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Alexander stepanovich green additional information. The life and work of Alexander Grin: a short biography of the writer

Alexander Grin (real name Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky). August 11 (23), 1880, Slobodskoy, Vyatka province, Russian Empire - July 8, 1932, Old Crimea, USSR. Russian prose writer, poet, representative of neo-romanticism, author of philosophical and psychological works, with elements of symbolic fantasy.

Father - Stefan Grinevsky (Polish Stefan Hryniewski, 1843-1914), a Polish gentry from the Disna district of the Vilna province of the Russian Empire. For participation in the January Uprising of 1863, at the age of 20, he was exiled indefinitely to Kolyvan, Tomsk province. Later he was allowed to move to the Vyatka province, where he arrived in 1868. In Russia, he was called "Stepan Evseevich".

In 1873 he married 16-year-old Russian nurse Anna Stepanovna Lepkova (1857-1895). For the first 7 years they had no children, Alexander became the first-born, later he had a brother Boris and two sisters, Antonina and Ekaterina.

Sasha learned to read at the age of 6, and the first book he read was Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. From childhood, Green loved books about sailors and travels. He dreamed of going to sea as a sailor and, driven by this dream, made attempts to run away from home. The upbringing of the boy was inconsistent - he was either spoiled, then severely punished, then left unattended.

In 1889, nine-year-old Sasha was sent to the preparatory class of the local real school. There fellow practitioners first gave him Nickname "Greene". The report of the school noted that the behavior of Alexander Grinevsky was worse than all the others, and in case of non-correction, he could be expelled from the school.

Nevertheless, Alexander was able to finish the preparatory class and enter the first class, but in the second class he wrote an insulting poem about teachers and was nevertheless expelled from the school. At the request of his father, Alexander in 1892 was admitted to another school, which had a bad reputation in Vyatka.

At the age of 15, Sasha was left without a mother who died of tuberculosis. 4 months later (May 1895), my father married the widow Lidia Avenirovna Boretskaya. Alexander's relationship with his stepmother was tense, and he settled separately from his father's new family.

The boy lived alone, enthusiastically reading books and writing poetry. He worked as a binder of books, correspondence of documents. At the suggestion of his father, he became interested in hunting, but due to his impulsive nature, he rarely returned with prey.

In 1896, after graduating from the four-year Vyatka city school, 16-year-old Alexander left for Odessa deciding to become a sailor. His father gave him 25 rubles of money and the address of his Odessa friend. For some time, "a sixteen-year-old, beardless, puny, narrow-shouldered boy in a straw hat" (as the then Greene described himself ironically in "Autobiographies") wandered in an unsuccessful search for work and was desperately hungry.

In the end, he turned to a friend of his father, who fed him and got him a job as a sailor on the steamer "Platon", cruising along the route Odessa - Batum - Odessa. However, once Green managed to visit abroad, in Egyptian Alexandria.

A sailor did not come out of Green - he was disgusted with the prosaic sailor's work. Soon he quarreled with the captain and left the ship.

In 1897, Green went back to Vyatka, spent a year there and again left in search of happiness - this time to Baku. There he tried many professions - he was a fisherman, laborer, worked in railway workshops. In the summer he returned to his father, then again went on a journey. He was a lumberjack, a gold digger in the Urals, a miner in an iron mine, and a theater copyist.

Six months later (of which he spent three and a half in a punishment cell), he deserted, was caught in Kamyshin, and fled again. In the army, Green met with the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists, who appreciated the young rebel and helped him hide in Simbirsk.

From that moment on, Green, having received the party nickname "Lanky", sincerely gives all his strength to the fight against the social system he hates, although he refused to participate in the execution of terrorist acts, limiting himself to propaganda among the workers and soldiers of different cities. Subsequently, he did not like to talk about his "Socialist-Revolutionary" activities.

In the documents of the police, it is characterized as "a closed nature, embittered, capable of anything, even risking his life." In January 1904, the Minister of the Interior V.K. Plehve, shortly before the SR assassination attempt on him, received a report from the Minister of War A.N. and then Grinevsky.

In October 1905, Grin was released under a general amnesty, but already in January 1906 he was arrested again in St. Petersburg.

In May, Grin was exiled for four years to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. He stayed there for only 3 days and fled to Vyatka, where, with the help of his father, he obtained someone else's passport in the name of Malginov (later it would be one of the literary pseudonyms of the writer), according to which he left for St. Petersburg.

In the summer of 1906, Green wrote 2 stories - "Merit of Private Panteleev" And "Elephant and Pug".

The first story was signed "A. S. G.” and published in the autumn of the same year. It was published as a propaganda brochure for punishing soldiers and described the atrocities of the army among the peasants. Green received the fee, but the entire circulation was confiscated at the printing house and destroyed (burned) by the police, only a few copies were accidentally preserved. The second story suffered a similar fate - it was handed over to the printing house, but was not printed.

Only starting from December 5 of the same year, Green's stories began to reach readers. And the first "legal" work was the story written in the autumn of 1906 "To Italy", signed "A. A. M-v "(that is, Malginov).

For the first time (under the title "In Italy") it was published in the evening edition of the newspaper "Birzhevye Vedomosti" dated December 5 (18), 1906. Pseudonym "A. S. Green first appeared under story "Happening"(first publication - in the newspaper "Tovarishch" dated March 25 (April 7), 1907).

At the beginning of 1908, in St. Petersburg, Green published the first author's collection "Invisible hat"(subtitled "Tales of the Revolutionaries"). Most of the stories in it are about the Social Revolutionaries.

Another event was the final break with the Social Revolutionaries. Green hated the existing system as before, but he began to form his own positive ideal, which was not at all like the Social Revolutionary.

The third important event was the marriage - his imaginary "prison bride" 24-year-old Vera Abramova became Green's wife. Knock and Gelli - the main characters of the story "A Hundred Miles Down the River" (1912) - are Green and Vera themselves.

In 1910, his second collection, Stories, was published. Most of the stories included there were written in realistic manner, but in two - "Reno Island" and "Colony Lanfier" - the future Green storyteller is already guessed. The action of these stories takes place in a conditional country, in style they are close to his later work. Green himself believed that starting from these stories he could be considered a writer.

In the early years, he published 25 stories a year.

As a new original and talented Russian writer, he meets Alexei Tolstoy, Leonid Andreev, Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin and other major writers. He became especially close with.

For the first time in his life, Green began to earn a lot of money, which, however, did not stay with him, quickly disappearing after revelry and card games.

In the link Green wrote "Life of Gnor" And "The Blue Cascade of Telluri". The term of his exile was reduced to two years, and in May 1912 the Grinevskys returned to St. Petersburg. Other works of the romantic direction soon followed: The Devil of Orange Waters, The Zurbagan Shooter (1913). They finally form the features of a fictional country, which the literary critic K. Zelinsky will call "Greenland".

Green publishes mainly in the "small" press: in newspapers and illustrated magazines. His works are published by Birzhevye Vedomosti and the supplement to the newspaper, the Novoye Slovo magazine, the New Journal for All, Rodina, Niva and its monthly supplements, the Vyatskaya Rech newspaper and many others. Occasionally, his prose is placed in the solid "thick" monthly journals "Russian Thought" and "Modern World". In the latter, Green published from 1912 to 1918 thanks to his acquaintance with A.I. Kuprin.

In 1913-1914, his three-volume edition was published by the Prometheus publishing house.

In 1914, Green became a contributor to the popular New Satyricon magazine, and published his collection Incident on Dog Street as an appendix to the magazine. Green worked during this period extremely productively. He did not yet dare to start writing a long story or novel, but his best stories of this time show the deep progress of Green the writer. The subject of his works is expanding, the style is becoming more and more professional - just compare funny story "Captain Duke" and a refined, psychologically accurate novella "Returned Hell" (1915).

After the outbreak of the First World War, some of Greene's stories take on a distinct anti-war character: such are, for example, "Batalist Shuang", "Blue Top" ("Niva", 1915) and "Poisoned Island". Due to the “impermissible review of the reigning monarch” that became known to the police, Green was forced to hide in Finland from the end of 1916, but, having learned about February Revolution returned to Petrograd.

In the spring of 1917 he wrote a short story "Walk to the Revolution", indicating the writer's hope for renewal.

After the October Revolution, Green's notes and feuilletons appeared one after another in the journal "New Satyricon" and in the small small-circulation newspaper "Devil's Pepper Pot", condemning cruelty and atrocities. He said, "I can't get my head around the idea that violence can be destroyed by violence."

In the spring of 1918, the magazine, along with all other opposition publications, was banned. Greene was arrested for the fourth time and almost shot.

In the summer of 1919, Green was drafted into the Red Army as a signalman, but he soon fell ill with typhus and ended up in the Botkin barracks for almost a month. sent seriously ill Greene honey, tea and bread.

After recovering, Green, with the assistance of Gorky, managed to get an academic ration and housing - a room in the "House of Arts" on Nevsky Prospekt, 15, where Green lived next to, V. A. Rozhdestvensky, O. E. Mandelstam, V. Kaverin.

Neighbors recalled that Green lived as a hermit, almost did not communicate with anyone, but it was here that he wrote his most famous, touching and poetic work - extravaganza "Scarlet Sails"(published in 1923).

In the early 1920s, Green decided to start his first novel, which he called The Shining World. The protagonist of this complex symbolist work is the flying superman Drud, who convinces people to choose the highest values of the Shining World instead of the values of "this world". In 1924 the novel was published in Leningrad. He continued to write stories, the peaks here were "The Loquacious Brownie", "The Pied Piper", "Fandango".

In Feodosia Green wrote a novel "Gold chain"(1925, published in Novy Mir), conceived as "a memoir of the dream of a boy seeking miracles and finding them."

In the autumn of 1926, Green completed his main masterpiece - the novel "Running on the waves", on which he worked for a year and a half. In this novel, united best features the talent of the writer: a deep mystical idea about the need for a dream and the realization of a dream, subtle poetic psychologism, a fascinating romantic plot. For two years the author tried to publish the novel in Soviet publishing houses, and only at the end of 1928 the book was published by the Zemlya i Fabrika publishing house.

With great difficulty, in 1929, Greene's last novels were also published: "Jesse and Morgiana", "The Road to Nowhere".

In 1927, the private publisher L.V. Wolfson began publishing a 15-volume collection of Green's works, but only 8 volumes were published, after which Wolfson was arrested by the GPU.

NEP came to an end. Green's attempts to insist on fulfilling the contract with the publishing house only led to huge legal costs and ruin. Green's binges began to repeat again. However, in the end, the Green family still managed to win the process, sue seven thousand rubles, which, however, greatly depreciated inflation.

In 1930, the Grinevskys moved to the city of Stary Krym, where life was cheaper. Since 1930, Soviet censorship, with the motivation "you do not merge with the era", banned the reprints of Green and introduced a limit on new books: one per year. Greene and his wife were desperately hungry and often sick. Green tried to hunt the surrounding birds with a bow and arrow, but was unsuccessful.

Novel "Handy", begun by Green at this time, was never completed, although some critics consider it to be his best work.

In May 1932, after new petitions, a transfer of 250 rubles unexpectedly came. from the Writers' Union, sent for some reason in the name of "the writer Green's widow Nadezhda Green", although Green was still alive. There is a legend that the reason was Green's last mischief - he sent a telegram to Moscow: "Green is dead, send two hundred funerals."

Alexander Grin died on the morning of July 8, 1932 at the age of 52 in Stary Krym from stomach cancer. Two days before his death, he asked to invite a priest and confessed. The writer was buried at the city cemetery of Stary Krym. Nina chose a place from where the sea can be seen... Sculptor Tatyana Gagarina erected a monument "Running on the Waves" on Green's grave.

Upon learning of Grin's death, several leading Soviet writers called for a collection of his writings to be published; even Seifullina joined them.

Collection of A. Green "Fantastic Novels" came out in 1934.

Alexander Green. Geniuses and villains

Personal life of Alexander Green:

Since 1903, in prison - due to the absence of acquaintances and relatives - she visited him (under the guise of a bride) Vera Pavlovna Abramova, the daughter of a wealthy official who sympathized with revolutionary ideals.

She became his first wife.

He did not part with the portrait of Vera until the end of his life.

In 1918 he married a certain Maria Dolidze. Within a few months, the marriage was recognized as a mistake, and the couple broke up.

In the spring of 1921, Green married a 26-year-old widow, a nurse Nina Nikolaevna Mironova(after Korotkova's first husband). They met back in early 1918, when Nina worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. Her first husband died in the war. A new meeting took place in January 1921, Nina was in desperate need and was selling things (Green later described a similar episode at the beginning of the story "Pied Piper"). A month later, he proposed to her.

During the next eleven years assigned to Green by fate, they did not part, and both considered their meeting a gift of fate. Green dedicated the Scarlet Sails extravaganza completed this year to Nina: “The Author offers and dedicates to Nina Nikolaevna Green. PBG, November 23, 1922"

The couple rented a room on Panteleymonovskaya Street, moved their meager luggage there: a bunch of manuscripts, a few clothes, a photograph of Father Green and an unchanging portrait of Vera Pavlovna. At first, Grin was hardly printed, but with the beginning of the NEP, private publishing houses appeared, and he managed to publish a new collection, White Fire (1922). The collection included a vivid story "Ships in Lissa", which Green himself considered one of the best ..

Nina Nikolaevna Green, the writer's widow, continued to live in Stary Krym, in an adobe house, and worked as a nurse. When the Nazi army captured the Crimea, Nina stayed with her seriously ill mother in the Nazi-occupied territory, worked in the occupation newspaper "Official Bulletin of the Staro-Krymsky District". Then she was taken to labor work in Germany, in 1945 she voluntarily returned from the American zone of occupation to the USSR.

After the trial, Nina received ten years in the camps for "collaborationism and treason", with confiscation of property. She served her sentence in the Stalinist camps on the Pechora. Great support, including things and products, was provided to her by Green's first wife, Vera Pavlovna. Nina served almost her entire term and was released in 1955 under an amnesty (rehabilitated in 1997). Vera Pavlovna died earlier, in 1951.

In 1946, L. I. Borisov’s story “The Wizard from Gel-Gyu” about Alexander Green was published, which earned praise from K. G. Paustovsky and B. S. Grinevsky, but later - condemnation from N. N. Green.

During the years of the struggle against cosmopolitanism, Alexander Grin, like many other cultural figures (A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko, D. D. Shostakovich), was branded in the Soviet press as a “cosmopolitan”, alien to proletarian literature, “militant reactionary and spiritual emigrant". For example, V. Vazhdaev's article "Preacher of Cosmopolitanism" ("New World", No. 1, 1950) was devoted to "exposing" Green. Green's books were taken from libraries en masse.

Beginning in 1956, through the efforts of K. Paustovsky, Yu. Olesha, I. Novikov and others, Green was returned to literature. His works were published in millions of copies. Having received through the efforts of Green's friends a fee for "Favorites" (1956), Nina Nikolaevna arrived in Stary Krym, found with difficulty the abandoned grave of her husband and found out that the house where Green died had passed to the chairman of the local executive committee and was used as a barn and a chicken coop.

In 1960, after several years of struggle to return home, Nina Nikolaevna opened the Green Museum in Stary Krym on a voluntary basis. There she spent the last ten years of her life, with a pension of 21 rubles (the copyright was no longer valid).

In July 1970, the Green Museum in Feodosia was also opened, and a year later, Green's house in Stary Krym also received the status of a museum. Its opening by the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU was linked to the conflict with Nina Nikolaevna: “We are for Grin, but against his widow. The museum will only be there when she dies.”

Nina Nikolaevna Green died on September 27, 1970 in a Kyiv hospital. She bequeathed to bury herself next to her husband. The local party leadership, irritated by the loss of the chicken coop, imposed a ban; and Nina was buried at the other end of the cemetery. On October 23 of the following year, Nina's birthday, six of her friends reburied the coffin at night in the place intended for it.

Bibliography of Alexander Green:

Novels:

Shining World (1924)
Golden Chain (1925)
Wave Runner (1928)
Jesse and Morgiana (1929)
Road to Nowhere (1930)
Impatiens (not finished)

Novels and stories:

1906 - To Italy (the first legally published story by A. S. Green)
1906 - Merit of Private Panteleev
1906 - Elephant and Pug
1907 - Oranges
1907 - Brick and Music
1907 - Beloved
1907 - Marat
1907 - On the stock exchange
1907 - At leisure
1907 - Underground
1907 - Case
1908 - Hunchback
1908 - Guest
1908 - Eroshka
1908 - Toy
1908 - Captain
1908 - Quarantine
1908 - Swan
1908 - Little Committee
1908 - Mate in three moves
1908 - Punishment
1908 - She
1908 - Hand
1908 - Telegrapher from Medyansky Bor
1908 - Third floor
1908 - Hold and deck
1908 - Assassin
1908 - The Man Who Cries
1909 - Barca on the Green Canal
1909 - Airship
1909 - Dacha of a large lake
1909 - Nightmare
1909 - Little conspiracy
1909 - Maniac
1909 - Overnight stay
1909 - Window in the forest
1909 - Reno Island
1909 - By marriage announcement
1909 - Incident in Dog Street
1909 - Paradise
1909 - Cyclone in the Plain of Rains
1909 - Navigator of the Four Winds
1910 - In flood
1910 - In the snow
1910 - Return of the "Seagull"
1910 - Duel
1910 - Khonsa estate
1910 - The story of one murder
1910 - Lanfier Colony
1910 - Yakobson's raspberry
1910 - Puppet
1910 - On the island
1910 - On the hillside
1910 - Find
1910 - Easter on the steamer
1910 - Powder magazine
1910 - Strait of Storms
1910 - Birk's story
1910 - River
1910 - Death of Romelink
1910 - The Secret of the Forest
1910 - A box of soap
1911 - Forest drama
1911 - Moonlight
1911 - Pillory
1911 - Atley's mnemonic system
1911 - Words
1912 - Hotel of Evening Lights
1912 - Life of Gnor
1912 - Winter's Tale
1912 - From the detective's memorial book
1912 - Ksenia Turpanova
1912 - Puddle of the Bearded Pig
1912 - Passenger Pyzhikov
1912 - The Adventures of Ginch
1912 - Passage yard
1912 - A story about a strange fate
1912 - Telluri Blue Cascade
1912 - Tragedy of the Suan Plateau
1912 - Heavy air
1912 - Fourth for all
1913 - Adventure
1913 - Balcony
1913 - Headless Horseman
1913 - Back of the Road
1913 - Granka and his son
1913 - Long way
1913 - Devil of Orange Waters
1913 - Lives of great people
1913 - Zurbagan shooter
1913 - History of the Tauren
1913 - On the hillside
1913 - Naive Tussaletto
1913 - New circus
1913 - Tribe Siurg
1913 - The last minutes of Ryabinin
1913 - The seller of happiness
1913 - Sweet Poison of the City
1913 - Taboo
1913 - Mysterious Forest
1913 - Quiet weekdays
1913 - Three Adventures of Ehma
1913 - Man with man
1914 - Without an audience
1914 - Forgotten
1914 - The riddle of foreseen death
1914 - Earth and water
1914 - And spring will come for me
1914 - How the strong man Red John fought the king
1914 - War Legends
1914 - Dead for the living
1914 - In the balance
1914 - One of many
1914 - A story ended thanks to a bullet
1914 - Duel
1914 - Penitential manuscript
1914 - Incidents in Mrs. Cerise's apartment
1914 - Rare photographic apparatus
1914 - Conscience spoke
1914 - Sufferer
1914 - A strange incident at the masquerade
1914 - Fate taken by the horns
1914 - Three brothers
1914 - Urban Graz receives guests
1914 - Episode during the capture of Fort Cyclops
1915 - Sleepwalking Aviator
1915 - Shark
1915 - Diamonds
1915 - Armenian Tintos
1915 - Attack
1915 - Battle painter Shuang
1915 - missing
1915 - Battle in the air
1915 - Blonde
1915 - Bullfight
1915 - Bayonet fight
1915 - Machine gun fight
1915 - Eternal Bullet
1915 - Explosion of the alarm clock
1915 - Returned Hell
1915 - Magic Screen
1915 - Invention of Epitrim
1915 - Khaki Bey's Harem
1915 - Voice and sounds
1915 - Two brothers
1915 - Double of Plereza
1915 - The Case with the White Bird, or the White Bird and the Ruined Church
1915 - Wild Mill
1915 - Man's Friend
1915 - Iron bird
1915 - Yellow City
1915 - The Beast of Rochefort
1915 - Golden Pond
1915 - Game
1915 - Toys
1915 - Interesting photo
1915 - Adventurer
1915 - Captain Duke
1915 - Swinging Rock
1915 - Dagger and mask
1915 - Nightmare case
1915 - Leal at home
1915 - Flying Doge
1915 - Bear and German
1915 - Bear Hunt
1915 - Sea battle
1915 - On the American mountains
1915 - Over the abyss
1915 - Assassin
1915 - Pick-Meek's legacy
1915 - Impenetrable shell
1915 - Night walk
1915 - At night
1915 - Night and day
1915 - Dangerous Jump
1915 - The original spy
1915 - Island
1915 - Hunting in the air
1915 - Hunting for Marbrun
1915 - Hunt for a bully
1915 - Mine Hunter
1915 - Dance of Death
1915 - The duel of leaders
1915 - Suicide note
1915 - The incident with the sentry
1915 - Kam-Boo Bird
1915 - Way
1915 - Fifteenth of July
1915 - Scout
1915 - Jealousy and a sword
1915 - Fatal place
1915 - Woman's hand
1915 - Knight Mallar
1915 - Masha's wedding
1915 - Serious prisoner
1915 - The power of the word
1915 - Blue top
1915 - Killer Word
1915 - Death of Alamber
1915 - Calm soul
1915 - Strange weapon
1915 - Terrible package
1915 - The terrible secret of the car
1915 - The fate of the first platoon
1915 - The mystery of the moonlit night
1915 - There or There
1915 - Three meetings
1915 - Three bullets
1915 - Murder in a fish shop
1915 - The murder of a romantic
1915 - Suffocating gas
1915 - Terrible vision
1915 - Host from Lodz
1915 - Black Flowers
1915 - Black novel
1915 - Black Farm
1915 - Miraculous failure
1916 - Scarlet Sails (fantastic story) (published 1923)
1916 - Great happiness of a little wrestler
1916 - Merry Butterfly
1916 - Around the World
1916 - Resurrection of Pierre
1916 - High technology
1916 - Behind bars
1916 - Capture the banner
1916 - Idiot
1916 - How I was dying on the screen
1916 - Labyrinth
1916 - Lion Strike
1916 - Invincible
1916 - Something from a diary
1916 - Fire and Water
1916 - Poison Island
1916 - Grape Peak Hermit
1916 - Vocation
1916 - Romantic murder
1916 - Blind Day Canet
1916 - One hundred miles along the river
1916 - Mysterious record
1916 - The Secret of House 41
1916 - Dance
1916 - Tram sickness
1916 - Dreamers
1916 - Black Diamond
1917 - Bourgeois Spirit
1917 - Return
1917 - Uprising
1917 - Enemies
1917 - The main culprit
1917 - Wild Rose
1917 - Everyone is a millionaire
1917 - Mistress of the bailiff
1917 - Pendulum of Spring
1917 - Gloom
1917 - Knife and pencil
1917 - Firewater
1917 - Orgy
1917 - On foot to the revolution (essay)
1917 - Peace
1917 - To be continued
1917 - Rene
1917 - Birth of Thunder
1917 - Fatal Circle
1917 - Suicide
1917 - Creation of Asper
1917 - Merchants
1917 - Invisible Corpse
1917 - Prisoner of the "Crosses"
1917 - Sorcerer's Apprentice
1917 - Fantastic Providence
1917 - A man from Durnovo's dacha
1917 - Black car
1917 - Masterpiece
1917 - Esperanto
1918 - Atu him!
1918 - Fighting death
1918 - Ignorant Buka
1918 - Vanya got angry with humanity
1918 - Jolly Dead
1918 - Back and forth
1918 - Barber's invention
1918 - How I was king
1918 - Carnival
1918 - Club black
1918 - Ears
1918 - Ships in Lisse (publ. 1922)
1918 - The footman spat in the dish
1918 - It became easier
1918 - Retired platoon
1918 - Fallen Leaf's Crime
1918 - Trivia
1918 - Conversation
1918 - Make a grandmother
1918 - The power of the incomprehensible
1918 - The old man walks in a circle
1918 - Three Candles
1919 - Magical disgrace
1919 - Fighter
1921 - Vulture
1921 - Competition in Lissa
1922 - White fire
1922 - Visiting a friend
1922 - Rope
1922 - Monte Cristo
1922 - Gentle romance
1922 - New Year's holiday of father and little daughter
1922 - Saryn on the kitch
1922 - Typhoid dotted line
1923 - Riot on the ship "Alceste"
1923 - Brilliant player
1923 - Gladiators
1923 - Voice and Eye
1923 - Willow
1923 - Be that as it may
1923 - Horsehead
1923 - Order for the army
1923 - The Lost Sun
1923 - Traveler Uy-Fyu-Eoy
1923 - Mermaids of the Air
1923 - Desert Heart
1923 - Loquacious brownie
1923 - Murder in Kunst-Fisch
1924 - Legless
1924 - White ball
1924 - The Tramp and Warden
1924 - Cheerful fellow traveler
1924 - Gatt, Witt and Redott
1924 - Siren Voice
1924 - Boarded up house
1924 - Pied Piper
1924 - On the Cloudy Shore
1924 - Monkey
1924 - By law
1924 - Incidental Income
1925 - Gold and miners
1925 - Winner
1925 - Gray car
1925 - Fourteen Feet
1925 - Six matches
1926 - Marriage of August Esborn
1926 - Snake
1926 - Personal reception
1926 - Nurse Glenaugh
1926 - Someone else's fault
1927 - Two Promises
1927 - The Legend of Ferguson
1927 - Daniel Horton's Weakness
1927 - A strange evening
1927 - Fandango
1927 - Four guineas
1928 - Watercolor
1928 - Social reflex
1928 - Elda and Angotea
1929 - Mistletoe branch
1929 - Thief in the woods
1929 - Father's Wrath
1929 - Treason
1929 - Opener of locks
1930 - Barrel of fresh water
1930 - green lamp
1930 - The story of one hawk
1930 - Silence
1932 - Autobiographical story
1933 - Velvet curtain
1933 - Commandant of the port
1933 - Pari

Storybooks:

Cap of Invisibility (1908)
Stories (1910)
Curious Stories (1915)
Famous Book (1915)
Incident in Dog Street (1915)
Adventurer (1916)
The Tragedy of the Xuan Plateau. On the Hillside (1916)
White Fire (1922)
Desert Heart (1924)
Gladiators (1925)
On the Cloudy Shore (1925)
Golden Pond (1926)
The Story of a Murder (1926)
Navigator of the Four Winds (1926)
Marriage of August Esborn (1927)
Ships in Lissa (1927)
By Law (1927)
Merry Traveler (1928)
Around the World (1928)
Black Diamond (1928)
Colony Lanfier (1929)
Window in the Woods (1929)
The Adventures of Ginch (1929)
Fire and Water (1930)

Collected works:

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1965.

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1980. Reprinted in 1983.
Green A. Collected works, 1-5 vols. M .: Fiction, 1991.
Green A. From the Unpublished and Forgotten. - Literary legacy, vol. 74. M.: Nauka, 1965.
Green A. I am writing you the whole truth. Letters 1906-1932. - Koktebel, 2012, series: Images of the past.

Screen versions of Alexander Green:

1958 - Watercolor
1961 - Scarlet Sails
1967 - Running on the waves
1968 - Dream Knight
1969 - Colony Lanfier
1972 - Morgiana
1976 - Redeemer
1982 - Assol
1983 - Man from the country Green
1984 - Shining World
1984 - Life and books of Alexander Grin
1986 - Golden chain
1988 - Mr. Designer
1990 - One hundred miles on the river
1992 - Road to nowhere
1995 - Gelly and Knock
2003 - Infection
2007 - Running on the waves
2010 - The True Story of Scarlet Sails
2010 - Man from the unfulfilled
2012 - Green Lamp

Alexander Grin (1880-1932) - an outstanding representative of Russian neo-romanticism, writer, poet, philosopher. In the biography of Green there are many interesting, bright moments that reveal him as a strong and vibrant personality.

Brief biography of A. S. Green for children

Option 1

Grin Alexander Stepanovich (Grinevsky) (1880 - 1932)

He enthusiastically met the February Revolution of 1917, and considered the subsequent events a tragedy. In the midst of the savagery and chaos that the Bolshevik power brought down on the country, Green wrote such works as the novels "The Shining World", "The Golden Chain", "Running on the Waves", etc., in which he created his own romantic world of human happiness.

Option 2

Alexander Grin (Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky) is a Russian writer and prose writer, best known for his fairy tale Scarlet Sails. He wrote many works in the genre of symbolic fiction, and also created a fictional camp "Greenland", where the events of many of his books took place. A. Green was born on August 11 (23), 1880 in a small town in the Vyatka province. The father of the future writer was a native of Poland, and his mother was a Russian nurse. From childhood, the boy dreamed of traveling, especially by sea. Therefore, after graduating from the Vyatka School, he went to Odessa, where he became a sailor.

Despite the fact that he did not become a traveling sailor, he managed to visit abroad on a ship. In 1897 he returned to his native land, but a year later he left to seek his fortune in Baku. There he tried many professions, including very difficult ones. In 1902, after a series of wanderings, he joined an infantry battalion as a soldier. However, military service did not benefit him. It only strengthened his revolutionary sentiments. He was seen deserting, spent some time in a punishment cell, and after meeting with the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists, he hid in Simbirsk. The years 1906–1908 became a turning point in my life. It was during this period that his literary talent was revealed.

In 1906, Green's first story appeared - "The Merit of Private Panteleev." The next story was "The Elephant and the Pug". However, these works did not reach readers due to the elimination of circulation. The first story that reached the reader was "To Italy". With the pseudonym Green, he first signed the story "The Case" (1907). During the same period, he married 24-year-old Vera Abramova. Their love is described in the story "A hundred miles along the river." Greene soon became acquainted with such famous writers like Tolstoy, Bryusov, Andreev, but most of all he liked to communicate with Kuprin.

In 1910, it became clear to the police that Greene was a runaway exile who had changed his surname, and he was arrested again. Since 1914, he worked in the journal "New Satyricon", in addition to which he published his collection. The writer reacted negatively to the February Revolution and wrote a note on this subject “Trifles” (1918). The famous was published in 1923. In his works, he liked to use fictional cities, for example, Liss, Zurbagan. Creating noble characters, fictional cities, the romantic world of human happiness, Green abstracted from the reality around him. In recent years, the writer was ill with tuberculosis and lived in the Crimea. There he died on July 8, 1932.

Option 3

Russian prose writer, poet. The real name is Grinevsky. Born on August 11 (23), 1880 in the Sloboda Vyatka province in the family of an exiled Pole, a participant in the uprising of 1863. He graduated from the four-year Vyatka city school. He spent six years wandering, worked as a loader, a digger, an artist of a traveling circus, a railway worker. In 1902, due to extreme need, he voluntarily entered the soldier's service, spent several months in a punishment cell.

The severity of a soldier's life forced Green to desert, he became close to the revolutionaries and took up underground work in various cities of Russia. In 1903 he was arrested, was imprisoned in Sevastopol, was exiled to Siberia for ten years (fell under the October amnesty of 1905). Until 1910, Green lived under someone else's passport in St. Petersburg, was again arrested and deported to Siberia, from where he fled and returned to St. Petersburg. He spent the second, two-year exile in the Arkhangelsk province.

After the first published story "To Italy", the following - "The Merit of Private Panteleev" and "Elephant and Pug" - were withdrawn from print by censorship. Green's first collections of short stories, The Cap of Invisibility and Stories, attracted critical attention. In 1912-1917. Greene was active, publishing some 350 stories in more than 60 publications.

He enthusiastically met the February Revolution of 1917, and considered the subsequent events a tragedy. In the midst of the savagery and chaos that the Bolshevik power brought down on the country, Greene wrote such works as the extravaganza story "Scarlet Sails", the novels "The Shining World", "The Golden Chain", "Running on the Waves", etc., in which he created his own romantic world of human happiness.

Real surrounding life rejected Green's world along with its creator. Critical remarks about the uselessness of the writer appeared more and more often, the myth of the “foreigner in Russian literature” was created, Green was printed less and less. The writer, ill with tuberculosis, left in 1924 for Feodosia, where he was in dire need, and in 1930 he moved to the village of Stary Krym.

Full biography of Green A.S.

Option 1

Russian writer, author of about four hundred works... His works are in the neo-romantic genre, philosophical and psychological, mixed with fantasy. His creations are famous throughout the country, they are loved by adults and children, and the biography of the writer Alexander Green is very rich and interesting.

Early age

The real name of the writer is Grinevsky. Alexander is the first child in his family, where there were four children in total. He was born on August 23, 1880, in the Vyatka province, in the city of Slobodskoy. Father - Stefan - a Pole and an aristocratic warrior. Mother - Anna Lepkova - worked as a nurse.

As a boy, Alexander loved to read. He learned this early and the first thing he read was a book about Gulliver's Travels. The boy liked books about traveling around the world and sailors. He repeatedly ran away from home to become a navigator.

At the age of 9, little Sasha began to study. He was a very problematic student and caused a lot of trouble: he behaved badly, fought. Once he wrote insulting poems to all the teachers, because of this he was expelled from the school. The guys who studied with him called him Green. The boy liked the nickname, then he used it as a writer's pseudonym. In 1892, Alexander was successfully enrolled in another educational institution, with the help of his father.

At the age of 15, the future writer lost his mother. She died of tuberculosis. Less than six months later, my father married again. Green didn't get along with the pope's new wife. He left home and lived separately. He moonlighted as weaving and gluing book bindings and rewriting documents. He was fond of reading and writing poetry.

Youth

A brief biography of Alexander Green contains information that he really wanted to be a sailor. At the age of 16, the young man graduated from the 4th grade of the school, and with the help of his father, he was able to leave for Odessa. He gave his son a small amount of money for the journey and the address of his friend, who could shelter him for the first time. Upon arrival, Green was in no hurry to look for his father's friend. I didn’t want to become a burden to a stranger, I thought I could achieve everything on my own.

But alas, it was very difficult to find a job, and the money ran out quickly. After wandering and starving, the young man nevertheless sought out his father's friend and asked for help. The man sheltered him and got him a job as a sailor on the ship "Platon". Green did not serve long on deck. Sailor routine and hard labour turned out to be alien to Alexander, he left the ship, finally quarreling with the captain.

As tells short biography, Alexander Stepanovich Green returned to Vyatka in 1897, where he lived for two years, and then left for Baku "to try his luck." There he worked in various industries. He was engaged in fishing business, then he got a job as a laborer, and then he became a railway worker, but he did not stay here for a long time either. He lived in the Urals, worked as a goldsmith and lumberjack, then as a miner.

In the spring of 1902, tired of wandering, Alexander joined the 213th Orovai reserve infantry battalion. Six months later he deserted from the army. For half of his term of service, Green was in a punishment cell for his revolutionary sentiments. In Kamyshin he was caught, but the young man again managed to escape, this time to Simbirsk. In this he was helped by the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists. He interacted with them in the army.

Since then, Greene has rebelled against the social order and enthusiastically divulged revolutionary ideas. A year later, he was arrested for such activities, and later caught trying to escape and sent to a maximum security prison. The trial took place in 1905, they wanted to give him 20 years in prison, but the lawyer insisted on commuting the sentence, and Green was sent to Siberia for half the term. Very soon, in the autumn, Alexander was released ahead of schedule and arrested again six months later in St. Petersburg. While serving his sentence, he received visits from his fiancée, Vera Abramova, the daughter of a high official who secretly supported the revolutionaries. In the spring, Green was sent to the Tobolsk province for four years, but thanks to his father, he got someone else's passport and, under the name Malginov, escaped three days later.

mature years

Soon Alexander Grin ceased to be a Socialist-Revolutionary. They played a wedding with Vera Abramova. In 1910, he was already a fairly well-known writer, and then the authorities realized that the fugitive Grinevsky and Grin were one and the same person. The writer was again found and taken under arrest. Sent to the Arkhangelsk region.

When the revolution took place, Green was even more dissatisfied with social foundations. Divorces were allowed, which Vera, his wife, took advantage of. The reasons for the divorce were the lack of mutual understanding and the obstinate, quick-tempered nature of Alexander. He tried to go to reconciliation with her more than once, but in vain.

Five years later, Green met Maria Dolidze. Their union was very short-lived, only a few months, and the writer was left alone again.

In 1919, Alexander was called to the service, where Green was a signalman. Very soon he contracted typhus and was treated for a long time.

In 1921 Alexander married Nina Mironova. They fell in love with each other very much and considered their meeting a magical gift of fate. Nina was then a widow.

Last years life

In 1930, Alexander and Nina moved to Stary Krym. Then Soviet censorship motivated refusals to reprint Green with the phrase: "You do not merge with the era." For fresh books, they set a limit: to release no more than one per year. Then the Grinevskys "fell to the bottom of poverty" and were terribly hungry. Alexander tried to hunt for food, but to no avail.

Two years later, the writer died of a tumor in the stomach. He was buried in the cemetery of Stary Krym.

Creativity Green

The very first story, entitled "The Merit of Private Panteleev", was created at a difficult time for Alexander, in the summer of 1906. The work began to be published months later in the form of a campaign brochure for punishers. It was said in it about official, military unrest. Green was rewarded, but the story was taken out of print and destroyed. The story "Elephant and Pug" overtook the same fate. Several copies were randomly saved. The first thing that people could read was the work "To Italy". The writer published these stories under the name of Malginov.

From 1907, he already signed as Green. One year later, collections went into publication, 25 stories per year. And Alexander began to pay good fees. Green created some of his creations while in exile. At first it was published only in newspapers, and the first three volumes of works were published in 1913. A year later, Green had already begun to masterfully approach writing. Books became deeper, more interesting and sold out even more.

In the 1950s, stories were still printed. But novels also began to appear: "The Shining World", "The Golden Chain" and others. "Scarlet Sails" Alexander Green (biography confirms this) dedicated to his third wife - Nina. The novel "Touchless" remained unfinished.

After the demise

When Alexander Stepanovich Green died, a collection of his works was published. Nina, his wife, stayed there, but was under occupation. She was sent to Germany, to camps. When the war ended, upon returning home, she was accused of treason and sentenced to ten years in labor camps. All of Green's works were banned, and they were rehabilitated after Stalin died. Then the new books started coming out again. While Nina was in the camps, their house with Alexander passed to other people. The woman sued them for a long time, in the end she “recaptured” him. She made a museum dedicated to her writer husband, to whom she devoted the rest of her life.

The author is recognized as a romantic. He always said that he was a conductor between the dream world and the human reality. He believed that the world is ruled by good, bright and kind. In his novels and stories, he showed how good deeds and bad deeds are reflected in people. He urged to do good to people. For example, in Scarlet Sails, through the hero, he conveyed such a message in the phrase: “He will have a new soul and you will have a new one, just do a miracle for a person.” One of Green's lofty themes was the choice between goodness and high values and low desires and the temptation to do evil.

Alexander knew how to exalt a simple parable in such a way that deep meaning explaining everything in simple, understandable terms. Critics have always noted the brightness of the plots and the "cinematographic" nature of his works. He freed his characters from the burden of stereotypes. From their belonging to religions, to nationality and so on. He showed the essence of the person himself, his personality.

Poetry

Alexander Stepanovich Grin was fond of writing poetry since the time of the school, but they began to print only in 1907. In his autobiography, Alexander told how he sent poems to various newspapers. They were about loneliness, despair and weakness. “It was as if a forty-year-old Chekhov hero wrote, and not a little boy", he said about himself. His later and more serious poems began to be printed, in the genre of realism. He had lyrical poems that were dedicated to his first, and after - to his last wife. In the early 60s, the publication of his collections of poems failed. Until the poet Leonid Martynov intervened, who said that Green's poems should be printed, because this is a true heritage.

Place in literature

Alexander Stepanovich Green had neither followers nor predecessors. Critics compared him with many writers, but there was still very, very little resemblance to anyone. He seemed to be the representative classical literature, but, on the other hand, special, unique, and it is not known how to accurately define his creative direction.

The originality of creativity was in the differences of the genre. Somewhere there was fantasy, and somewhere realism. But the focus on human moral values still refers Green's works more to the classics.

Criticism

Before the revolution, the work of Alexander Stepanovich Green was criticized, many treated him very dismissively. He was condemned for excessive display of violence, for exotic names of characters, accused of imitating foreign authors. Over time, the negative critics weakened. They often began to talk about what the author wants to say. How he shows life in its real reflection and how he wants to convey to readers faith in a miracle, a call for goodness and right action. After the 1930s, people began to talk about the works of Alexander differently. They began to equate him with the classics and call him a master of the genre.

Views on religion

In his youth, Alexander was neutral about religion, although he was baptized according to Orthodox customs as a child. His opinion about religion changed throughout his life. It was noticeable in his works. For example, in The Shining World, he exhibited more Christian ideals. The scene where Runa asked God to make faith stronger was cut due to censorship.

With his wife Nina, they often went to church. Alexander Green, whose biography is presented to your attention in the article, loved the holiday of Holy Easter. He wrote in letters to his first wife that he and Nina were believers. Before his death, Greene received communion and confession from a priest invited to the house.

Option 2

Alexander Grin (08/23/1880 - 07/08/1932) - Russian writer and poet. His works belong to the neo-romantic movement, they are distinguished by a philosophical, psychological orientation, often contain elements of fantasy.

early years

Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky is a native of the city of Slobodskaya. His father was a Polish nobleman, after the uprising of 1863 he was exiled to the village of Kolyvan. Five years later, he moved to the Vyatka province, where in 1873 he married a young nurse. Alexander was their first son, later his brother and two sisters were born. From an early age, the boy was interested in literature. At the age of six he read Gulliver's Adventures. Adventure became his favorite genre, in dreams of sailing he once even ran away from home.

In 1889, Alexander entered a real school, where he received the nickname "Green". At the school, he did not differ in exemplary behavior, for which he constantly received comments. In the second grade, he composed a poem that offended the teachers and was expelled. The father placed his son in another school, which did not have much good reputation.

In 1895, tuberculosis claimed the life of Green's mother, and his father had a new wife. Not finding mutual language with his stepmother, Alexander began to live separately. He spent most of his time reading and writing. He took on small jobs: he bound books, rewrote documents. Dreams of the sea did not leave him, and in 1896 Green went to Odessa, hoping to become a sailor.

In search of myself

Arriving in Odessa, the teenager could not find a job and experienced serious financial difficulties. A friend of his father still got him a sailor on a ship that sailed from Odessa to Batumi. Alexander did not like the work on the ship, and he quickly abandoned it. In 1897, he decided to return to his homeland, where he lived for a year, and then set off on a new journey - to Baku.

On Azerbaijani soil, he worked on the railway tracks, was a laborer and a fisherman. For the summer he came to his father, and then again went on a journey. For some time he lived in the Urals, cut wood, was a miner, served in the theater. And each time he was forced to return to his hated native land.

revolutionary activity

In 1902, Green joined the infantry battalion in Penza. Army life strengthened in young man revolutionary spirit. He spent six months in the service, and half of the time in the punishment cell. Then he deserted, but was caught, but soon escaped again. The Socialist-Revolutionaries helped him to hide, in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) Alexander begins to engage in revolutionary activities. "Lanky" - this nickname was given to him by party members - worked in the field of propaganda among workers and military personnel, but did not welcome terrorist attacks and refused to take part in them.

In 1903, in Sevastopol, Alexander was arrested for his propaganda activities. He attempted to escape, for which he was placed in a prison with a special regime. He spent more than a year in prison, during which time he tried to escape again. In 1905, Grin falls under an amnesty and is released, but a few months later he is again under arrest in St. Petersburg. After that, he was exiled to the Tobolsk province, from there Alexander immediately fled to Vyatka. At home, with the help of a friend, he took a new name for himself and, becoming Magilnov, returned to St. Petersburg.

Green becomes a writer

Since 1906, a major turn happened in Green's life: he begins to engage in literature. He published his first work, “The Merit of Private Panteleev,” under the signature “A.S.G.”. The story described the riots that took place in the army. Subsequently, almost all copies were destroyed by the police. The second work - "Elephant and Pug" - got into the printing house, but was not printed.

The first story of Alexander, which reached the readers, was the work "To Italy". It was published in Birzhevye Vedomosti. In 1908, Green published a collection of stories about the Socialist-Revolutionaries, The Cap of Invisibility. At the same time, the writer begins to form his own view of the social system, and he breaks off relations with the party. Another significant event takes place: Alexander marries Vera Abramova.

In 1910, a new collection of Green's stories was published. In the writer's work, a transition is planned from realistic works to fabulously romantic ones. Since that time, the writer earns good money, joins the circle of eminent writers, and becomes close to A. Kuprin. A quiet life is violated by a new arrest and exile in the Arkhangelsk province. The return to St. Petersburg took place in 1912.

The actions of the works written by Green in exile and after it take place in a fictional country, which later K. Zelinsky would call Greenland. Basically, the publication of Green's works took place in small newspapers and magazines, including Novoye Slovo, Niva, Rodina. Since 1912, Alexander has been published in a more respectable publication, Modern World.

In 1913, his wife left the writer, and later his beloved father died. In 1914, Green begins work in the "New Satyricon", continues to develop as a writer. In 1916, he was hiding in Finland from the police, who were pursuing him for an inappropriate review of the monarch, and returned to St. Petersburg with the beginning of the revolution.

Life in Soviet Russia

After the revolution, the New Satyricon was closed, and Grin was arrested for notes expressing opposition to new government. In 1919, the writer enters the army as a signalman, but soon he is struck by typhus. After recovery, Alexander is given a room in St. Petersburg, and a quiet period begins in his life, during which the famous “Scarlet Sails” come out from under his pen. He dedicated this work to his wife Nina Mironova, he met her in 1918. Three years later they became husband and wife and spent eleven happy years together.

In 1924, the writer's first novel, The Shining World, was published. Some time later, Green and his wife moved to Feodosia. A new novel, The Golden Chain, is being published here. In 1926, a work appeared, recognized as a literary masterpiece, - "". At the same time, the writer begins to have difficulties with the publication of works.

In 1930, Green moved to the Crimea. Due to the restriction of publications by the authorities, his family is starving, the spouses begin to get sick. At this time, he is working on the novel "Touchless", which he does not have time to finish. The writer finds himself in a hopeless situation when his work becomes useless, he is denied pensions and any support. At the age of 51, Green dies of stomach cancer. Buried in Stary Krym. Only after his death, it was decided to publish a collection of the writer's works: in 1934 they released Fantastic Novels.

Green's works were actively published after his death until 1944. The Scarlet Sails were especially popular: they were read on the radio, the ballet of the same name was shown at the Bolshoi Theater. During the struggle against cosmopolitanism, Green, like many writers, was banned. In 1956, his writings are returned to literature. The writer's wife opens the Green Museum in their house. In 1970, a museum was opened in Feodosia, in 1980 - in Kirov, in 2010 - in Slobodskoy.

Green's work is considered special, the writer was not influenced by his predecessors, he did not have successors, the genre of his works cannot be classified. Sometimes they tried to compare him with foreign authors, but the comparison turned out to be too superficial. Some are named after Greene. Russian libraries, streets of several cities. His works have been filmed many times.

Option 3

All the work of Alexander Stepanovich Green is a dream of that beautiful and mysterious world where wonderful, generous heroes live, where good triumphs over evil, and everything conceived comes true. He was sometimes called the "strange storyteller", but Green did not write fairy tales, but the most real works, only he came up with exotic names and names for his heroes and the places where they lived - Assol, Gray, Davenant, Lisa, Zurbagan, Gel-Gyu ... The writer took everything else from life. True, he described life as beautiful, full of romantic adventures and events, the kind that all people dream of.

True, the mystery of Alexander Grin's life has been and remains unsolved to this day. He was born into the family of an exiled Pole who worked as a clerk in a brewery. Soon after the birth of the boy, the family moved to Vyatka, where the future writer spent his childhood and youth. This city was so far from the sea that few adults even saw it. And yet, from early childhood, the boy literally dreamed of the sea, he was attracted by the “picturesque work of navigation”, free wind and blue sea expanses.

Alexander Grin tells in his "Autobiographical Tale" what feelings he experienced when he first saw two real sailors on the Vyatka pier. These were navigator's apprentices, who obviously happened to be passing through the city. On the cape ribbon of one of them was written "Sevastopol", and the other - "Ochakov". The boy stopped and, as if spellbound, looked at the guests from another, mysterious and beautiful world. "I wasn't jealous," writes Greene. “I felt admiration and longing.”

The writer also talked about the fact that the first book he saw was "" J. Swift. From this book he learned to read, and, oddly enough, the first word that the little boy put together from letters was the word "sea."

Alexander Grin lived, as it were, two lives. One, the real one, was disgusting, heavy and joyless. But on the other hand, in his dreams and in his works, he, along with his heroes, wandered through the expanses of the sea, walked around fairy-tale cities and made friends with strong, noble people.

Some critics believe that Greene wrote such works because he sought to enrich, embellish "a painfully poor life" with his "beautiful inventions." Adulthood Alexandra Green, however, was also full of wanderings and adventures, but there was nothing mysterious and mysterious about her, and the writer recalled his childhood as a nightmare. “I did not know a normal childhood,” he wrote. - In moments of irritation, for my self-will and unsuccessful teaching, they called me “swineherd”, “golden bear”, they predicted for me a life full of groveling among successful, successful people.

In 1896, Alexander Grin graduated from the city school and was about to go to Odessa, taking with him a basket woven from willow with a change of linen and watercolors to paint somewhere "in India, on the banks of the Ganges ..." The young man decided to get a job as a sailor on a ship and travel around the world, He did not think of his life in any other way.

However, the reality was not as rosy as it seemed in dreams. It was just as difficult to get from Odessa to India and the Ganges as it was from Vyatka. It was impossible to get a job as a sailor even on local, coastal ships, not to mention the large ones that go on distant voyages. It was possible to get a job as a student on a ship, but no one was taken there for free, and Green arrived in Odessa with six rubles in his pocket. In addition, the young man did not come out with a figure, he was narrow-shouldered and thin, so that even in the future he could hardly turn into " sea dog».

However, Alexander Green could not just part with his dream like that. He began to stubbornly train his body and spirit, even swam behind the breakwater, where more than once experienced swimmers drowned, breaking on beams and stones. True, his strength did not increase, because, due to lack of money, he often had to starve and freeze, because there was nothing to buy clothes for himself. Nevertheless, Green, with enviable perseverance, made daily rounds of all ships in the harbor - barges, schooners, steamers. Sometimes happiness smiled at him. For the first time, Green went on a voyage on the Platon transport ship, which made voyages to the Black Sea ports.

But Alexander did not sail as a sailor for long. After one or two voyages, he was usually written off to the shore, and not because he did not know how to work or was lazy, but because of his rebellious disposition. And yet he once managed to go on a foreign voyage, and he visited the Egyptian port of Alexandria.

Alexander Grin expected to see the Sahara desert and formidable roaring lions just outside the city. When he got out of the city, he found himself in front of a ditch with muddy water, and then a huge territory with vegetable gardens, plantations, palm trees and wells stretched along and across, crossed by roads. There was no Sahara desert at all.

Returning to the ship, Green tried to hide his disappointment and told the sailors how a Bedouin shot at him, but missed. And near one of the shops, he seemed to see roses in a jar and wanted to buy one, but then a beautiful Arab woman came out of the door, smiled at him and with the words “Salam alaikum” handed him a rose. Neither Green nor the other sailors knew what the Arab girls were saying to strangers, whether they were talking to them at all and whether they were giving flowers, but everyone believed the narrator or pretended to believe it - the story was very beautiful and exciting.

Having tasted sea happiness, Alexander Stepanovich Green set off to wander around Russia. He worked as a bathhouse attendant, digger, painter, tried fishing, served as a fireman in Baku, sailed on the Volga as a sailor, cut wood, drove rafts along the Ural River, mined gold there, once contracted to rewrite roles and even was an actor "on the way out".

For all his physical weakness, Alexander Grin had a strong will and rebellious character. He especially did not tolerate humiliation and bullying. Once in the army, he ended up in the 213th Orovaisky reserve infantry battalion near Penza, where very cruel morals reigned. Four months later, Green escaped from there and hid in the forest until he was found. The fugitive was put under arrest for three weeks on bread and water. It was then that the obstinate soldier was noticed by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. They began to give him their leaflets and political pamphlets.

Alexander Grin was far from politics, however, having read the leaflets, he, with his wild imagination, imagined the life of a revolutionary, full of dangerous adventures and mysterious meetings.

The SRs helped Grin escape from the army again, provided him with a false passport and sent him to Kyiv, from where he moved to Odessa, and then to Sevastopol. There, Alexander Grin received his first assignment, but for him all this revolutionary work was nothing more than a game. This is also noticeable by the irony with which he later described the members of the Sevastopol organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in his story about the young lady "Kiska", who played in it. leading role.

These were the years when political groups and parties stepped up propaganda among the population and called for the overthrow of the existing system. Therefore, the police grabbed all the suspicious, which primarily included those who were amnestied. Green was arrested and sent into exile. However, the very next day after arriving at the place, he escaped and reached Vyatka.

His father got him the passport of A. A. Malginov, a Vyatka resident who had recently died in a hospital, and Alexander Grin returned to St. Petersburg again under a false name. True, not for long. After some time, he again ended up in prison and exile, this time to the Arkhangelsk province.

If Green got out of prisons and exiles pretty soon, then the need haunted him constantly. No wonder the writer later recalled that his life path was strewn not with roses, but with nails. Nevertheless, Alexander Grin remained a romantic at heart. And later he transferred his youthful dreams of exploits and heroes to his novels and stories.

The works of Alexander Stepanovich Green were perceived differently by different people. Readers were delighted with them, but many critics considered them too beautiful and exotic. However, Green wrote not only romantic works. He also had lyrical poems, poetic feuilletons and fables. In addition, he wrote quite realistic essays and stories. And yet the writer became famous more as a romantic, the author of adventurous adventure works. Many of his heroes were also dreamers and lived rich inner lives.

Another famous writer, Eduard Bagritsky, wrote: “Alexander Grin is one of the favorite authors of my youth. He taught me courage and the joy of life ... "

Alexander Stepanovich Green created his own world, his imaginary country, which is not on geographical maps, but which - and he knew it for sure - exists in the imagination of all young people. One of the critics very aptly named this country, created by the writer's fantasy, "Greenland". There were many blue seas in it, along which ships with scarlet sails sailed. They entered the harbors where seemingly ordinary people lived, who had the same problems as in real life.

Therefore, readers had the impression that this country also exists in reality. And it differs only in that many dreams come true here.

In this regard, some critics reproached the writer for being "foreigner" and wondered why he invents such ideas for his characters. strange names- Assol, Captain Duke, Tirrey Davenant - and why the action in his works takes place in cities whose names are not on geographical maps - Zurbagan, Fox ...

Green gave such strange names to his heroes not by chance. Many of them served as a characteristic of the characters in Green's works, such as the cowardly and greedy sailor Kurkul, the impudent Benz or the charming dreamer Assol. In the name of the courageous and noble Captain Duke, Alexander Grin reflected the attitude of the inhabitants of Odessa to the Duke of Richelieu - "Papa Duke", whose statue still stands on the embankment of Odessa.

In addition, these invented names and titles once again emphasize that the action takes place in the world of imagination, where nothing seems strange.

However, Green did not invent everything in his works. He took a lot from real life in the descriptions of his heroes, cities and nature. Green said, for example, that many signs of Sevastopol, Odessa, Yalta, Feodosia entered his cities of Lisa, Zurbagan, Gyol-Gyu and Girton.

His 1929 novel The Road to Nowhere, which he wrote in 1929, takes place in Girton, and the biography of the protagonist Tirrey Davenant is very similar to the biography of the writer himself. He also sat in prison, arranged an escape, and even from the prison window saw the same thing that Green had observed in his time.

Such details of real life are in all the works of the writer, so there is no doubt that his artistic imagination was not divorced from reality.

In 1917-1918, Alexander Stepanovich Green conceived one of his most amazing works - “Scarlet Sails”, in which he later wrote the following words: “I understood one simple truth. It's about doing miracles with your own hands." He did these miracles, creating his works.

In 1923, another novel by Alexander Grin, The Shining World, was published, which told about the flying man Drud, his adventures and tragic death. It turns out that in the world of fantasy there are tragedies.

Green's works are inhabited by different people, but most of his heroes not only dream of miracles, but are ready for the most daring deeds for the sake of their dreams. This is how the pilot Bitt-Boy, who despises death, the faithful Sandy, Captain Duke in the story Captain Duke, the incorruptible Molly in The Golden Chain, the courageous Tirrey Davenant from The Road to Nowhere, the fearless Daisy in The Wave Runner and other heroes live.

In 1923, Alexander Stepanovich Green left for the Crimea, to the sea, for some time he lived in Sevastopol, Yalta, Balaklava, and in May 1924 he settled in Feodosia, which he calls "the city of watercolor tones."

Six years later, in November 1930, the writer, already seriously ill, moved to Stary Krym, which he loved very much for the silence, the vastness of the gardens and also for the fact that it is located on a mountain, from where you can endlessly look at the sea.

The Crimean period of Alexander Grin's life was especially fruitful. Despite his illness, the writer created at that time at least half of everything that he wrote in his entire life. short life.

The last years of his life, Alexander Grin spent in a small adobe house on the outskirts of the Old Crimea. In his empty room, without a single decoration, there were only a table, chairs and a bed, above which, right in front of the writer's eyes, a fragment of a ship, darkened with time, corroded by salt, hung from the lintel.

This single object on the dazzling white wall, which Green nailed with his own hands, until the very last moments of his life, connected the already terminally ill writer with his beloved sea. Just like his heroes, Green remained true to his dream to the end, and it is not for nothing that he is still called the “dream knight”.

Alexander Stepanovich Grin was buried in the mountainous Starokrymsky cemetery, where the noise and smells of the sea are heard.

The author of the famous "Scarlet Sails" Alexander Grin wrote many other works in his life, maybe not so famous, but no less good - this is a fact. Having created a whole fictional world, he populated it with kindness and mercy, reaching out to the hearts of millions of readers. However, in the field of poetry, Green also distinguished himself by publishing really talented poems, and in general he was a very prolific author.

Facts from the biography of Alexander Grin

The writer's father was a Pole, exiled to Siberia for participating in the uprising.
The real name of Alexander Grin is Grinevsky.
Young Alexander learned to read at the age of 6, starting with the works of Jonathan Swift about Gulliver. Love with adventure literature and sea voyages to unknown lands remained with him forever.
While studying at the school, classmates called Alexander the nickname "Green", simply shortening his last name.
Alexander Grin was a difficult teenager, and for problems with his behavior they even threatened to expel him from the school. In the end, this happened, and the reason was the insulting poem he wrote, directed against his teachers.
At the age of 15, Green's mother died, and his father soon remarried. Unable to improve relations with his stepmother, the young writer settled separately from his family.
As a child, Alexander Grin tried to run away from home to get hired as a sailor on some ship and sail to distant lands.
He fulfilled his dream of sea voyages by being hired as a sailor on a steamship in Odessa at the age of 16. Once he even traveled abroad, in Egypt.
Later, Alexander Grin entered the military service, but quickly hated it and deserted six months later. He was caught and returned to his place, but he escaped again.
Imbued with the ideas of the revolution, Green supported them, acting as a propagandist.
After being arrested on suspicion of revolutionary activity in 1903, Alexander Grin spent more than a year in prison while the investigation lasted, making two escape attempts during this time. Police reports described him as "embittered, introverted person capable of anything, not afraid to risk his life. As a result, Grin was sentenced to 10 years of exile, was soon amnestied, and then arrested again and exiled for 4 years to the Tobolsk province.
Three days after his arrival at the place of exile, the writer fled, with the help of his father he obtained a passport that belonged to a certain Malginov, and went to St. Petersburg.
Alexander Grin signed his works with a variety of pseudonyms - Malginov, Stepanov, Elza Moravskaya and others.
The love of the sea was reflected in his soul in the fact that he made a tattoo on his chest in the form of a sailing ship.
During his life, Alexander Grin managed to try out many different professions, having been a gold miner, a lumberjack, a railroad worker, and a fisherman.
It was after escaping from exile that Green became a real writer. True, his first works after publication were soon confiscated by the police and burned, but this did not stop him, as did the ensuing exile to Arkhangelsk.
During the life of Alexander Grin, about 400 works came out from under his pen.
When did it start Civil War, he fought in the ranks of the Red Army, but soon became disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, horrified by the violence that swept the country.
In the 1920s, the Soviet authorities declared Alexander Grin an enemy of the people, and his works were banned from publication.
During his life, the writer was married three times.
During all his travels, voluntary and not, Green never parted with a photograph of his father, always keeping it with him.
Green's work was strongly influenced by the First World War. It was from this moment that his works acquired a pronounced anti-war attitude.
At one time he was forced to hide from the tsarist authorities in Finland, returning only after the February Revolution.
Until the end of his days, Alexander Grin, in protest against the Bolshevik regime, used pre-revolutionary spelling and the old calendar.
One of Green's patrons was.
The action of many of the writer's works takes place in the same fictional country. Green himself did not name it, but thanks to the literary critic Zelinsky, the name "Greenland" stuck to it.
In the 60s of the last century, 30 years after the death of the writer, loud fame came to him, despite the fact that before that he was considered an ideological enemy.
In honor of Alexander Green, the planetoid Grinevia discovered by astronomers was named.
In the last years of his life, his works almost ceased to be printed, and he died in Koktebel, forgotten and destitute by everyone. After the death of the writer, no one even came to say goodbye to him.
Since 2000, the Alexander Grin Prize has been operating in Russia, awarded to writers for outstanding achievements in the field of adventure literature for children and adolescents.

Alexander Green(real name: Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky; August 11, 1880, the city of Sloboda, Vyatka province, Russian Empire - July 8, 1932, the city of Stary Krym, USSR) - Russian prose writer, representative of neo-romanticism, author of philosophical and psychological, with elements of symbolic fiction, works. He began to print in 1906, in total he published about 400 works.

The creator of a fictional country, which, thanks to the critic K. Zelinsky, was called "Greenland". Many of his works take place in this country, including his most famous books - "Running on the Waves" and "Scarlet Sails".

Biography

early years

Alexander Grinevsky was born on August 11 (23), 1880 in the city of Sloboda, Vyatka province. Father - Stefan Grinevsky (1843-1914), a Polish gentry from the Disna district of the Vilna province of the North-Western Territory of the Russian Empire, for participation in the January Uprising of 1863 was exiled indefinitely to Kolyvan of the Tomsk province at the age of 20. Later, he was allowed to move to the Vyatka province, where he arrived in 1868. In Russia it was called Stepan Evseevich". In 1873 he married 16-year-old Russian nurse Anna Stepanovna Lepkova (1857-1895). For the first 7 years they had no children, Alexander became the first-born, later he had a brother Boris and two sisters, Antonina and Ekaterina.

Anna Stepanovna Grinevskaya, writer's mother

Stepan Evseevich Grinevsky, Grin's father

Alexander learned to read at the age of 6, his first book was Gulliver's Travels. From childhood, Green loved books about sailors and travels. He dreamed of going to sea as a sailor and, driven by this dream, made attempts to run away from home. The upbringing of the boy was inconsistent - he was either spoiled, then severely punished, then left unattended.

In 1889, nine-year-old Alexander was sent to the preparatory class of the local real school. His classmates first gave Alexander the nickname "Greene". The report of the school noted that the behavior of Alexander Grinevsky was worse than all the others, and in case of non-correction, he could be expelled from the school. Nevertheless, Alexander was able to finish the preparatory class and enter the first grade of the school, but in the second grade he wrote an insulting poem about teachers and was expelled from the school. At the request of his father, Alexander in 1892 was admitted to another school, which had a bad reputation in Vyatka.

At the age of 15, he lost his mother, who died of tuberculosis. 4 months later (May 1895), my father married the widow Lidia Avenirovna Boretskaya. Alexander's relationship with his stepmother was tense, and he settled separately from his father's new family. Subsequently, Green described the atmosphere of provincial Vyatka as "a swamp of prejudices, lies, hypocrisy and falsehood." The boy lived alone, enthusiastically reading books and writing poetry. He worked as a binder of books, correspondence of documents. At the suggestion of his father, he became interested in hunting, but due to his impulsive nature, he rarely returned with prey.

Wanderings and revolutionary activity (1896-1906)

Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Slobodskoy, where Sasha was baptized. View of the temple after its reconstruction in 1894 by the architect I. A. Charushin

Memorial plaque on the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, where the future writer was baptized

In 1896, after graduating from the four-year Vyatka city school, 16-year-old Alexander left for Odessa, deciding to become a sailor. His father gave him 25 rubles of money and the address of his Odessa friend. For some time, "a sixteen-year-old, beardless, puny, narrow-shouldered boy in a straw hat" (this is how Green ironically described his then self in his Autobiography) wandered around in an unsuccessful search for work and was desperately hungry. In the end, he turned to a friend of his father, who fed him and got him a job as a sailor on the steamer "Platon", cruising along the route Odessa-Batum-Odessa. However, once Green managed to visit abroad, in Alexandria.

The sailor did not come out of Green, he was disgusted with the prosaic sailor's work, soon quarreled with the captain and left the ship. In 1897 he went back to Vyatka, spent a year there and again left in search of his fortune, this time to Baku. There he tried many professions - he was a fisherman, a laborer, worked in railway workshops. In the summer he returned to his father, then again went on a journey. He was a lumberjack, a gold digger in the Urals, a miner in an iron mine, and a theater copyist. “For several years, he tried to enter life, as if into a stormy sea, and each time he was beaten on stones, thrown ashore - into the hated, philistine Vyatka, a dull, prim, deaf city.”

In March 1902, Green interrupted his series of wanderings and became (either under pressure from his father, or tired of starvation ordeals) a soldier in the 213th Orovai reserve infantry battalion stationed in Penza. The morals of military service significantly increased Green's revolutionary moods. Six months later, of which he spent three and a half in a punishment cell, he deserted, was caught in Kamyshin, and fled again. In the army, Green met with the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists, who appreciated the young rebel and helped him hide in Simbirsk.

From that moment on, Green, having received the party nickname "Lanky", sincerely gives all his strength to the fight against the social system he hates, although he refused to participate in the execution of terrorist acts, limiting himself to propaganda among the workers and soldiers of different cities. Subsequently, he did not like to talk about his Socialist-Revolutionary activities. The Social Revolutionaries themselves appreciated his bright, enthusiastic performances. Here is an excerpt from the memoirs of a member of the Central Committee of the party N. Ya. Bykhovsky:

"Lanky" turned out to be an invaluable underground worker. Being himself once a sailor and having once made a long voyage, he perfectly knew how to approach the sailors. He perfectly knew the life and psychology of the sailor masses and knew how to speak with her in her language. In his work among the sailors of the Black Sea squadron, he used all this with great success and immediately gained considerable popularity here. For the sailors, after all, he was quite his own person, and this is extremely important. None of us could compete with him in this respect.

Green later recalled that Bykhovsky once told him: "You would make a writer." Green probably already thought about it himself.

In 1903, Grin was once again arrested in Sevastopol for "speeches of anti-government content" and the dissemination of revolutionary ideas, "which led to the undermining of the foundations of autocracy and the overthrow of the foundations of the existing system." For attempting to escape, he was transferred to a maximum security prison, where he spent more than a year. In the documents of the police, it is characterized as "a closed nature, embittered, capable of anything, even risking his life." In January 1904, the Minister of the Interior V.K. Plehve, shortly before the SR assassination attempt on him, received a report from the Minister of War A.N. and then Grinevsky.

The investigation dragged on for more than a year (November 1903 - February 1905) because of two attempts to escape Green and his complete denial. Green was judged in February 1905 by the Sevastopol Naval Court, the prosecutor demanded 20 years of hard labor. Lawyer A. S. Zarudny managed to reduce the sentence to 10 years of exile in Siberia. In October 1905, Grin was released under a general amnesty, but already in January 1906 he was arrested again in St. Petersburg. In prison, in the absence of acquaintances and relatives, he was visited (under the guise of a bride) by Vera Pavlovna Abramova, the daughter of a wealthy official, who sympathized with revolutionary ideals. In May, Grin was exiled for four years to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. Green stayed in Turinsk for only 3 days and fled to Vyatka, where, with the help of his father, he obtained someone else's passport in the name of Malginov, on which he left for St. Petersburg.

The beginning of creativity (1906-1917)

Alexander Grin with his first wife Vera in the village of Veliky Bor near Pinega, 1911

The years 1906-1908 became a turning point in Green's life. First of all, he became a writer. In 1906, Green's first story "The Merit of Private Panteleev" was published, signed A.S.G. The story described the atrocities of the army among the peasants. Green received the fee, but the entire circulation was confiscated at the printing house and destroyed, only a few copies were accidentally preserved; a similar fate befell the next story, "The Elephant and the Pug." It was not until December 5, 1906 that Green's stories began to reach readers; the first was the story "To Italy", signed "A. A. M-v "(that is Malginov).

Nickname A. S. Green first appeared under the story "The Case" (1907). In 1908, Green published his first collection of short stories, The Cap of Invisibility, subtitled Tales of the Revolutionaries. Another event was the final break with the Social Revolutionaries. Green still hated the existing system, but he began to form his own positive ideal, and this ideal was not at all like the Social Revolutionary. The third important event was the marriage - his imaginary "prison bride" 24-year-old Vera Abramova became Green's wife. Knock and Gelli from the story "A Hundred Miles Down the River" are Green and Vera.

In 1910, his second collection, Stories, was published. Most of the stories included there are written in a realistic manner, but in two - "Reno Island" and "Lanfier Colony" - the future Green storyteller is already guessed. The action of these stories takes place in a conditional country, in style they are close to his later work. Green himself believed that starting from these stories he could be considered a writer. In the early years, he published 25 stories a year.

Petersburg, 1910

As a new original and talented Russian writer, he meets Alexei Tolstoy, Leonid Andreev, Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin and other major writers. He became especially close to A.I. Kuprin. For the first time in his life, Green became the owner of a lot of money, which, however, did not stay with him, quickly disappearing after revelry and card games.

On July 27, 1910, the police finally discovered that the writer Green was the fugitive exile Grinevsky. He was arrested for the third time and in the autumn of 1911 was exiled to Pinega, Arkhangelsk province. Vera went with him, they were allowed to officially get married. While in exile, Greene wrote The Life of Gnor and The Blue Cascade of Telluri. The term of his exile was reduced to two years, and in May 1912 the Grinevskys returned to St. Petersburg. Other works of the romantic direction soon followed: The Devil of Orange Waters, The Zurbagan Shooter (1913). They finally form the features of a fictional country, which the literary critic K. Zelinsky will call "Greenland".

Green publishes mainly in the "small" press: in newspapers and illustrated magazines. His works are published by Birzhevye Vedomosti and the supplement to the newspaper, the Novoye Slovo magazine, the New Journal for All, Rodina, Niva and its monthly supplements, the Vyatskaya Rech newspaper and many others. Occasionally, his prose is placed in solid "thick" monthly "Russian Thought" and "Modern World", in the latter Green was published from 1912 to 1918 thanks to his acquaintance with A. I. Kuprin. In 1913-1914, his three-volume edition was published by the Prometheus publishing house.

In the autumn of 1913, Vera decided to separate from her husband. In her memoirs, she complains about Green's unpredictability and uncontrollability, his constant revelry, mutual misunderstanding. Green made several attempts at reconciliation, but without success. On his collection of 1915, presented to Vera, Green wrote: “To my only friend”, he did not part with the portrait of Vera until the end of his life. Almost simultaneously (1914), Green suffered another loss: his father died in Vyatka.

As a teenager, Green sent poems to the Niva and Rodina magazines, which did not publish them. "Captain Duke" in the "Niva" in October 1916

In 1914, Green became a contributor to the popular New Satyricon magazine, and published his collection Incident on Dog Street as an appendix to the magazine. Green worked during this period extremely productively. He did not yet dare to start writing a long story or novel, but his best stories of this time show the deep progress of Green the writer. The subject of his works is expanding, the style is becoming more and more professional - it is enough to compare the cheerful story "Captain Duke" and the sophisticated psychologically accurate short story "Returned Hell" (1915).

The memoirs of Nina Nikolaevna Green contain the words of Green himself about how he spent the bohemian pre-war years.

I was nicknamed "mustang", so I was charged with a thirst for life, full of fire, images, plots. He wrote on a grand scale, and did not outlive himself. I seized upon life, accumulating greed for it in a hungry, vagabond, compressed youth, prison. Greedily grabbed and devoured it. Couldn't get enough. Wasted and burned himself from all over. I forgave myself everything, I have not yet found myself.

Due to the “impermissible review of the reigning monarch” that became known to the police, Green was forced to hide in Finland from the end of 1916, but, having learned about the February Revolution, he returned to Petrograd. In the spring of 1917, he wrote a story-essay "On foot to the revolution", testifying to the writer's hope for renewal. However, reality soon disappointed the writer.

In Soviet Russia (1917-1929)

After the October Revolution, Green's notes and feuilletons appeared one after another in the New Satyricon, condemning cruelty and atrocities. He said, "I can't get my head around the idea that violence can be destroyed by violence." In the spring of 1918, the magazine, along with all other opposition publications, was banned. Greene was arrested for the fourth time and almost shot. "He didn't take Soviet life... even more furious than pre-revolutionary life: he did not speak at meetings, did not join any literary groups, did not sign collective letters, platforms and appeals to the Central Committee of the party, wrote his manuscripts and letters according to pre-revolutionary spelling, and counted the days according to the old calendar ... this dreamer and inventor - in the words of a writer from the near future - did not live by lies. The only good news was the resolution of divorces, which Green immediately took advantage of and married a certain Maria Dolidze. Within a few months, the marriage was recognized as a mistake, and the couple broke up.

In the summer of 1919, Green was drafted into the Red Army as a signalman, but he soon fell ill with typhus and ended up in the Botkin barracks for almost a month. Maxim Gorky sent honey, coffee and bread to the seriously ill Green.

Cover of the first edition (1923)

After recovering, Grin, with the assistance of Gorky, managed to get an academic ration and housing - a room in the "House of Arts" on Nevsky Prospekt, 15, where Green lived next to N. S. Gumilyov, V. A. Rozhdestvensky, O. E. Mandelstam, V. Kaverin. Neighbors recalled that Green lived as a hermit, almost did not communicate with anyone, but it was here that he wrote the most famous, touching and poetic work - the Scarlet Sails extravaganza (published in 1923). “It was hard to imagine that such a bright flower, warmed by love for people, could be born here, in gloomy, cold and half-starved Petrograd in the winter twilight of the harsh 1920, and that it was grown by a person outwardly gloomy, unfriendly and, as it were, closed in a special world where he didn’t want to let anyone in, ”recalled Vs. Christmas. Among the first, this masterpiece was appreciated by Maxim Gorky, who often read to the guests the episode of the appearance of a fabulous ship in front of Assol.

Nina Nikolaevna Green

In the spring of 1921, Green married a 26-year-old widow, nurse Nina Nikolaevna Mironova (after Korotkova's first husband). They met back in early 1918, when Nina worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. Her first husband died in the war. A new meeting took place in February 1921, Nina was in desperate need and was selling things (Green described this episode at the beginning of the story "Pied Piper"). A month later, he proposed to her. During the next eleven years allotted to Green by fate, they did not part, and both considered their meeting a gift of fate. Green dedicated the Scarlet Sails extravaganza completed this year to Nina.

The couple rented a room on Panteleymonovskaya Street and moved their meager luggage there: a bunch of manuscripts, a few clothes, and an unchanging portrait of Vera Pavlovna. There was no furniture, they slept on the floor, on straw mattresses. At first, Grin was hardly printed, but with the beginning of the NEP, private publishing houses appeared, and he managed to publish a new collection, White Fire (1922). The collection included a vivid story "Ships in Lissa", which Green himself considered one of the best.

With the fees, Green arranged a feast, went with Nina to his beloved Crimea and bought an apartment in Leningrad, then sold this apartment and moved to Feodosia. The initiator of the move was Nina, who wanted to save Green from drunken Petrograd sprees and pretended to be sick. In the autumn of 1924, Green bought an apartment on Gallery Street (now there is the Alexander Green Museum). Occasionally we went to Koktebel to see Maximilian Voloshin.

In Feodosia, Green wrote the novel The Golden Chain (1925, published in Novy Mir), and the following year he completed his main masterpiece, Running on the Waves. This novel combines the best features of Green's talent: a deep mystical idea about the need for a dream and the realization of a dream, subtle poetic psychologism, and a fascinating romantic plot. For two years the author tried to publish the novel in Soviet publishing houses, and only at the end of 1928 the book was published by the Zemlya i Fabrika publishing house. With great difficulty, it was possible to publish (1929) Green's last novels: Jesse and Morgiana and The Road to Nowhere.

Green noted sadly: “The era is rushing past. She doesn't need me, just the way I am. And I can't be different. And I don't want to." “Although for all my writing nothing has been said about me as about a person who has not licked the heels of modernity, no, never, but I know my own worth.”

Prohibited. Last years (1929-1932)

Ghoul, Green's Favorite Hawk (1929). The story "The Story of a Hawk" is dedicated to him.

In 1927, the private publisher L.V. Wolfson began publishing a 15-volume collection of Green's works, but only 8 volumes were published, after which Wolfson was arrested by the GPU. NEP came to an end. Green's attempts to insist on fulfilling the contract with the publishing house only led to huge legal costs and ruin. Green's binges began to repeat again. However, in the end, the Green family still managed to win the process, seizing seven thousand rubles, which, however, greatly depreciated inflation.

The apartment in Feodosia had to be sold. In 1930, the Grinevskys moved to the city of Stary Krym, where life was cheaper. Since 1930, Soviet censorship banned Green's reprints and imposed a limit on new books: one per year. Both Green and Nina were desperately hungry and often sick. The novel "Touchless", begun by Green at this time, was never completed, although some critics consider it the best in his work. Green mentally thought through the whole plot to the end and said to Nina: "Some scenes are so good that, remembering them, I myself smile." At the end of April 1931, being already seriously ill, Grin went for the last time (through the mountains) to Koktebel, to visit Voloshin. This route is still known and popular among hikers as "Green's trail".

In the summer, Green went to Moscow, but not a single publisher showed interest in his new novel. Upon his return, Green said wearily to Nina: “Amba to us. They won't print anymore." There was no response to a request for a pension from the Writers' Union. As historians have found out, at a meeting of the board, Lidia Seifullina said: “Greene is our ideological enemy. The Union should not help such writers! Not a single penny in principle! Green sent another request for help to Gorky; it is not known whether she reached her destination, but there was no answer either. In May 1932, after new petitions, a transfer of 250 rubles unexpectedly came. from the Writers' Union, sent for some reason in the name of "the writer Green's widow Nadezhda Green", although Green was still alive.

Grin died on July 8, 1932 in Stary Krym from stomach cancer. Two days before his death, he asked to invite a priest and confessed. Buried in the same place in the city cemetery, Nina chose a place where you can see the sea. On the grave of Green, the sculptor Tatyana Gagarina erected a monument "Running on the Waves".

Upon learning of Grin's death, several leading Soviet writers called for a collection of his writings to be published; even Seifullina joined them. The Fantastic Novels collection was published in 1934.

Green's return to Soviet readers

Nina Nikolaevna Green, the writer's widow, continued to live in Stary Krym, in an adobe house, and worked as a nurse. When the Nazi army captured the Crimea, Nina stayed with her seriously ill mother in the Nazi-occupied territory, worked as a proofreader for a local newspaper. Then she was driven away to work in Germany, in 1945 she voluntarily returned from the American zone of occupation to the USSR.

Meanwhile, the books of the "Soviet romantic" Green continued to be published in the USSR until 1944. In besieged Leningrad, radio programs were broadcast with the reading of "Scarlet Sails" (1943), the premiere of the ballet "Scarlet Sails" was held at the Bolshoi Theater. In 1946, L. I. Borisov’s story “The Wizard from Gel-Gyu” about Alexander Grin was published, which earned praise from K. G. Paustovsky and B. S. Grinevsky, and later - condemnation from N. N. Green. However, during the years of the struggle against cosmopolitanism in the Soviet press, the label of “cosmopolitan”, alien to proletarian literature, “militant reactionary and spiritual emigrant”, like many other cultural figures (A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko, D. D. Shostakovich ) was also glued to Green. The theme of Green's "cosmopolitanism" was the subject of V. Vazhdaev's article "Preacher of Cosmopolitanism", 1950. His books have been removed from libraries.

After Stalin's death (1953), the ban on some writers was lifted. Beginning in 1956, through the efforts of K. Paustovsky, Yu. Olesha, I. Novikov and others, Green was returned to literature; His works were published in millions of copies. Having received through the efforts of Green's friends a fee for "Favorites" (1956), Nina Nikolaevna arrived in Stary Krym, found with difficulty the abandoned grave of her husband and found out that the house where Green died had passed to the chairman of the local executive committee and was used as a barn and a chicken coop. In 1960, after several years of struggle to return home, Nina Nikolaevna opened the Green Museum in Stary Krym on a voluntary basis. Nina Nikolaevna spent the last ten years of her life there, with a pension of 21 rubles (copyrights were no longer valid). In July 1970, the Green Museum in Feodosia was also opened, and a year later, Green's house in Stary Krym also received the status of a museum. Its opening by the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU was linked to the conflict with Nina Nikolaevna: “We are for Grin, but against his widow. The museum will only be there when she dies.”

Nina Nikolaevna died on September 27, 1970 in a Kyiv hospital, bequeathed to bury herself next to her husband. The local party authorities, irritated by the loss of the chicken coop, imposed a ban, and Nina was buried at the other end of the cemetery. On October 23 of the same year, on Nina's birthday, six of Nina's friends reburied the coffin at night in the place intended for it.

Creativity and personal position

Artistic and ideological features Green's prose

Shot from the film "The True Story of Scarlet Sails"

Green is openly didactic, that is, his works are based on a clear system of values and invite the reader to accept and share these ideals with the author.

It is generally accepted that Green is a romantic, a "dream knight". Greene understands a dream as a desire of a spiritually rich person for higher, truly human values, opposing them to soullessness, greed and animal pleasures. Difficult choice between these two paths and the consequences of the choice made is one of the important themes in Green. Its goal is to show how good and dream, love and compassion are organic for a person, and how evil, cruelty, alienation are destructive. Existing simultaneously in the real world and in the world of dreams, Green felt like a "translator between these two worlds." In "Scarlet Sails", the author, through the mouth of Gray, calls for "working a miracle" for another person; “He will have a new soul, and you will have a new one.” In The Shining World, there is a similar call: "Introduce into your life that world, the sparkles of which have already been given to you by a generous, secret hand."

Among Green's tools are fine taste, alien to naturalism, the ability simple means elevate the story to the level of a deep parable, a vivid exciting plot. Critics note that Greene is incredibly "cinematic". Transferring the action to a fictional country is also a well-thought-out technique: “For Green, by and large, the person and only the person is important, outside of his connection with history, nationality, wealth or poverty, religion and political convictions. Green, as it were, abstracts, cleanses his heroes of these layers and sterilizes his world, because this way a person is better visible to him.

The writer focuses on the struggle in the human soul and depicts the subtlest psychological nuances with amazing skill. "The volume of Green's knowledge in this area, the accuracy of depicting the most complex mental processes, sometimes surpassing the level of ideas and the possibilities of his time, cause surprise among specialists today." Green was close to the Symbolists, who tried to expand the possibilities of prose, to give it more dimensions - hence the frequent use of metaphors, paradoxical combinations of words, etc.

An example of Green's style on an example from "Scarlet Sails":

She knew how and loved to read, but in the book she read mainly between the lines, how she lived. Unconsciously, through a kind of inspiration, she made many ethereal subtle discoveries at every step, inexpressible, but important, like cleanliness and warmth. Sometimes - and this went on for a number of days - she was even reborn; the physical opposition of life vanished like silence in the strike of a bow, and everything that she saw, what she lived with, what was around, became a lace of secrets in the image of everyday life.

Alexander Grin's place in literature

Alexander Grin occupies a very special place in Russian and world literature. He had neither predecessors nor direct successors. Critics tried to compare him with those close in style to Edgar Allan Poe, Ernst Hoffmann, Robert Stevenson, Bret Hart and others - but each time it turned out that the similarity was superficial and limited. “He seems to be a classic of Soviet literature, but at the same time not quite: he is alone, out of the cage, out of the row, out of literary continuity.”

Even the genre of his works is difficult to determine. Sometimes Greene's books are classified as science fiction (or fantasy), but he himself protested against this. Yuri Olesha recalled that he once expressed to Green his admiration for the wonderful fantastic idea of a flying man (“The Shining World”), but Green was even offended: “This is a symbolic novel, not a fantastic one! This is not a person flying at all, this is the soaring of the spirit! A significant part of Green's works does not contain any fantastic devices (for example, "Scarlet Sails").

However, for all the originality of Green's work, his main value orientations are in line with the traditions of Russian classics. From what has been said above about the ideological motives of Green's prose, one can formulate brief conclusions: Green is a moralist, a talented defender of humanistic traditions traditional for Russian literature. moral ideals. “For the most part, A. Green’s works are poetically and psychologically refined fairy tales, short stories and studies that tell about the joy of fantasies coming true, about the human right to more than just “living” on earth, and about the fact that land and sea full of miracles - miracles of love, thought and nature - gratifying encounters, deeds and legends ... In Greene's type of romance "there is no peace, there is no comfort", it comes from an unbearable thirst to see the world more perfect, more sublime, and therefore the artist's soul reacts so painfully to everything gloomy, mournful, humiliated, offending humanity.

The poet Leonid Martynov, who revered the work of Alexander Grin, in the late 1960s drew the attention of his contemporaries to the fact that "Green was not only an excellent romantic, but one of the brilliant critical realists." Due to the re-release of the same works, Green is known "far from being wholly, presenting him is still somehow one-sided, often tinsel-romantic".

Religious views

Young Green. Bust on the Green Embankment in Kirov

Alexander Green was baptized Orthodox rite, although his father was still a Catholic at that moment (he converted to Orthodoxy when Alexander was 11 years old). Some of his episodes early life, described in the "Autobiographical Tale", are interpreted as an indicator that Green was far from religion in his youth.

Later, Green's religious views began to change. The novel The Shining World (1921) contains an extensive and vivid scene, which later on demand Soviet censorship cut out: Runa enters the village church, kneels before the painted "holy girl from Nazareth", next to which "the thoughtful eyes of the little Christ looked at the distant fate of the world." Runa asks God to strengthen her faith, and in response she sees how Drood appears in the picture and joins Christ and the Madonna. This scene and Drood's numerous addresses in the novel show that Greene viewed his ideals as close to Christian ones, as one of the paths to the Shining World, "where it is quiet and dazzling."

Nina Nikolaevna recalled that in the Crimea they often attended church, Green's favorite holiday was Easter. In a letter to Vera shortly before his death (1930), Green explained: “Nina and I believe, without trying to understand anything, since it is impossible to understand. We have been given only signs of the participation of the Higher Will in life.” Green declined to be interviewed by Godless magazine, saying "I believe in God." Before his death, Green called a local priest, confessed and took communion.

Green's work in the mirror of criticism

Pre-revolutionary criticism

The attitude of literary critics towards Green's work was heterogeneous and changed over time. Greene's early realistic stories were well received by readers, although some critics, notably the Menshevik critic N.V. Volsky, scolded him for excessive display of violence. The critics did not like the new romantic stage of the writer's work that followed the realistic, which manifested itself in the choice of exotic names and plots, Green was not taken seriously and accused of imitating Edgar Allan Poe, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Jack London, Haggard. The writer was defended by L. N. Voitolovsky and A. G. Gornfeld, who believed that the assimilation of Green to popular Western romantic writers, in fact, explains nothing in the creative method of Alexander Green.

Thus, the critic Gornfeld wrote in 1910: “Strange people are his own, distant countries are close to him, because they are people, because all countries are our land ... Therefore, Bret Hart or Kipling, or Poe, who really gave a lot to Green's stories, is only a shell ... Green is par excellence a poet of a busy life. He wants to talk only about the important, the main, the fatal: not in everyday life, but in the human soul. L. N. Voitolovsky supported Gornfeld, speaking about the story "The Island Reno ": "Maybe this air is not quite tropical, but this is a new special air that all modernity breathes - disturbing, stuffy, tense and powerless" ... "Romance is different for romance. And decadents are called romantics ... Green has a different kind of romanticism. He akin to Gorky's romanticism... He breathes faith in life, a thirst for healthy and strong sensations.” romantic works Gorky and Green were also noted by other critics, for example, V. E. Kovsky.

Once again, Arkady Gornfeld returned to the allusions of Edgar Allan Poe in Green in 1917 in a review of the story "The Adventurer". “At first impression, the story of Mr. Alexander Grin is easy to take for the story of Edgar Allan Poe ... It is not difficult to reveal and show everything that is external, conditional, mechanical in this imitation ... Russian imitation is infinitely weaker than the English original. It is indeed weaker…” “This… would not be worth talking about if Greene was a powerless imitator, if he wrote only worthless parodies of Edgar Allan Poe, if only it would be an unnecessary insult to compare his works with the work of his wonderful prototype… "Greene is an outstanding figure in our fiction, the fact that he is little appreciated is rooted to a certain extent in his shortcomings, but his merits play a much more significant role ... Green is still not an imitator of Edgar Allan Poe, not an adopter of a stencil, not even a stylist ; he is more independent than many who write ordinary stories ... Green has no template at the core; ... Green would be Green if there were no Edgar Allan Poe.

Gradually, in the criticism of the 1910s, an opinion was formed about the writer as a "master of the plot", a stylist and a romantic. Therefore, in the following decades, the leitmotif of Green's research was the study of the writer's psychologism and the principles of his plot composition.

Criticism of the 1920s and 1930s

In the 1920s, after Green wrote his most significant works, interest in his prose reached its peak. Eduard Bagritsky wrote that "few Russian writers have so perfectly mastered the word in all its usefulness." Maxim Gorky spoke of Grin in this way: "a useful storyteller, a necessary dreamer."

In the 1930s-1940s, attention to the work of A. Grin was complicated by the general ideologization of literary criticism. However, in the 1930s, articles about Grin by Marietta Shaginyan, Kornely Zelinsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Caesar Wolpe, Mikhail Levidov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Ivan Sergievsky were published , Alexandra Roskina. According to Shaginyan, “Grin’s misfortune and misfortune is that he developed and embodied his theme not on the material of living reality - then we would have before us the true romance of socialism, but on the material of the conditional world of a fairy tale, wholly included in the “associative system” capitalist relations.

Kornely Zelinsky's approach was different. Like Gornfeld, he juxtaposes creative method Green and Edgar Allan Poe. According to Zelinsky, A. Green is not just a dreamer, but a "militant dreamer." Speaking about the style of the writer, he comes to the following conclusion: “In the eternal hunt for the melody of poetic fantasy, Green learned to weave such verbal networks, to operate with the word so freely, resiliently and subtly that his skill cannot but attract our working interest.” "Green in his fantastic novels creates such a play of artistic forms, where the content is also conveyed by the movement of verbal parts, the properties of a difficult style." "On Green's stories, one can trace the curious and gradual transformation of his style, in connection with the evolution from a realist to a science fiction writer, from Kuprin to ... Edgar Allan Poe."

Literary critic Ivan Sergievsky did not escape the traditional comparison of Green with the classics of the adventure genre in the West: “Green's novels and stories echo the works of the classic adventurous fantasy novel by Edgar Allan Poe and the best works of Joseph Conrad. However, Green does not have the power of thought, and there are no realistic features of these writers. It is much closer to an adventurous fantasy novel by contemporary decadent artists like, say, McOrlan. In the end, I. V. Sergievsky nevertheless comes to the conclusion that Alexander Green overcame "the adventurous canon of literature of bourgeois decadence."

But not all pre-war critics could fit Green into the usual scheme of socialist creativity. An ideologized approach to the writer in pre-war journalism was revealed with all its force in Vera Smirnova's article "A Ship Without a Flag". In her opinion, writers like Greene deserve to have their anti-Soviet essence presented with all obviousness, and that “the ship on which Greene and his team of outcasts sailed from the shores of their fatherland has no flag, he is on his way“ to nowhere."

Post-war criticism

Free discussion of Green's work was interrupted at the end of the forties at the time of the ideological struggle with representatives of the so-called cosmopolitanism. Making settings new program The CPSU (b) to tighten the country's ideological course and for the establishment of a new "Soviet patriotism", the Soviet writer V. M. Vazhdaev in the article "Preacher of Cosmopolitanism" in the journal "New World" (1950) turned to the work of Alexander Grin. Vazhdaev’s entire article is an open and unambiguous call to fight against cosmopolitanism, which, according to Vazhdaev, was embodied by A.S. Green: , a writer who for many years was stubbornly praised by aesthetic criticism.

V. Vazhdaev further claimed that A. Green's numerous admirers are Konstantin Paustovsky, Sergei Bobrov, Boris Annibal, Mikh. Slonimsky, L. Borisov and others - exaggerated Green's work beyond all measure into a major literary phenomenon. Moreover, the Stalinist publicist saw some political background in the creation of Greenland. The apotheosis of Vazhdaev was expressed in the following statement: “A. Green was never a harmless "dreamer". He was a militant reactionary and cosmopolitan." “The skill of an artist is inextricably linked with his worldview, determined by him; innovation is possible only where there is a bold revolutionary thought, deep ideological commitment and devotion of the artist to his homeland and people. And the work of A. Green, according to Vazhdaev, did not meet the requirements of revolutionary innovation, since Green did not love his homeland, but he painted and poeticized the alien bourgeois world.

Vazhdaev's rhetoric was repeated word for word in A. Tarasenkov's article "On National Traditions and Bourgeois Cosmopolitanism" in the Znamya magazine, which was published simultaneously with Vazhdaev's article. After Stalin's death, Green's books were again in demand by readers. The ideological approach to Green gradually began to give way to a literary one. In 1955, in the book The Golden Rose, Konstantin Paustovsky assessed the significance of the story Scarlet Sails as follows: “If Green died, leaving us only one of his poems in prose, Scarlet Sails, then this would be enough to stage it into the ranks of remarkable writers, disturbing the human heart with a call for perfection.

The writer and literary critic Viktor Shklovsky, reflecting on Grin the romantic, wrote that Grin “led people, leading them away from the desire for ordinary bourgeois well-being. He taught them to be courageous, truthful, believing in themselves, believing in Man.”

Late Soviet and post-Soviet criticism

Memorial plaque on Green's embankment, 21, Kirov

Writer and critic Vladimir Amlinsky drew attention to Green's peculiar loneliness in the literary world of the Soviet Union. "In today's literary process he is noticeable, less than any of the Masters of his scale, in today's criticism (...) his name is mentioned in passing. Analyzing Green’s work in comparison with the work of M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, K. Paustovsky, who are somewhat similar to Green, Amlinsky concludes: “Green’s failure lies in the extraordinary concentration of romanticism, which had the opposite effect, especially in early stories” .

Vadim Kovsky believes that “Green’s prose often provokes ‘superficial enthusiasm’ (…) However, most often Green simply cheats us, hiding under the guise of an adventure-adventure genre and the unmistakable emotional impact of a high artistic thought, a complex concept of personality, an extensive system of connections with surrounding reality." "Green is peculiar in the highest degree poetic, all-penetrating lyricism vision of the world. The “cognitive part”, the material specification of the description of such a vision are contraindicated,” he writes in the book “The Romantic World of Alexander Grin”.

Contemporary writer Natalya Meteleva has published her own analysis of Green's work. The basis of Green's worldview is, in her opinion, a childish attitude to the world (infantility). The writer is distinguished by "naivety<…>eternal teenager with a complete inability to be in the world, which he retained until the end of his life. “When they talk about the “romantic maximalism” of A.S. Green, they always forget for some reason that maximalism in adulthood is a sign of the infantile development of the personality.” Meteleva reproaches Green for an unfriendly attitude towards technical progress, calls the writer a “hippie petrel”, and sees in his books “the eternal dreams of a dependent about leveling” (“do good”: have you noticed at whose expense this good is done?).

Green expert Natalya Orishchuk points out that the term is more applicable to Green neo-romanticism than conventional romanticism. She dwells in detail on the process of "Sovietization" of Green's work in the 1960s - the posthumous insertion of the writer's initially apolitical work into the context of socialist realism art. In her opinion, the works of Green became the object of very intensive indoctrination. The resulting Soviet stereotype of Green's perception has become a unique cultural phenomenon - the "Green sign". "Products of Soviet ideological myth-making", according to Orishchuk, are four myths: 1. Green's devotion to the October Revolution and the state political regime; 2. Green's transition to the bosom of socialist realism; 3. Interpretation of Green's early prose as a political declaration of the writer; 4. Green as an author of works for children. As a result, in the 1960s, the phenomenon of a mass Soviet cult of Green was formed.

Memory

Named after Alexander Green

In 1985, the name "Grinevia" was given to the minor planet 2786, discovered on September 6, 1978 by the Soviet astronomer N. S. Chernykh.

Alexander Grin on a postage stamp of Ukraine, 2005

In 2000, on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Green, the Union of Writers of Russia, the administration of the cities of Kirov and Slobodsky established the annual Alexander Grin Russian Literary Prize for works for children and youth, imbued with the spirit of romance and hope.

In 2012, the three-deck river passenger ship was named "Alexander Grin".

In 1960, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, the writer's wife opened the Writer's House-Museum in Stary Krym.
In 1970, a literary and memorial museum of Green was also created in Feodosia.
On the centenary of his birth, in 1980, the House-Museum of Alexander Grin was opened in the city of Kirov.
In 2010, the Museum of Romance of Alexander Grin was created in the city of Slobodskaya.

Green Readings and Festivals

The international scientific conference "Green's Readings" has been held in even years in the city of Feodosia since 1988 (first half of September).
Green's readings in Kirov have been held every 5 years (sometimes more often) since 1975, on the writer's birthday (August 23).
Since 1987, the festival of author's song "Greenland" has been held in the village of Basharovo near Kirov.
"Green's Shore" - a Far Eastern festival of author's song and poetry near Nakhodka; has been held since 1994.
The annual Greenland festival in Stary Krym, held since 2005 on the writer's birthday.

Alexander Grin Street exists in many Russian and Ukrainian cities: Arkhangelsk, Gelendzhik, Moscow (since 1986), Naberezhnye Chelny, Slobodskoy, Stary Krym, Feodosia. In Kirov there is an embankment named after the writer.

Libraries

Several major libraries are named after Greene.

Kirovskaya regional library for children and youth.
Youth Library No. 16 in Moscow.
City library in Slobodskoy.
Library in Nizhny Novgorod.
Central City Library in Feodosiya, Crimea, Ukraine.

Holiday "Scarlet Sails" in St. Petersburg

There is a Gymnasium named after Alexander Grin in Kirov.
In 2000, a bronze bust of the writer was installed on the embankment in Kirov. (Sculptors Kotsienko K.I. and Bondarev V.A.)
There is a tradition in St. Petersburg when, on the night of the graduation ball of Russian schoolchildren, a sailing ship with scarlet sails enters the mouth of the Neva. See Scarlet Sails (holiday of graduates).

Addresses of residence Petrograd-Leningrad

1920 - May 1921 - House of Arts (DISK) - Avenue of the 25th October, 15.
May 1921 - February 1922 - Zaremba apartment building - Panteleimonovskaya street, 11.
1923-1924 - tenement house - Dekabristov street, 11.

st. Lanzheronovskaya, 2.

Screen adaptations

1958 - Watercolor
1961 - Scarlet Sails
1967 - Running on the waves
1969 - Colony Lanfier
1972 - Morgiana
1976 - The Redeemer (a film by the Yugoslav-Croatian director Krsto Papich, based on the story "The Pied Piper")
1978 - Assol, cartoon directed by B. P. Stepantsev
1983 - Man from the Green Country (teleplay)
1984 - Shining World
1984 - Life and Books of Alexander Grin (teleplay)
1986 - Golden chain
1988 - Mr. Designer
1990 - One hundred miles on the river
1992 - Road to nowhere
1995 - Gelly and Knock
2003 - Infection (film)
2007 - Running on the waves
2010 - Man from the Unfulfilled ( documentary V. Nedoshivin about A. Grin)
2012 - Green Lamp

1. Childhood and youth romance. Life conflicts.
2. The beginning of the creative path.
3. Greenland.
4. Romantic literature and harsh reality.

Still, this is an amazing, wonderful writer, a true romantic and writer incredible stories, which are few in the entire world literature!
Ya. K. Golovanov

A. S. Green (real name Grinevsky) was born on August 23, 1880. His childhood and youth were spent in Vyatka. They say that the first word that little Sasha put together from cubes and read in syllables was “sea”. But the father, an exiled Pole, wanted his son to get a land profession. Grinevsky Sr., a participant in the Polish uprising of 1863, worked as an accountant in a zemstvo hospital, his wife died at thirty-seven, leaving four children. Sasha was the oldest, he was thirteen at that time. A little later, he had a stepmother.

All the boys at that time were passionate about adventure literature, and Grinevsky had three chests of books in Polish, French and Russian - they were left over from his deceased uncle, Lieutenant Colonel Grinevsky. Parents teased their son, saying that he did not study well and would become a swineherd. It is quite understandable that the family, starving and walking in rags, wanted Alexander to help earn a living. But Sasha's dream of life was the Red Sea - he wanted to become a sailor. Soon, suffering from misunderstanding, he withdrew and talked about himself to few people.

Green's only favorite subject is geography, according to which the boy always had an A+. Expelled from the real zemstvo school, and then expelled more than once and again accepted into the city four-year school, Alexander began to study more diligently. He learned that the certificate makes it possible to become a navigator. In the end, Green (as his friends called him) fled to Odessa. The sea struck the young man, but it was difficult to get hired to work on the ship.

Only two months later he was taken as a cabin boy on the ship "Platon". Practice did not go for the future, Green did not even learn how to knit sea knots. He had own ideas about the sea. His closeness was everything to Green. He made his second voyage on the sailboat "Saint Nicholas", the third - as a sailor on the ship "Tsesarevich". None of the trips made it possible to earn money. After that, I had to return to Vyatka and live by odd jobs. Work in the oil fields, rafting timber, gold digging, service in the tsarist army, flight from the battalion and meeting with the Social Revolutionaries, a second escape, a prison term, a third escape and exile ... “I was a sailor, loader, actor, rewrote roles for the theater, worked in gold mines, at a blast furnace, in peat bogs, in fisheries; he was a lumberjack, a tramp, a clerk in the office, a hunter, a revolutionary, an exile, a sailor on a barge, a soldier, a digger ... ”, the writer recalled, saying that his life path was strewn not with roses, but with nails. In 1905 he escaped from exile and lived in Vyatka under a false name.

In the literature of A.S. Green entered as a master of everyday stories, describing his personal experiences and life stories. The first story of the writer was called "The Merit of Private Panteleev" and was published in 1906. The censorship considered it propaganda, the entire circulation was confiscated.

The first book, The Cap of Invisibility, was published in 1907. In the works of 1918-1919 ("The Shining World", "Jesse and Morgiana", "Road to Nowhere"), the main theme of creativity was the conflict of freedom and lack of freedom.

Over twenty-five years of creativity, more than four hundred works were published. The main theme of his books was faith in the high morality of man. “Alexander Grin is a sunny writer and, despite difficult fate, happy, because deep and bright faith in man, in good beginnings victoriously passes through all his works human soul, faith in love, friendship, fidelity and the feasibility of a dream, ”said the writer V.K. Ketlinskaya. V. V. Kharchev, a researcher of Green's work, notes that the writer tried to show that a miracle is possible everywhere, even where it seems that it cannot be.

In the most famous works of Green, an excellent landscape painter and master of the plot - in "Scarlet Sails", "Running on the Waves", "The Shining World" - romance is closely intertwined with fantasy. Green's heroes live in fictional cities dreamed of by their creator - Apambo, Gel-Gyu, Zurbagan, Girton, Lissa, Pocket, on Reno Island. This fictional, world of criticism began to be studied already in the 1910s. It is perceived in different ways: both as a world of the past, and as a writer's universe with its own laws of development, characters and plots, as an artistic space. K. G. Paustovsky reasoned: “When he became a writer, he imagined non-existent countries where the action of his stories took place, not as foggy landscapes, but as well-studied, hundreds of times traveled places. He could draw detailed map these places, I could mark every turn in the road and the nature of the vegetation, every bend in the river and the location of houses ... ". The singularity of this universe is obvious. It differs from the real one and is inhabited by brave heroes with a rich inner world, capable of self-sacrifice, noble and courageous people who bear some wonderful, foreign-like names: Arthur Gray, Longren, Assol, Letika, Gez, Frezi Grant, etc. The apt name "Greenland", coined by K.I. Zelinsky in 1934, took root and stuck to this literary world. It combines romance and realism, irrationality and harmony, thoughtfulness and unrestrained imagination of the author.

But not everything was so rosy in the real life of the writer. Green's happy family life was overshadowed by his long drinking bouts - so he tried to get away from reality and overcome himself. He could not soberly ask for something and bow. Assol, his second wife Nina, suffered the most from Green's behavior. And it was necessary to ask: there was nothing to live on, they were allowed to print no more than one book a year. Green's work was recognized as contrary to the ideological guidelines of the party, since the late 1920s. his works were discontinued. Requests for financial assistance were either not answered or refused. Later, N. Grinevskaya had to ask her former comrades to send the dying writer at least just a couple of lines. Only the wife remained devoted to her husband until her death. Green spent the last years of his life in the Crimea, near his old passion - the sea. During these years, more than half of his works were written, which at that time were practically not needed by anyone. In 1932, the writer died of cancer.

His last book was the "Autobiographical Tale" - a realistic-severe work. It is a pity that the writer received wide recognition only after his death. “Until the end of my days, I would like to wander through the bright countries of my imagination,” said Green. For readers, this master of words will forever remain a resident of wonderful Greenland.

The real name of Alexander Stepanovich Grin, a Russian Soviet prose writer of Polish origin, who created his works in line with romantic realism, is Grinevsky. His name is associated, first of all, with the story "Scarlet Sails".

He was born in the Vyatka province, the city of Slobodskaya, on August 23 (August 11, O.S.), 1880. A tendency to change places, daydreaming, supported by a love of books about foreign lands and travels, he already had childhood years, he did not once attempted to run away from home. In 1896, his studies at the four-year Vyatka city school ended, and Alexander left for Odessa, where he began a six-year period of vagrancy.

Having settled on a ship, at first he wanted to realize his old dream of becoming a navigator, but he soon lost interest in it. A fisherman, a loader, a digger, a lumberjack, a gold digger and even a sword swallower - Alexander Grinevsky tried on all these professions, but he could not get rid of the most severe need, which in 1902 forced him to enlist in the army as a volunteer.

His service lasted 9 months, of which a third he spent in a punishment cell, and ended in desertion. At this time, his rapprochement with the Socialist-Revolutionaries takes place, who involve him in propaganda work. The agitation of sailors in Sevastopol ended for Green in 1903 with his arrest, and an unsuccessful attempt to escape turned into two years in a maximum security prison. However, he continued to engage in propaganda work, and in 1905 he was to be exiled to Siberia for 10 years, and only an amnesty helped to avoid such an unenviable fate.

In 1906, Alexander Grin's first story, To Italy, was published, and the Merit of Private Panteleev and Elephant and Pug, which followed it in the same year, were confiscated right at the printing house and burned. Their author, who was at that time in St. Petersburg, was arrested and exiled to the Tobolsk province, but the disgraced novice writer managed to quickly escape from the place of exile with other people's documents. In 1907, the story “The Case” was published, notable for the fact that for the first time in his creative biography, the author signed with the pseudonym A.S. Green. The following year, the first collection of short stories, The Cap of Invisibility, was published, which did not go unnoticed.

In 1910, Grin was sent into exile for the second time - this time for two years in the Arkhangelsk province. Upon returning home, Green actively writes and publishes, his stories, novellas, satirical miniatures, poems, poems are published in 60 editions. Until October 1917, Green published about 350 works. During this period, the romantic orientation of his writings is formed, which is in conflict with the harsh reality.

The February revolution gave rise to hopes for a change for the better, but they were dispelled with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Their actions further disappointed Green in the surrounding reality, he began to create his own world with renewed vigor. Today it is difficult to imagine that the famous story “Scarlet Sails”, beloved by all romantics, was born in Petrograd, engulfed in revolutionary transformations (it was published in 1923). The heroes of the works and fictional cities of Green did not fit well into Soviet literature filled with the pathos of building socialism - together with its author. His writings were published less and less and were increasingly criticized.

In 1924, A.S. Green "The Shining World", and in the same year he moved to Feodosia. Suffering from tuberculosis and poverty, he continues to write, and new stories come out from under his pen, the novels The Golden Chain (1925), The Wave Runner (1928), Jesse and Morgiana (1929), in 1930 . saw the light of the novel "The Road to Nowhere", permeated with the tragic worldview of the sick and misunderstood artist. The last place of residence in Green's biography was the city of Stary Krym, where he moved in 1930 and died on July 8, 1932.

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