The concept of communication in social psychology. Communication functions

During the implementation of communication functions, many of its types arise, which are classified according to various criteria.

1. According to the effectiveness of joint interaction and the effect achieved, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Necessary. It's about o interpersonal contacts, without which joint activities become impossible;

Preferably. It involves interpersonal contacts that contribute to the successful solution of production, educational and other tasks;

Neutral. Under such circumstances, interpersonal contacts do not interfere, but do not contribute to the solution of problems;

Undesirable. Interpersonal contacts that make it difficult to achieve the tasks of joint interaction.

2. Behind the immediacy of contacts, interpersonal and mass communication are distinguished. We are talking about the fact that participants in communication can be both specific individuals and indirect groups of people.

Interpersonal communication turns out to be in direct contacts, which are determined and regulated by the entire system. public relations, the conditions of social production, the interests of people and groups. Therefore, it is also called direct, direct communication, in contrast to mediated mass communication.

Mass communication is anonymous, aimed not at a specific individual, but at masses of people, and is carried out most often with the help of mass media. One of its conditions is a certain space-time distance. Therefore, communication is basically one-sided, since a person can only receive information from other generations, societies, eras, but cannot transmit it to them.

3. According to the type of relationship between the participants in the interaction, monologue and dialogic communication are distinguished.

Monologue communication involves a one-way direction of information, when one of the participants in the interaction expresses his thoughts, ideas, feelings, without feeling the need for feedback with a partner. Most often this happens with positional inequality of communication partners, when one of them is an influential person, endowed with activity, observance of goals and the right to realize them. He perceives the interlocutor as a passive person who has goals that are not as significant as his. Under such conditions there is a subject-object communication.

Dialogue communication involves treating another person as a value, a unique individuality. We are talking about the relationship of individuals as active subjects, when each participant treats his partner not as an object, and, addressing him with information, analyzing his motives, goals, attitudes, hopes for an adequate reaction and initiative. The dialogical type of communication helps a person to discover a reality different from his own, that is, the reality of another person, his feelings, ideas, thoughts, the reality of the world around him. Therefore, it is often called humanistic communication, which is characterized by the following principles (Col. Rogers):

Congruence (lat. - compliance, consistency) of communication partners. We are talking about the correspondence of social experience, its awareness and means of communication of the participants in the interaction;

Trusting perception of the personality of the partner. Under such conditions, the assessment of the qualities and traits of the interlocutor is relevant, since the perception of him as a certain value dominates;

The perception of the other participant in the interaction as an equal, having the right to their own point of view and decisions. This is not about the actual equality of partners, especially in situations where there is a different social position (teacher - student, doctor - patient, etc.), but about the equality of people in their human essence;

Problematic, debatable nature of communication. This means that the conversation should take place at the level of positions, and not at the level of dogmas;

The personalized nature of communication. This is a conversation on behalf of one's own "I": "I think so", "I'm sure" and so on.

Humanistic communication is the most acceptable, given the performance of interpersonal contacts.

Domestic psychology considers dialogue (a conversation between two or more persons) in the following planes:

The primary, generic form of human communication, which determines the usefulness mental development personality;

The leading determinant of personality development, which ensures the functioning of the internalization mechanism, when the external primary interaction passes "inside" a person, thereby determining its individual psychological originality;

The principle and method of studying a person, which are realized by reconstructing the content of the internal semantic fields of the subjects of dialogical interaction;

A communicative process unfolding according to its own laws and internal dynamics;

A certain psychophysical state that functions in the interpersonal space of people who communicate; this state is close to the infantile experience of the state of emotional comfort during the physical contact of mother and child;

The highest level of organization of relations and communication between people, which is organically close to the primary nature human psyche, and therefore optimal for the normal mental functioning and personal development of people, the realization of their needs, aspirations, intentions;

Most effective method pedagogical, ideological, intimate, psycho-corrective and other influences;

creative process of joint search for truth, beauty, harmony.

Two personalities in a state of dialogue form a common psychological space, temporal duration, a single emotional event, when the impact ceases to exist, giving way to the psychological unity of the subjects, in which the creative process of freezing unfolds, conditions for self-development arise. So, dialogue is an equal subject-subject communication, which has the goal of mutual knowledge, as well as self-knowledge and self-development of its participants.

It is in dialogical communication, according to Russian thinkers Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) and Alexander Ukhtomsky (1875-1942), that the uniqueness of human personality. According to N. Bakhtin, only in communication, in the interaction of man with man, "man to man" is revealed as for others, such for himself. A. Ukhtomsky argued that a person perceives reality as such, what are its dominants (the main directions of its activity). That is, the individual sees around not people, but his twins, on whom he directs his ideas. In such a switch of the dominant, a person acquires his "face", his unique individuality.

certain scientific problem constitutes an understanding of the essence of the dialogue. Some scientists consider it as a direct verbal communication of two people, emphasize its specificity, which lies in the fact that the process of communication unfolds thanks to the joint efforts of two subjects. Others argue that the interaction of two subjects does not yet mean a dialogue, because it occurs only where there is an interaction of two different semantic positions that can belong to two persons, and one. These statements do not so much contradict as complement each other. The socio-psychological content of dialogic communication is to ensure interaction, interconnection, relationships, joint activities of people, the transfer from generation to generation of forms of culture, norms, traditions, social experience. Important conditions are its usefulness and the fundamental equality of the participants in the interaction, regardless of their age, social status, level of knowledge and experience. The dialogical nature of communication implies the recognition of the interlocutor's right to his own opinion, a position that he must justify.

Dialogic interaction can only be achieved through trust, a positive personal relationship with each other, and everyone's attempts to feel the psychological existence of a partner as it is. Dialogic relations are the optimal psychological background for the organization of contacts, which people should strive for and which, with adequate external representation and internal acceptance, ensures the freezing of their participants.

4. According to the duration of interaction, long-term and short-term communication is distinguished. Some people are pre-programmed for a certain duration of interaction, trying not to let the interaction consume them. Others - in every act of communication they are looking for Opportunities to expand the scope of contact, continuing communication. When exposed to short-term communication, individuals find themselves in a situation that requires long-term interaction with one or more interlocutors, they feel uncomfortable, do not know how to fill in the pauses, and quickly "exhaust". The same happens in those who are prone to long-term contacts: in a situation of strictly regulated interaction, they have to constantly block their need to receive additional information from a communication partner.

A special category is conflict communication, which is characterized by a clash of different views, interests and actions of people and groups. It entails a contradiction, which represents the essential needs, aspirations, interests, goals, status-role parameters of the participants in the interaction. The danger of such communication lies in the fullness negative emotions, stress, worries, disappointments and the like. Its psychological cost is extremely high. During the conflict, the system of relations and values ​​changes, people begin to perceive reality differently, resort to actions that are not characteristic of them. To manage a conflict situation, it is necessary to know the psychological mechanism of conflicts, to take into account that in interaction there are always sources and reasons for their occurrence.

Conflict communication in the business sphere is associated with a wide variety of consequences for both the organization and employees. However, an attempt to avoid conflict can lead to a decrease in labor efficiency, a deterioration in the moral and psychological climate in the group, or to destructive changes. This is especially likely when a struggle between the progressive and the obsolete or unjust acts breaks out. If, in the process of interaction, partners deliberately decide to resolve contradictions through conflict, this, as a rule, results in tangible psychological losses - resentment, people's feelings, negative social attitudes, and also affects business relationships, paralyzes the work of the organization. True, there are situations when it is conflict communication that helps to solve problems. However, not every disagreement develops into a conflict. Often people, having different views, judgments about a certain problem, continue to work harmoniously.

So, on the one hand, conflicts create tense relations in the team, switch the attention of employees from the immediate concerns of production to clarifying the relationship, negatively affect their neuropsychic state, and on the other hand, they often show creative power, since overcoming them helps to improve working conditions. , technologies, partnerships * The positive role of conflict communication may also lie in the growth of self-awareness of its participants. As a rule, socially significant conflicts end with such consequences. Often it is conflict that forms and affirms values, unites like-minded people, and is an effective means of safe and even constructive release of emotions.

Of considerable interest to social psychology are business, informal, completed and interrupted, violent and non-violent communication, as well as communication with acquaintances and strangers.

Whatever the person was called: and homosapiens(wise man) homofaber(man producing), and homohabilis(handy person) homoludens(person playing). It seems that with no less reason it can be called homocommunicants- person communicating.

The need for communication, according to psychologists, is one of the basic (basic) human needs. The significance of communication as a basic need is determined by the fact that "it dictates the behavior of people with no less authority than, for example, the so-called vital (life) needs." Communication is a necessary condition for the normal development of a person as a member of society, as a person, a condition for his spiritual and physical health way of knowing other people and yourself. Although human communication has always been the basis of the social existence of people, it became a direct object of psychological and socio-psychological analysis only in the 20th century.

Category of communication in psychology: content, structure and functions

Social contacts between people are represented by activity and communication.

There are differences between communication and activity as types of human activity. The result of the activity is the creation of any material or ideal product. The result of communication is the mutual influence of people on each other. Activity and communication, despite their differences, are interrelated aspects of human social activity. Activity can neither arise nor be carried out without intensive communication. Communication is a special kind human activity. In the real life of a person, communication and activity as forms of social activity act in unity, but in a certain situation they can be implemented independently of each other.

• the formation of certain patterns and patterns of behavior;
• interaction of people;
• mutual influence of people on each other;
• information exchange;
• building relationships between people;
• mutual experience and understanding of each other;
• formation of the image of the inner "I" of a person.

In psychology, communication is defined as a process of interaction between people, consisting in the exchange of cognitive or emotional-evaluative information between them, during which interpersonal relationships arise, manifest and form. Communication involves the exchange of thoughts, feelings, experiences.

In the study of communication, it is distinguished: content, purpose, means, structure, functions and forms of communication.

• material - exchange of products and objects of activity;
• cognitive - knowledge Exchange;
• active - exchange of actions, operations, skills;
• conditioned - exchange of psychological or physiological states;
• motivational - exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs.

Purpose of communication

People enter into communication, pursuing certain goals. Target communication - This that for which a person has this type of activity. The goals of communication can be very diverse.

The purpose of communication may lie in itself, then communication is an end in itself means of satisfying the need for communication.

The purpose of communication may be outside the interaction of subjects, then we are dealing with business communication, serving as a way of organizing and optimizing one or another type of objective activity: industrial, scientific, commercial, etc.

The purpose of communication can also be to introduce communication partners to each other's values ​​and experience, as presented in personal communication, which is concentrated mainly around psychological problems of an internal nature, those interests and needs that deeply affect a person's personality.

It is difficult to give an exhaustive classification according to the goals of communication, given the diversity of human needs (social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, intellectual growth, moral development, biological, etc.), for the sake of satisfying which people enter into communication.

Means of communication

Means of communication are ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information transmitted in the process of communication.

Means of communication are divided into verbal (verbal), represented by speech, and non-verbal (non-verbal), represented by gestures, facial expressions, sound of voice, gaze, touch, etc.

Structure of communication

Structure of communication can be characterized by highlighting three interrelated aspects in it: perceptual, communicative and interactive (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Structure of communication

Perceptual side communication is the process of perception, knowledge and understanding by people of each other with the subsequent establishment on this basis of certain interpersonal relationships.

Communicative side communication consists in the mutual exchange of information between people, the transfer and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings.

Interactive side communication consists in the exchange of actions, i.e. in interpersonal organization.

Communication functions

Acting as a powerful consumer of human energy, communication is at the same time an invaluable biostimulant of human life and spiritual aspirations.

In accordance with this, affective-communicative, information-communicative and regulatory-communicative communication functions.

Affective-communicative (perceptual) function, which is based on the perception and understanding of another person, a communication partner, is associated with the regulation of a person's emotional sphere, since communication is the most important determinant of a person's emotional states. The entire spectrum of specifically human emotions arises and develops in the conditions of human communication - either convergence of emotional states occurs, or their polarization, mutual strengthening or weakening.

Information and communication function communication is any kind of information exchange between interacting individuals. The exchange of information in human communication has its own specifics:

• firstly, the exchange of information is carried out between two individuals, each of which is an active subject (as opposed to a technical device);
• secondly, the exchange of information necessarily involves the interaction of thoughts, feelings and behavior of partners.

Regulatory-communicative (interactive) function communication lies in the regulation of behavior and the direct organization of the joint activities of people in the process of their interaction. In this process, a person can influence motives, goals, programs, decision-making, the implementation and control of actions, i.e. on all components of the activity of his partner, including mutual stimulation and behavior correction.

The role and intensity of communication in modern society is increasing: the number of people employed in professional activity associated with communication. At one time, the pragmatic J. Rockefeller, well understanding the importance of communication for business, said: “The ability to communicate with people is the same commodity bought for money, like sugar or coffee. And I am ready to pay more for this skill than for any other product in this world.

But what does it mean to be able to communicate? This means being able to understand people and, on this basis, build your relationship with them, which implies knowledge of the psychology of communication.

The essence of communication and its forms

The source of the need for communication is the collectivist, social nature of man, his inherent need not only for individual, but also for joint activities. It was this generic feature given to man by nature that helped him survive and establish himself among other animals that are more physically strong than man.

It is recognized that one of the national features of the Russian people is precisely high level development of this quality. Russian thinkers called him communality, catholicity, retinue, brotherhood(A.S. Khomyakov, B.S. Solovyov, N.F. Fedorov, etc.). It was this national trait of the Russian spirit that helped Russia to endure in the most tragic moments of its history. In this spirit of collectivism, the figures of Russian culture saw one of the main differences between Russian self-consciousness and Western culture based on the spirit of individualism. Of course, on turn XX-XXI centuries, during the years of post-Soviet reforms, this feature of Russian spirituality has significantly weakened, although, apparently, it has not completely disappeared.

- a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between individuals and their groups. This process is generated by the needs of people in joint activities, which multiplies their strength many times over. Communication has three components:

• communicative side or exchange of information;
• interactions or exchange of actions:
• mutual perception or perception and evaluation of a partner.

All three aspects of communication contribute to the optimization of the joint activities of people, lead to rapprochement, as well as the development and improvement of their personal qualities.

However, this rapprochement has its limits, boundaries. It cannot be unlimited, because no matter how close people get to each other in the process of their interaction, they nevertheless always remain separate systems both in their interests and in their forms of behavior.

Each person, in whatever close contact with other people she may be, retains her physical and spiritual autonomy, originality, remaining, as the ancients said. " microcosm." those. a whole world of unique thoughts, feelings, interests.

Therefore, any contacts, communication of people rarely proceed without difficulties, problems, conflicts. These problems arise both in small social groups, families, labor collectives, and at the level of society as a whole, between large social groups, classes and ethnic groups. And these problems and difficulties are resolved, again, only in the process of the same communication, in which management structures of various levels can also participate.

Due to the many difficulties and conflicts that arise in the course of human interactions, the forms of human communication turn out to be infinitely diverse.

Forms of communication are classified based on different criteria. Thus, if we take as the basis of classification criterion of direction of communication, it can be divided into two types:

• vertical communication, for example, between parents and children, boss and subordinates;
• horizontal communication, an example of which is the fellowship of brothers close in age; communication of colleagues at work, equal in status.

If, however, we take as the basis for the classification of types of communication the nature of its goals, then its forms can be distinguished:

• communication as an end in itself. for example, communication between friends, relatives;
• communication as a means achieving some external goal in relation to him: this is exactly what any business, including managerial, pedagogical communication is. Here the goal is outside the process of communication itself: it consists in achieving the goals of the organization, enterprise, educational institution, etc. And finally, we can distinguish varieties of communication and by the criterion composition of its members.

Then the main types of communication will look like this:

• communication according to the scheme "man-nature", an example of which can be activities such as hunting, fishing, tourism, recreation in the country, communication with pets, etc.
• communication according to the man-thing, characteristic examples of which are performing activities in the field of material production, trade, such activities as collecting; this form of communication can take painful forms in the form of an excessive passion for acquiring and accumulating things, the so-called "thingism":
• communication according to the man-man”, which is the most psychologically rich and complex. Since this form of communication is distinguished by its special spirituality, dynamism, liveliness, it is sometimes referred to as the highest luxury available to a person. But the greatest difficulties of communication are connected with the same form of communication.

A wide variety of problems arise in the process of family communication, as well as in the course of relationships between people in work collectives. constant and diverse managerial communication with people.

Communication is a necessary condition for any joint activity and is a process of establishing and developing contact between people, exchanging information, understanding each other's communication participants and their interaction.

Communication studies have a long tradition in Russian psychology.

Sechenov spoke about the importance of this problem for the study of moral feelings. Bekhterev was the first in Russia to conduct experiments in order to study some aspects of communication. Contributed to the development of communication problems Lazursky, Vygotsky, Myasishchev. Considering the question of the psychological structure of a person as a subject of activity (that is, producing material and spiritual values), Ananiev emphasized the role of communication. He noted that communication is the most important activity that arose on the basis of labor and, in the process of socio-historical development, became an independent activity.

Currently, the problems of communication are in the center of attention of many domestic psychologists. Communication in ontogeny is considered as one of the factors in the mental development of a person, the relationship of the need for communication with other human needs, the importance of communication for the regulation of personality behavior, the relationship between communication and the emotional sphere of a person, the features of mental processes in conditions of communication, etc.

The main aspects of the transmission and perception of information in the process of communication. Any joint activity of people is inseparable from their communication. Communication is based on the communicative process of transferring information from one person to another or a group of people and the perception of this information by these people. In any single act of transmission and perception of information, at least two people are needed - the sender of information (communicator) and its recipient (communicator or addressee).

Approaching the problems of communication from the point of view of information theory, in accordance with the works of the classics of this theory, Shannon and Weaver, the following three problems of communication (transmission - reception of information) can be distinguished.

1. Technical problem. How accurately can the symbols of communication be conveyed?

2. Semantic problem. How accurately do the characters conveyed convey the desired meaning?

3. The problem of efficiency. How effectively does the perceived meaning influence people in the desired direction?

All these problems are closely related. Thus, the technical interference of any transmitting device or the inaccuracy of the concepts used can reduce the degree of effectiveness of a particular communication. At scientific analysis communications are usually based on the Shannon model, according to which the following main elements of the communication chain can be distinguished:

1) source of information (its sender, communicator);

2) transmitter;

3) receiver;

4) recipient of information (communicator, addressee of communication).

The role of the sender of information can be played by any individual who intends to tell something to another person or group of persons, as well as to influence them accordingly. The sender of information is often at the same time the source of information, but the two roles should not be completely equated. For example, when a lecturer talks about the research of other scientists at a lecture, he acts more as a communicator, and not as a source of this information.

This or that information is encoded by its sender on the basis of a system of signs for transmission to the addressee of the communication. The transformation of information into signals is carried out by the communicator through a transmitter, which can be biological organs (for example, vocal cords) or technical devices (for example, an automatic electric scoreboard). The communicator can say or write something, demonstrate a diagram or drawing, and finally express his thoughts with facial expressions and gestures. Thus, when transmitting information, a number of specific characters are always used.

The communicator's signals go to the receiver, which, like the transmitter, is a biological organ or a technical device with the function of decoding the received message. The communication chain is closed by the recipient (addressee) of information - the person who perceives and interprets this information.

The entire path of information, from its sender to the recipient, is called a communication channel (meaning both the physical and social environment). It is necessary to distinguish channels from the various means used in the transmission of information. Written documents, telephone, radio, television, etc. act as such means. Information can also be transmitted directly, when communication participants interact face to face based on oral speech or using non-verbal signs.

The roles of communication participants cannot be divided into active (senders of information) and passive (recipients of information). The latter must also show some activity in order to adequately interpret the information. In addition, the sender of information and its recipient can change their roles in the course of communication. One of the first problems that every communicator faces is the need to draw the attention of the addressee of the information to the forthcoming message.

There are two obvious characteristics of communication that allow you to keep the attention of the recipient of information. This is new and meaningful to him. this message. Therefore, it is important for the communicator to have a clear idea of ​​the range of information that the future recipient of information has, and of the hierarchy of his value orientations.

For an adequate understanding of any message, a certain commonality of the “thesauri” of the sender of information and the addressee is necessary. Translated from the ancient Greek "thesaurus" means treasure. IN this case Thesaurus refers to the totality of information available to this person. Large differences in the supply and nature of information make communication difficult. It is known that the members of each professional group have their own, specific language, widely used in the practice of their labor activity. On the one hand, the presence of such a language helps specialists to quickly exchange information with each other, on the other hand, their use of elements of their professional jargon in communication with representatives of other professional groups has a negative effect on their mutual understanding.

The effectiveness of communication depends on many socio-psychological factors that accompany the process of transmission and perception of information. These factors are the subject of research in domestic and foreign social psychology. For example, the features of the social roles of the participants in communication, the prestige of communicators, the social attitudes of the recipient of information, the features of the course of his mental processes are considered. There are experimental data indicating that the age, professional and role characteristics of the participants in communication significantly affect the processes of transmission and perception of information.

Successful interpersonal communication can be hindered by various obstacles. Sometimes the sender of information encodes it incorrectly, for example, expresses his message in inappropriate words. In this case, we can assume that the semantic problem of communication is not solved. So, sometimes this or that careless word or thoughtless phrase can painfully hurt the addressee of communication and cause him a sharp emotional reaction of objection and opposition. The situation may turn into a conflict. Often, the communicator then has to convince the addressee of the communication for a long time that he misunderstood him, that he did not want to offend him, that he meant something completely different from what the recipient of the information thought, etc.

The process of transmitting information can also be accompanied by interference, due to which the information arrives at the recipient in a distorted form. This happens, for example, when information passes through big number individuals or hierarchical levels of the organization. According to American authors, about 30% of information is lost in oral communication with each subsequent transmission. Note that the person to whom the information is addressed may simply misinterpret it.

Western researchers pay much attention to the consideration of various barriers to interpersonal communications (Rogers, Roethlisberger). The main barrier is the tendency to prematurely evaluate the message, its approval or disapproval, instead of maintaining a neutral position in the process of exchanging views. To the possible barriers preventing effective communication, include differences in education, experience, motivation, and others.

In the process of transmitting information, various sign systems are used. On this basis, verbal and non-verbal communication are usually distinguished.

Verbal communication uses messages expressed in words (orally, in writing or in print). The most important means of such communication is oral speech, if only for the reason that it does not require special material costs in interpersonal communication. In addition, referring to oral speech, you can convey information not only in words or sentences. In such speech, people also use paralinguistic means, which can also carry certain meaning. This is the degree of speech volume, its rhythm, the distribution of pauses, as well as vocalization - laughter, crying, yawning, sighing. For example, if someone laughingly tells us: “Get out of here!” Without putting a literal meaning into their words at all, then we understand the subtext of this phrase. Or, if a person increases the pace of his speech, then by this he wants to inform us of his anxiety or excitement. Thus, there is a huge variety of different linguistic and paralinguistic forms of information transfer. However, along with verbal forms of communication, people use and do not verbal forms which sometimes support verbal messages and sometimes contradict them. Sometimes non-verbal forms of communication even surpass verbal forms in their effectiveness. Non-verbal communication involves the transfer of information without using the language of words. At the same time, we receive information through vision, fixing such expressive elements of behavior as facial expression, gestures, posture, facial expressions, and appearance in general.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru//

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru//

Introduction

The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that in modern social conditions, when new market relations are replacing the usual forms of life, interest in communication problems has become even more aggravated. Human society is inconceivable without communication. Communication acts in it as a way of integrating people and, at the same time, as a way of their development. It is from here that the problems of communication arise, as ways of interaction and self-knowledge. In a number of different scientific disciplines capable of solving these problems, the primary place is given to social psychology.

The works of many outstanding classical psychologists are devoted to communication issues, however, there is no unambiguous approach to the problems of communication in psychological science, which allowed us to consider them in more detail and determined the direction of the study.

The communication process is quite complex. social phenomenon, therefore, it is necessary to consider its structure in more detail. There are different approaches to understanding the structure of communication.

The purpose of the study: to consider the problems of communication in social psychology.

The object of the study is communication as a social phenomenon.

The subject of the research is the problems of communication in social psychology.

Research objectives:

To study the development of the problem in the psychological literature.

Analyze the description of communication problems in theoretical sources.

Reveal the main structural components communication and its main functions.

Determine the features of each of the functions of the communication process.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the study of communication problems, the structure of communication, the content of communication, as well as various aspects (functions) of the communication process, their description and interpretation.

1. Theoretical substantiation of communication problems in social psychology

1.1 The concept of communication

The problems of communication, its individual and age characteristics, the mechanisms of flow and change have become the subject of study by philosophers and sociologists, psychologists, and specialists in social psychology, child and age.

However, different researchers invest in the concept of communication far from the same meaning. Some authors consider it legitimate to assert that communication is the language of man with nature and himself. However, it is very important to define the concept of communication for yourself.

Communication is the interaction of two (or more) people aimed at harmonizing and combining their efforts in order to establish relationships and achieve overall result. Communication is not just an action, but precisely an interaction: it is carried out between participants, each of whom is equally a carrier of activity and assumes it in his partners.

In addition to the mutual orientation of people's actions during communication, the most important characteristic what serves it for us is that each participant is active, i.e. acts as a subject.

Communication is also characterized by the fact that each participant acts in its course as a person, and not as a physical object. When communicating, people are tuned in to the fact that the partner will answer them, and count on his feedback. Pay attention to this feature of communication.

Thus, the features of communication listed above are inextricably linked with each other. The absolutization of impact in isolation from other features of communication leads to an interactionist position that sharply unifies the idea of ​​communication.

With excessive emphasis on the exchange of information as the essence of communication, the latter turns into communication - a phenomenon that is also much narrower than communication. And, finally, the identification of communication with relationships, especially with relationships, also distorts the term under consideration; its clear separation from the term "relationship" is of fundamental importance.

The category of communication is basic for socio-psychological science. Due to the complexity of this phenomenon, there are many approaches to its consideration. In addition to social psychology, communication is considered by other sciences. Thus, the general philosophical concept presents communication as an actualization of real-life social relations: it is social relations that determine the form of communication. Communication is a way of realizing actual relationships in social interaction.

The sociological concept justifies communication as a way to carry out internal evolution or maintain the status quo social structure society, social group to the extent that this evolution presupposes a dialectical interaction between the individual and society. The socio-pedagogical approach to the analysis of the essence of communication is based on its understanding as a mechanism of society's influence on the individual. In this regard, in social pedagogy, all forms of communication are considered as psychotechnical systems that ensure the interaction of people. With a psychological approach, communication is recognized as the most important social need and a means of developing higher mental functions.

Thus, we can conclude that the above theoretical approaches do not exhaust the relevance of studying the problem of communication in social psychology. At the same time, they show that communication should be studied as a multidimensional phenomenon, and this involves studying the phenomenon using the methods of system analysis.

1.2 Structure, content and forms of the phenomenon of communication

Given the complexity of communication, it is necessary to somehow designate its structure, so that then analysis of each element becomes possible. Under the structure of communication, she generally understands the totality of stable connections between many elements that ensure its integrity and identity to itself. Based on this definition, the structure of communication can be considered taking into account its aspects: dynamic (phases or stages of communication), functional, subject-content and operational aspects.

Considering the dynamics of communication, the following components (phases) of this process can be distinguished:

1) the emergence of a need for communication (it is necessary to communicate or find out information, influence the interlocutor, etc.) and clarify goals (what exactly do I want to achieve as a result of communication);

2) entry of the subject into a communicative situation;

3) orientation in the situation of communication and personality of the interlocutor;

4) planning the content and means of communication (a person imagines what he will say, chooses specific means, phrases, decides how to behave, etc.);

5) attachment to the subject - interaction partner (taking a certain position in relation to the communication partner);

6) the phase of mutual information, interaction, exchange of speech or contact actions;

7) perception and evaluation of the interlocutor's responses, monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on the establishment of feedback;

8) adjustment of the direction, style, methods of communication;

9) the phase of mutual disconnection and exit from contact.

The structure of communication can be considered taking into account the analysis of the elements that make up the situation of communication.

Communication is always tied to a certain situation, and, in this sense, its obligatory components are subjects interacting with each other, prompted by specific needs and motives, realizing their goals in communication through the use of certain communicative means and techniques that represent this or that content to the interlocutor. In addition, the structure of the communication situation is made up of time, place, environment and context of communication, as well as the norms governing communication.

The subject of communication is the person who initiates communication, as well as the one to whom this initiative is intended.

The main needs of communication are: the need to solve the objective problems of activity, affiliation (the desire for acceptance, fear of rejection), demonstration of the “I”, prestige, the desire for dominance or subordination to another, the need for knowledge, etc.

The purpose of communication is a specific result, to achieve which in a particular situation the various actions performed by a person in the process of communication are directed. The goals of communication include: the transfer and acquisition of knowledge, the coordination of the actions of people in their joint activities, the establishment and clarification of personal and business relationships, the persuasion and motivation of the interlocutor, and much more.

Communication actions are units of communicative activity, a holistic act addressed to another person (group of people). There are two main types of communicative actions - initiative and response.

Speech is the form and way of using language; a system of words, expressions and rules for their combination into meaningful statements used for communication.

Words and rules for their use should be the same for all speakers of a given language. However, the objective meaning of a word is always refracted for a person through the prism of his own activity and already forms his own personal, “subjective” meaning. Therefore, we do not always correctly or accurately understand each other.

The specificity of motives, goals and the means and methods chosen to achieve them determine the uniqueness of a person's communication style.

Communication style is an individual, stable form of a person's communicative behavior, manifested in any conditions of his interaction with others. In the style of communication, the features of a person’s communicative capabilities, the established nature of relationships with specific people or groups, and the features of a communication partner find their expression.

The role and intensity of communication in modern society is constantly increasing. This is due to a number of reasons. First of all, the transition from industrial society to information leads to an increase in the volume of information and, accordingly, an increase in the intensity of the processes of exchange of this information. The second reason is the increasing specialization of workers employed in different areas of professional activity, which requires their cooperation and interaction in the course of achieving goals. In parallel, and very rapidly, the number of technical means for the exchange of information is increasing. We have witnessed how faxes appeared and entered the everyday life of many people, Email, Internet, etc. There is another reason that prompts us to think about the growing role of communication in modern society and make this problem a subject of special consideration - this is the increase in the number of people engaged in professional activities related to communication. For professionals of the socionomic group (professions of the type "man - man") one of their constituents professional competence is communication competence.

All of the above allows us to conclude that the principle of connection and organic unity of communication with activity, developed in domestic social psychology, opens up really new perspectives in the study of this phenomenon. At the same time, communication should be understood as a form social interaction people, in which the exchange of thoughts and feelings, motives and actions is carried out through sign (linguistic) means for the purpose of mutual understanding and coordination of joint activities.

2. SOME FEATURES OF THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION IN PSYCHOLOGY

2.1 Types and types of communication

Analysis psychological literature showed that in their forms and types of communication is extremely diverse. Communication can be direct and indirect, direct and indirect.

Direct communication is carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.

Mediated communication is associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and information exchange. These are either natural objects (a stick, a thrown stone, a footprint on the ground, etc.), or cultural ones (sign systems, recordings of symbols on various media, print, radio, television, etc.)

Direct communication involves personal contacts and direct perception by each other of communicating people in the very act of communication, for example, bodily contacts, conversations of people with each other, their communication in those cases when they see and directly react to each other's actions.

Indirect communication is carried out through intermediaries, which can be other people (say, negotiations between conflicting parties at the interstate, international, group, family levels).

The duration of communication can be short-term and long-term. According to the degree of completion - finished and interrupted (unfinished).

According to the contingent of participants and the number of two-way communication channels, interpersonal communication is also distinguished, personal-group (for example, leader - group, teacher - class, etc.), intergroup (group - group), as well as mass (socially-oriented) and intrapersonal (intrapersonal) communication.

Mass communication is a set of direct contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media. Mass communication (or mass communication) is based on modern communication technologies and means. It covers a wide range of types of psychological influence: from awareness (informing) and training people to persuasion and suggestion.

Interpersonal communication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs, constant in composition of participants. In social psychology, there are three types of interpersonal communication: imperative, manipulative and dialogic.

Imperative communication - authoritarian, directive interaction with a communication partner in order to achieve control over his behavior, attitudes and thoughts, forcing him to certain actions or decisions. In this case, the communication partner is considered as an object of influence, he acts as a passive, “passive” side. The ultimate goal of such communication - coercion of a partner - is not veiled. Orders, instructions and demands are used as means of exerting influence.

Manipulative communication is a type of interpersonal communication in which the impact on the communication partner in order to achieve their intentions is carried out covertly. Like the imperative, manipulation involves an objective perception of a communication partner, the desire to gain control over the behavior and thoughts of another person.

Dialogue communication is an equal subject-subject interaction aimed at mutual knowledge, self-knowledge of communication partners.

Dialogue communication allows to achieve a deeper mutual understanding, self-disclosure of the personalities of partners, creates conditions for mutual personal growth.

Formal-role communication, when both the content and means of communication are regulated and, instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they manage with knowledge of his social role.

Business communication is a situation where the goal of interaction is to reach a clear agreement or agreement. In business communication, the characteristics of the personality and mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, first of all, to achieve the main goal in the interests of the business. Business communication is usually included as a private moment in any joint productive activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity. Its content is what people do, not the problems that affect them. inner world.

Intimate-personal communication is possible when you can touch on any topic and it is not necessary to resort to the help of words, the interlocutor will understand you by facial expressions, movements, intonation. In such communication, each participant has the image of the interlocutor, knows his personality, can anticipate his reactions, interests, beliefs, attitudes.

Secular communication. The essence of secular communication is its pointlessness, that is, people do not say what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because the points of view of people on a particular issue do not matter and do not determine the nature of communications.

Characteristics of the main functions of the communication process

In the most generalized classifications, the following aspects (or functions) of communication are distinguished: communicative, interactive and perceptual. social communication communicative perceptual

The communicative function of communication, or communication, in the narrow sense of the word, consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals. The interactive function consists in organizing interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions. The perceptual side of communication means the process of perception and knowledge of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis.

Communication is multifunctional. This means that with respect to specific person, a group, their activities or society as a whole, it performs various functions. Being the most important form of human life, communication acts as a necessary condition and means of reproduction of consciously acting personalities.

From this point of view, the following functions of communication can be distinguished:

1) Social function. The social meaning of communication is that it acts as a means of transferring forms of culture and assimilation of social experience. Thanks to and through communication, all types of social relations are formed and implemented, social communities are created.

2) Tool function is to serve various kinds joint subject-oriented activity.

3) The general psychological function of communication lies in the fact that it is for a person a means of developing his higher mental functions, a means of his self-expression, which allows him to reveal his inner world to other people.

Thus, in the most generalized classifications, the following aspects (or functions) of communication are distinguished: communicative, interactive and perceptual. Also, there are: information and communication, covering the processes of receiving and transmitting information; regulatory and communicative, associated with the mutual adjustment of actions in the implementation of joint activities; affective-communicative, relating to the emotional sphere of a person and responsible for the needs to change one's emotional state.

Being the most important form of human life, communication acts as a necessary condition and means of reproduction of consciously acting personalities.

CONCLUSION

The problem of communication is the main one for social psychology. Due to the complexity of this phenomenon, there are many approaches to its consideration.

The study of communication shows a variety of manifestations and fixations of this phenomenon. An analysis of communication as a complex, multilateral process shows that its specific forms can be very different. The certain value of such studies is indisputable, but their limitations are also indisputable. They reveal only the mechanism, i.e. the form in which this process is organized. All traditional social psychology has given priority to this aspect. Her methodological methods, technical means of analysis were subordinated to this task. Meanwhile, the content aspects of communication remained, in essence, beyond the interest of researchers. The mechanism works very differently, depending on what kind of “material” it is dealing with.

The principle of the unity of communication and activity requires a logical transition from general characteristics process of communication to the study of it in the context of specific groups. Communication, being a complex psychological phenomenon, has its own structure:

1. The communicative side of communication is associated with the exchange of information, enrichment of each other due to the accumulation of knowledge by each.

The interactive side of communication serves the practical interaction of people with each other in the process of joint activities. Here their ability to cooperate, help each other, coordinate their actions, coordinate them is manifested. The lack of skills and abilities of communication or their insufficient formation adversely affect the development of the individual.

3. The perceptual side of communication characterizes the process of people's perception of other people, the process of knowing their individual properties and qualities.

The main mechanisms of perception and knowledge of each other in the processes of communication are identification, reflection and stereotyping.

The communicative, interactive and perceptual sides of communication in their unity determine its content, forms and role in people's life.

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings, people. In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level the process of communication becomes conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called the communicator, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

Through communication activities are organized and enriched. The construction of a joint activity plan requires from each of its participants an optimal understanding of its goals, objectives, understanding of the specifics of its object, even the capabilities of each of the participants. The inclusion of communication in this process allows for the “coordination” or “mismatch” of the activities of individual participants.

At the same time, communication should be understood as a form of social interaction between people, in which thoughts and feelings, motives and actions are exchanged through sign (linguistic) means for the purpose of mutual understanding and coordination of joint activities.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar Documents

The concept and basic concepts, types and types of communication, characteristics of its main functions. Scientific approaches to understanding the problems of communication in social psychology: informational, interactional, relational. Structure, content and forms of the phenomenon of communication.

term paper, added 05/08/2009


The need for communication for the psychological development of a person, its types and functions. Levels of communication according to B. Lomov. Motivational and cognitive components in the structure of communication. The relationship of communicative, interactive and perceptual aspects of communication.

test, added 11/23/2010


The concept of communication in psychology. Types of communication with convicts. Knowledge of sign language, body movements. Facilities non-verbal communication. Features of the study of non-verbal communication in kinesics, takesics, proxemics. Features of non-verbal communication among convicts.

term paper, added 03/26/2012


Essence of communication: function and types. Three interrelated sides of this process: communicative, interactive and perceptive. Factors of interpersonal communication. Paralinguistic features of non-verbal communication. Characteristics of the main categories of communication.

abstract, added 10/06/2009


The concept of business communication, its structure and connection with the personal qualities of a person. Some aspects of the history of the development of business communication in the structure of social psychology. Specifics of psychological and pedagogical approaches to the study of business communication.

abstract, added 04.12.2013


presentation, added 05/12/2014


The concept and classification of communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships. Specificity of the perceptual phase of business communication. Essence of transactional analysis. The main forms of the transaction, their significance in the conflict-free construction of reasonable, cultural behavior.

test, added 05/18/2009


The study of communication as a process of interaction between people. Theoretical analysis problems of communication in foreign and domestic psychology. Characteristics of interpersonal relations as a socio-psychological phenomenon. Features of communication in a student group.

term paper, added 07/23/2015


The subject, structure and content of communication, its main goals, means and species differences. The concept of communication as a socio-psychological mechanism of human interaction. Non-verbal elements of communication. Types of speech: narration, description and reasoning.

term paper, added 07/19/2011


The role of communication in the mental development of a person. Aspects and types of communication. The structure of communication, its level and functions. The concept of encoding information in the process of communication. Interactive and perceptual aspects of communication. The accumulation of human culture of communication.

Review questions

1. the concept of scientific research methodology

2. basic requirements for scientific research in social psychology

3. theory and empiricism in socio-psychological research. Research types

4. program of socio-psychological research

5. problems of measurement in social psychology (validity)

a) scales as ways to measure socio-psychological characteristics

b) data reliability and validity

c) types of sample

d) the condition for applying tests in social psychology

6. methods of socio-psychological research (survey, observation, analysis of documents)

7. active methods of socio-psychological influence (social-psychological training, group discussion, methodological games, socio-psychological counseling)

8. criteria for the effectiveness of applied research

In psychological science, all existing approaches to the study of communication come down to three aspects:

communicative side (communication as an exchange of information)

Perceptual side (communication as mutual understanding)

interactive side (communication as interaction)

Communication is the exchange of information. In the course of joint activities, people exchange various ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings among themselves. But communication cannot be equated either with the transmission of messages, or even with the exchange of information.

Information in the course of communication is not only transmitted, but also formed, specified, developed, encoded and decoded. There is a process of developing new information common to communicating people and giving birth to their community.

The simplest model of interpersonal communication is a pair of individuals connected to each other and entering into a dialogue. To construct it, answer the following questions.

Who? (transmits a message) - communicator

What? (transmitted) – message (text)

How? (transmitting) – channel

To whom? (message sent) – audience (addressee)

With what effect? - efficiency

The transfer of any information is possible through sign systems. In psychology, they study verbal communication (speech is used as a sign system) and non-verbal communication(non-speech sign systems are used).

Speech- exactly this universal means of communication. Speech- the process of human communication with other people through natural language. Different social conditions, different ways of development give rise to different vocabulary, different order language. Therefore, the effectiveness of communication requires a common language for communicating. Factors such as education, common culture and culture of speech.

External speech expanded, focused on others.

inner speech meant for himself. It is characterized by generalization, conciseness, orientation to the meaning of the message.

Dialogic speech is the most important way of communication as an exchange of information.

Dialogue involves and includes:

the uniqueness and equality of partners,

difference and originality of their points of view,

orientation of each to the understanding and active interpretation of his point of view by the partner,

expectation of an answer and its anticipation in one's own statement;

Complementary positions of the participants in communication (their correlation is the goal of the dialogue).

The lack of internal contact between the interlocutors, the difference in attitude to the subject of speech can create difficulties in understanding true meaning speech and requires a more complete and detailed construction of speech.

In the process of communication, the most common are phatic, informational, debatable and confessional types of dialogues.

phatic dialogue- the exchange of speech statements only to maintain a conversation.

Information dialogue- exchange of information of various properties.

Discussion Dialogue when different points of view collide. The discussion dialogue accompanies communication in all spheres of life, since interaction with each of them usually requires the coordination of the individual efforts of partners, which occurs in the process of discussion.

Confessional Dialogue- the most trusting communication. Intimate communication based on mutual acceptance of individuals, on sharing or common meanings of values ​​and life.

Verbal speech is supplemented by the use of non-verbal (non-verbal) means of communication: kinessics, paralinguistics, proxemics, visual communication. Each of the forms of communication uses its sign system.

Kinessika (optical-kinetic system of signs) includes the perception of motor skills of various parts of the body (hands - gestures, faces - facial expressions, bodies - pantomime) - displays the emotional reactions of a person.

Paralinguistic sign system- vocalization of speech (voice quality, its range, tonality).

Extralinguistics- pauses in speech, coughing, laughter, crying, rate of speech.

Proxemics- norms of spatial (optimal communication distances: intimate, personal, social, public) and temporal organization of communication (optimal communication time is 30 minutes).

visual communication- eye contact, previously associated with intimate communication, now the range of such studies has become much wider: signs represented by eye movement (for example, face-to-face communication or a shout in the back) are included in a wider range of communication.

Communication as mutual understanding. In the process of communication, there must be understanding between the participants in this process. Mutual understanding can have two functions.

1) understanding motives, goals, attitudes of partners in interaction;

2) not only understanding but acceptance, the separation of these goals, attitudes, which allows not only to compose actions, but also to establish a special kind of relationship (intimacy, affection), expressed in feelings of friendship, sympathy, love.

Cognition of another person involves the simultaneous implementation of several processes: an emotional assessment of another, an attempt to understand the motives of his actions, a strategy based on this for changing his behavior, building a strategy for his own behavior. But at least two people are included in these processes, and each of them is an active subject. Comparison of oneself with another is carried out from two sides. Each of the partners likens himself to the other. This means that when building an interaction strategy, everyone has to take into account not only the needs, motives and attitudes of the other, but also how this other understands the needs, motives and attitudes of his interlocutor, i.e. the perception of a person by a person involves identification.

Identification is likening oneself to another. One of the most simple ways understanding of another person in a real situation, when the assumption of internal state communication partner is built on the basis of an attempt to put oneself in his place. Identification acts as one of the mechanisms of cognition and understanding of another person.

The second such mechanism of knowing the other is empathy (not a rational understanding of the problems of another person, but rather the desire to emotionally respond to his problems).

Empathy is an emotional understanding of another (the situation of another person is not thought out, but felt).

The mechanism of reflection is also of particular importance for cognition in communication. In social psychology, reflection is an individual's awareness of how he is perceived by a communication partner. It is no longer just knowing or understanding the other, but also knowing how he understands you, assessing the situation and its prospects.

In the process of perception and understanding of a person by a person, an important role is played by attitudes that lead to the emergence of socio-psychological effects: halo effect, novelty (or primacy) effect, stereotyping effect.

halo effect. Information about a person is "read" in a certain way. It is superimposed on the idea of ​​him, which was created in advance. The halo effect is clearly manifested in the formation of the first impression about a person: a general favorable impression of him leads to positive assessments of his unknown qualities, and a general unfavorable impression contributes to the predominance of negative assessments. The halo effect is most pronounced when the perceiver has minimal information about the object of perception, or when judgments concern moral qualities.

The effects of primacy and novelty are closely related to the halo effect. They relate to the significance of a certain order of presenting information about a person for compiling information about him.

Primacy effect- when perceiving a stranger, the information about him that was presented earlier prevails.

novelty effect- in situations of perception of a familiar person new information turns out to be the most significant.

More broadly, all these effects can be considered as a manifestation of a special process that accompanies the perception of a person by a person - phenomenon of stereotyping.

Stereotype- this is some stable image of a phenomenon or person, which is used in communication as a means of "reducing" the process of recognition.

Social, professional, ethnic stereotypes in communication have a specific origin and meaning. They arise in conditions of limited past experience, when drawing conclusions on the basis of limited information.

This leads, firstly, to a certain simplification and reduction of the process of cognition, although it does not contribute to the accuracy of constructing the image of the other. Second, stereotyping leads to prejudice when, on the basis of negative experience, any new perception is colored with hostility. Prejudice can seriously harm human relationships.

Ethnic stereotypes are especially common when, based on limited information about individual representatives ethnic groups, biased conclusions are drawn about the whole group.

Communication as interaction (interactive side of communication). The interactive side of communication is the organization of interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions. Simultaneous participation of people in an activity means that everyone has to make their own special contribution to it.

In order to live, people are forced to interact (i.e. organize joint activities). In psychology, all interactions are divided into two opposite types: cooperation(collaboration) and competition(conflict).

Cooperation contributes to the organization of joint activities, achievements.

Conflict is a collision of oppositely directed goals, interests, positions, views of the subjects of interaction.

Traditionally, conflict has been viewed as a negative type of interaction. Currently, psychologists' research has established the positive aspects of the conflict. For example, 6 types of conflicts characteristic of pedagogical activity and ways of overcoming them are described. Similar to these intrapersonal conflicts arise in a number of specialists in the professional sphere "person-to-person", who intensively interact, contact with people.

1. conflicts due to the diversity of professional duties teacher. Awareness of the impossibility of doing all one's work equally well can lead a conscientious teacher to an intrapersonal conflict, to a loss of self-confidence, and disappointment in the profession. Such a conflict is a consequence of the poor organization of the teacher's work; it can be overcome by choosing the main, but real and feasible tasks (with rational means and methods of solution).

2. conflicts arising from different expectations those people who influence the performance of the professional duties of a teacher. Employees of public education authorities, school leaders, colleagues, students and parents can challenge the methods, forms of education and upbringing, the correctness of grading, etc. Pedagogical position, high professional culture will help the teacher psychologically competently overcome such conflicts.

3. conflicts arising from the low prestige of individual subjects of the school curriculum. Music, work, fine arts, physical education are classified as "secondary" subjects. At the same time, the prestige of any school subject ultimately depends on the personality and quality of the teacher's work.

4. conflicts associated with the excessive dependence of the teacher's behavior on various prescriptions and plans that leave no room for initiative. At the same time, the activity of the teacher is under the attention and control of the public and government bodies.

5. conflicts, which are based on the contradiction between multifaceted responsibilities and the desire for professional career . Not many teachers hold the post of headmaster and his deputies, having unlimited opportunities for professional growth and personal self-realization.

6. conflicts caused by a mismatch of values promoted by the teacher in the school with the values ​​that students observe outside its walls. It is important for a teacher to be psychologically prepared for the manifestation of selfishness, rudeness, lack of spirituality in society and at school in order to defend his professional position.

The specific content of communication as interaction is the ratio of individual "contributions" to a single process of activity.

Joint-individual activity- when each participant does his part common work independently of each other.

Joint-sequential activity- the general task is performed sequentially by each participant.

Collaborative activities- when there is a simultaneous interaction of each participant with all the others. The psychological "picture" of interaction in all these models is different.

Methods of influence in communication . Communication includes three main ways of influence:

1. Infection is an unconscious, involuntary exposure of an individual to certain mental states. (The mechanism of socio-psychological infection is reduced to the effect of multiple mutual reinforcement of influences through infection is panic, as the emotional state of a mass of people).

2. Suggestion - a purposeful unreasoned impact of one person on a group or on another person. (Based on non-critical perception of a message or information. Unlike infection, which is usually non-verbal in nature (music, emotions, games, dances), suggestion is verbal in nature. Carried out through speech, it has a particularly strong effect on impressionable people who do not have life principles and beliefs, insecure people with undeveloped logical thinking.)

3. Imitation - manifests itself in following an example, a model (reproduction). It is of particular importance in the process of human mental development.