own hut, bequeathed to Kira, across the railroad on a sleigh. Thaddeus did not want to wait for the death of Matryona and decided to take the inheritance for the young during her lifetime. Thus, he unwittingly provoked her death. When relatives bury Matryona, they cry more out of duty than from the heart, and think only about the final division of Matryona's property. Thaddeus doesn't even come to the wake.

Characters

Ignatic - narrator
Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva - the main character, the righteous
Efim Mironovich Grigoriev - husband of Matryona
Faddey Mironovich Grigoriev - Yefim's older brother ( former lover Matryona and deeply loved her)
"Second Matryona" - wife of Thaddeus
Kira - the daughter of the "second" Matryona and Thaddeus, the adopted daughter of Matryona Grigorieva
Kira's husband, machinist
sons of Thaddeus
Masha is a close friend of Matryona
3 sisters Matryona

The work, written while the writer was on the Black Sea coast of Crimea, is autobiographical and is based on real events that happened to the author after he served his sentence in a prison camp. The writing of the work takes the author several months and the story is published together with another creation of the writer "The Incident at the Kochetovka Station" under the single designation "Two stories".

The writer creates a work with the title "There is no village without a righteous man", however, having submitted the work for publication in the publication "New World", the editor-in-chief of which is Tvardovsky A.T., the author changes the title of the story on the advice of a senior colleague in order to avoid obstacles from censorship , since the mention of righteousness could be regarded as a call to Christian religion which at that time had a sharp and negative attitude on the part of the authorities. The editorial board of the journal agrees with the editor-in-chief's opinion that in the original version the title bears an instructive, moral appeal.

The basis of the narrative in the story is the image of the life picture of the Russian village in the middle of the twentieth century, for the disclosure of which the writer raises the eternal human problems in the form of an indifferent attitude towards one's neighbor, a manifestation of kindness, compassion and justice. The key theme of the story is reflected in the example of the image of the village resident Matrena, who really existed in life, in whose house the writer spends several months after his release from the camp. At present, the real name of the landlady of the writer Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova, who lives in the village of Miltsevo, Vladimir Region, and is the prototype of the main character of the work, is known.

The heroine is depicted in the story as a righteous woman who works at the local collective farm for workdays and is not entitled to receive a state pension. In this case, the writer retains the name real prototype own heroine, changing only the surname. Matryona is presented by the author as an illiterate, unread, old peasant woman, distinguished by her rich peace of mind and possessing true human values in the form of love, compassion, care, which overshadow the hardships and hardships of a difficult village life.

For a writer who is a former convict who later became a school teacher, the heroine becomes the ideal of female Russian modesty, self-sacrifice, gentleness, while the author focuses readers' attention on the drama and tragedy of the heroine's life fate, which did not affect her positive traits. From the point of view of Tvardovsky A.T., the image of Matryona, her incredibly huge inner world, give the impression of a conversation with Tolstoy's image of Anna Karenina. This characteristic the heroine of the story is gratefully accepted by the writer.

After the ban on the publication of the writer's works in the Soviet Union, the re-publication of the story is carried out only at the end of the 80s of the twentieth century in the Ogonyok magazine, accompanied by illustrations by the artist Novozhilov Gennady.

Returning to Russia in the 90s of the XX century, the writer visits memorable places his life, including the village in which his heroine lived, paying tribute to her memory in the form of an ordered memorial service at the cemetery where Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova rests.

The true meaning of the work, which consists in telling the story of a suffering and loving peasant woman, is positively received by critics and readers.

Prototypes of characters, comments on the story, history of writing.

Some interesting essays

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This story seems to me quite instructive. Nora - good girl, but she is used to obeying others, and this does not lead her to her own happiness, of course.

A. N. Solzhenitsyn, returning from exile, worked as a teacher at the Miltsev school. He lived in an apartment with Matrena Vasilievna Zakharova. All events described by the author were real. Solzhenitsyn's short story "Matryona's Dvor" describes hard lot collective farm Russian village. We offer for review an analysis of the story according to the plan, this information can be used to work in literature lessons in grade 9, as well as in preparation for the exam.

Brief analysis

Year of writing– 1959

History of creation– The writer began work on his work on the problems of the Russian village in the summer of 1959 on the Crimean coast, where he was visiting his friends in exile. Being wary of censorship, it was recommended to change the title "A village without a righteous man" and, on the advice of Tvardovsky, the writer's story was called "Matryona's Dvor".

Subject– The main theme of this work is the life and life of the Russian hinterland, the problems of relations common man with power, moral problems.

Composition- The narration is on behalf of the narrator, as if through the eyes of an outside observer. The features of the composition allow us to understand the very essence of the story, where the characters will come to the realization that the meaning of life is not only (and not so much) in enrichment, material values, but in moral values, and this problem is universal, and not a single village.

Genre– The genre of the work is defined as “monumental story”.

Direction- Realism.

History of creation

The writer's story is autobiographical; indeed, after his exile, he taught in the village of Miltsevo, which in the story is called Talnovo, and rented a room from Zakharova Matrena Vasilievna. In his short story the writer reflected not only the fate of one hero, but also the whole epoch-making idea of the formation of the country, all his problems and moral principles.

Myself the meaning of the name"Matryona's Yard" is a reflection of the main idea of the work, where the boundaries of her court expand to the scale of the whole country, and the idea of morality turns into universal problems. From this we can conclude that the history of the creation of the "Matryona Dvor" does not include a separate village, but the history of the creation of a new outlook on life, and on the power that governs the people.

Subject

After analyzing the work in Matrenin Dvor, it is necessary to determine main topic story, find out what teaches autobiographical essay not only the author himself, but, by and large, the whole country.

The life and work of the Russian people, their relationship with the authorities are deeply illuminated. A person works all his life, losing his personal life and interests in work. Your health, after all, without getting anything. Using the example of Matrena, it is shown that she worked all her life, without any official documents about her work, and did not even earn a pension.

All the last months of its existence were spent on collecting different pieces of paper, and the red tape and bureaucracy of the authorities also led to the fact that one and the same piece of paper had to go to get more than once. Indifferent people sitting at tables in offices can easily put the wrong seal, signature, stamp, they do not care about people's problems. So Matrena, in order to achieve a pension, more than once bypasses all instances, somehow achieving a result.

The villagers think only about their own enrichment, for them there is no moral values. Faddey Mironovich, her husband's brother, forced Matryona to give away the promised part of her house during her lifetime. adopted daughter, Kire. Matryona agreed, and when, out of greed, two sledges were hooked to one tractor, the cart fell under the train, and Matryona died along with her nephew and the tractor driver. Human greed is above all, that very evening, her only friend, Aunt Masha, came to her house to pick up the little thing promised to her, until Matryona's sisters stole it.

And Faddey Mironovich, who also had a coffin with his dead son in his house, still managed to bring the logs thrown at the crossing before the funeral, and did not even come to pay tribute to the memory of the woman who died terrible death because of his insatiable greed. Matrena's sisters, first of all, took away her funeral money, and began to divide the remains of the house, crying over her sister's coffin not from grief and sympathy, but because it was supposed to be.

In fact, humanly, no one took pity on Matryona. Greed and greed blinded the eyes of fellow villagers, and people will never understand Matryona that with her spiritual development a woman stands at an unattainable height from them. She is truly righteous.

Composition

The events of that time are described from the perspective of an outsider, a lodger who lived in Matryona's house.

Narrator starts his narrative from the time he was looking for a job as a teacher, trying to find a remote village to live. By the will of fate, he ended up in the village where Matryona lived, and decided to stay with her.

In the second part, the narrator describes hard fate Matryona, who has not seen happiness since his youth. Her life was hard everyday work and worries. She had to bury all her six children born. Matryona endured a lot of torment and grief, but she did not become embittered, and her soul did not harden. She is still hardworking and disinterested, benevolent and peaceful. She never condemns anyone, she treats everyone evenly and kindly, as before, she works in her farmstead. She died trying to help her relatives move her own part of the house.

In the third part, the narrator describes the events after the death of Matryona, all the same soullessness of people, relatives and relatives of the woman who, after the death of the woman, swooped like crows into the remains of her yard, trying to quickly take everything apart and plunder, condemning Matryona for her righteous life.

Main characters

Genre

The publication of Matryona Dvor caused much controversy among Soviet critics. Tvardovsky wrote in his notes that Solzhenitsyn is the only writer who expresses his opinion without regard to the authorities and the opinion of critics.

Everyone unequivocally came to the conclusion that the work of the writer belongs to "monumental story", so in a high spiritual genre the description of a simple Russian woman, personifying universal human values, is given.