At the origins of the human race, the stages of the formation of man. Online loan comparison service in Ukraine
Lesson objectives: To identify the factors and directions of human evolution. Contribute to the formation of students' skills to analyze human changes in the process of evolution. Continue to develop skills in working with documents and a historical map.
Lesson type: study lesson and primary fixation new knowledge.
Basic concepts and terms: stone Age, evolution, paleolith, mesolithic. />Lesson progress Learning a new topic.
PLAN Human society and natural communities. Stages of human development. Man conquers the planet.
The teacher starts the lesson with an introductory lecture, and then organizes independent work of students with the text of the textbook. Human society and natural communities.
The question of the origin of life on Earth has long worried mankind. In the 19th century the concept arises
origin
human from highly developed ancestors modern monkeys. She received in the XX century. genetic confirmation, because of all the animals, the genetic apparatus closest to humans turned out to be chimpanzees.
Little is known about the early stages of primate evolution. About 55 million years ago, lower primates began to spread widely in tropical forests. North America and Europe, which at that time constituted a single continent. Some of these groups gave rise to higher primates about 40-35 million years ago. There are two main centers for the emergence and settlement of such early monkeys in the Old World - Southeast Asia and North Africa; the ancestors of monkeys probably entered South America somewhat later.
Initial stages evolution of Old World monkeys are closely related to North Africa. Primitive tree monkeys lived here - parapithecus and propliopithecus. About 25-20 million years ago, African monkeys were divided into lower and higher (humanoids), although there were much more similarities between them than between modern representatives of these groups.
Highly developed primates - the ancestors of man - later switch to walking on two legs and using natural objects as tools. They can be considered as a kind of "model" of the closest human ancestors. The ancestral species for humans were primates, which are characterized by a slightly more developed brain and a more perfect walking on two legs. They already knew how to process natural objects (stones, sticks) a little, which indicates the appearance of their mind.
The manufacture and use of labor tools, the awareness of this activity gave these species ever-increasing opportunities for active influence on nature, and gradually eliminated the action of biological factors of evolution. Evolutionary development was still influenced by natural factors and selection.
Some groups of these primates, due to unfavorable environmental conditions and low levels material culture and social organization could linger in their historical development.
The most important factor in the progressive development of people was the improvement of social organization and production activities.
IN best position there were collectives where the accumulation of these qualities and their implementation occurred faster, which contributed to a more intensive growth in the number of these groups and their wider settlement.
At the same time, the progressive development of the ways of communication between people, primarily speech, through which generations of accumulated productions, experience and information from public life teams. Speech contributed to the assimilation and preservation by human collectives of specific knowledge, observations and technical skills acquired by individual members of these collectives.
Strengthening the independence of man from surrounding nature, the creation of an artificial environment, the emergence of society contributed to the fact that natural selection completely lost its significance as a factor in the evolutionary transformation of man, and therefore his biological, species evolution ceased.
Exercise.
-Based on your knowledge acquired in the lessons of biology, history and social science, tell us about the hypotheses of the origin of man. Express your point of view on this problem. Justify your answer. Stages of human development.
According to the materials from which people made tools, archaeologists divide history into three "ages" - stone, bronze and iron. Humanity has been leading its history since the Stone Age.
The Stone Age was the longest and was divided into several eras: the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) and the New Stone Age (Neolithic).
After the introductory lecture, students are invited to independent work with the text of the textbook and the document,
Exercise.
- Based on the text of the textbook and additional information draw up a diagram of the stages of human development.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS
In the course of its formation, mankind has passed through three stages. The first stage in the development of human ancestors is represented by Australopithecus, the fossil remains of which were first found in South America, so they got the name of the southern monkeys (from Latin australis - southern and Greek pitecos - monkey).
Australopithecus was about the size of a modern chimpanzee, walked on two legs, and their gait was already completely balanced. Australopithecus differed from anthropoid apes in the structure of the hand: their thumb was more developed and opposed, like in humans, to the rest of the fingers.
And finally, the main difference between Australopithecus was their labor activity and the manufacture of tools. They used animal bones, wood and stone as materials. come down to us ancient tools from stone - rough nodules with a cutting edge.
The second stage in the formation of mankind is the era of the Pithecanthropes (from the Greek pitekos - monkey and anthropos - man). Their brain volume reaches 1000 cm (in Australopithecus it is 600-650 cm3).
With an increase in the volume of the brain and the development of its frontal lobes, the slope of the forehead and superciliary arches decreased.
Pithecanthropus tools were very diverse. Ancient people learned how to make a hand axe, various
various scrapers, rough chopping tools with one working edge. With such tools, pithecanthropes could drive large animals. They could already use fire
The third stage is associated with the Neanderthals (from the name of the Neanderthal valley in Germany). The first Neanderthals appeared, apparently, 250-300 thousand years ago, and in their structure they already resembled modern man.
The set of Neanderthal stone tools became even more diverse. Points, punctures, points appeared. The material was wood, bones of large animals and skins. Skins were also used as primitive clothing to protect against the cold.
The considered three stages of the formation of mankind preceded the appearance of people of the modern type (Cro-Magnons), with whom the process of the formation of mankind ends and the true human history begins.
encyclopedic Dictionary young historian. - M., 1994. -S. 386-387. Man conquers the planet.
The teacher organizes the work of students with the map "Settlements of the most ancient people." What achievements of mankind allowed people to survive in conditions ice age? At what stage of the primitive era did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet? Show on the map the ancient settlements primitive people and the territory of their settlement about 500 thousand years ago. Consolidation of the studied material.
As a consolidation of the material, students can be offered a historical dictation.
Dictation questions: Early Stone Age. (Paleolithic.) The area of origin of the first intelligent beings. (East Africa.) At what stage of evolution did primitive people master the ability to use fire? (Early Paleolithic.) At what type of ancient man does the formation of races begin? (Cro-Magnon type.) In what period of human development does rock art appear? (Mesolithic) /> Homework: § 4, questions.
Topic 2. At the origins of the human race
Lesson type
lesson-journey
The purpose of the lesson
form a system class representation of the features primitive society, to answer the question: "How did the history of man begin?"
Lesson objectives
outline the historical framework of the ancient world
give the concept of the term "historical sources" and their main types
develop students' imagination
teach the class to draw information from video materials
learn how to correctly calculate historical time
Lesson plan
Greetings and motivation
Learning new material
Consolidation of the learned material
Homework
Conclusion: questions, answers, discussions
Expected results
After this lesson, students will be able to:
Name the chronological framework of the history of the Ancient World, the main types of historical sources;
Correctly apply the countdown BC. and AD;
Explain concepts: ancient world”, “historical source”, “civilization”;
Give examples of historical sources, civilizations;
Make judgments about meaning ancient history in the history of mankind.
Equipment
illustrations for the theme
video projector
presentation on the topic "Historical sources"
During the classes
Greetings and motivation
Reception 1. Greeting and topic announcement.
Also, the teacher, using a projector, demonstrates a presentation on the topic "Historical sources", gives explanations and answers questions. The presentation should reveal the role of historical sources in the formation of historical science and the development of civilization.
Reception 2. Checking for absentees.
Learning new material
Only recently have the glaciers retreated to the north. After them, there were a heap of boulders, "shabby", gouged by the elements, rocks. At the foot of one of the rocks, surrounded by dense thickets - the entrance to the cave. This is the home of a tribe of hunters, fishermen, gatherers of natural gifts: berries, fruits, edible roots. Such places modern scientists call "parking" primitive man.
The cave is deep and dark. Its stone walls and ceiling reflect the flickering reflections of the fire. With respect and mystical worship, the cave dwellers support the fire. It provides warmth, repels predators, and helps prepare unassuming food. Around - things of daily consumption. Among them, we will not see a single metal object. Primitive man has not yet learned how to mine and process metals. Everything she has is made from what Mother Nature gives her. Clothes and bedding are the skins of animals killed in the hunt. Fishing tools - bones, horn, animal veins, dried and retinues of plant shoots. Dishes are made from bark and hand-sculpted clay. And lots of stone...
We are in the longest period in the history of mankind. This period is called the Stone Age.
Stone! The first material that the caveman began to process. Split and sharpened, it turned into chisels, knives and chisels. Attached to the wand, the stone became a tool: an ax or a hammer, a formidable weapon-spear. A stone is an assistant in work, a guard on hunting and traveling, but did primitive man really use a stone only for practical use?
Let's try in our imagination to take a closer look at the stopping place of a cave dweller, a man of the Stone Age. Here, in the corner of the cave, carved from soft sandstone, is the figurine of a guardian woman. Nearby is a huge clay block, dressed in the skin of a bear. What feelings do they evoke in the soul of a cave dweller? What are they to him? Is it just creatures in disguise? Or maybe these are spirits - masters?... Totems?...
Deep respect for Nature reigns in the cave of the primitive hunter... On the flat surface of the stone wall there are handprints of our ancestor, outlined in red ocher. On the other side of the wall there is an interweaving of lines carved and carved with a flint chisel. We look closely at them and, lo and behold! We recognize the contours of a giant furry mammoth, women, animals. Another stone wall - swift deer and roe deer. And in the depths of the cave - the figure of a hunter and a mighty bison. Fantastic boulders, boulders, fragments of rocks make us wonder, admire what we see. 
What have we witnessed? Our distant ancestor is trying to express his feelings in stone and on stone, to convey his impressions. In stone figurines, in images on the rock, we see not just volumetric forms or lines carved. This artistic images, a reflection of the inner spiritual world of primitive man.
Like stone letters from the past, they are carved by our ancestors in the language of drawing, carved in plastic, voluminous language in stone, on bones, horn, encrypted in magical language in ritual objects - churingi. These letters are part of a giant stone book. Primitive people did not know writing, but sought to tell us about their experiences, dreams and beliefs.
Touch these letters imprinted and encoded in stone with your imagination. And you will find yourself at the origins of ancient art.
Leaf through the letters of the stone book, climb the stairs of the era and find out the world of man, his history, his work.
The stairs that we travel in the Stone Age have stretched from the depths of centuries to our days. And each step is a certain era, decorated with masterpieces of art.
Be patient on this ladder. Stop in front of works of art, recognize and enjoy their art. It is beautiful, eternal and infinite, like humanity itself. After all, the art of a caveman - in rock paintings and stone figures from the caves of Altemira, Lascaux, where Goma. It causes us the same excitement and admiration as painting, like the famous sculptures of Michelangelo, Rodin, Paul Gauguin, Leonardo and Picasso.
In 1879, a peasant hunter, while digging a fox hole in the Spanish province of Santander, stumbled upon an underground passage and found himself in a cave. However, not to him, but to the Spanish archaeologist Marcellin Sautuola, we owe the discovery of the real treasures of this cache. It was Sautuola who discovered traces of the presence of primitive man there and found drawings in black paint on the walls.
But the unexpected and the miraculous was still ahead of him. Once a researcher took his little daughter Maria to excavations. The child easily passed into the depths of the low cave, and from there her words addressed to her father were heard, which became famous and flew around the whole world: “Toros, pintadas Toros! (Bulls, painted bulls!) Indeed, the entire low arch was covered with colorful images of bulls, full of dynamic, Thus, in the Spanish Altamira, for the first time, cave paintings of people of the Paleolithic era were discovered.
Researchers of the activities of primitive man have not yet encountered anything like this. Bison, extinct in Europe, were depicted extremely skillfully, with knowledge of nature, in such numbers that it became clear that a whole detachment of artists had been working here for a very long time. With economical, bold, confident strokes, combined with large spots of paint, a monolithic, powerful figure of the beast was conveyed with a surprisingly accurate sense of its anatomy and proportions.
The murals of Altamira were so rich and eloquent that the famous researcher of Paleolithic art, Kyun, called them the Sistine Chapel of the Stone Day.
However, there were many skeptics who argued that the cave painting of Altamira, brilliant in its artistic perfection, could not belong to the original hunters dressed in animal skins and armed with stone tools. Whoever was not credited with the authorship of the cave masterpieces: they remembered both the Greeks and the Romans, and the Goths, they suspected contemporary artists of mystifying. And a thorough study of the paintings brought their true antiquity. It was established that the drawings were made not with modern paints, but with mineral natural ocher, the outcrops of which were found in the soils of the cave itself. In addition, the researchers found Paleolithic stone tools in the underground shelter, and with them the bones of extinct cave bears.
chronology
On our land, from time immemorial, there was a system of reckoning from the "Creation of the World", and the era from the "Christmas" was introduced to Ukraine after the Decree of Peter I - in 1699. According to the Ukrainian chronology, it was 7208. Therefore, the difference between these calendars is 5508.
The complexity of calculating historical dates for Ukraine lies also in the fact that since 988 New Year began on March 1, and from 1492 on September 1. These two systems existed in parallel. Only in 1582 did they begin to count the New Year only from September 1. Therefore, to translate an annalistic date into a modern calendar, you need:
1) according to the March time calculation, i.e. before 1492, for events that took place from March to January, subtract the number 5507, since the March calculation was 2 months behind the January one;
3) when we are talking about events from September to December, subtract 5509.
Having adopted Christianity, Ukraine took the calendar from Byzantium. It was adopted by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. That is why it is called Julian. In it, the year consists of 365 days and 6 hours. This surpasses the astronomical year by 11 minutes and 14 seconds. This discrepancy is increasing every year. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII reformed this calendar and the new style was called Gregorian. Ukrainian for a long time adhered to the Julian calendar (old style), although there were several attempts to introduce a new style, but these attempts failed.
Julius Caesar
In Russia, the new style was adopted immediately after the separation of the church from the state: after January 31 (1918), February 14 came. In Ukraine, the Gregorian chronology was introduced by the Central Rada on March 1, 1918 for civil consumption, but the old chronology remained in church life. Now the difference in these calendars is 13 days.
But when calculating historical dates, it should be borne in mind that in the XIX century. this difference was 12 days, in the 18th century - 11 days, in the 17th century - 10 days, etc. So, for example, the Pereyaslav Rada, according to the annals, took place on January 8, 1654. According to the modern calendar, this is January 18. Taras Shevchenko was born on February 25, 1814, therefore, according to the new style, we have (+12) - March 9.
Terms and concepts
The ancient world is a term describing the history of mankind from the beginning of recorded history to the Middle Ages. The history of the ancient world includes the period of antiquity, covering time from the first Olympic Games in Greece, that is, from 776 BC, which roughly corresponds to the date of the founding of Rome - 753 BC.
Primitive society is a long period in the history of mankind: from the emergence of Homo sapiens (about 2.5-2.8 million years ago) to the emergence of civilization and statehood.
A historical source is a certain quality of artifacts of the past (antiquities). Therefore, the content of this concept completely depends on the complex ideas of the era about the remnants of the past.
A historical source is a certain quality of artifacts from the past. Civilization is a human community that for a certain period of time has stable special features in the socio-political organization, economy and culture (science, technology, art, etc.), common spiritual values and ideals, mentality.
Consolidation of the learned material
1. What are historical sources?
2. What types of historical sources are there?
3. Give examples of AI that you have seen firsthand in museums, etc.
4. What is civilization?
5. What is the ancient world?
6. Explain the term "primitive society"? What is the modern society called?
7. What is the ancient world? Is this concept equivalent to the concept of "primitive society"?
Homework
Study material with textbook
Draw an illustration for a theme
Write down in a notebook the main features of primitive society.
Conclusion: questions, answers, discussions
The teacher initiates a discussion on the topic "The role of primitive society in the formation of civilization"
Material for teacher use
1. http://www.slideshare.net/guest7e683c/1-2-1-presentation
2. J. Lubbock Prehistoric times, or the Primitive era of mankind. - 2011
3. G. Schurz History of primitive culture. Volume 2. Material and spiritual culture. - 2010
Used sources
Iterative-generalizing lesson
1. Using the knowledge acquired in the lessons of biology, history and social studies, tell us about the most common hypotheses of the origin of man. When did the theory of evolution appear and who was its author? What myths explaining the origin of the world and man do you know?
The main theories of the origin of man are divided into creationist (man was created due to the actions of higher forces) and evolutionary (man originated from other life forms as a result of evolution).
Every religion has its own creationist myth. For example, the Bible says that the Lord created a man from clay and breathed spirit into him, and created a woman from a man's rib. ancient greek poet Hesiod wrote about 5 generations of people, which the gods successively created and destroyed. These are the generations of people of gold, silver, copper and the generation of heroes. According to Hesiod, the current generation is iron.
Evolutionary theory arose in the 19th century. C. Darwin made the greatest contribution to the theory of evolution of species of living beings; he was also the first to substantiate the origin of man from other animals (from primates).
2. What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What role did interspecific and intraspecific struggle play in the process of human evolution?
From the natural world of the first human ancestors, intelligence and the use of specially made tools began to be distinguished. But over time, self-consciousness became the main factor: a person thinks of himself separately from nature and his personality separately from the rest of the world, this determines all his behavior, and this is what distinguishes him from all other living beings.
There are different theories as to what was the impetus for the beginning of the rapid evolution of the group of primates, which led to the appearance of man. According to the most common as a result of climate change, the habitat of this group has become completely different in a short period of time: savannahs have formed on the site of forests. Primates had to adapt to new conditions so quickly that evolution did not have time to make them stronger, faster, etc. Instead, they began to survive due to their intelligence and the use of the front limbs that were already free from walking. At the same time, both interspecific and intraspecific struggle played an important role in human evolution. In competition with other species for food and the fight against predators, intelligence and tool-making skills were developed, therefore, more than a person could not oppose aggressive external environment. However, intraspecific competition also helped. Apparently, the ancestors of a person chose partners for creating families not by strength or beauty, but by the ability to get more food for their offspring, which again required intelligence and the ability to make tools.
3. Name the directions of evolution of the human race. What was the significance of the accumulation of knowledge for ancient man in the struggle for survival?
The evolution of most animal species is aimed at changing the body of the animal in accordance with environmental conditions. Man instead evolved in such a way as to create means of adaptation to the environment (tools) with his own hands, and over time to change environment according to your needs. For example, evolution changes the teeth of animals so that they can eat new food, man instead learned to use fire and was able to process food so that it fits under his teeth. Thus, the accumulation of knowledge played a decisive role in the survival of man as a biological species, because only knowledge helped to produce more and more complex tools, use fire and other devices, and eventually achieve modern level development.
4. What regions are the ancestral home of humanity? Name the humanoid ancestors of humans.
The first tools were found in East Africa, North and South Asia. Today, the so-called skilled man (Homo habilis) is considered the immediate predecessor of the modern type of man.
5. At what stage of primitive history did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet?
Human settlement on the planet begins after the retreat of the glacier. In America, people appeared approx. 25 thousand years ago, and Australia - approx. 20.
6. When did rock art and religious beliefs emerge in human communities? What function did they perform?
Rock art appeared already among the Neanderthals (they lived in Europe already 400-250 thousand years ago). At the same time, apparently, religious ideas also arose (burials were found that were obviously made using some kind of ritual). Rock painting, apparently, was also part of some rituals. For example, some of these drawings are associated with astronomical phenomena. In modern humans, rock art has been known since the Mesolithic era (which lasted from the 20th to the 9th-8th centuries BC).
In general, it is characterized by the growing dynamics of changes taking place both in various spheres of public life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.
Traditional for the materialistic traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its product and an integral part.
Human society and natural communities
The most ancient stone tools are 2.5-3 million years old. Consequently, at that time in East Africa there were already creatures with the rudiments of reason.
The most developed primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutangs) are capable of using ready-made objects (stick, stone) in certain situations. However, they cannot make a tool, even the most primitive one (to chip and sharpen a flint). For this, certain knowledge about the properties of objects (for example, that flint is better processed than granite), the ability to plan one's actions, to speculatively imagine their result, which implies the skill of abstract thinking, the presence of reason.
The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in the changing conditions of the natural environment. environments.
Living nature has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolution options. One of them was associated with the formation of rudiments social behavior that showcase many kinds of animals. Uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, get more food. At the same time, the size of each of them was limited by the ability to feed themselves in a certain territory (primitive people had a herd size of 20-40 people).
In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions on the hunt, won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, the primitive sound signals expressing emotions among the predecessors of man began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character.
Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability to abstract, abstract thinking, which meant the complication of the structure of the brain. Those individuals who showed great ability to communicate had the best chances to survive in the primitive herd, to leave offspring.
Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech, abstract thinking have become the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step along the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other hand, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.
Many animals demonstrate the ability to learn, but the reflexes and skills acquired by one individual do not become the property of the species. In herds primitive people gradually accumulated knowledge, which, thanks to the development of speech, was transmitted from generation to generation. They reflected the experience of tens of thousands of years of interaction with the outside world, concerned the properties of surrounding objects, understanding the connections between actions and their results. The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in their application has provided man with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival in comparison with other species.
Armed with clubs, spears, acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The possibilities of obtaining food have significantly expanded. Thanks to warm clothes, mastering fire, acquiring the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory, felt relative independence from the climate and the vagaries of the weather.
The accumulation of knowledge was not a constantly evolving, progressive process. Many human communities due to hunger, disease, hostile attacks tribes died, the knowledge they acquired was completely or partially lost.
Stages of human development
The most ancient stone tools are found in East Africa, North and South Asia. It was in these areas that Australopithecus lived. They looked more like monkeys than people, although they could walk on two legs. It is generally accepted that Australopithecus used sticks and sharp stones as weapons, but, most likely, did not yet know how to handle them.
Approximately 1.0 million - 700 thousand years ago, a period begins, which is called the early Paleolithic. (from Greek, "paleo", "ancient" and "litos" - "stone"). excavations in France, near the villages of Shell and Saint-Acheul, made it possible to find the remains of caves and ancient settlements, where successive generations of predecessors of modern man lived for tens of thousands of years. Subsequently, such finds were discovered in other places.
Archaeological research has made it possible to trace how the tools of labor and hunting changed. Tools made of bone and sharpened stone (points, scrapers, axes) became more and more perfect and durable. The physical type of a person changed: he more and more adapted to moving on the ground without the help of hands, the volume of the brain increased.
So, the volume of the brain of a great ape was about 300-600 cubic meters. cm, Australopithecus - 600-700 cu. cm, Pithecanthropus - 800-870 cu. cm, Sinanthropus and Heidelberg man - more than 1000 cc, cm, Neanderthal - 1300-1700 cc. cm, - modern man - 1400-1800 cubic meters. cm.
The most important achievement of the early Paleolithic was the mastery of the ability to use fire (about 200-300 thousand years ago) to heat the home, cook food, and protect against predators.
Initially, people did not know how to kindle a fire. Its source was accidental forest and steppe fires, the extracted fire was constantly maintained in the hearths. The ancient Greek legend about Prometheus, who stole the knowledge of fire from the gods, is probably an echo of the memory of very old times.
The time of the early Paleolithic ends with a period of sharp change natural conditions the existence of primitive people. The onset of glaciers began, approximately 100 thousand years ago, covering almost the entire territory Russia, Central and Western Europe. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters could not adapt to the new conditions of existence. Between them, the struggle for diminished sources of food intensified.
By the end of the Early Paleolithic (about 30-20 thousand years BC), Neanderthals completely disappeared in Eurasia and Africa. Man of the modern, Cro-Magnon type has established himself everywhere.
World religions proceeded from ideas about the creation of man by higher powers. In the 19th century, during the period of dominance of natural-scientific views, a view was formed in science according to which man is the product of a long, gradual evolution. However, in the 20th century, the idea of an extraterrestrial origin of man began to spread in popular science literature.
The fact is that modern science does not have indisputable data about the immediate ancestors of a person of the modern type. It is assumed that he could not be a product of the evolution of the Neanderthals, who were a dead end branch of evolution. In other words, the most important, transitional link has not yet been found in the chain of successive human predecessors.
Under the influence of differences in natural conditions, the main races of people have developed.
Racial characteristics are very diverse. The most obvious are pigmentation (coloration of the skin and hair), the shape of the skull, the development and shape of the hairline (beard, mustache, head hair), eye shape, height. Usage modern methods research includes an analysis of the prevailing blood groups, papillary patterns on the fingers, the shape of the teeth.
There is no data proving the existence of any races of mental, psychic, physiological and other advantages over the rest. All of them belong to a single biological species "homo sapiens" (Homo sapiens).
The main races usually include Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Oceanic (Australoid).
The main features of Negroid races are usually attributed to dark skin pigmentation, coarse curly hair, weak growth of a beard and mustache, pushed forward facial department skulls. The Negroid race formed African continent, although archaeologists find traces of her residence in southern Europe.
The Mongoloids are dominated by dark, straight hair, they are characterized by a specific cut of the eyes, a facial skeleton with protruding cheekbones. The Mongoloids lived in the South-Eastern, Eastern, Central and partially - Central Asia, in Siberia, on the islands of Polynesia and in America.
Caucasoids are characterized by soft hair, a strong development of the hairline, a developed profile of the facial skeleton, and a protruding nose. During the Mesolithic period, Caucasoids lived in Europe, Western and Central Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula.
As a separate large race, it is also customary to single out the oceanic race, whose representatives lived in small groups over a vast territory from South Asia to Australia and Oceania. A distinctive feature of this race is a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid features.
Large races are by no means homogeneous, for example, for the Caucasians of the north, the predominance of blond hair and blue eyes. Caucasians of the south are distinguished by a darker skin color and darker hair. Transitional racial groups have developed on the borders of the residence of large races, for example, mulattos, the Ethiopian race, ethnic groups living in Cydan. A mixed form between Caucasoids and Asian Mongoloids were some peoples of Siberia, the Urals and Central Asia.
The study of the history of races and the nature of their settlement around the globe is the most important source of knowledge about the life of peoples and their origin.
Man masters his planet
The Mesolithic era (from Greek, "mesos" - "middle" - "lithos" - "stone") covers the period from the 20th to the 9th - 8th millennium BC. It is characterized by a new change in natural conditions, which are becoming more favorable: glaciers are retreating, new territories are becoming available for settlement.
During this period, the population of the Earth did not exceed 10 million people. This is not much, but with the predominance of the economy of the appropriating type (hunting, fishing, gathering) it was necessary to constantly expand the territory of hunting grounds. The weakest tribes were forced out to the periphery of the inhabited world. Approximately 25 thousand years ago, man first entered the American continent, about 20 thousand years ago - to Australia.
The history of the settlement of America and Australia causes a lot of controversy. It is generally accepted that a person could be on these continents even before the end of the ice age. When the ocean level was about 100 m lower than the modern one, and there were land bridges connecting these continents with Eurasia. At the same time, scientists, noting that there were several waves of migration to overseas continents, prove that already at the dawn of their history, people could cross wide water spaces. The Norwegian researcher T. Heyerdahl, in order to prove the correctness of this point of view, crossed Pacific Ocean on a raft made using technologies that could have been available to man during the Mesolithic.
In the Mesolithic era, rock painting was born and became widespread. In the remains of dwellings of that time, archaeologists find figurines depicting people, animals, beads and other decorations. All this speaks of the onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world. Abstract symbols and generalized concepts that arose with the development of speech acquire, as it were, independent life in drawings, figurines. Many of them were associated with rituals, rituals of primitive magic.
The greatest mystery for man was himself, the process of cognition, understanding the nature of intellectual activity and the abilities associated with it. Primitive magic was built on the belief in the possibility of words, symbolic actions and drawings to influence distant objects and other people, in the special significance of dreams. Early beliefs sometimes did indeed have a certain rational basis. However, they often became fetters for further knowledge of the world.
The large role of chance in people's lives gave rise to attempts to improve the situation in hunting, in life. So there was a belief in signs, favorable or unfavorable. Fetishism appeared - the belief that certain objects (talismans) have a special magical power. Among them were figurines of animals, stones, amulets supposedly bringing good luck to their owner. Beliefs arose, for example, that a warrior who drank the blood of an enemy or ate his heart acquires special strength, hunting, treating a sick person, choosing a couple (a boy or a girl) were preceded by ritual actions, among which dance and singing were of particular importance. Mesolithic people knew how to make percussion, wind, stringed and plucked musical instruments.
Particular importance was attached to funeral rituals, which became more and more complex in modern times. In ancient burials, archaeologists find decorations and tools that people used during their lifetime, food supplies. This proves that already at the dawn of history there were widespread beliefs in the existence of the other world, where a person lives after death.
Gradually, faith in higher powers was strengthened, which could both help and harm. It was assumed that they could be appeased by sacrifice, most often - part of the booty, it should have been left in a certain place. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice.
It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers, spirits. Gradually, along with the leaders (they usually became the strongest, most successful, experienced hunters), priests (shamans, sorcerers) began to play a prominent role in the life of primitive tribes. They usually knew healing properties Herbs may have had some hypnotic abilities and had a great influence on their fellow tribesmen.
Questions and tasks
1. Using the knowledge acquired in the lessons of biology, history and social studies, tell us about the most common hypotheses of the origin of man. When did the theory of evolution arise and who is its author?
2. What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What role did interspecific and intraspecific struggle play in the process of human evolution?
3. Name the directions of evolution of the human race. What was the significance of the accumulation of knowledge for ancient man in the struggle for survival?
4. What regions are the ancestral home of humanity? Name the humanoid ancestors of humans.
5. Track the changes in the anthropological type of a person in the process of evolution.
6. What human achievements during the paHHego Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age?
7. At what stage of primitive history did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet?
8. When did rock art and religious beliefs emerge in human communities? What function did they perform?
GENERALLY ACCEPTED PERIODIZATION OF GENERAL HISTORY PRIMARY ERA Duration more than 2.5 million years, the formation of man modern look, tribal system, transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, no private property and social inequality, the emergence of art and religion in the III millennium BC. e. - 5th century AD e. ANCIENT WORLD V century - the end of the XV century MIDDLE AGES of the XVI - XIX centuries NEW TIME XX - beginning of XXI century MODERN TIMES
Periodization of history according to L. Morgan and J. Condorcet BARBARACY Agriculture cattle breeding The emergence of private property and social inequality WILDLIFE Gathering hunting GR EU C -1881) - American ethnographer and historian, creator of the scientific theory of primitive society PRO Lewis Morgan (1818 CIVILIZATION State writing of the city class society Jean Condorcet (1743 -1794) - French philosopher, founder of the theory of PROGRESS Progress - the progressive movement of society from lower to higher levels
FORMATIONAL APPROACH Mankind is a single whole and develops from the lowest levels to the highest levels – formations. Formation (from lat. Formatio - view) is a society at a certain stage of development. Each formation is based on a certain way of producing material goods. The communist formation is a classless society A) socialism “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work) B) communism “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need” The capitalist formation is the capitalists (bourgeoisie) and the proletariat (wage workers): Feudal formation: feudal lords and dependent peasants es g Slave-owning formation: slave owners and slaves Primitive communal formation PK Marx "Revolutions - locomotives of history"
The primitive era in the history of mankind 2.5 million years. n. - 5 thousand liters. n. PRIMITY CIVILIZATION Primitive people are called people who lived before the emergence of writing, the appearance of the first cities and states
“In modern science, the question of the origin of man remains highly debatable” HUMAN IS A BIOSOCIAL being ANTHROPOGENESIS - part of biological evolution, which led to the emergence of Homo sapiens (lat. Homo sapiens) Anthropos - man Genesis - origin ANTHROPOSOCYOGENESIS - a term adopted to refer to the problem of the origin and evolution of man as a species in the process of forming society.
What are the theories of human origin? THEORIES Religious theories(CREATIONISM) Man is created by GOD Natural science theories EVOLUTIONISM Man as species yes - the result of EVOLUTION Humans descended from a special species of great apes The theory of paleovisit MAN flew from SPACE None of these theories HAS full scientific confirmation
Religious (creation) theory Man CREATED BY GOD According to the Bible, man is created in THREE stages. The first stage is God's plan for man. "And God said: Let us make man in Our image and in Our likeness." Then God proceeds directly to the creation of man. He creates a body from the earth and then, into a ready-made body, inhales the soul. SOUL is the immortal personality (essence) of a person. The meaning of life is the salvation of the soul. “And God said: let us make man in our image, after our likeness…” Bible. Genesis. 1-26 2:7. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. THE IMAGE OF GOD - these are the qualities given by God to man, which distinguish him from all other creatures on earth - reason, speech, the ability to distinguish between good and evil and strive for good. THE LIKENESS OF GOD - this is what a person should strive for - to become like God - in love , patience, etc.
Religious (creation) theory Basil the Great - Christian theologian and philosopher of the IV century. Vasily Rodzianko (1915-1999) - Bishop of the Orthodox Church in America Gregory of Nyssa - Christian theologian and philosopher of the 4th century. D. Sysoev "The Chronicle of the Beginning" A. Kuraev "School Theology" "Orthodoxy and Evolution"
Evolutionary theory Evolution is a natural process of development of wildlife, accompanied by the disappearance and emergence of species of living beings Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on earth TYPE - chordates CLASS - mammals ORDER - primates FAMILY - hominins GENUS - people SPECIES - Homo sapiens HOMO SAPIENS
The main factors of evolution Charles Darwin - the founder of the theory of evolution (Darwinism) 1859 The origin of species by natural selection 1871 "The origin of man and sexual selection": the similarity and relationship of man and great apes. The main factors of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection (Darwinism). The Mechanism of Evolution - Genetic Mutations (Neo-Darwinism) Charles Darwin 1809-1882 “Natural selection can explain (or rather describe, not explain) variation within a population, but it cannot explain the jump from one species to another. Therefore, in The Origin of Species, Darwin talks about anything but the very origin of species. A. Kuraev "Orthodoxy and Evolution"
The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development The struggle for existence (species and interspecies) and natural selection The emergence of speech, abstract thinking, COMMUNICATION SKILLS accumulation of knowledge, improvement of tools of labor The ability to make tools of labor is the main difference between man and animals HUMAN
“Labor made a man out of a monkey” The gradual improvement of tools contributed to the development of speech and thinking Friedrich Engels (1820 -1895) - German philosopher, author of the work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man”
Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is anthropogenesis and anthroposociogenesis? Why is man a biosocial being? What are the theories of human origin? What is the essence of creation theory? Who is the author of the theory of evolution? What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What does the expression "work made a man out of a monkey" mean?
The main stages of human development. Human ancestors Cro-Magnon 40 thousand years ago Neanderthal Man 600 -35 thousand years ago n. Australopithecus skillful upright (southern monkey) 4 million years ago Sticks and sharp stones 2.5 million years ago Pithecanthropus ago 1 million years ago Roughly processed stones 100 thousand years ago n. 200 -300 - thousand liters. n. PALEOLITH (Paleo - ancient, lithos - stone) - the ancient stone age of the NEOLITH X thousand years ago. n. MESOLITHIC XX -X thousand years ago n.
Periodization of the primitive era ENEOLITH copper stone age NEOLITHIC - X-IX thousand years ago n. MESOLITHIC XX-X thousand years. n. Paleolithic 2, 5 million years. n. - XII thousand liters. n. Lower, middle, upper Rough (unpolished) stone tools Tribal community gathering, hunting, fishing Human herd
Races RACES are historically established groupings (groups of populations) of people within the species Homo sapiens. EUROPEOID MONGOLOID NEGROID OCEANIC Races differ from each other in minor physical features - skin color, body proportions, eye shape, hair structure, etc.
Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What regions are the ancestral home of humanity? What is the main difference between ancient people and animals? Name the humanoid ancestors of humans. What are Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic? What achievements of man in the early Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age? What are races?
Man explores the planet MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - a change in natural conditions, the glacier recedes, new territories of 25 thousand years become available for settlement. n. 20 thousand liters n.
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X millennium BC) - the emergence of art and religion What is RELIGION and why did it arise? Religion - belief in the existence of higher powers and worship of them Religion arose from the fear of primitive people before the forces of nature Religion is the most important spiritual need of man "You created us for Yourself, and our heart does not know rest until it rests in You" (Blessed Augustine)
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X millennium BC) - the emergence of art and religion PRIMARY (archaic) RELIGIONS 1) ANIMISM - belief in the soul and spirits 2) FETISHISM Funeral rite 3) TOTEMISM 4) MAGIC Magic rite
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X millennium BC) - the emergence of art and religion It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers, spirits. Priests (shamans, sorcerers) played a big role in the life of primitive tribes
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX-X millennium BC) - the emergence of art and religion Paleolithic Venus
Questions At what stage of primitive history did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet? 2. What is religion? How do scientists explain its appearance? 3. When did religion and art emerge in human society? What connection exists between them? 4. Name the primitive forms of religion. 1.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION 10 thousand years ago n. Transition from a primitive appropriating economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and agriculture
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Transition from a primitive appropriating economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and agriculture CAUSES 1. Climate warming 2. Disappearance of large animals (mammoths) 3. Population growth 4. Improvement of tools and weapons 5. Extermination of many animal species CONSEQUENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry Agriculture The emergence of exchange and trade The transition from matriarchy to patriarchy The emergence of property The transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one Increasing inequality Creating the prerequisites for the emergence of STATES What was the significance of the Neolithic revolution?
