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Social and role structure of personality. Social roles of the individual

Considering personality as a socio-typical characteristic of an individual, the totality of his public relations and interactions, sociologists note that, performing different functions in society, people occupy different positions in the social structure of society. From here, social status- This is what place in society occupied by a particular person. This a certain position in the social structure of the community, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations. For example, the status of a doctor gives an individual right engage in medical practice, but at the same time obliges physician to perform their functions and roles appropriately.

Status is a local characteristic of a person, and a closely related concept social role refers to the behavior expected of people of a certain status in accordance with the accepted norms in a given society. A social role is a set of actions that a person holding a given status in the social system must perform. The most expected quality from a doctor (besides his medical education) is mercy. The "star" of show business "should" behave extravagantly. The professor is respectable, and the bride is modest, etc.

Modern society makes people carriers of different social statuses at the same time: the same person and the son of his parents, and husband, and father, and doctor, and master of sports, etc. The statuses that make up this set can be contradictory (status incosistence), for example, a manager at work and the son of an overbearing mother, a high-class specialist and a low salary, forcing him to earn extra money. The set of all statuses owned by a person is called a status set..

Within the status set is usually allocated main status, with which a person identifies himself and with which others identify him. As a rule, the main thing for a man is the status associated with his professional activities, and for a woman, traditionally, the position in the house (wife, mother, housewife). But in general, there is no rigid attachment to the profession, religion, race. The main status is relative and the one that determines the style and way of life becomes dominant.

Status combines such characteristics that relate personally to a person with his individual characteristics and to the social group to which he belongs. . personal status- the position of the individual in a small group with predominantly interpersonal relationships. This place is determined by a set of personal qualities of a person, evaluated by members of this group (colleagues in the medical department, friends, relatives, classmates). In a group, you can be a leader or a loser, be known as lazy or over-obligatory, an expert on spelling rules or a computer authority, etc.

group status reflects the position of a person in society, depending on his belonging to a large group, those. transfers to a specific person social characteristics community. Such typification supports social stereotypes and expectations regarding status holders. When, when we get to know each other, immediately after the name they say “chief doctor of the hospital”, we understand that we are facing a representative of a prestigious professional group of doctors, occupying quite a few among them. high position. A German is punctual, a Frenchman is cheerful and cheerful, a northerner is calm and thorough, etc. These characteristics are automatically attributed to any carrier of this status.

There are also assigned and achieved status. Ascribable or ascriptive, inborn status is a status originally given from birth. Innate status includes gender, race, ethnicity (nationality).

Achieved status , is acquired as a result of personal efforts and with the free choice of the person himself: the status of a student, deputy, surgeon, doctor of science, honored artist, donor, banker. Sometimes the type of status is difficult to differentiate, for example, it is difficult to determine to which status the position of a political refugee belongs. In this case, one speaks of mixed status.

All the above statuses are basic. In addition to them, there are also non-basic, characterized by episodic and multiplicity. These are, for example, the status of a passenger, pedestrian, buyer, patient, striker, fan, etc. These are statuses without clear rights and obligations, short-term, unformalized, defining only the details of our behavior.

In understanding the problems of social statuses, one thing is obvious: never a single person exists outside of statuses. If he leaves one status group, he immediately finds himself in another. A person evaluates the world and interacts with other people through the prism of his status. The doctor differentiates his environment into sick and healthy; the rich respect the rich and dislike the poor; the poor despise the rich and ridicule their values and way of life, and so on.

In an established society, status is a stable characteristic of a member of society. It forms stereotypes of people's perception of a certain social position, creates a system of expectations regarding the behavior, lifestyle and motives of actions of status holders. Therefore, the concept of status includes social prestige– assessment of the position taken by a person on the part of members of society, the degree of respect for a particular profession, position, occupation in public opinion.

So, status is not just a certain social position, not only a set of certain rights and obligations, but also assessments, expectations, identifications (identifications) associated with the social position of the subject.

Economic, political, professional, religious, consanguineous statuses predetermine the social relations of people. The model of behavior due to one or another status is the social role of a person. The society assigned to each status a certain pattern, a standard of behavior. For example, the different statuses of a doctor and a patient also imply different stereotypes of behavior: it is hard to imagine that a doctor will suddenly begin to complain to a patient about his illnesses, and the patient will suddenly begin to take an anamnesis.

There is an intermediate link between statuses and roles - social expectations(expectations). Each person who has this or that status must, as it were, play it back, realize it, and preferably in such a way that it meets social expectations. Social expectations suggest that a young person in the status of a student confirms it by diligent attendance at lectures and practical classes, libraries and homework. If a young person allows himself not to do this, coping poorly with the role of a student, then he is deprived of this status by expulsion from the university. But the same young man can significantly expand the range of his rights and obligations by enrolling in additional electives, participating in the work of the student scientific society, making presentations at conferences, being an excellent student in all major subjects. The same role can be defined differently from different perspectives. From the same student, the administration of the university, teachers, fellow students and society as a whole expect different things.

Thus, there are two sides to the social role: role expectations. what the individual - the carrier of the status should do, what is expected of him and role-playing what a person actually performs within the framework of his role. Each time, being in a particular role, a person more or less clearly represents his duties, the sequence of actions and builds his behavior in accordance with the expectations of others. At the same time, society, through a system of social control, ensures that everything is done correctly, "as it should be."

T. Parsons tried to systematize social behavior by proposing a system for describing the roles of the individual through the allocation of five main characteristics:

1. Emotionality. Some roles, such as nurse, doctor, police officer, require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by a violent manifestation of feelings (illness, suffering, death). Less restrained expression of feelings is expected from family members and friends. Other roles, for example, an artist, a lawyer, a matchmaker, on the contrary, require a high intensity of emotions to perform successfully.

2. Method of receipt. Some roles are conditioned by prescribed statuses, for example, a child, a young man, a German, a Russian. They are determined by the age or origin of the person playing the role. Others are won when we talk about a role that is not achieved automatically, but as a result of the efforts of the individual: doctor, husband, officer, professor, lawyer.

3. Scale. Some roles are limited to strictly defined aspects of human interaction, focused on one problem: the doctor and the patient are united by the desire to preserve or restore health, the seller and the buyer are united by the product. On the other hand, a broader relationship is established between parents and the child - education, upbringing, material support, emotional communication, etc.

4. Formalization. Some roles require strict adherence to established rules and regulations (soldier, monk). When performing other roles, exceptions are permissible, since they are not asked too strictly for violations of the rules - being late for a lesson, crossing the street is not at the crossing. It is not necessary for a brother or sister to require payment for helping in repairs, although any work must be paid, and we would take payment for repairs from an outsider.

5. Motivation. The fulfillment of different roles is due to different motives. Entrepreneur, businessman focused on personal interest, seeks to maximize profits. But it is assumed that for a priest, a teacher, a doctor, the public good is more important than personal interest.

Parsons believes that any role includes some combination of these characteristics.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS.

1. What is the difference between the concept of "personality" and the concepts of "man" and "individual"?

2. Why is the concept of "personality" ambiguous and what are the reasons for the existence of various theories of personality?

3. The ratio of natural and social in the formation and development of the individual.

4. What are the main personality types?

5. What is socialization?

6. What are the stages and agents of socialization?

7. Expand the concepts of "social status" and "social role".

8. What is the difference between the status achieved and prescribed?

9. What is social prestige?

10. What is the expression of the plurality of social roles of the individual?

11. Within the framework of the axiom about the biosocial essence of a person, express and justify your opinion: what role does biological heredity play in the formation of a person, and what role does social living conditions and upbringing play?

12. All of us are carriers of many roles and statuses. So we are all artists?

Try to explain how theatrical roles differ from social ones and what is their commonality.

13. The head of the world famous medical institution Leo Bokeria (you can call it another famous name) is also a practicing surgeon. But he is also a husband, father, and bearer of other family and social roles. He has diverse cultural interests. Are we talking about different roles? How are they connected?

14. Describe as a social role the status of a doctor, professor, student, intern, wife, mother, friend. What is the difference between the concept of social status and the concept of social role?

15. How are social status and material security related? Is it always the higher the status, the higher the income? Give examples confirming and refuting such a correspondence.

TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL.

1. Personality is:

a) man as a unit from human race

b) a person as a representative of a certain community

c) a person as a carrier of a set of unique traits

d) a person as a set of social qualities

2. Statuses are interconnected:

a) social functions that are manifested through social relations

b) interpersonal relationships

c) norms and rules governing the behavior of individuals.

d) the process of socialization

3. Fixed standard of behavior:

a) social status

b) social norm

c) social stratum

d) social role

4. An indicator of the position of an individual in society:

a) social status

b) social prestige

c) social role

d) social mobility.

5. Social status is:

a) the attitude of others towards a person

b) social function personalities

c) a person's place in a group or society

d) assessment of the importance of the position occupied by a person

e) expecting a certain stereotype of behavior from a person

6. Social role is:

a) a certain position in the social structure of the group

b) assessment of the social position occupied by a person or group by other people

c) the behavior expected by other people

d) a way of behavior that does not correspond to accepted standards

7. Socialization is:

a) a way of changing and developing culture

b) a set of customs, traditions and other norms and rules adopted in a given society

c) the process of assimilation of the norms and rules adopted in a given society

d) the way a person enters professional life

8. Ascriptive status is:

a) stereotype expected from a person social behavior

b) prescribed social position

c) a subjective assessment of the work occupied by an individual or group public position

d) incompatible social positions simultaneously occupied by an individual

9. One of the characteristics of a person as an individual phenomenon, reflecting his social essence:

a) personality

b) personality

c) individual

d) conformism

e) tolerance

10. Status incosistence is:

a) a set of social entities united by common interests

b) the stereotype of social behavior expected from the individual

c) incompatible social positions occupied by the individual at the same time

d) subjective assessment of the position taken by the individual.

Frolova Svetlana Maratovna

Keywords

MINORS / SOCIO-ROLE CHARACTERISTICS/ SOCIAL ROLE / SOCIAL POSITION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A MINOR

annotation scientific article on state and law, legal sciences, author of scientific work - Frolova Svetlana Maratovna

Under consideration social role characteristic personalities minor criminal sentenced to corrective labor. Social role characteristic personalities minor criminal involves the study of social positions and roles of the individual. The considered characteristic of the personality allows you to see the personality of the criminal in reality, which is due to the fulfillment by this personality of certain social roles.

Social and role personality characteristic of minor criminal condemned to corrective works

Social and role personality characteristic of minor criminal condemned to corrective works is considered in this article. It assumes research of social positions and roles of persons, their social and role fields. The social position represents a set of relations in the social system. The considered characteristic allows seeing the criminal's personality in reality, which follows from this person "s performance of certain social roles. Analysis of the behavior of the minor, condemned to corrective works, from the moment of commission of crime is necessary as a mechanism, allowing to characterize the personality of most of the condemned. The minor, condemned to corrective works, simultaneously occupies a set of social positions: in a family s/he is a son (daughter), at his/her workplace a worker, in an educational institution a pupil. in Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk (2005-2010), studied in various educational institutions at the moment of commission of crime. not have a desire to study, which explains their skipping classes and poor study results. Teachers notice that, as a rule, this age category of the condemned has controversial relations with contemporaries, are often rude with teachers. The majority of the minors (75.5 %) have negative characteristics from the workplace in many respects caused by infringement of labor discipline: negligent relation to labor functions performance, in particular, poor-quality performance of the duties, and being regularly late for work. 24.5% of the minors are positively characterized minors in the organization, at the enterprise; encouragement measures are applied to them according to the labor legislation. Among the measures of encouragements specified in Article 191 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation employers basically make gratitude announcements. 98% of employers specified announcing gratitude as a way of encouragement of the worker; one employer mentioned "sending a letter of gratitude to the family of the minor" as an encouragement measure. Encouragement appears in the order of the employer. Not a single employer specified a simultaneous application of several kinds of encouragement concerning the minor worker. The poll of the minors has shown that the majority of them (75.47%) have a peculiar negative attitude to the duties in the family, namely, helping parents with the house, stating they do not have to do it.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Social and role characteristics of the personality of a juvenile offender sentenced to corrective labor"

S.M. Frolova

SOCIAL AND ROLE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERSONALITY OF A MINOR CRIMINAL SENTENCED TO CORRECTIONAL LABOR

The socio-role characteristic of the personality of a juvenile offender sentenced to corrective labor is considered. The socio-role characteristic of the personality of a juvenile delinquent involves the study of social positions and roles of the individual. The considered characteristic of the personality allows us to see the personality of the criminal in reality, which is due to the performance of certain social roles by this personality. Key words: minors; social role characteristics; social role; the social position of the minor's personality.

A.I. Dolgova identifies several approaches to the definition of social roles. The first approach reveals the normative understanding of the social role, namely: the social role is revealed through a person's behavior, which depends on the positions he occupies in society. In fact, one should agree with this, since a person occupies a number of positions and performs a number of roles, each of which has its own content. The social position itself is a set of connections in social relations, and the role is the content of the requirements for the person holding this position. The role is defined as the free behavior of a person, due to his individual characteristics. The person lives the role as a freelance artist. The following approach characterizes the role as the content of the expectations of other people and social groups in relation to human behavior. IN scientific literature role is defined as the product of the interaction of social factors and inner world person. In our study, we will proceed from the normative understanding of the role, according to which the social position implies a set of relations in the social system.

So, the social-role characteristic allows you to see the personality of the criminal in reality.

An analysis of the behavior of a minor sentenced to corrective labor until the moment the crime is committed is necessary as a mechanism to characterize the personality of the convict himself. A minor sentenced to corrective labor simultaneously occupies many social positions: in the family he is a son (daughter), in a labor collective he is an employee, in an educational institution he is a student.

Only 53.6% of minors sentenced to corrective labor in the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions in the period from 2005 to 2010 studied at various educational institutions at the time of the crime. In relation to this group of minors, there are characteristics from the place of study, according to which about 70% of them are characterized negatively, the rest (30%) - positively.

When interviewing minors sentenced to the type of punishment under study, almost all of them (about 90%) indicated that they have no desire to study, as a result of which they often miss classes without good reasons, learn to satisfy

creatively, have tuition debts. Teachers note that minors have conflict relations with peers and teachers.

The lack of interest in learning among minors is also noted by M.A. Suturin, investigating the use of criminal punishment in the form of compulsory labor in relation to minors: “Juveniles sentenced to compulsory labor, who at the time of the crime were studying in educational institutions of secondary and primary vocational education, are characterized (for the most part) by a lack of interest in learning, which is formally expressed in low academic performance, a large number of absenteeism, violations of discipline, etc.” .

With regard to conditionally convicted minors, 36.8% had a positive response at the place of study, 26.5% - neutral, and 30.6% - negative. “Most of the characteristics indicated the provision of assistance to convicts to family members and neighbors, the absence of violations of public order, the non-use of alcohol, his courtesy and friendliness.”

Consider the social role that a minor convict performs at work. By work, in this case, we understand the serving of the punishment we are studying in an organization, at an enterprise. The social role was considered by studying the characteristics from the place of work of the convict.

At the time of studying the materials of personal files in the penitentiary inspections in relation to minors sentenced to the type of punishment under study, there were no references from the place of work in relation to 21% of minors. As employees of the penitentiary system explained, after being registered with the penitentiary inspection, not all minors after a 30-day period from the date of receipt of the relevant court order with a copy of the sentence (determination, decision) are sent by the inspectors of the penitentiary system to serve the assigned type of punishment . This is due to the fact that either there are no enterprises, organizations included in the list of places for serving correctional labor, or if there are such enterprises, organizations included in the list, there are no vacancies for a minor convict, i.e. working conditions are not classified as "harmful". In this regard, in relation to this group of minors, there are no characteristics from the place of work.

In the characteristics from the place of work of a minor sentenced to corrective labor, it was noted: “is characterized from a satisfactory side”, “does not smoke”, “has some knowledge in the field of work, tries to cope with the assigned labor functions”, “conscientiously treats the performance of his labor duties." At the same time, even in such characteristics (positive in form) nothing was said about the attitude of these people to the work performed, about the relationship of the minor with the labor collective.

Negative characteristics from the place of work in relation to minors sentenced to the type of punishment in question were noted in 75.5% of cases.

Comparing the category of minors we are studying with those on probation, we should pay attention to the discrepancy in some characteristics. So, K.N. Taralenko, while studying the materials of criminal cases in relation to conditionally convicted minors, came to the conclusion that almost all of the category under consideration (93.0%) were characterized positively (“in most characteristics, the qualities of diligence, respect from the labor collective, as well as indicates the absence of disciplinary sanctions”); negative characteristics were noted in 3.5% of minors; the same percentage was present in relation to persons who had neutral characteristics.

A similar circumstance is noted by M. A. Suturin in the study of criminal punishment in the form of compulsory work in relation to the considered age category of convicts. So, “... among the working convicts, a slightly larger part of minors was characterized by their main place of work as not very disciplined employees who do not show respect for work. There is a lack of interest in the result of this work, a purely pragmatic and utilitarian attitude to their profession and activities (the desire to maximize material or other consumer benefits). There are certain difficulties with establishing and maintaining positive contacts with the workforce. As for the negative characteristics in relation to minors sentenced to corrective labor, they are largely due to the presence of violations of labor discipline, including absenteeism, being late for work, as well as a negligent attitude towards the performance of their labor functions and duties. Among the violations of labor discipline committed by minors sentenced to corrective labor, negligent attitude to the performance of labor functions, in particular, poor performance of their duties, as well as systematic lateness to work, prevails.

The data of our study to a certain extent coincided with the data obtained by M.A. Suturi-nym in the study of another type of punishment, also associated with the performance of labor functions, is not

adult convicts - compulsory works.

As for the positively characterized minors in the organization, at the enterprise (24.5% of them), the administration of the organization where they are serving the assigned type of punishment applied incentive measures in accordance with labor legislation. Among those mentioned in Art. 191 Labor Code Russian Federation Employers mainly use measures of encouragement in relation to minors who conscientiously fulfill their labor duties, declarations of gratitude. Thus, when interviewing employers about measures to encourage minors sentenced to corrective labor, 98% of employers pointed to the declaration of gratitude as a form of employee encouragement; one employer pointed to "a thank you letter to the family of a minor" as a measure of encouragement. The incentive is announced in the order (instruction) of the employer. When interviewing employers, none of them indicated the simultaneous use of several types of incentives in relation to a minor employee.

Also of interest is the consideration of the fulfillment of the social role of a minor sentenced to corrective labor in the family.

A survey of minors showed that most of them (almost 75.47%) have a negative attitude towards their family responsibilities, they believe that they do not have such a responsibility. In most of the characteristics at the place of residence in relation to minors, the presence of conflict relations with neighbors was also noted, which, of course, forms a “portrait” of a minor at his place of residence.

In the characteristics given to juvenile convicts, it was noted: “during his stay he has proven himself on the positive side”, “never conflicted with neighbors and does not conflict”, “always friendly, responsive, helps everyone, whoever asks for anything, if necessary” . These are positive data characterizing minors. There are also negative characteristics: “constantly drinks at the entrance”, “smokes”, “constantly conflicts with neighbors”, etc.

In most of the materials of criminal cases studied by us, minors sentenced to corrective labor were characterized negatively by their place of residence (80%).

An analysis of the characteristics from the place of residence showed that the majority of minors had complex, conflicting relationships, "cold relationships" with family members, parents were not interested in either the minor or his environment. At the same time, the basis of conflict relations in the family is the lifestyle of either the parents (as a rule, immoral behavior, drinking alcohol, fights between the stepfather and mother), or the minor himself (non-attendance educational institution, systematic omissions training sessions, smoking). Here we are talking about formally complete families, i.e. those where there is one parent

tel and, as a rule, stepfather, as well as single-parent families, where only one parent, usually the mother, is engaged in raising a minor.

In confirmation of the foregoing, we can cite the answers of the interviewed minors sentenced to corrective labor to the following questions. So, to the first question, “Are your parents interested in your affairs?” of the minors surveyed, the majority (64.15%) gave a negative answer, the rest (35.85%) answered positively.

To the second question, “Are your parents interested in your environment?” The answers were distributed as follows:

Yes, they completely control it (11.32%);

Yes, but there is no permanent control (28.3%);

No, they are not interested at all (49.06%);

Parents are not familiar with my surroundings at all (11.32%).

Some of the juveniles sentenced to corrective labor were trained and successfully completed special courses (for example, courses for salespeople, computer courses, courses in algebra, computer science).

So, a minor B., studying at school No. 25 in Tomsk, in addition to classes, attended special courses in algebra and computer science.

It should be noted that 62.3% of conditionally convicted minors at the place of residence were characterized positively, 12.3% had neutral characteristics, 12.3% received a negative characteristic from their parents.

Thus, when carrying out comparative analysis social and role characteristics of minors sentenced to corrective labor, conditionally sentenced and sentenced to compulsory work, insignificant differences are observed.

LITERATURE

1. Criminology / ed. A.I. Debt. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. : NORMA, 2010. 1070 p.

2. Suturin M.A. Compulsory work in relation to minors: dis. ... cand. legal Sciences. Tomsk, 2011. 203 p.

3. Taralenko K.N. Recidivism delinquency of juveniles convicted on probation and its prevention: Cand. ... cand. legal Sciences.

Tomsk, 2003. 204 p.

4. Archive of the Oktyabrsky District Court of Tomsk. D. 1-485/10.

Socio-demographic properties of a person are not in a causal relationship with crime, but their analysis and generalization makes it possible to draw up a generalized portrait of a criminal, to determine which social groups are most in need of preventive action.

Socio-demographic characteristics include:

1. Gender;
2. Age;
3. Education (not completed secondary, secondary, secondary special, not completed higher, higher);
4. Occupation (working, not working);
5. Marital status (married, not married);

We have studied the socio-demographic characteristics of 100 women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsk district of Novokuznetsk.

Table 3. Characteristics of female criminals by age, convicted by the Kuznetsk District Court of Novokuznetsk

As can be seen from Table 3, there is a rejuvenation of female crime. In 2010 the number of crimes committed by women at the age of 14-24 years increased by 8%, and in the age group of 25-29 years - by 6%. Growth of female crime and among minors is observed. However, most of the crimes are committed by women whose age is 30-45 years, due to the specifics of the conditions that determine female crime. Most often, this specificity is manifested in the field professional activity women or in their family and kinship relationships. The profession and family intrude into a woman's life after 20 years, and by the age of 30-35, women increasingly feel the manifestation of some of their negative factors, which sometimes determines their criminal manifestations.

With a constant increase in female crime, the highest growth rates in the last decade in the country as a whole were noted in the groups of women aged 25-29 years (+ 82.8%) and 18-24 years old (+ 80.8%). Specified age groups in the structure of female crime make up about 30%. As for education, the educational level of female criminals was always higher than the educational level of male criminals (see Table 4).

Table 4. The level of education of women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsk district of Novokuznetsk

The data in the table shows that the educational level is quite low, 38% of women do not even have secondary education, and only 2% have higher education.

Table 5. Employment rates of women who have committed a crime in the Kuznetsky district of Novokuznetsk

80% of female criminals do not have permanent job and only 20% have a permanent or temporary job.

Of great importance for female crime are the problems of the marital status of women (see Table 6).

Table 6. Indicators of the marital status of women who committed a crime in the Kuznetsk district of Novokuznetsk

88% of female criminals were not officially married at the time of the crime, and only 6 women were officially married, of which 6% had children.

The position that a person occupies in society is characterized by certain social roles that have a specific content (role scenario) that a person follows. A person simultaneously occupies many positions and performs many roles, which leaves a certain imprint on the personality: qualities that are important for these roles develop and unnecessary ones are suppressed. If the main social roles performed do not require the formation of qualities associated with responsibility for committing acts, conflict with each other, do not correspond to the social orientation of a person, a personal deformation occurs that can contribute to the commission of crimes.

When characterizing the social roles inherent in criminals, they indicate their low prestige, the lack of strong ties with labor and educational teams and, on the contrary, the presence of close contacts with informal groups that have a negative social orientation, the absence of any long-term life plans, social claims that exceed the possibilities specific person.

It is not common for criminals to be members of public organizations, they rarely take part in public activities, including state institutions. The legal consciousness of criminals is also defective, which manifests itself in a disdainful attitude to the possibility of punishment, as temporary (for example, as a result of drinking alcohol or under the influence of other external factors), and persistent, sometimes in ignorance of legal prohibitions.

Criminals are generally less susceptible to the influence of society on them: when trying to instill legal and moral norms in them, they often cannot understand what they want from them; in view of this, the assessment of the situation that determines their behavior is made not on the basis of social requirements, but on the basis of some personal ideas. In other cases, criminals may, without yet losing their understanding of the essence of social regulations, be unwilling to fulfill them due to alienation from society, the weakness of labor, family and friendship ties.

Considering the social and role characteristics, the following situations should be distinguished:

1. a person does not occupy many social positions that would allow him to get acquainted with the norms of the state and lead in accordance with the requirements of law and morality;
2. a person simultaneously occupies positions that are associated with conflicting norms of behavior, that is, there is a conflict of social roles;
3. a person takes positions that directly dictate criminal behavior to him;
4. a person occupies some social positions, but focuses on others.

The above models of situations lead to the fact that female criminals are less responsible for their duties in the family, work, there is an attraction to informal antisocial groups, and so on.

Thus, among the main socio-demographic determinants of female crime, acting at the general social level, one can single out unemployment, outpacing the growth of expenses over income due to inflation, lack of demand in the labor market for young people, the nature of the work performed and working conditions, social and economic inequality different groups population, gender inequality, which manifests itself, among other things, in employment, position and wages, as well as a low level of social guarantees in the field of family, motherhood and childhood.

Types of social roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on the public relations allocate social and interpersonal social roles.

Social roles associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.

The main characteristics of the social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He suggested the following four characteristics of any role.

1. By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

2. According to the method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

3. Degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.

4. By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Role scale depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in a certain sense are formal. Participants of this social interaction interested in the most different aspects of each other's lives, their relationship is practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How to get a role depends on how inevitable it is given role for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and sex of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student researcher, professors, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of a traffic police representative with a violator of traffic rules should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles driven by various motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

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