Summary of the lesson in geography topic: "Formation of the political map of Asia." Formation of the political map of the world

In Asia - the largest part of the world - more than half of humanity lives and about 50 states and territories are located. The border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, along the Kumo-Manych depression; between Asia and Africa - along the Isthmus of Suez.

Stages of formation. In ancient times, powerful empires were located in Asia, which determined the course of world history, but the modern political map was formed mainly in the New and Modern times.

The colonization of Asia began at the end of the 15th century, when Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India.

Already in 1511, the Portuguese captured Malacca, and in the second half of the 16th century. began the territorial seizures of Spain (Philippines) and Great Britain (the Hindustan Peninsula). In the early years of the 17th century to coordinate the economic development of the territories, the British East India Company and the Dutch United East India Company were formed.

By 1900, 56% of the territory of Asia was occupied by colonial possessions, most of which belonged to Great Britain. The possessions of Great Britain were: in South Asia - British India, which included the territory modern states India: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sri Lanka; in Southwest Asia - Aden, the Bahrain Islands, Cyprus (occupied by Great Britain in 1878), Kuwait, Oman, Oman Negotiated; V South-East Asia- North Borneo, Brunei, Federated Malay Principalities, Labuan, Johor; V Indian Ocean- Cocos Islands; V pacific ocean- Christmas Islands.

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama is a Portuguese navigator, the first who sailed by sea from Europe to India around Africa. This voyage ushered in a centuries-old era of European dominance in the Eastern Hemisphere and almost 450 years of Portuguese colonialism in India.

On the way to India, Vasco da Gama explored the southern part of Africa (he gave the name to the coast - Natal, which means "Christmas" in Portuguese), conducted trade negotiations with the Sultan of Mozambique, and was the first European to visit the ports of Mombasa, Malindi. IN East Africa Vasco da Gama hired the Arab cartographer Ibn Majid, who, knowing the peculiarities of the monsoons, chose the most favorable time for sailing to India.

The opening of a new sea route expanded the possibilities of trade with Asia, which until then had been carried out only along the Great silk road was costly and dangerous. The discovery was quite expensive - out of 4 ships, 2 returned, and only 54 sailors (out of 170) returned to Portugal.

In 1502-1503. for the second voyage to India, twenty warships were sent under the command of Vasco da Gama. The task was to strengthen the influence of Portugal in India. Vasco da Gama was appointed admiral of India with broad powers: he could negotiate, start a war and make peace, send embassies. In 1524, Vasco da Gama again arrived in South Asia (Goa), became Viceroy of India, but soon fell ill with malaria and died.

Rice. 64. Vasco da Gama (1469-1524)

Other states also owned colonies in Asia.

Possessions of the Netherlands- Netherlands India: the islands of Java, Madura, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), Celebes (Sulawesi), part of the island New Guinea(West Irian).

Dominions of Portugal- Portuguese India (the cities of Goa, Diu), Macau (Macau), Timor Island.

French dominions- French India (the cities of Karikal, Mahe, Pondishenri, Chandernagor, Yanaon), French Indochina (Annam, Cambodia, Cochinchina, Laos, Thin).

Japanese dominions- Bonin Islands, Taiwan Island.

Russian dominions- Khiva and Bukhara (in vassalage), Kvantuy with Port Arthur (leased from China).

US possessions- Philippines (since 1898).

The Turkish (Ottoman) Empire in Asia included Yemen, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Syria, Hijaz (part of modern Saudi Arabia), Lebanon.

Colonies in Asia persisted until the middle of the 20th century. More than 90% of the population of the region lived in them. The main metropolitan powers were Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Japan, and the USA.

The collapse of the colonial system ended after World War II.

Forms state structure and board. Most of the states in Asia are unitary republics. India, Iraq1, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan have a federal structure. Federations are two monarchies - Malaysia (the union of hereditary sultanates) and the United Arab Emirates (the union of seven emirates). The monarchies are Bahrain (emirate), Bhutan (kingdom), Jordan (kingdom), Cambodia (kingdom), Qatar (emirate), Kuwait (emirate), Malaysia (kingdom), UAE (emirates), Oman (sultanate), Thailand (kingdom ), Japan (empire). Theocratic Monarchies - Brunei (Sultanate), Saudi Arabia(kingdom). Non-Self-Governing Territories - British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago). Independent states - members of the Commonwealth - Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Cyprus, Malaysia, Maldives, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Pakistan.

Major Events XX - early XXI centuries

1902- The adoption by the US Congress of the law on the colonial status of the Philippines.

Accession of a part of Southeast Siam to the French possessions in Indochina.

1904- the division of Siam: the sphere of English influence - to the west of the Menam River, the sphere of French influence - to the east of the Menam River.

As a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese influence; established a Japanese protectorate over Korea.

1905- according to the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, South Sakhalin (part of the island south of the 50th parallel with the nearby islands, including the Kuril Islands), the cities of Port Arthur and Dalny with the adjacent territory on the Liaodong Peninsula (leased by Russia from China in 1889) were ceded to Japan. ).

1907- the Cambodian provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap, Sisafon, formerly part of Siam, are included in French possessions in Indochina.

As a result of the Anglo-Russian agreements on the division of spheres of influence, Iran is divided into three zones - Russian, British and neutral; Afghanistan is recognized as a British sphere of influence; Tibet is recognized as part of China.

The British possession of the island of Labuan (near Brunei) is attached to the Straits Settlement colony (Malacca Peninsula).

According to the Russian-Japanese agreements on the division of spheres of influence in Mongolia, Russia recognized Northern Manchuria and Western Mongolia, and Japan - Southern Manchuria and Eastern Mongolia.

1909- four Malay principalities (Trenganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis), formerly part of Siam, were annexed to the British possessions in Malaya.

1910- agreement on the protectorate of Great Britain over Bhutan. Annexation of Korea by Japan.

1911- Autonomy of Outer Mongolia proclaimed. The reunification of West and East Bengal, which were part of

India; The capital of India was moved from Calcutta to Delhi.

1912- Abolished the monarchy in China.

Change political map as a result of the First World War.

1914- British annexation of the island of Cyprus.

Japan's capture of Jiaozhouwan (Kiao-Chao) with the Qingdao naval base (the former German "leased territory").

Announcement by Russia of a protectorate over Tuva (Uriankhai region).

Capture by Great Britain from Turkey of the island of Cammaran and its annexation to the colony of Aden.

Formation of the independent Arab state of Hijaz.

Establishment of a British protectorate over Qatar.

1919- recognition by the governments of the RSFSR and Great Britain of the independence of Afghanistan.

1920- decay Ottoman Empire. Under the Treaty of Sevres, Turkey lost 3/4 of its territory and all possessions on the Arabian Peninsula. Great Britain received a League of Nations mandate for Palestine (with Transjordan) and Mesopotamia (with Mosul), France - for Syria and Lebanon.

Türkiye recognized the British annexation of Cyprus. Proclamation of Iraq as a constitutional monarchy (actually remained under a British mandate).

1921- the formation by Great Britain in the territory of Palestine of the emirate of Transjordan.

The RSFSR and Persia recognized the borders of 1881. The RSFSR transferred Karsky Pashalyk and Ardagan to Turkey (until 1918 these territories were part of Russia).

Proclamation of Tannu-Tuva People's Republic.

1922- Japan returned Jiaozhouwan (Kiao-Chao) to China. Formal declaration of independence of Nepal.

The formation of the USSR as part of the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR (as part of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia).

1923- Secession of Transjordan from Palestine. Proclamation of Turkey as a republic with Ankara as its capital. Turkey abandoned its possessions on the Arabian Peninsula, from Egypt, Tripolitania, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq).

1924- Formation of the Mongolian People's Republic.

1925- the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR became part of the USSR.

1926- Lebanon granted a republican constitution.

Formation of the Arab state Kingdom of Hijaz, Nejd and annexed areas.

1929- The Tajik SSR became part of the USSR.

1930- signing of the Anglo-Chinese convention on the return of Wei-haiwei (Northeast China) to China.

Accession of Assir to the Kingdom of Hijaz, Nejd and annexed areas.

1932- creation by Japan on the territory of Manchuria occupied in 1931 of the state of Manchukuo.

Termination of the British Mandate for Iraq.

Kingdom of Hejaz, Nejd and annexed areas renamed Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1936- the USSR included the Azerbaijan SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR (formerly part of the Transcaucasian SFSR), the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR (formerly autonomous republics).

1937- The province of Burma was separated from British India and turned into a separate colony of Great Britain.

Proclamation of Aden as a British colony.

1939- The state of Siam restored its former name Thailand (the country of Thai-Muang-Thai).

France transferred to Turkey the Sanjak of Alexandretta, which was part of the French mandated territory of Syria; became a province of Turkey - Hatay.

Changes on the political map of Asia during the Second World War.

1940- the creation by Japan in Inner Mongolia of the puppet state of Mynjiang (the territory of Chakhara, the occupied part of Suiyuan, the northern regions of Shanxi and Hebei provinces).

Japanese occupation of northern Indochina.

1941- with Japanese mediation, part of the territories of Laos and Cambodia was annexed to Thailand.

Occupation by Japan of the entire territory of the Indochina peninsula.

Japanese attack on British and US possessions in the Pacific.

Capture by Japan of the Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong, British Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia (Fig. 65).

Rice. 65. Formation of the colonial empire of Japan

1944- The Tuva People's Republic became part of the RSFSR.

1945 - an agreement was signed between the USSR and China, according to which the city of Port Arthur is used jointly by both states as a naval base; the city of Dalniy (in 1905-1945 under Japanese rule) becomes a free port.

The southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands passed to the USSR.

Political Map of Asia after World War II: Decolonization.

1945- Independence of Indonesia and Vietnam is proclaimed.

1946- The independence of Transjordan and the Philippines was proclaimed. The mandate of the League of Nations for Lebanon and Syria was canceled, they were declared formally independent states.

1947- the independence of India was proclaimed (Fig. 67) and its division according to the religious principle into two states - India (followers of Hinduism predominate) and Pakistan (followers of Islam). Until 1971, Pakistan consisted of two parts - western and eastern, which were separated by Indian territory. In 1971, the independent state of Bangladesh was proclaimed in East Pakistan (East Bengal).

Dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands

Japan demands from Russia to transfer to it two islands of the Great Kuril ridge - Iturup and Kunashir with an area of ​​​​8270 km 2, the islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge with a total area of ​​278.96 km 2: Shikotan, Polonsky (Taranu), Zeleny (Sibotsu), Yuri (Yuri), Tanfilyev (Suise), Anuchina (Akiyuri), Sentry (Moise), Signal (Kaigara), Reef (Odoke), Demina Islands (Haruka-rimoseri).

In 1855, diplomatic relations were established between Japan and Russia for the first time, and a border line was drawn, while the parties recognized that the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Habomai and Shikotan were Japanese territory. Sakhalin was recognized as a territory of joint residence of the Japanese and Russians. Under the 1875 treaty, all of Sakhalin passed to Russia, and all the Kuril Islands to Japan. Under the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan passed the southern part of Sakhalin.

In September 1945, after Japan signed the Act of Unconditional Surrender, all the Kuriles and South Sakhalin passed to the USSR, with which Japan does not agree, proposing to return to the borders defined by the 1855 treaty.

Under the San Francisco Treaty of 1951, Japan renounced the rights and claims to the Kuril Islands, part of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it. Under the same treaty, Japan renounced claims to the Formosa, Pescador, Paracel, and Spratly islands. According to the Japanese side, the South Kuriles have always belonged to Japan, since they are not part of the Kuril ridge, but Japanese islands therefore not subject to the San Francisco Treaty.

The current problem of a peace treaty between Japan and Russia (which was never concluded after World War II) is not resolved due to the different positions of the countries on the issue of drawing the border and belonging to the South Kuril Islands (Fig. 66).

Rice. 66. Territorial disputes over the Kuril Islands

Burma (now Myanmar) declared its independence.

Proclamation of Laos and Cambodia constitutional monarchies under the protectorate of France.

The transfer of vast border territories by Thailand to Laos and Cambodia.

The formation of the Federation of Malaya, which received the status of a protectorate of Great Britain; Singapore is separated into a separate colony.

1948- section of Korea: a demarcation line was established at 38 ° N. sh. on the Korean Peninsula. In the north of the peninsula, the DPRK is formed, and in the southern part - the Republic of Korea.

Formation of the State of Israel.

The British colony of Ceylon (since 1972 - Sri Lanka) gained independence, remaining a dominion.

1949- the inclusion of South Vietnam (created in the territory occupied by French troops) into the French Union.

Recognition of Laos and Cambodia as independent states within the French Union.

Accession to Israel of the territories captured by it during the war of 1948-1949. The division of Jerusalem into two parts.

The transfer of the city of Chandernagore (part of French India) by France to India.

Proclamation of the People's Republic of China.

Proclamation of the United States of Indonesia; formation of the Dutch-Indonesian Union, headed by the Queen of the Netherlands.

1950- India is declared a republic.

Annexation by Transjordan of the environs of Jerusalem and the lands now known as the West Bank; renaming Trans-Jordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Rice. 67. Mahatma Gandhi (right) and Jawaharlal Nehru - the first leaders of independent India

Jerusalem is declared the capital of Israel.

Proclamation of Indonesia as a unitary republic, cancellation of the 1949 agreement on the creation of the United States of Indonesia. West Irian (western part of the island of New Guinea) remained a colony of the Netherlands (returned to Indonesia after a referendum in 1962).

Treaty between the USSR and China on the gratuitous transfer of property and rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway to the PRC and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Port Arthur.

1953- Proclamation of the Sultanate in the Maldives (British protectorate) as a republic.

Declaration of Independence of Cambodia.

1954- Restoration of the Sultanate and British protectorate in the Maldives.

Establishment of a demarcation line along the 17th parallel between North and South Vietnam.

1955- The Kingdom of Cambodia seceded from the French Union.

Transfer under the control of Australia of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, formerly part of the British colony of Singapore.

1956- Proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. France ceded former French possessions to India - cities

Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe, Yanaon.

South Vietnam seceded from the French Union.

1957 - Declaration of Independence of the Federation of Malaya.

1958- the proclamation of Iraq as a republic, the overthrow of the monarchy; the formation of an Arab Federation consisting of Iraq and Jordan.

Establishment of the United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria.

Proclamation of the Iraqi Republic, the collapse of the alliance with Jordan.

Transfer to Pakistan by the Sultan of Muscat and Oman of the port of Gwadar and the area adjacent to it.

1959- Proclamation of the state of Singapore while maintaining British control over it foreign policy and defense.

Creation of the Federation United Arab Emirates South (later - the Federation of South Arabia) as part of several principalities of the south of Yemen and the British colony of Aden.

1960- Declaration of Independence of Cyprus.

1961- Declaration of independence of Kuwait.

1962- Declaration of Independence of the Yemeni Arab Republic.

1963- Malaya, Singapore and the former British possessions of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Kalimantan united to form the Federation of Malaysia.

1965- Singapore withdrew from the Federation of Malaysia, becoming an independent state within the Commonwealth.

Proclamation of the independence of the Sultanate in the Maldives (since 1968 - a republic).

1967- Proclamation of the People's Republic of South Yemen (PRYY).

1970- The PRYJ was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY).

1971- Declaration of independence of the English protectorates of Bahrain, Qatar, UAE.

Proclamation of the independent state of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan).

1972- Proclamation of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

1973- Proclamation of Afghanistan as a republic (formerly a monarchy).

1975- Proclamation of the Independent Republic of East Timor and its occupation by Indonesian troops.

In the northern part of Cyprus occupied by Turkish troops, the Turkish Federal State of Cyprus (since 1985 - the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus), not recognized by the world community, was formed.

1976- the unification of North and South Vietnam, the formation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Cambodia renamed Democratic Kampuchea.

1979- the overthrow of the monarchy in Iran, the proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Democratic Kampuchea renamed State of Cambodia.

1984- The Sultanate of Brunei is proclaimed an independent state within the Commonwealth.

1990- the unification of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemeni Arab Republic, the proclamation of the Republic of Yemen with the capital Sana'a.

1993- change of the republican form of state government in Cambodia to the monarchical one.

1997- Hong Kong (Syangan) - the territory leased by Great Britain for 99 years - came under the jurisdiction of China.

At the end of the XX century. The territories of Hong Kong (Xianggang) and Macau (Aomyn) were returned to China, which have a different economic structure and level of socio-economic development from China. Think about the arguments for and against unification that the Chinese government and opponents of unification might have made.

1999- Macau (Aomyn) - a Portuguese colony with the rights of internal self-government transferred to the PRC.

2002- Proclamation of the independent state of East Timor.

East Timor

For several centuries, the island of Timor was divided between the mother countries: the Netherlands (West Timor) and Portugal (East Timor). West Timor, like other parts of the Netherlands Indies, gained independence in 1949 and became integral part Indonesia. East Timor until the mid-1970s. 20th century remained a Portuguese colony. Since 1976, as a result of the capture by the troops of Indonesia, it was annexed to it as the 27th province. The UN and the international community did not recognize the annexation.

In the late 90s. 20th century East Timor was under the control of the UN Transitional Administration, which carried out preparations for a referendum on the status of East Timor (held in 1999). In the summer of 2001, under the supervision of the UN Special Committee, the first presidential elections were prepared and held. In May 2002 an independent state was proclaimed.

Rice. 68. East Timor

Arab-Israeli conflict

Rice. 71. Bombing of Lebanese territory, where the military bases of the Palestinian group Hamas were allegedly located (2006)

2003-2011- Iraq is occupied by US and British troops, which were subsequently joined by other states. The purpose of the occupation was to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein, who was accused by the United States of non-compliance with international agreements on the creation and storage of weapons of mass destruction. Under the 2005 constitution, Iraq became a federal republic.

2007- Nepal is declared a federal republic.

2010-2011- there was a wave of protests and demonstrations in Arab countries Middle East, called the "Arab Spring".

Regional political organizations. Interstate organizations in Asia were created after the Second World War, when most countries gained independence and the opportunity to act in solidarity on the international arena. The goals of most of them are security, cooperation in economic and political sphere, support for the national liberation movement.

Asian states numerically predominate in a number of international interregional organizations, for example, in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the League of Arab States (LAS).

Territorial disputes and ethnic conflicts. Unlike Africa and the New World, in Asia in the XVI-XX centuries. there were formally independent states: Turkey, Persia (Iran), Afghanistan, Siam (Thailand), Nepal, China, Japan. Nevertheless, the state borders were drawn here with the participation of European powers.

The most problematic and explosive areas have developed along the borders of China and the Middle East. The western section of China's border with the DPRK, the Pamir section of the border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (about 30 thousand km 2 in Gorno-Badakhshan), areas on the border with India (about 130 thousand km 2) and Vietnam are considered disputable. China's claims to the territory of Russia to the maximum extent were declared in the early 60s. 20th century In 2008, an agreement was signed regulating the borders of Russia and China.

Political map of Asia

1. What forms of government and government do Asian states have? List federal republics and monarchies.
2. What political events influenced the formation of the political map of Asia?
3. When did the colonization of Asia begin and which European states participated in it?
4. List the countries of Asia that were colonies of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal.
5. What Asian countries did not have colonial status?
6. What changes took place on the political map of Asia as a result of the First World War?
7. What changes took place as a result of World War II?
8. What major changes occurred on the political map of Asia in the last quarter of the 20th century?
9. What interstate problems and areas of political instability in Asia do you know?
10. Name the modern sovereign states formed on the territory of the former colonial possessions - French Indochina, British India, Netherlands India.
11. List the Asian countries with a monarchical form of government.
12. List the federal states in Asia.
13. What consequences did European colonization leave on the political map of Asia? Remember which countries are members of the Commonwealth (British), in which countries the official language is English (French).

It can be considered in two aspects. The first is a simple publication on paper, which reflects how the world works in terms of the alignment of political forces. The second aspect considers this concept from a broader perspective, as about the formation of states, their structure and split, about the reshuffle of forces in the political world, about the advantage and influence of large and powerful states on the world economy. The past gives us a picture of the future, which is why it is so important to know the stages in the formation of the political map of the world.

general information

Any state has its own life cycle. It is a curve that looks like a hump. At the beginning of its journey, the country is being built and developed. Then comes the peak of development, when everyone is happy and everything seems to be fine. But sooner or later, the state loses its strength and power and begins to gradually fall apart. So it has always been, is and will be. That is why over the centuries we have seen the gradual rise and fall of great empires, superpowers and huge colonial monopolies. Consider the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. The table is shown in the figure:

As you can see, many historians distinguish exactly five stages of modern history. In various sources, you can find only 4 main ones. Such a dilemma arose a long time ago, since it is possible to interpret the stages of the formation of the political map of the world in different ways. The table of main sections proposed by us contains the most reliable information to date.

ancient period

In the ancient world, the first great states enter the arena of major events. You all probably remember them from history. It's glorious Ancient Egypt, powerful Greece and the invincible Roman Empire. At the same time, there were less significant, but also quite developed states in Central and East Asia. Their historical period ends in the 5th century AD. It is generally accepted that it was at this time that the slave-owning system became a thing of the past.

medieval period

In our minds, during the period from 5 to 15 centuries, there have been a lot of changes that cannot be covered in one sentence. If the historians of that time knew what the political map of the world was, the stages of its formation would have already been divided into separate parts. After all, remember, during this time Christianity was born, Kievan Rus was born and disintegrated, it begins to emerge. In Europe, large feudal states are gaining strength. First of all, these are Spain and Portugal, which vied with one another to make new geographical discoveries.

At the same time, the political map of the world is constantly changing. The stages of formation of that time will change further fate many states. The powerful Ottoman Empire will exist for several more centuries, which will capture the states of Europe, Asia and Africa.

new period

From the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries begins new page in the political arena. It was the time of the beginning of the first capitalist relations. Ages when huge colonial empires that conquered the whole world begin to emerge in the world. The political map of the world is often changed and remade. Stages of formation constantly replace each other.

Gradually Spain and Portugal lose their power. Due to the robbery of other countries, it is no longer possible to survive, because more developed countries are moving to a completely new level of production - manufacturing. This gave impetus to the development of such powers as England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. After the American Civil War, they are joined by a new and very large player - the United States of America.

The political map of the world changed especially often at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The stages of formation in that period depended on the outcome of successful military campaigns. So, if back in 1876 European countries only 10% of the territory of Africa was captured, then in just 30 years they managed to conquer 90% of the entire territory of the hot continent. The whole world entered the new 20th century already practically divided between the superpowers. They controlled the economy and ruled alone. Further redistribution was inevitable without a war. Thus ends a new period and begins the latest stage in the formation of the political map of the world.

The newest stage

The redistribution of the world after the First World War made huge adjustments in First of all, four powerful empires disappeared. This is Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Russian empire and Germany. In their place, many new states were formed.

At the same time, a new trend appeared - socialism. And a huge state appears on the world map - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At the same time, such powers as France, Great Britain, Belgium and Japan are becoming stronger. Some of the lands of the former colonies were transferred to them. But such a redistribution does not suit many, and the world is again on the verge of war.

At this stage, some historians continue to write about the newest period, but it is now generally accepted that with the end of World War II, the modern stage of the formation of the political map of the world begins.

Modern stage

Second World War outlined to us those boundaries, most of which we see today. First of all, this concerns the states of Europe. Most great result the war brought the fact that they completely disintegrated and disappeared. New independent states arose in South America, Oceania, Africa, and Asia.

But the largest country in the world, the USSR, still continues to exist. With its collapse in 1991, another milestone. Many historians distinguish it as a subsection modern period. Indeed, in Eurasia after 1991, 17 new independent states were formed. Many of them decided to continue their existence within the borders Russian Federation. For example, Chechnya defended its interests for a long time, until the power of a powerful country won as a result of hostilities.

At the same time, changes continue in the Middle East. There is a unification of some Arab states. In Europe, a united Germany is emerging and the Union of the FRY is disintegrating, resulting in the emergence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro.

Continuation of a story

We have presented only the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. But the story doesn't end there. As the events of recent years show, it will soon be necessary to allocate a new period or redraw maps. After all, judge for yourself: two years ago, Crimea belonged to the territory of Ukraine, and now you need to completely redo all the atlases in order to change its citizenship. And also problematic Israel, drowning in battles, Egypt on the verge of war and the redistribution of power, incessant Syria, which mighty superpowers can wipe out from the face of the Earth. All this is our modern history.

Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural property. Territory 27 million sq. km Territory 27 mln. km Population over 3 billion people Population over 3 billion people Over 40 sovereign states Over 40 sovereign states

Economic and geographical position Neighbor position Neighbor position Seaside position Seaside position Deep position Deep position Position at the crossroads of air lines, sea communications of international importance Position at the crossroads of air lines, sea communications of international importance SWA is located at the junction of three parts of the world the richest deposits of oil, metal ores, the availability of cheap agricultural raw materials, human resources - increased the economic, political and military-strategic importance of the region. the richest deposits of oil, metal ores, the availability of cheap agricultural raw materials, human resources - increased the economic, political and military-strategic importance of the region.

By 1900, 56% of the territory was occupied by the colonial possessions of Great Britain Great Britain British India (6 states except Nepal) + Myanmar (then Burma). British India (6 states except Nepal) + Myanmar (then Burma). Aden, Bahrain. Islands, Oman, Oman Negotiated Aden, Bahrain. islands, Oman, Oman Treaty Brunei, Federated Malay Principalities and others Brunei, Federated Malay Principalities and others Cocos Islands, Christmas Island Cocos Islands, Christmas Island

The possessions of France - French Indochina, as well as the possessions of the Netherlands, for example, Sumatra, about. Kalimantan (or Barneo), part of the island of New Guinea, etc. The possessions of France - French Indochina, as well as the possessions of the Netherlands, for example, Sumatra, about. Kalimantan (or Barneo), part of the island of New Guinea, etc. Possessions of Portugal - Aomyn (Macau), Timor Island, etc. Possessions of Portugal - Aomyn (Macau), Timor Island, etc. Possessions of Japan - the island of Taiwan. Japan's dominion is the island of Taiwan. US possessions - Philippines (since 1898). US possessions - Philippines (since 1898). Russian possessions - Khiva and Bukhara, Kwantung with Port Arthur (leased from China). Russian possessions - Khiva and Bukhara, Kwantung with Port Arthur (leased from China). As part of the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire in Asia - Yemen, Lesopotamia, Palestine, Syria, Hijaz (part of modern Saudi Arabia). As part of the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire in Asia - Yemen, Lesopotamia, Palestine, Syria, Hijaz (part of modern Saudi Arabia).

States with formal independence Afghanistan (1919) Afghanistan (1919) Iran (1920) Iran (1920) Turkey (1923) Turkey (1923) Thailand (XIII-XIV centuries, then Siam ). Since 1932 - the constitutional monarchy of Thailand (XIII-XIV centuries, then Siam). Since 1932 - constitutional monarchy Nepal (1923) Nepal (1923)

Disintegration of the colonial system After World War II, as a result of the national liberation movement, political independence was gained in 1943 by Syria and Lebanon, and in 1946 by Jordan. Subsequently, the monarchical regimes in Iraq and Iran were overthrown, and the process of the collapse of the world colonial system led to the formation of sovereign states in Asia. After World War II, as a result of the national liberation movement, political independence was gained in 1943 by Syria and Lebanon, and in 1946 by Jordan. Subsequently, the monarchical regimes in Iraq and Iran were overthrown, and the process of the collapse of the world colonial system led to the formation of sovereign states in Asia.

Political system Majority - republics Majority - republics 14 - monarchies (empires, kingdoms, sultanates, emirates). 14 - monarchies (empires, kingdoms, sultanates, emirates). Theocratic monarchies - Brunei (sultanate), Saudi Arabia - the kingdom. Theocratic monarchies - Brunei (sultanate), Saudi Arabia - the kingdom.

China, India. Indonesia, Japan, Bangladesh, Pakistan are among the top 10 states with a population of more than 100 million people. China, India. Indonesia, Japan, Bangladesh, Pakistan are among the top 10 states with a population of more than 100 million people. China, North Korea, Vietnam are still socialist states. Mongolia is called post-socialist. China, North Korea, Vietnam are still socialist states. Mongolia is called post-socialist.

IN post-war years an attempt was made to involve the young independent Asian states in the military blocs SEATO, CENTO, ANZUK. Now they have broken up. In the post-war years, an attempt was made to involve the young independent Asian states in the military blocs SEATO, CENTO, ANZUK. Now they have broken up. Members of the Commonwealth: India, Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia, Maldives, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Cyprus. Members of the Commonwealth: India, Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia, Maldives, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Cyprus.

Border conflicts Israeli aggression and wars against neighboring Arab states: Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon (1956, 1967, 1982), Israeli aggression and wars against neighboring Arab states: Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon (years, 1956, 1967, 1982), from 1979 to the present - military coups and Civil War in Afghanistan (with the participation of Soviet troops); from 1979 to the present - military coups and civil war in Afghanistan (with the participation of Soviet troops); Iraqi aggression against Kuwait (). Iraqi aggression against Kuwait ().

Religious conflicts On the basis of religious relations there are periodically conflicts between India and Pakistan (since 1965) because of the disputed areas, the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, where a mixed Muslim-Hindu population lives. On the basis of religious relations, conflicts periodically arise between India and Pakistan (since 1965) because of the disputed areas - the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, where a mixed Muslim-Hindu population lives.

Interethnic conflicts In Pakistan, the "small" nationalities (Pashtuns and Balochs) are discriminated against by the ruling circles, which leads to interethnic and interethnic conflicts. In Pakistan, the "small" nationalities (Pashtuns and Balochs) are discriminated against by the ruling circles, which leads to interethnic and interethnic conflicts. In Sri Lanka, for more than 20 years, there have been conflicts between the Sinhalese and Tamil groups, the latter demanding autonomy. In Sri Lanka, for more than 20 years, there have been conflicts between the Sinhalese and Tamil groups, the latter demanding autonomy.

Problems political life Asia The status of the Palestinian territories has not been resolved and the Palestinian Arab state has not been fully established. The status of the Palestinian territories has not been resolved and the Palestinian Arab state has not been fully established. The issue of unification of the DPRK with the Republic of Korea has not yet been resolved The issue of the unification of the DPRK with the Republic of Korea has not yet been resolved There are territorial disputes between Russia and Japan (Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan, Habomai Islands), etc. Russia and Japan (Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan, Khabomai Islands), etc.

According to the level of economic development, one developed state is distinguished - Japan, which is one of the seven leading states in the world. One developed state is Japan, which is one of the seven leading states in the world. According to the UN methodology, Israel and Turkey are classified as developed countries. According to the UN methodology, Israel and Turkey are classified as developed countries.

Highly developed developing countries include India and Indonesia. These are countries with an average level of economic development. According to the structure of the economy, these are agro-industrial countries. However, despite the clear progress, there is still high unemployment and hunger in the cities, lack of land and landlessness in the countryside. Highly developed developing countries include India and Indonesia. These are countries with an average level of economic development. According to the structure of the economy, these are agro-industrial countries. However, despite the clear progress, there is still high unemployment and hunger in the cities, lack of land and landlessness in the countryside.

Arab oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf - Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, which are in the top twenty countries in terms of per capita income. IN last decade these countries began to develop modern economy on its territory. This construction is controversial in many respects. With a fairly high standard of living, free education and health care, the countries retain a diversified economy, along with modern monopolies in industry and finance; semi-slave-owning, feudal and small-scale commodity structure remains in agriculture. The Arab oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf - Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, which occupy a place in the top twenty countries in terms of per capita income. In the last decade, these countries began to develop a modern economy on their territory. This construction is controversial in many respects. With a fairly high standard of living, free education and health care, the countries retain a diversified economy, along with modern monopolies in industry and finance; semi-slaveholding, feudal and small-scale commodity structure is preserved in agriculture

NIS states: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong. This is a small group of countries of the first wave, they are called 4 "Dragons", whose economies have been developing rapidly over the past 2-3 decades. In these countries, the structure of the economy has changed and foreign trade. The products of these states are externally oriented. In MRT, these are cars, ships, electrical and radio engineering, televisions, electronics, oil refining, chemical products, non-ferrous metals (tin - Thailand, Malaysia). NIS states: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong. This is a small group of countries of the first wave, they are called 4 "Dragons", whose economies have been developing rapidly over the past 2-3 decades. In these countries, the structure of the economy and foreign trade has changed. The products of these states are externally oriented. In MRT, these are cars, ships, electrical and radio engineering, televisions, electronics, oil refining, chemical products, non-ferrous metals (tin - Thailand, Malaysia).

The PRC is a socialist state with a population of over 1.2 billion people. rich natural resources, has enormous human potential. The overall level of economic development is quite high, however, given the average per capita income, we cannot classify the PRC as a developed country. IN last years high rates of economic development are maintained. The PRC is a socialist state with a population of over 1.2 billion people. It is rich in natural resources and has enormous human potential. The overall level of economic development is quite high, however, given the average per capita income, we cannot classify the PRC as a developed country. In recent years, high rates of economic development have been maintained.

The poorest countries Asia: Afghanistan, Cambodia, the Republic of Yemen, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc., in which the process of socio-economic reconstruction of society and the transition to political and economic independence is developing slowly. The poorest countries in Asia: Afghanistan, Cambodia, the Republic of Yemen, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc., in which the process of socio-economic reconstruction of society and the transition to political and economic independence is developing slowly.

Grade: 11 Subject: geography
Date: 09/04/15 Teacher: Asel Kazikizy

Lesson topic: Political map and regions of Asia.

Lesson #2 Political map and regions of Asia.
The purpose of the lesson: To systematize knowledge on the main events and the main stages in the formation of the political map of Asia.
Tasks:
Educational: Learn about major contemporary political issues in Asia.
Developing: Develop map skills.
Educational: Formation of skills to highlight the main thing in the content of the material and draw up a plan-outline, work with a textbook.

Teaching method: verbal, visual, practical

Form of organization: collective

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: A political map of the World.

I.Organizing time. Greetings. Identification of absentees. Write the topic of the lesson on the board and explain the objectives of the lesson.

II. Checking homework.

1. Does overpopulation threaten the world?
2. What are the land resources of our planet and the best ways to explore them?
3. To what extent is humanity provided with energy and mineral resources and is it threatened by “resource hunger”
4.How the best way to use water resources and meet the challenges of meeting the growing demand for fresh water?
5. How to protect the atmosphere and the oceans from pollution?
6. How best to fight the elemental forces of nature?

III.Preparing to explain a new topic.

The coordinates are posted on the board:

1) 16 sl., 101 east

2) 21 N, 95 E

3) 11 N, 107 E

Determine what objects are in given coordinates? Surely this is Asia

What is a political map? Has the political map always been like this? Do you know the stages of its formation? This means that we must find out the stages and events that influenced its formation. .

IV.Explanation of the new topic.

Asia is the largest part of the world, located in the east of Eurasia, beyond Ural mountains. Area 44 million km 2
Up to the middle of the 20th century. foreign Asia was a very important constituent part colonial system of imperialism. More than 90% of the population of the region lived in the colonies and dependent countries. The main metropolitan countries were Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Japan, and the USA. The collapse of the colonial system began immediately after World War II. Until now, only the last "fragments" of the former colonial possessions (Aomyn, island territories of the Indian Ocean) have been preserved. In the post-war years, an attempt was made to involve the young independent Asian states in military blocs. Now they have broken up, but they should be remembered. These were the military-political groups SEATO, CENTO, ANZUK, ANZAM. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), formed in 1954, included the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand, and from Asian countries- Thailand, Philippines and Pakistan. SEATO was closely linked to NATO and CENTO. In 1977, the SEATO bloc ceased to exist.
The members of another military alliance - the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) - were Great Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan. But in fact, the United States played an important role in it, having only the status of an observer. The growth of contradictions between the members of the bloc led to its collapse in 1979. The military-political grouping of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia (ANZAM) was formed in 1945-1950. In its sphere of action was the former British colony of Malaya (since 1957 - the independent state of the Federation of Malaya, since 1963 - the Federation of Malaysia, from which later, in 1965, Singapore withdrew). In 1971, ANZAM ceased to exist. The Five-Party Defense Agreement (ANZUK), named after the initial letters in the names of the main participating states (ANZUK) (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Malaysia, Singapore), replaced the Anglo-Malay Treaty of 1957 and ANZAM. The agreement remains in force to this day. The only Asian country - Turkey - is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Currently among the states overseas Asia the Non-Aligned Movement is widely manifested. The non-aligned countries proclaimed non-participation in military-political blocs and groupings as the basis of their foreign policy.
V.Assimilation of a new topic.
Political map of Asia Asia (the largest part of the world) is home to more than half of the total population of our planet. Most of the modern independent states of foreign Asia (that is, outside the CIS) are republics, but there are also countries with a monarchical form of government - there are 14 of them (among them - an empire, kingdoms, sultanates, emirates).
VI.Homework.&1 read
VII.Result of the lesson.

Abstract: The subject of geopolitics.

Abstract topic: "Formation of the political map of the countries of South Asia and India, features of the region"

Completed: student
gr.U-012
Enina Victoria.
Checked: Krylov. P.M.

2011

Table of contents.

Geographic location and composition.
South Asia, a natural region in Asia, covering the Hindustan Peninsula with nearby islands, the Indo-Gangetic plain and its mountainous surroundings. The area is 5.1 million km2. Tropical forests, savannahs, in the west - areas of deserts. Tropical agriculture (mainly on the plains). On the territory of the South Asia are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan.
Formation of the political map of the region.
Late 19th - early 20th century. India became an object of investment of British capital, and the development of Indian capitalism intensified. In con. 19th century The national liberation movement was led by the National Congress Party of India. The creation of mass socio-political organizations, civil disobedience campaigns conducted by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of its leader M. Gandhi, weakened the positions of the colonial authorities. After the 2nd World War, the British government was forced to grant India the rights of a dominion, dividing the country (1947) into 2 parts - the Indian Union (with a predominantly Hindu population) and Pakistan (with a predominantly Muslim population). The government of the Indian National Congress, which came to power in the Indian Union, proclaimed the independence of India on August 15, 1947. In 1950 the Indian Union became the Republic of India. The head of the independent Indian state (until March 1977) was the Indian National Congress (INC). The government was headed by one of the leaders of the national liberation struggle J. Nehru (until 1964) and his daughter I. Gandhi (since 1966). Agrarian reforms were carried out, a state sector was created in industry, a course was taken for industrialization and the rise of agriculture, with some limitation on the activity of private capital. In 1980-89 and since 1991, the government of the INC (I) has been in power.
In the 19th century the territory of Pakistan was captured by the British colonialists and included in British India. In 1947, the state of Pakistan was formed, which included the northeastern (East Bengal) and northwestern (Sind, Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier Province, etc.) regions of Hindustan with a Muslim majority population. In 1965 and 1971 Pakistan was in a state of armed conflict with India. In 1971 on the territory of Vost. Pakistan, the state of Bangladesh was formed. In 1972-76, an agrarian reform was carried out in Pakistan, the nationalization of private banks, insurance companies, etc. The military regime established as a result of the coup in 1977 pursued a policy of Islamization of domestic life. Carried out the modernization of the army. In 1988, the transition to a civilian form of government was carried out. In October 1999, power again came under the control of the military.
With the achievement of independence by India and its division into 2 states (1947), the territory of the East. Bengal went to Pakistan (Prov. East Pakistan). The Bengali national movement led to the formation in 1971 of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. As a result of the coup d'état of 1982, a military regime was established, which, under pressure from the opposition, was displaced in 1990; parliamentary elections (February 1991) brought success to the National Party (founded in 1986).
In 1802 - February 1948. Sri Lanka is a separate colony (Ceylon). The colonialists turned the territory of Sri Lanka into an agricultural and raw material appendage of the metropolis (plantations of coffee, rubber, tea). In 1796, 1818, 1848 there were major uprisings against British rule. In con. 19 - beg. 20th century a national movement was born, led by the Sinhalese and Tamil bourgeoisie. The Communist Party was founded in 1943. The rise of the national liberation movement after the 2nd World War forced Great Britain to grant independence to the island in 1948. The governments of the independent state carried out progressive measures: foreign military bases were liquidated (1957), the state sector in the economy was expanded, agrarian reform was carried out; foreign policy is based on a course of non-alignment, non-participation in military blocs. In 1972, the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka was proclaimed. Since 1977, a policy of strengthening the private sector of the economy and attracting foreign capital has been pursued. The 1980s were marked by acute ethnic conflicts.
Until 1968, the Maldives was a sultanate. In 1887 a British protectorate was established over the islands. In 1965 they received state independence. A republic was proclaimed in 1968.
Since the 19th century by 1947 Bhutan - British protectorate. In 1949, the King of Bhutan concluded an agreement with India on special relations between the two countries.
In 1846-1951, the Rana clan was in power in Nepal. Since 1957, the government of the country has passed directly to the royal power. Under the 1962 constitution, the parliament was replaced by the National Panchayat (a legislature with limited functions, dissolved by the king in April 1990). The 1990 constitution, proclaimed by the king, guarantees a multi-party system of government.
Britain's attempts to subjugate Afghanistan (the Anglo-Afghan wars of the 19th century) ended in failure, but the British succeeded in establishing their control over Afghanistan's foreign policy. In 1919 the government of Amanullah Khan proclaimed the independence of Afghanistan. The war of Great Britain against Afghanistan (May - June 1919) ended with the victory of Afghanistan. Amanullah's government carried out reforms aimed at eliminating archaic feudal institutions and developing capitalist relations. In January 1929 the feudal-clerical reaction, supported by Great Britain, seized power. In October 1929, the dynasty of Nadir Shah came to power (ruled until July 1973). The Soviet-Afghan treaties of 1921, 1926, and 1931 contributed to the strengthening of Afghanistan's independence. In July 1973, Afghanistan was proclaimed a republic. After the 1978 coup d'état carried out by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (founded in 1965; scientific socialism was proclaimed the ideological basis of the party), a civil war broke out in Afghanistan. In 1979, Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, participating in the war (until 1989) on the side of the government that came to power (it fell in 1992). In April 1992, the country became known as the Islamic State of Afghanistan, power was transferred to the Guiding Council of Jihad (transitional council of the Mujahideen). In December 1992, B. Rabbani was elected president of the country and headed the Governing Council. Since the mid 1990s. most of the territory of Afghanistan, after fierce fighting, comes under the control of the Taliban movement, which professes extremely fundamentalist views and enjoys the support of the ruling circles of Pakistan. The Rabbani government has the status of a government in exile. In 2001-2002 US-led anti-terrorist coalition forces crushed the Taliban regime. Now the armed forces of the coalition are in Afghanistan and the leading role is given to the Northern Alliance.

Typological differences between the countries of the region.
By the size of the territory.
Large, from 1 to 4 million square meters km .: India (. 3.3 million km2).
Medium, from 0.2 to 1.0 million square meters km: Pakistan (796 thousand km2), Afghanistan (647 thousand km2)
Small, less than 0.2 million sq. km. (including "micro"): Bhutan (47 thousand km2), Bangladesh (144 thousand km2), Maldives (298 km2), Nepal (147.2 thousand km2), Sri Lanka (65.6 thousand km2). km2).
By population
The largest, over 100 million people: India (1029 million), Pakistan (144 million), Bangladesh (131 million)
Medium, from 10 to 50 million people: Nepal (25 million), Sri Lanka (19 million), Afghanistan (26.8 million).
Small, less than 10 million people: Maldives (310 thousand), Bhutan (2.049 million)
According to the geographical location.
Bangladesh is a country in South Asia bordering the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. Most of the country's territory is lowland within the common delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. The climate is subequatorial, monsoonal. Average January temperatures are 12-25°C, April (the hottest month) 23-34°C. The annual rainfall is 2000-3000 mm. During the rainy season (July-October) and the flooding of the rivers, the delta is subject to severe flooding. Tropical forests occupy about 14% of the territory.
The Kingdom of Bhutan, a state in South Asia, in an inaccessible part of the East. Himalayas. Vost. The Himalayas (height up to 7554 m) are dissected by deep valleys of the bass rivers. Brahmaputra. The climate is monsoonal (in the valleys - tropical, higher - colder). In the valleys, the average temperatures in January are -4.5 °С, in July 17 °С. Precipitation from 1000 to 5000 mm per year. Forests predominate (deciduous, evergreen, deciduous, coniferous), above 3500 m - meadows, rocks, eternal snows. Reserves of Jigmi-Dorji, Gaza, Manas.
India, a state in South India. India borders the Indian Ocean Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Most of the Hindustan peninsula is occupied by the Deccan Plateau, in the north - the Indo-Gangetic Plain and highest mountains Lands - the Himalayas (height in India up to 8126 m, Nangaparbat) and Karakorum. The climate is predominantly tropical, in the north - tropical monsoon. On the plains, the average temperatures in January are from 15 ° C in the north to 27 ° C in the south, and in May 28-35 ° C. Precipitation is from 60-100 mm per year in the Thar Desert in the west of the country, 300-400 mm in the central regions of the Deccan, 3000-6000 mm in the East. Himalayas and on the outer slopes of the Ghats, up to 12 thousand mm in Cherrapunji on the Shillong Plateau (the wettest place on Earth). The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus. Tropical forests, savannah and shrub semi-desert. In the mountains - altitudinal zonality.
The Republic of Maldives, a state in South Asia, on the Maldives Islands (St. 2000 islands, mainly coral atolls) in the Indian Ocean, southwest of about. Sri Lanka. The climate is equatorial monsoon. Average monthly temperatures are 24-30 °С. Precipitation is about 2500 mm per year. Groves of coconut palms, bananas.
Pakistan is washed in the south by the waters of the Arabian Sea. In the east and southeast - a plain in the basin of the river. Indus, in the north, northeast and northwest - the spurs of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountain ranges (height up to 7690 m), in the west and southwest - the Suleymanov, Makran and Baluchistan highlands. The climate is monsoonal, tropical in most of the country, subtropical in the northwest. The average temperatures in January on the plain are 12-16 °С (frosts up to -20 °С occur in the highlands), in July 30-35 °С. Precipitation on the plains is 100-400 mm, in the mountains - 1000 mm per year. The main river is the Indus with the main tributary the Panjned. A significant part of the river flow is used for irrigation. The vegetation is predominantly steppe and semi-desert, in the mountains there are areas of forests.
Nepal, a state in South Asia, in the central part of the Himalayas. It borders with China and India. Nepal is located on the southern slopes of the central Himalayas; on the border of Nepal and China, the highest peak of the Earth - Mt. Chomolungma (Everest), height 8848 m, in the south - a strip of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The climate is subequatorial monsoon, mountainous. In the south, the average temperatures in July are 30 °С, in January 15 °С; in the mountains it is colder, in the highlands - constant frosts. Osadkov St. 2000 mm per year. The rivers of the Ganges basin (Karnali, Kali-Gandak, Arun). In the south - tropical forests and terai (marshy jungle), in the middle belt of mountains - deciduous and coniferous forests, above 4500 m - meadows, rocks, glaciers. National parks Chitauen, Sagarmatha, Langtang, etc.
The Republic of Sri Lanka (until 1972 Ceylon), a state in South Asia, on about. Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean, off the southern tip of the Hindustan Peninsula. Over 80% of the territory is low plains; in the southern and central parts of the island there is a stepped highland (height up to 2524 m - Pidurutadagala). The climate is subequatorial and equatorial monsoon, in the south - equatorial. Temperatures on the plains are 26-30 °C throughout the year. Precipitation is 1000-2000 mm, in some places up to 5000 mm per year. Tropical rainforests (44% of the entire country), on the plateaus - grassy wastelands.
Afghanistan is a mountainous country. The Hindu Kush stretches from the northeast to the southwest (height in Afghanistan up to 6729 m), in the north and south - plains and plateaus. The climate is continental, dry. The average temperatures in January on the plains are from 0 to 8 °C, in the highlands in some places below -20 °C, in July, respectively, from 24 to 32 °C and from 0 to 10 °C. Precipitation is 200-400 mm per year, in the mountains up to 800 mm. The main rivers are the Amu Darya, Murghab, Harirud, Helmand, Kabul. Desert and semi-desert vegetation prevails
According to the level of socio-economic development.
In the "classical" developing (economically underdeveloped) countries, two categories are distinguished:
etc.................